Design IV : Shopping Mall

Research of the proposed project

LUNA, MARIELL G.
BSARCH22M2
INTRODUCTION
There are variety of definitions but to simply put it, a shopping mall or shopping
center – is a complex of retail stores designed as a unified group, to give the customers
an access to variety of merchandises for their shopping convenience.
In ancient history, shopping center was started way back 110 AD. It was during
the ancient civilization of Greece, when emperor Trojan ordered his architect
Apollodorus, to design and built the famous Greek Agora which is a parallel of the
Roman Forum.

Greek Agora

Arabian souk/market

Research says that the Agora of Greek – is a public space that is fully used for
commercial purposes. It was literally known as an “assembly area” where the people
gather to hear the news from the king. It was located in the heart of the business district
purposely enclosed by public buildings, temples and other important offices. Likewise,
the typical Arabian Souk or the market in the middle east back in the days of the middle
ages, was designed with weather protection walls covering the series of opened fronted
shops similar to what are being constructed today.

HISTORY OF SHOPPING CENTER IN THE PHILIPPINES

In the Philippines, the idea of the series of opened fronted retail stores was first
introduced in the 60’s through the establishment of the Harrison Plaza and Ali mall. But
even before them, there were already existing buildings of the same function. Although
there were huge differences in layout and arrangement of the interior spaces, the pre-
existing structures also had the similar comfort and convenience to offer – which is to
provide variety of products under one roof or place – and some structures even
managed to have
Crystal Arcadeartificial ventilation. Like the 1929
(1932) Escolta Berg’sHeacock’s Department
Department Store (1936)Store in
Escolta and the 1932 Crystal Arcade of Andres Luna de San Pedro. EscoltaAnother standalone
store landmark in Escolta is the 1936 Berg’s Department Store which was named after
its owner, Ernest Berg. According to its former patrons, the place can compete with
today’s mall for its imported toys and ready-made ladies wear merchandise. Although it
was already closed in the year of 1982.

Modern Era
In the year 1976, the agora style of shopping market was adapted through the
establishment of Ali mall and Harrison Plaza.
The Ali mall was designed by
architect Sindiong and was developed
by the Araneta City Inc. in Cubao,
Quezon City. It was a five story building
including its parking space of 300 car
capacitance and 64, 500 sq. meter total
retail area that can offer 182 shops. It
was the first major shopping mall in the
Philippines and was named in honor of
the boxer Muhammad Ali.

SOME OF THE PHILIPPINES' REMARKABLE SHOPPING MALLS

The Harrison Plaza also opened

in 1976 but was closed in 2019 for the
redevelopment of residential building
complex with shopping center that was
being managed by the SM Prime
Holdings. It has two floors and an open
car park with 178, 000 sq. meter total
retail area and can offer more than 200
stores and services.
SM MALL OF ASIA SM MEGAMALL

Sources from:
www.esquiremag.ph
www.wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.net

Photos from Pinterest.com

 GLORIETTA MALL ROBINSONS GALLERIA

VENICE PIAZZA GRAND CANAL MALL GREENBELT MALL

DATA GATHERED
LAWS AND STANDARDS TO BE FOLLOWED

P.D 1096

Rule VII: Classification and General Requirements of all Buildings by Use or Occupancy

Rule VIII: Light and Ventilation

Rule IX: Sanitation

Planning and Designers Handbook by Max Fajardo 2nd edition
LOCATION SELECTION
In business, location plays a big role in attracting and retaining customers and so
as the employees. It was said that the best location can increase the brand visibility,
influence the value of the structure, ability to market itself to public, cope up to the
business competitors, increase the count of sales and marketing and determining its
success.
While in architecture, the location is the first thing to consider in planning. That is
where site analysis, development plan, surveying and the beginning of the whole plan
takes place. Location is needed to be thoroughly studied to ensure the accuracy and
safety of the plan and its construction. Also to make proper measures, accessibility and
convenience to its future occupants. It is for the fact that structures can be improved,
renovated, decorated, demolished and its use can be changed but its location is
immovable.
Below is the guide I followed to help siting the best location for the proposed
project;

