REVIEW ON PHYSICS (DYNAMICS)

RECTILINIAR MOTION – simplest type of accelerated motion

With Constant acceleration or uniformly accelerated motion – uniform change in velocity in uniform interval of time. The
direction is always the same.
v f −vi
a= equation 1
t 2−t i
When ti =0
vf + vi
v f =v i +at equation 2 v ave = equation 3
2
Displacement after time t:
vf + vi
s=v ave t or s=t equation 4
2
Substitute equation 2 to equation 4, we have:
2 v i +at 1 2
s= t or s=v i t+ a t equation 5
2 2
And solving for final velocity:
v 2f =v 2i +2 as

SUMMARY OF ALL THE FORMULAS:

s
1 At constant velocity: v=
t
vf + vi
2 Average velocity: v ave =
2
v f −vi
3 Constant acceleration: a=
t
4 Final velocity: v f =v i +at
vf + vi 1 2
5 Displacement after time, t: s=v ave t or s= t or s=v i t+ a t
2 2
2 2 2 2
6 For final velocity: v f =v i +2 as ; 2 as=v f −v i
distance travelled
At constant speed : v=
time
Where:
v = velocity; m/s or ft/s
v f = final velocity
a = acceleration; m/s2 or ft/s2
t = time; s, hr., min.
s = displacement; distance; m or ft.
PROBLEMS:
1 An automobile covers the distance of 50 km from city A to city B in 1hr and 10 min and then covers the distance
of 75 km from city B to city C in 2 hrs.
a Find the average speed from A to B in m/s
b Find the average speed from B to C in m/s
c Find the average speed from A to C in m/s

Solution: sAB=50km sBC=75 km

A tAB=1hr,10min.B tBC=2 hrs C

s
v=
t
50000 m
a v AB = =11.9 m/s
4200 s
75000 m
b v BC = =10.42 m/s
7200 s
125000 m
c v AC = =10.96 m/s
11400 s
2 A car starting from rest is accelerated 6.0 m/s 2. In how many seconds will its velocity be equal to 30.0 m/s. How
far will it have travelled during this time?
v f −v i 30−0 1 2 1 2
Solution: a) t= = =5 s b) s=v i t+ a t =0+ ( 6 ) 5
a 6 2 2
2
a=6.0 m/s
vi=0 vf=30 m/s

3 A car starting from rest is accelerated uniformly at 2 m/s 2 . a)find its velocity after 5 seconds and b) the distance it
travels during this time
m
Solution: a=2 2
vi =0
s
m
a When t=5 s and vf=? then, v f =v i +at=0+2 ( 5 s )=10 m/s
s2

b
1 2 1 m
s=v i t+ a t =0+ 2 2 ¿
2 2 s ( )
4 The speed of an automobile going north is reduced from 30.0 m/s to 20 m/s in a distance of 125m. Find: a)
acceleration ; b) time; c) the distance in which the car is brought to rest from 20 m/s.
Solution:
Assuming the acceleration of a
x

125 m

V0= 30.0 m/s

Vf= 20.0 m/s
2 2
a v =v +2 as
f i

202=302+ 2a ( 125 )
a=−2 m/s 2 (negative acceleration due to decrease in speed)
b v f =v i +at
20=30+ (−2 ) t
t=5 s
c v 2f =v 2i +2 as
0=202 +2 (−2 ) (x)
x=100 m

5 A car and a truck start from rest at the same instant, with the car initially behind the truck. The truck has a
constant acceleration of 2.0 m/s2 and the car on an acceleration of 3.0 m/s2. The car overtakes the truck after the
truck has covered a distance of 75.0 meters.
a How long does it take for the car to overtake the truck?
b How far the car was initially behind the truck?
c What is the velocity of each vehicle when they are abreast?
acar = 3.0 m/s 2 atruck = 2.0 m/s 2
v0= 0 v0= 0

x
tcar= t

a car = 3 m/s2 a truck = 2 m/s2

vo = 0 vo = 0

1 2
a s=v i t+ a t
2
 75 m=0+
( )
1 2m 2
2 s2
t

t=8.66 s

1
b x +75=0+ (3 ) (8.662 )
2
x=37.5 m
c v f =v i +at
For truck:
v f =0+2 ( 8.66 )=17.3 m/ s

