MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

VECTORS
SYLLABUS
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction of a vector. Direction cosines TORSand direction ratios of
vectors. Types of vectors (equal, unit, zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position vector of a point,
negative of a vector, components of a vector, addition of vectors, multiplication of a vector by a scalar,
position vector of a point dividing a line segment in a given ratio. Scalar (dot) product of vectors, projection
of a vector on a line. Vector (cross) product of vectors.

TOPICS COVERED

VECTORS- AN INTRODUCTION

TYPES OF VECTORS

ADDITION OF VECTORS

PRODUCT OF VECTORS

VECTORS – An Introduction
Definition :

A physical quantity that has magnitude as well as direction.

Scalar : Any physical quantity that has magnitude only.

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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

CHARACTERISTICS OF A VECTOR
SENSE OF A VECTOR

LENGTH OF A VECTOR

SUPPORT OF A
VECTOR

SENSE : The sense of a directed line segment is from its initial point to its terminal point. The sense of 𝑃𝑄⃗ is from
P to Q, whereas that of 𝑄𝑃⃗ is from Q to P.

MAGNITUDE : The length or magnitude of a vector is represented by 𝑃𝑄⃗ Or PQ.

SUPPORT : The infinite line of which PQ is a segment is called the support of a vector.

EQUALITY VECTORS

Two vectors 𝒂⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒃⃗ are said to be equal if they have

a. The same length

b. The same or parallel support
c. The same sense.

CO-INITIAL
UNIT VECTOR
VECTORS

TYPES OF
VECTORS

NULL OR ZERO COTERMINOUS

VECTOR VECTORS

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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

ZERO OR NULL VECTOR :

A vector whose initial and terminal point are coincident is called the zero or the null vector.

The modulus of a null vector is zero.

UNIT VECTOR :

A vector whose modulus is unity, is called a unit vector. The unit vector in the direction of a vector 𝑎⃗ is denoted by 𝑎.

a⃗
a=
|a⃗|

Whenever we have to take just the direction of a vector into consideration we find the unit vector of that vector.

Co- INITIAL VECTORS

Vectors having same initial point are called co – initial vectors.

CO- TERMINOUS VECTORS

Vectors having the same terminal point are called co-terminous vectors.

Solved Example

Represent graphically (1) a displacement of 40 km , 30° west of south (2)

60 km, 40° east of north (3) 50 km south-east

North P

60km

West O 40° East

40Km 30° 45° 50km

South A

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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

Y- axis Consider Two points A and B with position Vectors

A OA⃗ and OB⃗ respectively.

In ΔOAB , by Triangle Law of Vector addition

B 𝑂𝐴⃗ + 𝐴𝐵⃗ = 𝑂𝐵⃗

x- axis 𝐀𝐁⃗ = 𝐎𝐁⃗ − 𝐎𝐀⃗

Z-axis

AB⃗ = (𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐓𝐞𝐫𝐦𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭) − (𝐏𝐨𝐬𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐕𝐞𝐜𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐨𝐟 𝐈𝐧𝐢𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐥 𝐏𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭)

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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

TRIANGLE LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION

If in a triangle, two vectors are represented in magnitude and

direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in one order then their
resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the third side
taken in opposite direction.

In ∆ ABC, 𝑨𝑩⃗ is represented by 𝒂⃗ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑩𝑪⃗ is represented by 𝒃⃗

AB⃗ + BC⃗ = AC⃗ A

𝑎⃗ 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗

B 𝑏⃗ C

PARALLELOGRAM LAW OF VECTOR ADDITION

If in a parallelogram, two co-initialPage 5 of 13are represented in

vectors
magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram
then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the
diagonal of the parallelogram.
 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

𝒂⃗

𝒃⃗ 𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ 𝒃⃗

𝒂⃗

PROPERTIES

 𝒂⃗ + 𝒃⃗ = 𝒃⃗ + 𝒂⃗ (Vector addition is commutative)

