DESIGN OF SLAB BRIDGE

Project: Semera-Didigsala project

Consultant: Unicon consulting engineers
Designed by : Asnake Beshah
Checked by : Hailu
Case: Statical calculation
Date of design :- 25/1/2007

General Notes
REFERENCE:- AASHTO STANDARED SPECIFICATIONNS FOR HIGH WAY BRIDGES (1992 EDITION)

DESIGN METHOD:- WORKING STRESS DESIGN METHOD

DESIGN DATA AND SPECIFICATION
BRIDGE TYPE: SLAB BRIDGE -TOTAL SPAN LENGTH 6m 1 lb = 0.454 Kg =4.54 N
- C/C DISTANCE 5.5 m
-CLEAR SPAN 5m 1 PSI = 6.897 KPA = 6897 X 10-3 MPA

ROAD WAY: CLEAR ROAD WAY WIDTH ( X ) 5m 1ft = 0.3048m

CURBS FOR WALK ( 2*W ) 0m
TOTAL WIDTH ( TW ) 5m 1 in = 2.54 cm = 0.0254 m = 0.0833 ft

LIVE LOAD: AASHTO HS-20-44 TRUCK 1lbft = 1.385 N-m

REAR AXLE LOAD , P= 145 KN
LANE LOAD IN THE TRANSVERSE DIRECTION = 9.3 KN/m ON 3M WIDTH OR 3.1KN/m2
DESIGN TANDEM AXLE LOAD = 110 KN

(TANSVERSE SPACING OF WHEELS SHOULD BE TAKEN AS 1.8m)

WEARING SURFACE: 1.1 KN/m2

MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
CONCRETE:- C25 (CUBIC STRENGTH) - CLASS A CONCRETE
TAKING fc' =3000 PSI = fc' = 20.69MPA (CYLINDERICAL STRENGTH) =
fc =0.4*20.69= 8.276 MPA (ALLOWABLE CONCRETE STRESS)
Ec = 5700*SQU. OF fc' (fc' IN PSI) = 0.043*gc*1.5*SQU OF fc' (fc' IN MPA)
= 22610 WHERE gc=24000 KN/m3

REINFORCEMENT:- STEEL S 400

fyk= 400MPA (GRADE 60)
Es= 200000 MPA
ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8-15-2-2 THE TENSILE RENFORSMENT fs,SHALL NOT EXCEED THE FOLLOWING
GRADE 40 REINF.----------20 X 103 PSI = 137.94 MPA
GRADE 60 REINF.----------24 X 103 PSI = 165.53 MPA

Page 1
MODULAR RATIO: n= ES/EC = 9

CROSSECTIONAL DIMENTIONS

TW TW = 5m
W= 0m
c x c C= 0.05 m
W W
X= 5m

CALCULATION
1 DEPTH DETERMINATION (AASHTO ARTICLE 8.9.2)

D= 1.2(s+10)/30 WHERE D= DEPTH OF SLAB IN FEET

S= SPAN LENGTH IN FEET

={
CLEAR SPAN + d
S C/C OF SUPPORT (WHICH EVER IS GREATER)

ASSUMED DEPTH D= 0.400 m

CONCRETE COVER= 0.025 m
REINF.DIAM. USED= Ø32= 0.032 m

={
5.359 m = 17.582 ft
S 5.500 m = 18.045 ft

THERE FORE USE S= 5.5 m = 18.045 ft

Þ D= 1.122 ft = 0.34192 m
THERE FORE USE D= 0.400 m
Þ d= 0.359 m

Page 2
 2 LOADING
2.1DEAD LOAD
TAKING SLAB WIDTH , b= 1 m

RC SLAB SUPER STRUCTURE = 25 KN/m3 X D X b = 10 KN/m

WEARING SURFACE = γXb= 1.1 KN/m

w= 11.1 KN/m

E (DITRIBUTION WIDTH)

TS (TO TAL SPAN)

THE SUPPORTS
X-SECTION

TW ( TOTAL WIDTH)

S (SPAN LENGTH CALCULATED) = 5.50

w (DISTRIBUTED DL PER UNIT WIDTH) = 11.10
R (REACTION ON THE SUPPORTS) = 30.53

* Moment And Shear Force Distribution Due To Dead Load

Moment due to dead load MDL (x) = Rx-wx2/2 Shear force due to dead load VDL (x) = R-wx