For car:
v f =0+3 ( 8.66 )=25.98 m/ s

6 Two automobiles A and B travelling in opposite direction, pass a given point. Automobile A travelling eastward
passes the point with a velocity of 10.0 mi/hr and there after accelerates uniformly at 10.0 ft/s 2. Automobile B
travelling westward passes the point with a velocity of 20.0 mi/hr and there after accelerates uniformly at 6.0 ft/s 2.
Where are A and B one-tenth of a mile apart. (1 mile = 5280 ft)

1 5280
mile= ft=528 ft
10 10
 v oB=20 (mi
hr )( )
5280
ft
mi
1 hr
3600 s
=29 ft / s

=10 ( 5280 )( )
mi ft 1 hr ft
v oA =15
hr mi 3600 s s

For automobile B:
v f =v i +at
v f =29+ 6 t →eqtn 1
b

2 2
2 as=v f −v i
2(6) x=( 29+ 6 t)2−(29)2
2 2 2
12 x=(29) +348 t+36 t −(29)
2
12 x=348 t+36 t
x=29 t+ 3t →eqtn 2
2

For automobile A:
v f =v i +at
v f =15+ 10t
a

2 2
2 as=v f −v i
2 ( 10 ) (528−x )=( 15+10 t )2−( 15 )2
20 ( 528−x )=(15)2+ 300t +100 t 2 −(15)2
20 ( 528−x )=300t +100 t 2
2
528− x=15 t+5 t → eqtn 3
Substitute eqtn 2 to eqtn 3
528− ( 29 t+3 t )=15 t+5 t
2 2

2
−8 t −44 t+528=0
2
t +5.5 t−66=0
−b ± √ b −4 ac −5.5 ± √ 5.5 −4 ( 1 ) (−6.6)
2 2
By quadratic equation: x= = =5.82 s
2a 2(1)

FREELY FALLING BODIES

In the absence of air resistance, it is found out that all bodies regardless of their size and weight, fall with the
same acceleration at the same point on the earth’s surface and the radius covered is very small compared to the radius of
the earth, the acceleration remains constant throughout the fall.
Since those bodies fall under the action of gravitational force of the earth, then the acceleration will be presented
by “g”.
m
g=9.8 1 −g=¿ going upward
s2
ft
g=32.2 2 + g=¿going downward
s
Equations developed for constant acceleration(rectilinear motion) will be applied for freely falling bodies.
1 The velocity at any time t: v f =v o +¿
1 2
2 The coordinate at any time t: y=v o t+ g t
2
2 2
3 The velocity of any coordinate: v f =v o +2 gy
Where: g=¿acceleration due to gravity
v o=¿ initial velocity
v f =¿ final velocity
y=¿ vertical distance
t=¿ time
PROBLEMS:

1 A stone is thrown vertically upward and returns to earth in 10.0 sec. what was its initial velocity and how high did
it go?
 Given: t=10 sec .
v f =v o +¿
0=v o −9.8(10) or 0=v o −32 (10 )
v o=98 m/s v o=32 ft / s
1 1 1 1
y= g t 2= ( 9.8 ) ( 10 )2=490 m or y= g t 2= ( 32 )( 10 )2 =1608 ft
2 2 2 2

2 An object is dropped from rest at a height of 300 m. Find

a Its velocity after 2 sec.
b The time it takes for the object to reach the ground
c What velocity does it hit the ground?

a Given t=2.0 sec

v f =v o +¿

v f =0+
2s
( 9.8s m ) ( 2 s )=19.6 m /s
2

1 2
b y=v o t+ g t
2
300=0+
2 s2 ( )
1 9.8 m 2
(t )

t=7.8 s
c
v 2f =v 2o +2 gy

v 2f =0+2 9.8
grnd
( ) m
s
2
( 300 m )=76.68 m/ s

3 A bullet is fired straight upward with a velocity of 98.0 m/s from the top of a building 100 m high. Find
a Its maximum height above the ground
b The time required to reach its maximum height
c The time required to reach the ground
d The velocity it has when it reaches the ground
Given: a) y=100+ y 1
v 2f =v 2o +2 gy
2
0=(98) +2 ( 9.8 ) y 1
y 1=490 m
y=100+ 490
y=590 m
b) v f =v o +¿
0=98+ (−9.8 ) t
t=10 s
1 2
c) y=v o t + g t
2
1 2
590=0+ ( 9.8 ) t
2
t=10.9 s - from the highest point to the ground