Based on Max Fajardo’s Planning and Designers

Handbook 2nd edition
SITE LOCATION

For the site location, I chose to

look in the municipality of Silang. I
Source from Wikipedia.com consider the fact that the place aren’t
fully occupied by commercial
The municipality of Silang is located in establishments. With its few existing
the province of Cavite among the 5 th District, shopping malls, the business
together with Carmona and General Mariano competition will lessen.
Alvarez.
It has 64 barangays and a population
count of 248, 085 as determined by 2015
census. It belongs to the 1st municipal income
class and an economic revenue of
₱530,431,409.26 as recorded in the year 2016.
It has an area of 209.43 km² which constitutes
the 13.30% of Cavite's total area and has an
estimated elevation of 316.9 m above sea level.
The municipality is a landlocked type
area surrounded by the nearest cities of
Tagaytay, Dasmariñas, Trece Martires, Biñan,
The site location I found for the
Cabuyao and San Pedro. The nearest
proposed project was located beside
municipalities are Amadeo, General Mariano
an existing car showroom, along the
Alvarez, Indang, Mendez, Carmona and
major Aguinaldo highway. It has an
Talisay. Its distance from the national capital is
area of 90,000m² excluding the area
40.61 km.
behind the showroom.
Silang is also part of the CALAX ongoing
The site is also located near the
project and is a good boundary municipality for
business trade area of Silang as it was
its surrounding cities since it bridges the
said in Max Fajardo’s Site Selection
province of Cavite and Laguna to the city of
Criteria number one.
Tagaytay.
Aguinaldo J.Rizal Tubuan
Highway Road Road
 Following Max Fajardo’s criteria for Site Selection, the second to consider is the
accessibility of the location to at least one existing major highway. The property I found
was located near the existing Premier Plaza, Pure Gold and All Day Store and was
located along the Aguinaldo Highway near the intersection of J.Rizal road and barangay
Tubuan 1 road.
The next criteria was about costing, which needed a deeper study. Although this
research is just for the basis of the next plate, I still had a lot of hard time thinking. To
begin with, the property costs Php. 8,000.00 per sqm. and the lot area has a total of
(284,985 m² or 28.5 hectares). If I will buy the whole lot, including the area behind the
existing Toyota showroom, it would costs around Php. 23 billion which was obviously
not a very wise decision. If I excluded that part, it may lessen the total cost which will
take me to (90,000 m² total lot area) multiplied by the cost per square meter (Php.
8,000.00) equals to Php. 720,000,000.00 added to the estimated construction budget of
around PHP. 30,000,000.00 and tax rate of 2% to the total of PHP. 764,400,000.00 total
investment.
Below are the table of estimation;

Total lot area Cost per sq. m Estimated Total

90,000 m² Php. 8,000.00 Php. 720,000,000.00

Estimated Construction Estimated Tax of 2% Estimated Total

Budget

Php. 30,000,000.00 Php. 14,400,000.00 Php. 44,400,000.00

Estimated Total Investment Value : PHP. 764,400,000.00

Based on Philippine Real Property Taxation of Local Government Code 1991,

which allows the local government units to have the authority to collect tax among real
state properties but with certain limitations provided by the law. It is stated below that
“the base of the tax, or assessment level, is only a fraction or a percentage of the
market value of the land. The under-taxation of land is therefore built into the tax
structure. This is compounded by assessment levels that are differentiated depending
on land use” – which means, the tax base of a real property will be depending on the
purpose of acquired land.
 Although tax rates or the assessment level may vary among the LGU’s, the law
provided the taxing authority to rate the tax in accordance to what the code sets as a
minimum rate – as stated below.
Estimated Return on investment :
Return on investment (ROI) is a financial ratio used to calculate the benefit an
investor will receive in relation to their investment cost. It is most commonly measured
as net income divided by the original capital cost of the investment. The higher the ratio,
the greater the benefit earned.