 𝐚⃗ + ⃗𝐛 + 𝐜⃗ = 𝐚⃗ + ⃗𝐛 + 𝐜⃗ (Vector addition is associative)
1. If the sum of two unit vectors is a unit vector, prove that the magnitude of their
TRY THESE difference is √3.
2. Let O be the center of a regular hexagon ABCDEF. Find the sum of the vectors
OA⃗ , OB⃗, OC⃗, OD⃗ , OE⃗ and OF⃗.
3. If ABCDEF is a regular hexagon, prove that AB⃗ + AC⃗ + AD⃗ + AE⃗ + AF⃗ =
6 AO⃗ Where O is the center of the hexagon.
Questions From NCERT
1. Write all the unit vectors in XY plane.
2. Write down a unit vector in XY- Plane, making an angle of 30° with the positive direction of x –axis.
3. A girl walks 4 km towards west, then she walks 3 km in a direction 30° east of north and stops. Determine the
girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure.

SECTION FORMULAE

Let A and B be two points with position vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ respectively and let C be a
point dividing AB internally in the ratio m : n. Then the position vector of C is
𝐦𝐛⃗ 𝐧𝐚⃗
given by 𝐎𝐂⃗ =
𝐦 𝐧

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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

External Division

Let A and B be two points with position vectors 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ respectively and let C be a
point dividing AB externally in the ratio m : n. Then the position vector of C is
𝐦𝐛⃗ 𝐧𝐚⃗
given by 𝐎𝐂⃗ =
𝐦 𝐧

Solved Example

Find the position vector of the points which divide the join of the points
2𝑎⃗ − 3𝑏⃗ and 3𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗ internally and externally in the ratio 2:3.

Solution :

Let A and B be two points with position vectors 2𝑎⃗ − 3𝑏⃗ and 3𝑎⃗ − 2𝑏⃗
respectively. Then

⃗ ⃗ ( ⃗ ⃗) ⃗ ⃗
Position vector of P = = −

⃗ ⃗ ( ⃗ ⃗)
Position vector of Q = = −5𝑏⃗

1. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ − 4𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ =
2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and c⃗ = ı̂ − 3ȷ̂ − 5k, respectively form the vertices of a right angled
TRY THESE triangle.
2. Find the unit vector in the direction of 3𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 12𝑘.

Questions from NCERT

1. Find the scalar and vector components of the vector with initial point (2,1) and terminal point (-5 , 7).
2. Find a vector in the direction of vector 5𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 which has magnitude 8 units.
3. Find the unit vector in the direction of vector 𝑃𝑄⃗ , where P and Q are the points (1,2,3) and (4 ,5, 6)
respectively.
4. For the given vectors 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = −𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘 , find the unit vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗.
5. Find the position vector of the mid points of the vector joining the points P ( 2 , 3 , 4) and Q ( 4, 1 , -2)
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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

DIRECTION RATIOS AND DIRECTION COSINES

1. If a vector makes angles 𝛼, 𝛽, 𝛾 with OX, OY and OZ respectively, prove that
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛽 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝛾 = 2.
2. A vector OP⃗ is inclined to OX at 45° and OY at 60°. Find the angle at which OP⃗ is
TRY THESE
inclined at OZ.
3. Show that the direction cosines of a vector equally inclined to the axes OX, OY and
OZ are , , .
√ √ √

SCALAR PRODUCT OR DOT PRODUCT

Worked Out Example

If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 5𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = −2𝚤̂ + 7𝑘, find 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗.

𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = (2 × (−2) + (−5) × 0 + 3 × 7) = 21 – 4 = 17

Some important POINTS

 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗. 𝑎⃗ (Commutative)

 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ =|𝑎⃗| 𝑏⃗ cos θ, where θ is the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗
 𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗ = |𝑎⃗|
 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 0 if 𝑎⃗ ⊥ 𝑏⃗

Note :

 If we have to prove 𝑎⃗ ⊥ 𝑏⃗ we need to show that 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 0, 𝑎⃗ ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ ≠ 0.