POSITION OF FORCE
ACTIONS COSIDERED 0.00 CD 0.05 CD 0.10 CD 0.15 CD 0.20CD 0.25CD 0.30 CD 0.35 CD 0.40 CD 0.45 CD 0.50 CD

X (m) 0.000 0.275 0.550 0.825 1.100 1.375 1.650 1.925 2.200 2.475 2.750

VDL ( X ) (KN) 30.525 27.473 24.420 21.368 18.315 15.263 12.210 9.158 6.105 3.053 0.000

MDL ( X ) ( KN - m) 0.000 7.975 15.110 21.406 26.862 31.479 35.256 38.194 40.293 41.552 41.972

Page 3
 2.2 LIVE LOAD
2.2.1 H - S - 20 - 44 TRUCK LOADING (DESIGN TRUCK)
WHEEL LOAD , P = 16000 lb = 72.6 KN

* Infulence Line For Bending Moments

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 3.24.3.2 - FOR WHEEL LOADS THE DISTRIBUTION WIDTH E, SHALL BE 4+0.06S BUT SHALL NOT EXCEED 7ft (2.135m)
- LANE LOADS ARE DISTRIBUTED OVER AWIDTH OF 2E

THERE FORE; E= 4+0.06S = 5.083 ft

= 1.549 m

Þ P' = P/E= 46.863 KN/m

FOR LOADING CASE -1 MLL ( X ) = p' XY/S {1+ (Y-4.27)/Y +(Y-8.54)/4Y}

FOR LOADING CASE - 2 MLL ( X ) = p' XY/S {1+ (Y-4.27)/Y +(Y-8.54)/4Y}

IMPACT FACTOR , I = 15.24 /(S+38.10) < 30% WHERE S IS IN ft

THERE FORE; I = 0.271 < 0.300

TAKE I = 0.3

Þ MLL+ I = ( 1+I ) X MLL = 1.300 XMLL

Page 4
* Infulence Line For Bending Moments

LOADING CASE WHICH CREATES MAXIMUM SHEAR

FOR THIS LOADING CASE THE SHEAR FORCE AT DISTANCE X,

VLL( X ) = P' ( S - X ) / S + P' ( S - X - 4.27 ) / S + P'/4 ( S - X - 8.54 ) / S

VLL+I ( X ) = 1.300 VLL( X )

* The Maximum Moment And Shear Force For Design

( For The Live Load Type , HS - 20 - 44) )

Mmax = MDLmax + MLL+I ( max )

= 125.7393 KN-m/m

Vmax= VDLmax + VLL+I ( max )

= 105.07109 KN / m

2.2.2 DESIGN TANDEM AXLE LOAD

WHERE AXLE LOAD = 110 KN

WHEEL LOAD = 55 KN
TAKING ADISTRIBUTION WIDTH OF, E= 1.549 KN/m

P' = WHEEL LOAD / E = 35.502 KN / m

Page 5
 M ( X ) = P' XY / S* {1+( Y-2)/Y }

V ( X ) = P' / S* ( 2Y-1.2 )

* The Maximum Moment And Shear Force For Design

( For The Live Load Type , Design Tandem)

Mmax = MDLmax + MLL+I ( max )

= 134.444 KN-m/m

Vmax= VDLmax + VLL+I ( max )

= 106.363 KN / m

2.2.3 LANE LOADING

SINCE LANE LOADING GIVES MAXIMUM SHEAR FORCE AND MOMENT FOR LONG SPAN BRIDGES WE DIDN'T CONSIDER HERE.
( i.e IT WILLNOT BE A GOVERNING LOADING CASE)

* Design Moment and shear

Comparing the results (i.e Mmax & Vmax ) in the two live load types ,HS-20-44 & DESIGN TANDEM LOAD ,WE GET THAT

Mmax ( design moment ) = 134.444 KN-m/m

Vmax (design shearforce) = 106.363 KN / m

Page 6
 DEPTH CHEKING FOR SHEAR

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8.15.5.2.1

SHEAR STRESS CARRIED BY CONCRETE :- vc =0.95 ( f'c)1/2 IN PSI

THERE FORE ; TAKING f'c = 20.96 MPA = 3000 PSI

vc = 52.034 PSI
= 0.359 MPA

Vacting = Vmax / bd = 0.296 MPA

Þ Vc > Vacting THERE FORE IT IS OK

3 REINFORCEMENT

K = n*fc / ( n*fc +fs ) = 0.307 WHERE fs = 165.53 MPA

j = 1 -K / 3 = 0.897
Þ R= K j fc /2 = 1.138

EFFECTIVE DEPTH, d rquired = ( M / Rb )1/2 = 343.687 mm

d used = 359.000 mm

Þ dused >drequired----------OK!