2 2
d v f =v o +2 gy
2
v f =0+2 ( 9.8 ) ( 590 )
v f =107.5 m/ s

4 A ball is thrown vertically upward from the ground with a velocity of 15 m/s. One second later , another ball is
thrown vertically upward with a velocity of 30 m/s. How far above the ground will the two balls be at the same
level.
 ball 1: ball 2:
1 2 1
y=v o t+ g t y 2=30 ( t−1 ) + (−9.8 ) ¿
2 2
1
y 1=15 t+ (−9.8 ) ¿ y 2=30 t−30−4.9(t 2−2 t+ 1)
2
y 1=15 t−4.9t → [ 1 ] y 2=−4.9 t +39.8 t −34.9 → [ 2 ]
2 2

But y 1= y 2
15 t−4.9 t 2=−4.9t 2 +39.8 t−34.9
0=24.8 t−34.9
t=1.4 s
From equation 1:
y 1=15(1.4)−4.9(1.4)2
y 1=11.4 m above the ground the two balls will be at the same level

5 A ball thrown vertically upward returns to its starting point in 4 seconds. Find its initial velocity.
1 2
y=v o t+ g t
2
1
0=v 0 ( 4)+ (−9.8 ) ¿
2
v 0=19.6 m/s

6 An aircraft shell is fired vertically upward with an initial velocity of 500 m/s. Neglecting friction, compute
a The maximum height it can reach
b The time it takes to reach the max height
c The instantaneous velocity at the end of 60 sec.
d When will its height be at 10 km?
Solution:
a At maximum height v f =0
2 2
v f =v o +2 gy
0=(500)2 +2 ( 9.8 ) y
y=12 755 m
b v f =v o +¿
0=500+ ( 9.8 ) t
t=51 s to reach the max. height
c When t = 60 sec
v f =v o +¿
v f =5000+ (−9.8 ) (60)❑
v f =−8 8.6 m/ s
d When h= 10 km t=?
1 2
y=v o t+ g t
2
1 2
10000=500 t + (−9.8 ) t
2
4.9 t 2−500 t+10000=0
−(−500) ± √(−500) −4 ( 4.9 ) (10000)
2
t=
2(4.9)
t=75 sec ¿ t=27 sec

PROJECTILE MOTION / CURVILINEAR MOTION

Choosing the launch point as the origin of the x and y axes, x 0=0 and y0=0.
For uniform acceleration,

1 1
x=x 0 +v 0 x t + g t 2 and y= y 0+ v 0 y t+ g t 2
2 2

However, a x =0 , and a y =g therefore:

1 2
x=v 0 x t and y=v 0 y t− g t
2

PROBLEMS:

1 A projectile is fired with an initial velocity of v 0 ft/sec upward at an angle θ with thw horizontal. Find the
horizontal distance covered before the projectile returns to its original level. Also determeine the maximum height
attained by the projectile.
1
y=v 0 y t+ g t 2
2
1 2
x=v 0 x t+ g t
2
at ( x , 0 ) ; y=0 :
1 2
0=v 0 sinθt − g t
2
1 2 v sinθ
v 0 sinθt = g t 2, thus t 1= 0
2 g

x=v 0 cosθ (
2 v 0 sinθ
g )
v 02 sin 2θ
x=
g

( )
x t1
at , h ;t= ; v 0=0
2 2
1
h=−¿ g ¿
2
v 0 sin 2 θ
2
h=
2g
2 A stone is thrown from a hill at an angle of 600to the horizontal with an initial velocity of 100 ft per sec. After
hitting level ground at the base of the hill, the stone has covered a horizontal distance of 500 ft. How high is the
hill?
Solution:
x=v 0 cosθ t
500=100cos 60 t
t=10 sec .
1 2
y=v o sin θ t− g t
2
1
y=100 sin 60 0 ( 10 ) − (32)(10)2
2
y=743 ft

