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Unit1 - Ac Fundamental

This document provides an overview of alternating current (AC) fundamentals, including: 1) AC sources produce voltages and currents that vary in magnitude and alternate in direction, unlike direct current (DC) which has a constant magnitude and direction. 2) AC has three types of loads - resistive, inductive, and capacitive - while DC only has resistive loads. 3) AC is commonly used at frequencies of 50Hz or 60Hz and is well-suited for power transmission and distribution due to its ability to be transformed to different voltages using transformers.

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32 views18 pages

Unit1 - Ac Fundamental

This document provides an overview of alternating current (AC) fundamentals, including: 1) AC sources produce voltages and currents that vary in magnitude and alternate in direction, unlike direct current (DC) which has a constant magnitude and direction. 2) AC has three types of loads - resistive, inductive, and capacitive - while DC only has resistive loads. 3) AC is commonly used at frequencies of 50Hz or 60Hz and is well-suited for power transmission and distribution due to its ability to be transformed to different voltages using transformers.

Uploaded by

Black spidey Gaming
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Unit-1:
Fundamentals AC circuits
AC Fundamentals
 Previously you learned that DC sources have fixed polarities and constant
magnitudes and thus produce currents with constant value and unchanging
direction

 In contrast, voltages of ac sources alternate in polarity and vary in magnitude


and thus produce currents that vary in magnitude and alternate in direction.
DC AC
Source The sources of DC are DC AC is obtained from AC generators
generators, battery, solar cell, or alternators.
etc.
Types of loads DC load includes only Three types of loads, i.e. resistive
resistive load. load, inductive load and capacitive
load.
Frequency The frequency of DC is zero. AC has a specific frequency. In
practice, the frequency of AC is 50
Hz or 60 Hz.
Magnitude The direct current has a The magnitude of alternating
constant magnitude, i.e. it does current changes continuously.
not change with time.
Applications DC is used in laptops, AC is used to operate domestic &
mobiles, electronics devices, commercial appliances like fan,
toys, industrial processes like light, fridge, etc. and industrial
electrolysis, etc. loads like induction motors, etc.

Power factor unity between 0 and 1.


Generating AC Voltages
• Generators convert rotational energy to electrical energy.
•Generate alternative emf by rotating a coil within a stationary magnetic field.
•Another way to rotating magnetic field a within a stationary coil.

4
⚫ The component of flux along perpendicular to the coil = Φmax Cos ωt.

⚫ Flux linkage of the coil at the instant = no. of turns on coil x linkage flux
=NΦmax Cos ωt

⚫ emf induced is max at any instant.

⚫ Instantaneous emf , e =Emax sin ωt


8 5
Basic terms for ac waveform

where Vm is the peak voltage


 is the angular frequency
 is the phase angle
⚫ Since  = 2f it follows that the period T is given by
1 2
T  
f 
⚫ If  is in radians, then a time delay t is given by  / as shown below.
Application of AC
• Mostly in homes and offices mainly because the generating and transporting of
AC across long distances is a lot easier.
• AC has wide advantage over DC as AC is able to transmit power over large
distances without great loss of energy.
• AC can be converted to and from high voltages easily using transformers.
Average Value of Alternating Quantity
The arithmetical average of all the instantaneous values of an
alternating quantity over one cycle is known as the "Average Value of
Alternating Quantity".
Average Values of Sinusoidal Voltage Waveform
⚫ The average value of sine wave over the complete cycle is zero.

⚫ The half wave value of sinusoidal current is

⚫ For half cycle when ωt varies from 0 to π

⚫ Similarly
Root Mean Square/ Effective value
RMS value of a sinusoidal AC is the value of DC which when flowing
through a given resistance for a given time produces same amount of
heat as produced by AC when flowing through the same resistance for
the same time.

RMS value = square 𝐫𝐨𝐨𝐭 of 𝐦𝐞𝐚𝐧 of the 𝐬𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐫𝐞𝐬 of the current


** For symmetrical waveforms, the RMS value can be
calculated by considering half cycle or full-cycle.

But, in case of Unsymmetrical waveforms, full-cycle should


be considered.
RMS Values of Sinusoidal Voltage Waveform
⚫ The waveform of the voltage v(t), and the square of waveform, , are
shown in figures 12.4a and 12.4b respectively.

⚫ Similarly for current RMA value


Form factors
⚫ The form factor of an alternating quantity is define as the ratio of RMS
value to the average value.

Peak value:-
⚫ The peck factor of an alternating quantity is define as the ratio of
maximum value to the average value

⚫ NOTE:-
⚫ The rms value is always greater than the average value.
⚫ Except for a rectangular waveform, in which case the heating effect
remains constant, so that the average and the rms values are same
Question
Q1) determine the average value and RMS value of sinusoidal current
of peak value 40A.

Q2) Write the instantaneous equation for a 50Hz sinusoidal voltage supply
for domestic purposes at 230V.
Q3. The equation of alternating voltage is given by
ν = 325.22 𝑠𝑖𝑛314𝑡.
Find (i) RMS value (ii) Frequency (iii) Average value.
Example 
cos   sin   
 2
v

sin   cos   
 2
i

+
v Circuit
_ element
i

Voltage and current of a circuit element.

The current leads the voltage by  radians.


OR
The voltage lags the current by  radians.
05-10-2021 21 21
Impedance
Impedance is defined as the ratio of the phasor
voltage to the phasor current.

Ohm’s law in phasor notation


phase    

magnitude Z
or
Z  Z   Ze j  R  jX
polar exponential rectangular
28
Graphical Representation of Impedance
Z  Z 
Z  R 2
X 2

1 X
  tan
R
R
Resistor ZR
L
Inductor Z  j L
1 j
Capacitor Z   C
jC C

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