Basic Electrical Engineering

Dr.Nirupama M.P.
Assistant Professor, SoET.
Dept. Electronics & Communication Engineering.
 Unit2: AC Circuits
• Introduction to alternating quantities
• Average Values and Effective or RMS values,
• Form and Peak Factors,
• Phasor Representation of Sinusoidal Quantity,
• AC series circuit containing R, L, C, R-L, R-C, and R-L-C
elements,
• Impedance triangle,
• Instantaneous power, Apparent power,
• Power factor, Power Triangle,
• Series-Parallel R-L-C circuits.
• Introduction to three phase system, types of connections,
relationship between line and phase values, balanced
three phase voltages, three phase power measurement.
 Introduction to Alternating Quantities

• Electricity is • The magnitude of current

generated in the form as well as its direction
of AC (alternating remains constant, such a
current). current is called steady
• The generated state current or DC.
electricity is • When the direction of the
transmitted, current as well as
distributed and magnitude changes
mostly utilized in the periodically such a current
form of AC. is called Alternating
Current or AC.

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 • Generator • Alternator
A machine which is used A generator which
to generate electrical produces or generates
voltage is called generator purely sinusoidal AC
Voltage is called
alternator

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 Definition of Alternating Quantity
An alternating quantity changes continuously in
magnitude and alternates in direction at
regular intervals of time.

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 Important terms associated with an alternating quantity are
defined below.
1. Amplitude It is the maximum value attained by an
alternating quantity. Also called as maximum or peak value
2. Time Period (T) It is the Time Taken in seconds to complete
one cycle of an alternating quantity
3. Instantaneous Value It is the value of the quantity at any
instant
4. Frequency (f) It is the number of cycles that occur in one
second. The unit for frequency is Hz or cycles/sec. The
relationship between frequency and time period can be
derived as follows.
5. Time taken to complete f cycles = 1 second
6. Time taken to complete 1 cycle = 1/f second
7. T = 1/f

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6 2021
 Introduction to Alternating Quantities
Sinusoidal and Non-Sinusoidal wave forms
Non – Sinusoidal wave: Trapezoidal and Non – Sinusoidal waves
Triangular

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 Advantages of AC system over DC system
1. AC voltages can be efficiently stepped up/down using
transformer
2. AC motors are cheaper and simpler in construction than
DC motors
3. Switchgear for AC system is simpler than DC system

*switchgear is composed of electrical disconnect switches, fuses or

circuit breakers used to control, protect and isolate electrical equipment .

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8 2021
 Single Phase AC generation

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Solved Problem 1
An alternating current i is given by i = 141.4
sin 314t Find i) The maximum value ii)
Frequency iii) Time Period iv) The
instantaneous value when t=5ms,

i = 141.4 sin 314(5ms)

i = I m sin ωt Maximum value Im=141.4

V ω = 314 rad/sec T=1/f = 0.02 sec
i=141.4 sin(314x0.003) = 114.35A

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11 2021
 Average Value

Average Value of AC quantity – Full Cycle Average Value of an AC quantity – Half Cycle

• For a symmetrical Alternating • Hence the average value is

voltage or current, The average calculated for half cycle or
value of AC is zero for the semi cycle as given.
complete cycle.

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Average Value of AC
• Sinusoidal AC is •

• Average Value of AC,

• Similarly average value of voltage for sinusoidal wave is,

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 The arithmetic average of all the
values of an alternating quantity over
one cycle is called its average value

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 For Symmetrical waveforms, the average value
calculated over one cycle becomes equal to zero
because the positive area cancels the negative area.
Hence for symmetrical waveforms, the average value
is calculated for half cycle.

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 RMS or Effective Value
The effective or RMS value of an alternating quantity is that steady
current (dc) which when flowing through a given resistance for a
given time produces the same amount of heat produced by the
alternating current flowing through the same resistance for the
same time.

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19 2021
 RMS Value of an Alternating Quantity
RMS Value of AC quantity Effective Value or RMS value of an AC quantity
• RMS value of AC is • Effective or RMS value of alternating current (AC) is that value of
determined by steady state current (DC) which when flowing through a resistor for
equivalent heating a given time will produce the same amount of heat as produced by
effect. the AC when flowing through the same resistor for the same time.