No. of Estimated Estimate No. of Estimated Annual Estimated

Option Monthly d Store Months Income Year/s to
Rental Cost Retail a Year Gain (ROI)
Capacity

1 Php. 5,000.00 1,000 12 Php. 60,000,000.00 12 years

2 Php. 10,000.00 1,000 12 Php.120,000,000.00 6 years

Option 1 ROI =

x 100%

Php.120,000,000.00
Option 2 ROI = 100% = 0.156 ROI

In this estimated calculation, the option one

Php. 764,400,000.00

shows a 0.078 Php. 764,400,000.00

estimated Php.60,000,000.00
100% = 0.078 ROI
return on
investment for the succeeding 12 years. While
there is 0.156 estimated return on investment for option 2 in succeeding 6 years. Which
shows that there’s a quick ROI if I increase the rental cost for a month.

Following Max Fajardo’s Site Selection Criteria number 4, for adequate size and
suitable shape to allow proper planning of merchandising and parking spaces, and
criteria number 5 which is existing zoning laws. To comply to this, I will be following the
P.D. 1096 Rule 7 and 8.
PROXIMITY MATRIX OF RELATED SPACES
Retail Stores/Shops
Consider the following:
a. Show Room – it is the part of the store that is overlooking to the outside. It
usually designed as a full glass wall for display of merchandise to attract the
customers and passerby. It usually has a height of 1.96 meters – 200 meters with
an eye level angle of 60° depth.

Or a connecting showroom for first and second floor, both with 60° depth.

b. Shelves and Cases dimensions – it is where the merchandise are being place
for organization and convenience. Following the standard dimensions of store
cases from Max Fajardo’s Planning and Designers Handbook 2 nd edition as
shown below, will help in planning the spaces and proper circulation inside the
store.
 The dimensions required for customers personal space is 1.00 meter for parallel
cases, with a maximum case height of 1.75 meters and 0.60 meters wide.
 c. Aisle Dimensions – refers to the space between a parallel objects such as
furniture to furniture or furniture to wall. For a single aisle store, a 1.00 meter
aisle between the showcase and a tall case will do.

Recreational Areas
Areas for leisure and enjoyment purposes of the occupants.
This may include the following;
a. Arcade/Gaming Area
 b. Bowling Alley

Theater Zone
It requires acoustic planning and projection rooms with separate mechanical and
natural ventilation, light positioning, sufficient heating and cooling for the minimum
temperature of 10°C. Below are the standard dimension guide from Design Elements
Book.
Food court
An area where fast-food outlets, tables, and chairs are located. Unlike the
restaurants that focus on specific food to offer, food court provides variety of choices
from autonomous food counters with shared adjacent eating area. Below are the
standard dimension guide from Max Fajardo’s Book.
SANITATION
Considerations according to Rule VIII of P.D. 1096 ;
a. water supply system; d. pest and vermin

b. waste water disposal system; e. noise pollution

c. storm drainage system f. pipes materials

Public Toilets
Each floor level will have a separate toilet for men and women following the
minimum ratio of 3:5. Which means, 1 water closet and 2 urinals for male : 5 water
closet for female in accordance to the standard requirements for the public buildings.
Rain Water Harvesting
One of the wisest idea to conserve water. Upon gathering the rain water from
the gutters, a rain water harvesting tank will collect it for reusable purposes. Including
Water for toilet flushes and watering plants and also for fountain water.
VENTILATIONS
Guidelines from P.D. 1096 RULE VIII Light and Ventilation
SAFETY
Guidelines from P.D 1096 Rule VI – Fire-resistive Requirements in Construction

Consider:

1. Exit plans available for every floor

2. Exit doors
3. Availability of fire extinguisher
4. Fire sprinkler system
5. Smoke Detectors
6. Use of fire-restive materials
ELEVATOR AND ESCALATOR SYSTEM
Guidelines from P.D. 1096 RULE XII General Design and Construction
Requirements
RAMPS AND STAIRS
Guidelines from P.D. 1096 which states that a staircase for commercial buildings
should have a with of 1.80 meters.
CONSIDERATIONS
SUSTAINABLE MATERIALS

Metal and Steel are one of the most abundant and sustainable building material. Aside
from it is recyclable, its strength capacity, fire resistant properties and lifespan are the
very reason why it is very popular to construction industry.

Cement, concrete, clay and wood are also considered sustainable materials.
STRUCTURE IN RELATION TO TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT
Tropical countries like the Philippines has an abundant supply of bamboos and
coconut trees. Now a days, this two materials are becoming popular in architecture
because of the aesthetical values they added to the structure.