3 An object is launched at 450 to the horizontal on level ground as shown. What is the range of the projectile if its
initial velocity is 180 ft/sec? Neglect air resistance.
1
y=v o sin θ t− g t 2
2
0 1 2
y=180 sin 45 t− ( 32 ) t
2
2
y=127 t−16 t , when projectile is on the ground, y=0. Thus,
0=t(127−16 t)
 t=7.89 sec .
x=v 0 cosθ=180 cos 450 t=127 t
x=( 127 )( 7.89 )
x=1000 ft

4 A shell leaves a mortar with a muzzle velocity of 500 ft/sec directed upward at 60 0 with the horizontal. Determine
the position of the shell and its resultant velocity 20 sec after firing. How high will it rise?
500 ft
Given: v 0=
sec
θ=600
t=20 sec

Solution:
x=v 0 cosθt
0
x=500 cos 60 (20)
x=5000 ft
1 2 0 1 2
y=v o sin θ t− g t =500 sin 60 ( 20 )− ( 32.2 ) ( 20 ) =2220.25 ft
2 2
v
From f =v i +at → velocity at any given time, thus,
0 250 ft
v f −v 0=¿ → v x −500 cos 60 =0 → v x = .
sec
v y −500 sin 600=−32.2( 20)
v y =210.99 ft / sec
v=√ v x2 + v y 2
v=√ 2502+ 210 .99 2
ft
v=327 . 13
sec
2 2
v 0 sin θ 5002 sin 2 60 0
h= = =2911 .5 ft
2g 2(32.2)
CIRCULAR MOTION AND GRAVITATION
When a particle moves in a circular path of radius R with constant speed v the motion is called uniform circular motion.
The magnitude of instantaneous acceleration is equal to the square of the speed divided by the radius of the circle. Its
direction is perpendicular to v and inward along the radius.
v2 4 π2 R v=
2 πR
ac= or ac= where ; v = Rω
R τ τ
τ =time per one revolution
R=radius of t h e ¿˚
ω = angular speed/velocity in rad./sec.
PROBLEMS:
1 A motorcycle travelling at constant speed of 40 ft/s rounds the curve of radius 300 ft. What is the magnitude and
direction of its acceleration?

2 2
v ( 40)
a ⊥= = =5.33 ft /s 2
R 300

FORCE IN CIRCULAR MOTION – centripetal force

2
v
F=m aC =m
R
PROBLEMS:
1 A simplified model of a carousel is illustrated. The arms AB abd AC attach the seats B ans C, each with mass of
200 slugs, to a vertical rotating shaft . What is the maximum angle of the tilt, , for the radius if the carousel
operates at 12 rpm.
Solution:
 The free body diagram is

The angular velocity of the carrousel is|

ω=
( 12rpm ) ( 2 πrad
rev )
=1.257 rad /s
60 sec/min
The rotational force expressed in terms of θ is:
2
F=ma=mr ω
2
¿ ml sinθ ω
¿ ( 200 ) ( 25 ) ¿
¿ 7900 sinθ
From the free body diagram,
F 7900 sinθ
tanθ= = =1.23 sin θ
W ( 200 slugs ) (32 ft /s 2)
1
cosθ= =0.813
1.23
−1 0
θ=cos ( 0.813 ) =3 5.61
2 In the figure, the 20 lb ball is forced to rotate around the smooth inside surface of a conical shell at the rate of one
revolution in π/4 sec. Assuming that g=32 ft/sec2, find the tension in the cord and the force on the conical shell. At
what speed in rpm will the force on the shell become zero?
Given:
W=20 lb ; t=π/4 sec; g=32.ft/sec
2 πR no . of revolution 1 rev 4
v= or v=2 πRn where n= = = rps
τ time π/4 π
0
R=4 ft sin30 =2 ft
v=2 π ( 2 ft )
π()
4 16 ft
=
sec

∑ F v =0
Tcos 30 −N sin 30 −W =0 ; 0.866 T −0.5 N=20→ eqtn [ 1 ]
0 0

∑ F H =0
2 2
mv W v
0 0
Tsin 30 + Ncos 30 −F=0 ; but F= = =( 20 ) ¿ ¿
R g R
0.5 T + 0.866 N =80 → eqtn [ 2 ]
By elimination, we get N=59.28 lb and T = 57.3 lb.
For N=0; from equation 1, T=23.1 lb, and from equation 2 we get
F= 11.55 Lb
2 2
mv W v
F= =
R g R
20 v 2
11.55=
( 32 ) (2)
v=6.079 ft / sec
v=2 πRn
2 π (2) n
6.079=
60
 n=29 rpm