• Sinusoidal AC is
• Mean of Square of AC
using
• RMS value of AC

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 Form Factor and Peak Factor
Form Factor
• ⮚ Significance of Form Factor:
⮚ The sharper the wave shape,
the more will be the value of
the form factor.
⮚ For example, for Triangular
wave Form factor is more
than 1.11 and for rectangular
wave less than 1.11. In fact it
is equal to 1 for rectangular
wave.

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 Peak Factor
Peak or Crest Factor
• Peak or crest factor is the ratio of peak or maximum value to
its RMS value.
• For a sinusoidal varying quantity, the peak factor is calculated
as:
⮚ Peak Factor = Im /(Im/√2) = 1.414

✔ If the peak factor is Known, The maximum Value can be calculated from a given RMS value
✔ If the form factor is known, The RMS value can be calculated from the given average value

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 The Waveforms
Two waveforms are said to be in phase, when the
phase difference between them is zero. That is the
zero points of both the waveforms are same.

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In the figure shown, the zero
point of the current waveform
is after the zero point of the
voltage waveform. Hence the
current is lagging the voltage.
Alternatively, Voltage wave is
leading the current wave.

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 Instantaneous power
The instantaneous power in the above circuit can be derived as
follows

The instantaneous power consists of two terms. The first term is called as the
constant power term and the second term is called as the fluctuating power
term

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30 2021
Average power From the instantaneous power we can
find the average power over one cycle as follows

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31 2021
An ac circuit consists of a pure resistance of 10 and is connected to an ac supply of
230 V, 50 Hz. Calculate the (i) current (ii) power consumed and (iii) equations for
voltage and current.

Note :

P=VI= 5290W

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32 2021
Resonance is special circuit condition in Electrical
Engineering when the response is maximum.
For the resonance the circuit need to have inductor and
capacitor. There may be circuit (Coil) resistance R also
Series Resonance Circuit
• Also known as Voltage amplifier
• Also known as Acceptor Circuit
Parallel Resonance Circuit
• Also known as Current amplifier
• Also known as Rejecter Circuit

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 Numerical-1: For Self Practice
• Calculate the RMS value, Average Value and
form factors of Half Wave rectified alternating
Quantity.
• Answer: RMS Value = Im/2
• Answer: Average Vaue = Im/π
• Answer: Form Factor = 1.57
 Numerical-2
• A sinusoidal alternating current has a
maximum value of 100A and the frequency is
50Hz.
• How long will it take for the current to attain a
value of (i) 50A and (ii) 100A.
• Answer: (i) 1.6 ms
• Answer: (ii) 5.0 ms
 Numerical-3
• A 50Hz sinusoidal voltage has a maximum value of
325V.
• (i) Calculate its instantaneous value after 2 ms from its
zero value.
• (ii) What is its RMS value?
• (iii) At what time the voltage will reach its maximum
value?
• Answer: (i) 195 V
• Answer: (ii) 230 V
• Answer: (iii) 5 ms
 Numerical-4
• A 50Hz alternating current has its wave shape such that the value
of current increases in steps of 10V after every 20 degrees
starting from 0 to a maximum value of 40 V and then getting
reduced to zero in same steps completing the positive half cycle.
• The negative half cycle is symmetrical with the positive half cycle.
• (i) Draw the wave shape.
• (ii) Calculate its average Value. and
• (iii) Calculate its rms values.
Answer: (i)

Answer: (ii) 17.77 V

Answer: (iii) 22.1 V

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 Numerical-5: {For Self Practice}
• An alternating voltage of ‘100sin314t’ is applied to a
half wave diode rectifier which is in series with a
resistance of 20Ω.
• What is the RMS value of current drawn from the supply
source?
Circuit and Output

Answer: (i) 2.5 A

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 Numerical-6: {For Self Practice}
• Calculate (i) the RMS value, (ii) average value and
(iii) form factor of a half-rectified voltage as
shown in figure.

Answer (i) 7.09 V

Answer: (ii) 5 V
Answer: (iii) 1.4

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 Numerical-7: {For Self Practice}
• Calculate (i) the RMS value, (ii) average value and
(iii) form factor of the elevated saw tooth type
current wave as shown in figure.

Answer (i) 7.68 A

Answer: (ii) 7.5 A
Answer: (iii) 1.017

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 Numerical-8: {For Self Practice}
• Calculate (i) the RMS value, (ii) average value and
(iii) form factor of the saw tooth current wave as
shown in figure.

Answer (i) 5.78 A

Answer: (ii) 5 A
Answer: (iii) 1.15

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