3.1 STEEL AREA CALCULATION

Main Reinforcement

AS = M / fsJd ; where M= 134.444 KN-m/m

fs= 165.53 MPA
j= 0.897
d= 359.000 mm
Þ AS = 2522.18488125554 mm /m
2

IF REINF.USED IS SPACING ( S )
Ø32 318.71 mm WHERE S = ( as / As)*1000
Ø30 280.11 mm
Ø24 179.27 mm
Ø20 124.50 mm

THERE FORE ; USE Ø24 C/C 160 mm

Page 7
 Distribution Reinforcement

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 3.24.10.2 IN CASE OF SLAB BRIDGE THE MAIN REINFORCEMENT IS PARALLEL TO TRAFFIC
AND PERCENT OF DISTRIBUTION REINORCEMENT = 100 / ( S )1/2 < = 50% WHERE S = ,IN ft

DISTRIBUTION REINFORCEMENT IN PERCENTAGE = 23.541 < 50

THERE FORE USE 24 %

As MAIN PROVIDED = (as / sused) * 1000 = 2827.433 mm2/m W/R as = 452.3893 mm2

Þ AS DISTRIBUTION = 665.608 mm2/m

IF REINF.USED IS SPACING ( S )
Ø20 471.75 mm
Ø18 382.12 mm
Ø16 301.92 mm
Ø14 231.16 mm
Ø12 169.83 mm
Ø10 117.94 mm

THERE FORE ; USE Ø12 C/C 200 mm

CHECK FOR STEEL RATIO

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8.16.3.1 THE RATIO OF THE REINFORCEMENT r PROVIDED SHALL NOT EXCEED 0.75 OF THE RATIO rb
THAT WOULD PRODUCE BALANCED STRAIN CONDITIONS FOR THE SECTION.

Asteel provided = 2827.433 mm2/m

r =As / bd = 0.0079

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8.16.3.2.2 THE BALANCED REINFORCEMENT RATIO , rb IS GIVEN BY

rb = (0.85 b1f'c/fy) * (87000/(87000+fy))

ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 8.16.2.7 b1 = 0.85 FOR CONCERET STRENGTH , fc' = 20.963000 PSI UPTO
MPA AND INCLUDING
( 3000PSI 4000PSI
) UPTO AND INCLUDING 4000PSI

rb = 0.0377

rmax = 0.75*rb = 0.0283

r < r max THERE FORE IT IS OK

Page 8
 MINIMUM REINFORCEMENT

ACCORDING TO ARTICLE 8.17.1.1 AT ANY SECTION OF AFLEXURAL MEMBER WHERE TENSION REINFORCEMENT IS REQUIRED BY ANALYSIS ,THE REINFORCEMENT
PROVIDED SHALL BE ADEQUATE TO DEVELOPE AMOMENT AT LEAST 1.2 TIMES THE CRACKING MOMENT CALCULATED ON THE BASIS OF THE MODULUS
OF RUPTURE FOR NORMAL WEIGHT CONCRETE SPECIFIED IN ARTICLE 8.15.2.1.1

i.e fMN > 1.2Mcr WHERE f = 0.9 , FOR FLEXURE ( ARTICLE 8.16.1.2.2 )
MN = As fy (d - a/2) W/R a = Asfy / 0.85fc'b
Mcr = fr *s W/R s = b D2 / 6 , fr =7.5(fc')1/2
fy = 60000 PSI
fc' = 3000 PSI
d= 14.13 in
b= 39.37 in
As = 4.38 in2
D= 15.75 in

Þ a= 2.619
s= 1627.30
fr = 410.792
THERE FORE
fMN = 3034.945 klb-in
1.2Mcr = 802.178 klb-in
fMN > 1.2Mcr THERE FORE IT IS OK!
SHRINKAGE AND TEMPRTURE REINFORCEMENT

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8.20.1 THE TOTAL AREA OF REINFORCEMENT PROVIDED SHALL BE ATLEAST 1/8 in2/ft IN EACH DIRECTION