3 A boy running on a school race rounds a flat curve at 50 ft radius. If he runs at the rate of 15 mph, at what angle
with the vertical will he incline his body?
Given: Solution:

[[ )] ]
2

R=50 ft v2
15 mph ( )(
5280 ft
mile
1 hr
3600 sec v=
15 R=
tanθ= = W
gR
(32 secft )(50 ft) mph 50 ft
f F
V=15 mph tanθ=0.3006
0
θN c

θ=16.73

Req’d: θ
4 Find the angle of banking for a highway curve of 300ft radius designed to accommodate cars travelling at 100
mph, if the coefficient of friction between tires and the road is 0.6. What is the rated speed of the road.
Given: R = 300 ft
V = 100 mph μ= 0.60
Req’d: rated speed
Solution: tan ∅ =0.60
0
∅ =30.96
2
( ) v
tan ∅ +θ =
gR

[ )] =2.241
2

tan ( 30.96 +θ ) =
0
100 mp h ( )(
5280 ft
mile
1hr
3600 sec

( 32secft ) ( 300 ft )
( 30.96 0+θ )=tan−1 (2.241)
( 30.96 0+θ )=65.95 0
0
θ=34.99
( ) v2
tan θ =
gR
2
0 v
tan 34.99 =
32.2 ( 300 )

( )
sec
3600
hr
v=82.23
5280 ft
mile
v=56.06 mph

ROTATIONAL MOTION
∆θ
Average angular velocity = ω ave =
∆t
∆θ
Instantaneous angular velocity = ω= lim
∆ t →0 ∆t
∆ω
Average angular acceleration = α =
∆t
∆ω
Instantaneous angular acceleration = α = lim
∆ t →0 ∆t

Comparison of linear and angular motion with constant acceleration

Motion with constant Motion with constant
linear acceleration angular acceleration
a=constant α =constant
v f =v i +at ω f =ωi + αt
 1 1
x=x 0 +v i t+ at 2 θ=θ0 +ω i t + α t 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
v f =v i +2 a(x−x i ) ω f =ω i +2 α (θ−θi )
1 1
x−x i= ( v f −vi ) t θ−θi= ( ω f −ωi ) t
2 2

PROBLEMS:
1 A flywheel 6ft in diameter accelerates from rest at the constant rate of 4 rpm per sec. Compute the normal and
tangential components of the acceleration on the rim of the flywheel after 10 sec.
Given: d= 6ft
α =4 rpm/sec
t= 10 sec.
Req’d: a cand a ॥
Solution:

α= (
4 rev 2 π rad 1 min
min ∙ sec rev 60 sec)( )
=0.42 rad /sec 2

∆ω
α=
∆t
R
ω2
0.42 rad /sec =
10 sec
ω=4.2rad / sec
ac

2 6 ft 2 ft
a c =R ω = (4.2) =52.92
aǁ
2 sec 2

2
a ॥=R α=3 ( 0.42 )=1.26 ft /sec
2 The rim of a 50 in. wheel on a brake shoe testing machine has a speed of 60 mph when the brake is dropped. It
comes to rest after the rim has travelled a linear distance of 600 ft. What are the constant angular acceleration and
the number of revolution the wheel makes in coming to rest?
Given: d= 50 in.
mile
v=60
hr
S= 600 ft
Req’d: α and θ
Solution:
r =25∈ ¿ =2.083 ft ¿
12
s=rθ
600=2.083θ
θ=288 rad
θ=288 rad ( 21πrad
rev
)=45 . 84 rev
v=r ωi

60
hr (
mile 5280 ft
mile )( 601min
hr
)( 601 minsec )=2.083 ft (ω )
ω i=42.24
ω f =ω i +2 αθ , but ω f =0
2 2

2
0=(42.24) + 2 α (288)
α =−3.10 rad / sec 2

WORK
W =( Force )( displacement )
 1 A worker is dragging a crate along a horizontal surface by applying a force F=50N at an angle of 37 0 above
horizontal to the right. Find the total work done if the crate was dragged at 20 m from its original position and the
frictional force is 15 N.