 In case we need to find the modulus of a vector and the vector is unknown. We use the property
𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗ = |𝑎⃗|

Try These
1. The scalar product of the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 with a unit vector along the sum of the vectors 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 and
𝜆𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 is equal to one. Find the value of 𝜆.
2. Let 𝑎⃗ = 5𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ − 5𝑘, then show that the vectors 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗ are perpendicular.
3. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three unit vectors such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 0⃗, find the value of 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ + 𝑏⃗. 𝑐⃗ + 𝑐⃗. 𝑎⃗.
4. Show that the vectors 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , 𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 and 3𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ − 4𝑘 form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
5. If the vertices A, B and C of a triangle ABC are ( 1 , 2 , 3) , ( - 1 , 0 , 0) , (0 , 1 , 2) respectively, then find
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

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 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

6. If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 , 𝑏⃗ = −𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑐⃗ = 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ are such that 𝑎⃗ + 𝜆𝑏⃗ is perpendicular to 𝑐⃗, then find the
value of 𝜆.
7. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three mutually perpendicular vectors of equal magnitude, prove that a⃗ + b⃗ + c⃗ is equally inclined
with vectors a⃗, b⃗ and c⃗.
8. Find the values of x for which the angle between the vectors a⃗ = 2x ı̂ + 4xȷ̂ + k and b⃗ = 7ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + xk is
obtuse.
9. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 , 𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 and 3𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ − 4𝑘 respectively
are the vertices of a right angled triangle. Also, find the remaining angles of the triangle.
10. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ are three vectors such that 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗, then show that 𝑎⃗ = 0 or b⃗ = c⃗ or a⃗ ⊥ b⃗ − c⃗ .
11. If a⃗ + b⃗ + c⃗ = 0⃗, |a⃗| = 3, b⃗ = 5 and |c⃗| = 7, find the angle between a⃗ and b⃗.
12. Show that the angle between two diagonals of a cube is cos .
13. If with reference to a right handed system of mutually perpendicular unit vectors 𝚤̂, 𝚥̂, 𝑘 , we have α⃗ = 3ı̂ − ȷ̂
and β⃗ = 2ı̂ + ȷ̂ − 3k . Express β⃗ in the form of β⃗ = β ⃗ + β ⃗ where β ⃗ is parallel to α⃗ and β ⃗ is perpendicular
to α⃗.
14. Let a⃗, b⃗, c⃗ are three vectors of magnitudes 3,4 and 5 respectively. If each one of them perpendicular to the sum
of the other two vectors, prove that a⃗ + b⃗ + c⃗ = 5√2.
15. If a⃗ + b⃗ + c⃗ = 0⃗, deduce Cosine Law.
16. If a⃗ = 5ı̂ − ȷ̂ − 3k and b⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ − 5𝑘, then show that the vectors a⃗ + b⃗ and a⃗ − b⃗ are orthogonal.

CROSS PRODUCT OR VECTOR PRODUCT

Worked Out Example

If 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 5𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = −2𝚤̂ + 7𝑘, find 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗.

𝚤̂ 𝚥̂ 𝚥̂
−5 3 2 3 2 −5
𝑎⃗ × 𝑏 = 2 −5 3 = 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ +𝑘
0 7 −2 7 −2 0
−2 0 7

= - 35 𝚤̂ + 20 𝚥̂ - 10𝑘

Important Points

 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = −(𝑏⃗ × 𝑎⃗ )
 𝑎⃗ × 𝑎⃗ = 0⃗
 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ =|𝑎⃗| 𝑏⃗ sin θ, where θ is the angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗

Note :
Page 9 of 13
 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

 If we have to prove 𝑎⃗ ∥ 𝑏⃗ we need to show that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = 0⃗, 𝑎⃗ ≠ 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏⃗ ≠ 0.

 In case we need to find a vector perpendicular to both the given vectors we find their cross product.