As = 1/8 in2/ft = 264.41mm2/m

USING Ø12 ,SPACING = a/As*1000 = 427.4 mm

ACCORDING TO AASHTO ARTICLE 8-20-2 THE SPACING OF SHIRINKAGE AND TEMPRATURE REINFORCEMENT SHOULD BE

S SHOULD BE = { < 3D =
< 18in =
1200
457.2
mm
mm

TAKING THE MINIMUM OF THE THREE SPACING VALUES

Smin = 427.4 mm
USE S = 300 mm

THERE FORE PROVIDE Ø12 C / C 300 mm IN BOTH DIRECTION

Page 9
 MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE FOR P'= 46.863 KN/m W/R COLUMN ( I ) IS MOMENT FOR LOADING CASE-1
DESIGN TRUCK HS-20-44 S= 5.5 m W/R COLUMN ( J ) IS MOMENT FOR LOADING CASE-2
a b c d e f g h I j MAX. MLL
MLL+I M DL MLL+I +M DL
x y (y-4.27)/y (y-8.54)/4y (x-4.27)/4x 1+c+d 1+c+e p'xy/s f*h g*h MAX of (I or j)

0.00S 0.000 5.500 0.224 -0.138 0.000 1.224 1.224 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
0.05S 0.275 5.225 0.183 -0.159 0.000 1.183 1.183 12.243 14.481 14.481 14.481 18.825 7.975 26.799
0.10S 0.550 4.950 0.137 -0.181 0.000 1.137 1.137 23.197 26.384 26.384 26.384 34.299 15.110 49.409
0.15S 0.825 4.675 0.087 -0.207 0.000 1.087 1.087 32.863 35.710 35.710 35.710 46.422 21.406 67.828
0.20S 1.100 4.400 0.030 -0.235 0.000 1.030 1.030 41.239 42.458 42.458 42.458 55.195 26.862 82.057
0.25S 1.375 4.125 -0.035 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 48.327 48.327 48.327 48.327 62.826 31.479 94.304
0.30S 1.650 3.850 -0.109 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 54.127 54.127 54.127 54.127 70.365 35.256 105.621
0.35S 1.925 3.575 -0.194 0.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 58.637 58.637 58.637 58.637 76.228 38.194 114.423
0.40S 2.200 3.300 -0.294 0.000 -0.235 1.000 1.000 61.859 61.859 61.859 61.859 80.417 40.293 120.710
0.45S 2.475 3.025 -0.412 0.000 -0.181 1.000 1.000 63.792 63.792 63.792 63.792 82.930 41.552 124.482
0.50S 2.750 2.750 -0.553 0.000 -0.138 1.000 1.000 64.436 64.436 64.436 64.436 83.767 41.972 125.739

SHEAR FORCE INFLUENCE LINE FOR P'= 46.863 KN/m

DESIGN TRUCK HS-20-44 S= 5.5 m
a b c d e f
x y=s-x y/s (y-4.27)/s (y-8.54)/4y c+d+e VLL VLL+I VDL VLL+I +VDL
0.00S 0.000 5.500 1.000 0.224 -0.138 1.224 57.343 74.546 30.525 105.071
0.05S 0.275 5.225 0.950 0.174 -0.159 1.124 52.657 68.454 27.473 95.926
0.10S 0.550 4.950 0.900 0.124 -0.181 1.024 47.971 62.362 24.420 86.782
0.15S 0.825 4.675 0.850 0.074 -0.207 0.924 43.284 56.270 21.368 77.637
0.20S 1.100 4.400 0.800 0.024 -0.235 0.824 38.598 50.177 18.315 68.492
0.25S 1.375 4.125 0.750 -0.026 0.000 0.750 35.147 45.691 15.263 60.954
0.30S 1.650 3.850 0.700 -0.076 0.000 0.700 32.804 42.645 12.210 54.855
0.35S 1.925 3.575 0.650 -0.126 0.000 0.650 30.461 39.599 9.158 48.757
0.40S 2.200 3.300 0.600 -0.176 0.000 0.600 28.118 36.553 6.105 42.658
0.45S 2.475 3.025 0.550 -0.226 0.000 0.550 25.775 33.507 3.053 36.559
0.50S 2.750 2.750 0.500 -0.276 0.000 0.500 23.431 30.461 0.000 30.461
 c d e
(y-4.27)/y (y-8.54)/4y (x-4.27)/4x

0.224 0.000 0.000

0.183 0.000 0.000
0.137 0.000 0.000
0.087 0.000 0.000
0.030 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000 0.000

d e
(y-4.27)/s (y-8.54)/4y
0.224 0.000
0.174 0.000
0.124 0.000
0.074 0.000
0.024 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
0.000 0.000
MOMENT INFLUENCE LINE FOR TANDEM DESIGN P'= 32.74
LOAD S= 5.5
a b c
x y 1+(y-1.2)/y p'xy/s
MLL+I M DL