The downside of using the bamboos and coconut in building materials is that,
they are highly flammable. That is why it is not advisable to use these kind of materials
as the building foundation.
AESTHETICAL CONSIDERATION
Mall Atrium
A part of a building that extends up through several floors of the building and
often has a glass roof. As approved document B, Fire Safety, Volume 2, Buildings other
than dwelling houses, defines an atrium as: 'A space within a building, not necessarily
vertically aligned, passing through one or more structural floors.
It is functional in a way that it can be a multi-purpose area that can be use or
rented to hosts activities and events. It usually the face of the interior of the building.
Landscape Plan
The landscape of the building will make used of the setbacks and percentage of
open areas of the lot. Below is the P.D. 1096 Rule 8 guide for setbacks, (PSO)
Percentage of Site Occupancy, (ISA) Impervious Surface Area, (USA) Unpaved
Surface Area and (MACA) Maximum Allowable Construction Area.

Commercial

Aside from the planting strips, I would also like to

incorporate shading structures in the proposed
project. Either it is canopy or cantilever style in
different shapes for additional aesthetical values.
 I am planning an open-centered structure for good ventilation and lighting effects
and I am also considering to add a fountain or a statue or the logo of the proposed
structure as the building's central attraction.

Façade of the Mall

It is the front of a building facing a public space. It should be the most attractive
part of the proposed project.
Like the façade of the Acienda Designer Outlet which is inspired to Acienda
Mansions. The site I found was near to the location of this structure so I highly consider
it as the biggest business competitor of the proposed project.

To be able to compete with its architectural structure, I will highly consider the
façade of the proposed project. Since the business was focused on providing the
designer items, which obviously catering the high-income class customers, the
proposed project will be designed targeting the low-income class to the middle-income
class customers. That is without neglecting the architectural characteristics of the whole
structure.
VEHICULAR FLOW
Parking Plan
Parking Spot or Area and Loading/Unloading Space Requirements
This areas are provided outside the road right of way (RROW) for the proposed
building/structure to use. Guided by the P.D. 1096 standard dimension regarding the
average size of automobile's car slot or parking dimension of 2.50 meters by 5.00
meters for perpendicular or diagonal parking and 2.15 meters by 6.00 meters for
parallel. While for the bus and trucks standard parking/loading/unloading, the
dimensions are at the minimum of 3.60 meters by 12.00 meters except for an articulated
truck slot. It should be computed at the minimum of 3.60 meters by 18.00 meters
enough to accommodate a 12.00 meter container van or a bulk carrier. For jeepneys or
shuttles parking/loading/unloading slot, dimensions must be at 3.00 meters by 9.00
meters.
To further elaborate, here is the table of automobile parking/slot dimensions base
on P.D 1096 under Rule 7;
Type of automobile Average Dimensions

Car in perpendicular or diagonal 2.50 m x 5.00 m

parking
Car in parallel parking 2.15 m x 6.00 m
Bus and Trucks 3.60 m x 12.00 m
Articulated Trucks 3.60 m x 18.00 m
Jeepneys/shuttles 3.00 m x 9.00 m
 Based on P.D. 1096 Rule 7 of parking space, area and loading/unloading space
requirements, the table below shows the list of ratings of minimum off-street/off-RROW
cum on-site requirements for specific uses for structures.

Base on Max Fajardo’s Planning and

Designers Handbook 2nd edition.
The book indicated a detailed planning
which also includes the measures for
commercial parking, which I will be using
as a guide. There are also references that
I gathered from Pinterest that I could
also help me visualize the space.
BUBBLE DIAGRAM AND SCHEMATICS
SOURCES:

P.D. 1096 RULE VII, RULE VIII, RULE IX AND RULE XII
Planning and Designers Handbook 2nd edition by Max Fajardo
Google images
Pinterest images
www.esquiremag.ph
www.wikipedia.com
www.slideshare.net
https://www.chimobuildingcentre.com/products/building-materials/
https://www.econation.co.nz/sustainable-materials/
https://bconnectedmallorca.com/en/blog/architecture/bamboo-architecture-design/
https://www.econation.co.nz/sustainable-materials/
https://silang.gov.ph/index.php/about-us/maps-location