Questions
1. Find a unit vector perpendicular to both the vectors 4𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and −2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘.
2. If 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗ ≠ 0⃗, then show that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑐⃗ = 𝑘𝑏⃗ where k is a scalar.
3. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ are unit vectors. Suppose 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 0 and the angle between b⃗ and c⃗ is .
. Prove that 𝑎⃗ =
±2 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗ .
4. Prove sine Law using vectors.
5. Find the vector whose length is 3 and which is perpendicular to the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 4𝑘 b⃗ = 6ı̂ + 5ȷ̂ − 2k
6. If a⃗ × b⃗ = c⃗ × d⃗ and a⃗ × c⃗ = b⃗ × d⃗, show that (𝑎⃗ − 𝑑⃗) is parallel to b⃗ − c⃗ where 𝑎⃗ ≠ 𝑑⃗ , 𝑏⃗ ≠ 𝑐⃗.
7. If a⃗, b⃗ and c⃗ are three proper vectors such that 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐⃗, b⃗ × c⃗ = a⃗ . Prove that 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ are mutually at right
angles and 𝑏⃗ = 1,|𝑐⃗| = |𝑎⃗|.
8. If A, B , C and D are any four points in spaces, prove that AB⃗ × CD⃗ +× BC⃗ × AD⃗ + CA⃗ × BD⃗ = 4(area of
∆ABC).
9. Using vectors , prove sin( A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B.
10. Find a unit vector perpendicular to each of the vectors a⃗ + b⃗ and a⃗ - b⃗, where a⃗ = ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k, b⃗ =.ı̂ + 2ȷ̂ + 3k.
11. Find the area of the parallelogram determined by the vectors 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 and 3𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 .
12. Show that the area of a parallelogram having diagonals 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 2𝑘 and 𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 is 5√3
⃗× ⃗ ⃗× ⃗ ⃗× ⃗
13. Show that the distance of the point c⃗ from the line joining a⃗ and b⃗ is ⃗ ⃗
.

14. For any three vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗. Show that a⃗ × b⃗ + c⃗ + b⃗ × (c⃗ + a⃗) + c⃗ × a⃗ + b⃗ = 0⃗.
15. Prove that the normal to the plane containing three points whose position vectors are 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ lies in the
direction b⃗ × c⃗ + c⃗ × a ⃗ + a⃗ × b⃗.
16. If 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ =a⃗ × c⃗ , 𝑎⃗ ≠ 0⃗ and b⃗ ≠ c⃗, show that b⃗ = c⃗ + ta⃗ for some scalar t.

SCALAR TRIPLE PRODUCT

The scalar triple product (or mixed product or box product) of three vectors is defined as the dot product
of one of the vectors with the cross product of the other two. It is denoted by 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ .

Properties of Scalar Triple Product

1. If three vectors are cyclically permuted, then the value of the scalar triple product remains
unchanged.
If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors, then 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑏⃗ = 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗ = 𝑐⃗, 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ .
2. In a scalar triple product, the position of dot and cross can be interchanged, provided the cyclic
order of vectors remains the same.
Page 10 of 13
 MANAV RACHNA INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL, NOIDA

Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ × 𝑐⃗ = 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ . 𝑐⃗.

3. The value of scalar triple product remains the same in magnitude, but changes in sign, if the cyclic
order of 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ is changed .
If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors, then 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ = − 𝑎⃗, 𝑐⃗, 𝑏⃗ .
4. The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero, if any two of the given vectors are equal.
If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors with 𝑎⃗ = 𝑏⃗ (or 𝑏⃗ = 𝑐⃗ or 𝑐⃗ = 𝑎⃗), then 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ = 0
5. If 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are any three vectors and 𝜆 be any scalar, then 𝜆𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ = 𝜆 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ .
6. The scalar triple product of three vectors is zero if any two of them are parallel (or collinear).
Questions
1. Prove that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗, 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ = 2 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ .
2. If the vectors 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ and 𝑐⃗ are coplanar, then show that 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗, 𝑏⃗ + 𝑐⃗, 𝑐⃗ + 𝑎⃗ are also coplanar.
3. Find the value of x if the points A( -1 , 4, -3), B (3 , x ,- 5) , C (- 3 , 8,-5) and D ( - 3 , 2 , 1) are
coplanar.
4. Show that the vectors a⃗ = ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + 3k , b⃗ = −2ı̂ + 3ȷ̂ − 4k and 𝑐⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 5𝑘 are coplanar.