0.00S 0.000 5.500 1.782 0.000 0.000 0.000

0.05S 0.275 5.225 1.770 8.553 19.685 7.975

0.10S 0.550 4.950 1.758 16.206 37.029 15.110

0.15S 0.825 4.675 1.743 22.959 52.032 21.406

0.20S 1.100 4.400 1.727 28.811 64.694 26.862

0.25S 1.375 4.125 1.709 33.763 75.016 31.479

0.30S 1.650 3.850 1.688 37.815 82.996 35.256

0.35S 1.925 3.575 1.664 40.966 88.635 38.194

0.40S 2.200 3.300 1.636 43.217 91.934 40.293

0.45S 2.475 3.025 1.603 44.567 92.892 41.552

0.50S 2.750 2.750 1.564 45.018 91.508 41.972

SEAR FORCE INFLUENCE LINE FOR TANDEM P'= 32.74

DESIGN LOAD S= 5.5
a b c
x y 2*Y-1.2 p'/s
VLL+I V DL

0.00S 0.000 5.500 9.800 5.953 75.838 30.525

0.05S 0.275 5.225 9.250 5.953 71.582 27.473

0.10S 0.550 4.950 8.700 5.953 67.325 24.420

0.15S 0.825 4.675 8.150 5.953 63.069 21.368

0.20S 1.100 4.400 7.600 5.953 58.813 18.315

0.25S 1.375 4.125 7.050 5.953 54.557 15.263

0.30S 1.650 3.850 6.500 5.953 50.301 12.210

0.35S 1.925 3.575 5.950 5.953 46.044 9.158

0.40S 2.200 3.300 5.400 5.953 41.788 6.105

0.45S 2.475 3.025 4.850 5.953 37.532 3.053

0.50S 2.750 2.750 4.300 5.953 33.276 0.000
KN/m
m
MLL+I +M DL

0.000
27.660

52.139

73.438

91.556

106.494

118.252

126.830

132.227

134.444

133.480

KN/m
m
VLL+I +V DL

106.363

99.054

91.745

84.437

77.128

69.819

62.511

55.202
47.893

40.584
33.276
DISTANCE MOMENT
( m) ( KN-m/m)
0.000 0.000
0.275 26.799
0.550 49.409
0.825 67.828
1.100 82.057 MOMENT DIAGRAMS FOR H-S-20 LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.375 94.304
1.650 105.621
1.925 114.423
2.200 120.710
2.475 124.482
2.750 125.739

MOMENT DIAGRAM
140

120

100
MOMENT (KN-m/m)

80

60

40

20

0
0.00 0.50 1.00DISTANCE (m)1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00
 0
0.00 0.50 1.00DISTANCE (m)1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00

DISTANCE SHEAR
( m) FORCE ( KN)
0.00 105.07
0.28 95.93
0.55 86.78
0.83 77.64
1.10 68.49 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAMS FOR H-S-20 LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.38 60.95
1.65 54.86
1.93 48.76
2.20 42.66
2.48 36.56
2.75 30.46
SHEAR FORCE ( KN )

SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 ( m )
DISTANCE 2.00 2.50 3.00
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 ( m )
DISTANCE 2.00 2.50 3.00
DISTANCE MOMENT
( m) ( KN-m/m)
0.000 0.000
0.275 27.660
0.550 52.139
0.825 73.438
1.100 91.556 MOMENT DIAGRAM FOR TANDEM LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.375 106.494
1.650 118.252
1.925 126.830
2.200 132.227
2.475 134.444
2.750 133.480
MOMENT (KN m/m)

MOMENT DIAGRAM
160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
DISTANCE (m) 2.00 2.50 3.00
 0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50
DISTANCE (m) 2.00 2.50 3.00

DISTANCE SHEAR
( m) FORCE ( KN)
0.00 106.36
0.28 99.05
0.55 91.75
0.83 84.44
1.10 77.13 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAMS FOR TANDEM LIVE LOAD TYPE
1.38 69.82
1.65 62.51
1.93 55.20
2.20 47.89
2.48 40.58
2.75 33.28
SHEAR FORCE ( KN )

120 SHEAR FORCE DIAGRAM

100

80

60

40

20

0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50DISTANCE ( m )2.00 2.50 3.00
0
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50DISTANCE ( m )2.00 2.50 3.00