Solution:
W Total =W F +W W +W N +W f
¿ F ( cosθ ) d +0+0+ fd
¿d ¿
¿ 20 ¿
¿ 498.636 J

KINETIC ENERGY and WORK

1 2
KE= m v
2
W T OTAL=∆ KE=KE 2−KE 1

2 Suppose the initial speed in problem above is 4 m/sec and the mass of the body is 10 kg. What is the final speed.
Given: W T =498.636 J
m
v1 =4.0 m=10.0 kg
s
Req’d: v 2
Solution:
1 1
KE= m v 2= ( 10 kg ) ¿
2 2
W T OTAL=∆ KE=KE 2−KE 1
498.636 J =KE 2−80 J
KE 2=578.636 J
1 2
KE= m v
2
1
578.636 J = ( 10 kg ) ¿
2
v 2=10.758 m/ sec

GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY

PE=mgy

CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
PE 1−PE 2=KE 2−KE 1∨KE 2 + PE 2=KE 1 + PE 1

3 A 2000 lb weight is initially suspended on a 500 ft long cable. The weight is then raised at 400 feet. If the cable
weighs 5 lb/ft, how much work is done.
The weight of the cable for the two situations is:
w 1=500 ( 5 )=2500 lb
w 2=100 ( 5 )=500 lb
These weights may be considered to be concentrated at the mid
points of the extended cables. Choosing the datum to be at the
top of the cable, the work done is equal to the difference in
potential energies of the two situations.
PE 1=( 2000 ) (−500 ) + ( 2500 )(−250 )
¿−1625000lb ∙ ft
PE 2=( 2000 ) (−100 ) + ( 500 )(−50 )
¿−225000lb ∙ ft
W T =PE 2−PE 1=−225000−(−1625000 )
¿ 1400000 lb∙ ft
IMPLULSE AND MOMENTUM
 The second law of motion states that the force F applied to a body of mass m that undergoes and acceleration a is
given by
F=ma
The acceleration of a body can be expressed in terms of its velocities v1 and v 2at the two different times t 1and t 2 as
v 2−v 1
a=
t 2−t 1
Hence the second law may be rewritten as
m(v 2−v 1) mv 2−mv1
F= =
t 2−t 1 t 2−t 1
Or, F ( t 2−t 1 )=mv 2−mv 1
Or, F ∆ t=∆ mv
The quantity mv is known as the linear momentum of a particle of mass m and velocity v . The product of the constant
force F and the change in time ∆ t during which it acts is called the impulse of the force. Thus,
Impulse = change in momentum
Impulse = ∆ mv
Conservation of momentum
Momentum lost = Momentum gained
In every collision or interaction, momentum is conserved, that is, the total momentum before the collision is equal
to the total momentum after the collision.
In the collision of two bodies A and B having masses mA and mB, initial velocities v1 A , v1 B and final velocities
v 2 A , v 2 B, the momentum equation gives:
m A v 1 A + mB v 1 B=mA v 2 A +mB v 2 B

For Elastic collisions, the kinetic energy is conserved, and the relative velocity after collision is less than the
relative velocity before the collision. In equation it states,
v 2 A −v 2 B=v 1 A −v 1 B
The coefficient of restitution(e ) – the negative ratio of the relative velocity after the collision to the relative
velocity before the collision.
−v2 A −v2 B v 2 A −v 2 B
e= =
v 1 A −v 1 B v 1 B−v 1 A
If the collision is perfectly elastic , e = 1.
If the collision is completely inelastic , e = 0. In this case the two colliding bodies adhere and move as one body
after collision.