MISCELLANEOUS
1. Find a unit vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 6𝑘.
2. Find the angle between the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘.
3. For what value of 𝜆 are the vectors 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 𝜆𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 perpendicular to each other.
4. If P(1,5,4) and Q(4,1,2) , find the direction ratios of 𝑃𝑄⃗ .
5. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 3𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 5𝑘 , find a unit vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ − 𝑏⃗.
6. If |𝑎⃗|=√3 , 𝑏⃗ = 2 and 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 3, find the angle between a⃗ and b⃗.
7. If |𝑎⃗|=2 , 𝑏⃗ = √3 and 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = √3, find the angle between a⃗ and b⃗.
8. If 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ − 3𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 4𝚥̂ + 9𝑘, find a unit vector parallel to 𝑎⃗ + 𝑏⃗.
9. If |𝑎⃗| = √3, 𝑏⃗ =2 and angle between 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏⃗ is 60°, find 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗.
10. Find a vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ whose magnitude is 7.
11. Find the projection of a⃗ on b⃗ if 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 8 and 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 3𝑘.
12. Write a unit vector in the direction of 𝑎⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 6𝚥̂ + 3𝑘.
13. Write the value of p, for which 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 9𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ + 𝑝𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 are parallel vectors.
14. Find the angle between two vectors a⃗ and b⃗ with magnitude 1 and 2 respectively and when a⃗ × b⃗ = √3.
15. Find the value of p, if 2𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 27𝑘 × 𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ + 𝑝𝑘 =0⃗.
16. Write the direction cosines of a line equally inclined to the three coordinate axes.
17. If 𝑝⃗ is a unit vector and (𝑥⃗ − 𝑝⃗). (𝑥⃗ + 𝑝⃗) = 80, then find |𝑥⃗|.
18. Write a vector of magnitude 15 units in the direction of vector 𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 2𝑘.
19. What is the cosine of the angle which the vector √2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 makes with y axis.
20. Write a vector of magnitude 9 units in the direction of vector −2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 2𝑘.

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Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

21. Find 𝜆, if 2𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 14𝑘 × 𝚤̂ + 𝜆𝚥̂ + 7𝑘 =0⃗.

22. If a⃗ and b⃗ are two vectors such that 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗. = a⃗ × b⃗ , then what is the angle between a⃗ and b⃗.
23. Vectors a⃗ and b⃗ are such that |𝑎⃗| = √3, 𝑏⃗ = and 𝑎⃗ × 𝑏⃗ is a unit vector. Write the angle between a⃗ and b⃗.
24. For what value of p, is 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 p a unit vector?
25. For what value of ‘a’ the vectors 2𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 and 𝑎𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ − 8𝑘 are collinear?
26. Write the direction cosines of the vector −2𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 5𝑘.
27. Write the projection of the vector 𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ on the vector 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂.
28. Write the position vector of the mid point of the vector joining the points P(2,3,4) and Q(4,1,-2).
29. If 𝑎⃗. 𝑎⃗ = 0 and 𝑎⃗. 𝑏⃗ = 0, then what can be concluded about the vector 𝑏⃗ ?
30. Find ‘𝜆′ when the projection of 𝑎⃗ = 𝜆𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 on 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ + 6𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 is 4 units.
31. Write the value of (𝚤̂ × 𝚥̂).𝑘+ 𝚥̂ × 𝑘 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ × 𝑘 𝚤̂.
32. Write down a unit vector in XY plane making an angle of 30° with the positive direction of x –axis.
33. A girl walks 4km towards west , then she walks 3 km in a direction 30° east of north and stops. Determine the
girl’s displacement from her initial point of departure.
34. Show that the points A, B , C have position vectors (2,0,0) (0,1,0) (0,0,2), show that ∆ABC isoceles.
35. Show that the points A, B and C with position vectors 𝑎⃗ = 3𝚤̂ − 4𝚥̂ − 4𝑘, 𝑏⃗ = 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝑏⃗ = 𝚤̂ − 3𝚥̂ − 5𝑘
respectively, form the vertices of a right angled triangle.
36. Using vector algebra, prove that angle in a semi circle is aright angle.
37. Points L,M and N divides the sides BC, CA and AB of a ∆ABC in the ratio 1 : 4, 3 : 2 and 3:7 respectively.
Prove that AL⃗ + BM⃗ + CN⃗ is a vector parallel to CK⃗ where K divides AB in the ratio 1 :3 .
38. If the vectors aı̂ + ȷ̂ + k, ı̂ + bȷ̂ + k, and ı̂ + ȷ̂ + ck, are coplanar then prove that + + = 1.
39. Let a, b and c be distinct numbers. If the vectors aı̂ + aȷ̂ + ck, ı̂ + k, and cı̂ + cȷ̂ + bk, lie in a plane, then show
that c is the geometric mean of a and b .
40. Let 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗ be to non zero vectors and c⃗ be a unit vector such that c⃗. a⃗ = c⃗. b⃗ = 0. If the angle between a⃗ and b⃗ is
, then prove that 𝑎⃗, 𝑏⃗, 𝑐⃗ = |a⃗| b⃗ .

QUESTIONS FROM EXEMPLAR

1. Find the unit vector in the direction of the sum of vectors a⃗ = 2ı̂ − ȷ̂ + 2k and b⃗ = −ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 3k.
2. Find a vector magnitude 11 in the direction opposite to that of PQ⃗ where P and Q are points (1,3,2) and (-
1,0,8) respectively.
3. Find the position vector of a point R which divides the line segment joining the two points P and Q with
position vector OP⃗ = 2a⃗ + b⃗ and OQ⃗ = a⃗ − 2b⃗ respectively in the ratio 1:2, (a) internally and (b) externally.
4. If the points (-1,-1,2), (2,m,5) and (3,11,6) are collinear, find the value of m.
5. Find a vector r⃗ of magnitude 3√2 units which makes an angle of and with y and z axes.
6. Find all vectors of magnitude 10√3 that are perpendicular to the plane of 𝚤̂ + 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and −𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ + 4𝑘.
7. Find the length of the median through A, if 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 3𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 4𝑘 represents the two sides AB and AC
respectively.
8. If a⃗ and b⃗ are unit vectors, then what is the angle between a⃗ and b⃗ for which √3a⃗ − b⃗ is a unit vector.
9. A vector r⃗ has magnitude 14 and direction ratios 2,3,-6. Find the direction cosines and components of r⃗ given
that r⃗ makes an acute angle with x –axis.
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Class- XII Section- NEWTON Subject : Mathematics

10. If a⃗ + b⃗ + c⃗ = 0, show that a⃗ × b⃗ = b⃗ × c⃗ = c⃗ × a⃗. Interpret the result geometrically.

11. Find the sine of the angle between the vectors a⃗ = 3ı̂ + ȷ̂ + 2k and b⃗ = 2ı̂ − 2ȷ̂ + 4k.
12. Using vectors, find the value of k such that the points (k,-10,3), (1,-1,3) and (3,5,3) are collinear
13. A vector r⃗ is inclined at equal angles to the three axes. If the magnitude of r⃗ is 2√3, find r⃗.
14. If a⃗ and b⃗ are the position vectors of A and B respectively, find the position vector of a point C in BA
produced such that BC = 1.5 BA.
15. Using vectors, prove that the parallelogram on the same base and between same parallels are equal in area.
16. Using vectors, find the area of the triangle ABC with vertices A(1,2,3),B(2,-1,4) and C(4,5,-1).
17. If A, B , C and D are the points with position vectors 𝚤̂ + 𝚥̂ − 𝑘, 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 3𝑘 , 2𝚤̂ − 3𝑘, 3𝚤̂ − 2𝚥̂ + 𝑘
respectively, find the projection of AB⃗ along CD⃗.
18. If a⃗ = ı̂ + ȷ̂ + k and b⃗ = ȷ̂ − k, find a vector c⃗ such that a⃗ × c⃗ = b⃗ and 𝑎⃗. 𝑐⃗ = 3.
⃗× ⃗
19. Show that the area of parallelogram whose diagonals are given by a⃗ and b⃗ is . Also, find the area of
parallelogram whose diagonals are given by 2𝚤̂ − 𝚥̂ + 𝑘 and 𝚤̂ + 3𝚥̂ − 𝑘.

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