PROBLEMS:
1 A stationary passenger car of a train is set into motion by the impact of a moving locomotive. What is the impulse
delivered to the car if it has a velocity of 38 m/sec immediately after the collision? The weight of the car is 13 kN.
Solution:
From the impulse-momentum principle,
Impulse = ∆ mv=mv 2−m v1 =m ( v 2−v1 )
13000
¿ ( 38−0 )=50,408.163 kg ∙ sec
9.8
2 Two identical balls hit head on in a perfectly elastic collision. Given that the initial velocity of one ball is 0.9
m/sec and the initial velocity of the other is -0.63 m/sec, what is the relative velocity of each ball after the
collision?
vi1 = 0.9 m/s vi2 = 0.63 m/s
Solution:
The conservation of momentum gives:
1 2
Total momentum = constant
m1 v i 1+ m2 v i 2=m1 v 1 +m2 v 2 but m1=m2
m ( v i 1 +v i 2 )=m ( v 1+ v 2 )
1 2
( v i1 + v i 2) =( v 1+ v 2 )
0.9+ (−0.63 )=( v 1+ v 2 ) v1 v2
0.27=( v 1+ v 2 )
2
For the elastic collisions, the interaction forces are conservative,1so kinetic energy is conserved. From the
conservation of kinetic energy:
 1 1 1 1
m v 2i 1+ m v 2i 2= m v 21 + m v 22
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
m v i 1+ m vi 2=m v1 + mv 2
( 0.9 )2 + (−0.63 )2=v 21 + v 22
1.207=v 21 +v 22
2 2
1.207=( 0.27−v 2 ) + v2
2
1.207=0.073−0.54 v 2 +2 v 2
2
v 2−0.27 v 2−0.567=0
− (−0.27 ) ± √(−0.27 ) −4 ( 1 )(−0.567 )
2
m
v 2= =0 . 9
2( 1) sec
v1 =0.27−v 2=0.27−0.9
v1 =−0 . 63 m/ sec

3 Two masses collide in a perfectly inelastic collision. Given the data in the figure below, find the velocity and
direction of the resulting combined mass.

Solution:
Let the positive direction of motion be defined to the right. Also, let m R be the resultant combined mass moving at
velocity v R after the collision. Since momentum is conserved:
m1 v 1+ m2 v 2=m R v R
However, mR =m 1+ m 2=5 m2 , therefore:
4 m2 ( 10 ) +m 2 (−20 )=5 m2 v R
40 m2−20 m2=5 m2 v R
v R=4 m/ secto the right

4 A ball is dropped into a solid floor from initial height, hi . If the coefficient of restitution, e , is 0.9. How high will
the ball rebound?
Solution: 1, 2 and 3 denote the positions shown below.
Conservation of energy gives, before impact:
E1 , total =E2 ,total or E K + E P =E K + E P
2 2 1 1

But the kinetic energy at position 1 is zero and the

potential energy at position 2 is zero, thus
E K =E P
2 1

1
m v 2i =mg hi
2
vi =√2 2 g hi
vi is the velocity of the ball before impact. After impact,
the kinetic energy at position 3 is zero. Denoting the
velocity of the ball after the impact by :
1 2
m v =mg h
2
v=√2 2 g h
By definition, the coefficient of restitution is
v ball−v floor −v
e= =
v i , floor−v i ,ball vi

¿− √
2gh
√2 g hi
=−

h
h
hi √
( 0.9 )2=
hi
h=0.81 hi
 5 A ball is suspended in space explodes into three pieces whose masses, initial velocities
m
v1 =20 , v =40 m/ sec and direction are given in the figure. Find the velocity of m3.
sec 2

Solution:

Conservation of momentum for x-axis:

0
m2 v 2 cos 30 +¿ m3 v 3 cos θ=0 ¿
0
2 v 2 cos 30 +¿ 4 v 3 cos θ=0 ¿
0
2(40)cos 30 + ¿ 4 v 3 cos θ=0 ¿
−17.32
v3 =
cosθ

For y axis:
0
m 1 v 1+ m2 v 2 sin 30 +¿ m3 v 3 sin θ=0 ¿
0
m1 ( 20 )+ 2m1 (40)sin 30 +¿ 4 m1 v 3 sin θ=0 ¿
−4 v 3 sin θ=60
−60
v3 =
4 sinθ
Equating the values of v3 gives:
60
tanθ= ;θ=40.90
4 (17.32 )

v3 =−17.32/cos 40.9 0=22 . 9 m/ sec

References:
1 SEARS, Francis W., W. ZEMANSKY, Mark W., and YOUNG, Hugh D. College Physics, 7th Edition.
Massachusstes: Addison- Weslesy Publishing Co., 1986

2. WEBER, Robert L. MANNING, Kenneth V., WHITE, MARSH w> and WEYGAND, George A. College Physics,. 5th
Edition New Yok: Mc Graw Hill Book Co. 1952.
3 . LINDEBURG, Michael R. 1001 Solved Engineering Fundamentals Problems. Professional Publications. Belmont,
California, July 1988.