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LN 10, 11 & 12 - ME 1227 Engineering Mechanics

This document discusses simplifying systems of forces and couples acting on a body to an equivalent single resultant force and couple moment. It provides steps to reduce multiple forces and couples to a single resultant force acting at a point and a resultant couple moment. This is done by summing all individual forces and couple moments. The resultant force is the vector sum of all forces, and the resultant couple moment is the sum of all individual couple moments plus the moments of all forces about the reference point. Examples are provided to demonstrate this process of simplifying force and couple systems.

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64 views33 pages

LN 10, 11 & 12 - ME 1227 Engineering Mechanics

This document discusses simplifying systems of forces and couples acting on a body to an equivalent single resultant force and couple moment. It provides steps to reduce multiple forces and couples to a single resultant force acting at a point and a resultant couple moment. This is done by summing all individual forces and couple moments. The resultant force is the vector sum of all forces, and the resultant couple moment is the sum of all individual couple moments plus the moments of all forces about the reference point. Examples are provided to demonstrate this process of simplifying force and couple systems.

Uploaded by

Sakib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Engineering Mechanics

(Credit: 4.00)

ME 1227

Dr. Mohammad Sultan Mahmud


Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Moment of a Force about a Specified Axis
Sometimes, the moment produced by a force about a
specified axis must be determined.
For example, suppose the lug nut at O on the car tire in
Figure needs to be loosened. The force applied to the
wrench will create a tendency for the wrench and the
nut to rotate about the moment axis passing through O;
however, the nut can only rotate about the y axis.
Therefore, to determine the
turning effect, only the y
component of the moment is
needed, and the total moment
produced is not important.
To determine this component, we can use either a scalar
or vector analysis.
Scalar Analysis: To use a scalar analysis in the case of
the lug nut in figure, the moment arm perpendicular
distance from the axis to the line of action of the force is
dy = d cos θ. Thus, the moment of F about the y axis is My
= Fdy = F(d cos θ ). According to the right-hand rule, My
is directed along the positive y axis as shown in the
figure.
In general, for any axis a, the
moment is

Ma= Fda
Vector Analysis: To find the moment of force F in
Fig. 4–20b about the y axis using a vector analysis,
we must first determine the moment of the force
about any point O on the y axis by MO = r × F. The
component My along the y axis is the projection of
MO onto the y axis. It can be found using the dot
product, so that My= j • MO = j • (r × F), where j is the
unit vector for the y axis.
We can generalize this
approach by letting ua be the
unit vector that specifies the
direction of the a axis shown
in figure.
Then the moment of F about a
point O on the axis is MO = r
× F, and the projection of this
moment onto the a axis is Ma
= ua • (r × F).
This combination is referred
to as the scalar triple product.
If the vectors are written in Cartesian form, we have

This result can also be written in the form of a


determinant,

Once Ma is determined, we can then express Ma as a


Cartesian vector, namely,
Ma = Maua
EXAMPLE: 4.8
Determine the moment MAB produced by the force F
in figure (a), which tends to rotate the rod about the
AB axis.
EXAMPLE: 4.9
Determine the magnitude of the moment of force F
about segment OA of the pipe assembly in figure.
Problem No.: 4.50
The chain AB exerts a force of 20 lb on the door at B.
Determine the magnitude of the moment of this force
along the hinged axis x of the door.
Lecture No: 11
Moment of a Couple
A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have
the same magnitude, but opposite directions, and are
separated by a perpendicular distance d, shown in
figure.
Since the resultant force is zero, the only effect of a
couple is to produce an actual rotation, or if no
movement is possible, there is a tendency of rotation
in a specified direction.
The moment produced by a couple is called a couple
moment. We can determine its value by finding the
sum of the moments of both couple forces about any
arbitrary point. For example, in Figure, position
vectors rA and rB are directed from point O to points A
and B lying on the line of action of -F and F. The
couple moment determined about O is therefore

M = rB × F + rA × -F
= (rB - rA) × F
However, rB = rA + r or r
= rB - rA, so that

M=r×F
This result indicates that a couple moment is a free
vector, i.e., it can act at any point since M depends
only upon the position vector r directed between the
forces and not the position vectors rA and rB, directed
from the arbitrary point O to the forces.
Scalar Formulation:
The moment of a couple, M, Figure, is
defined as having a magnitude of
M = F.d
where F is the magnitude of one of the
forces and d is the perpendicular
distance or moment arm between the
forces.
Vector Formulation:
The moment of a couple can also be expressed by the
vector cross product, i.e.,
M=r×F
Application of this equation is easily remembered if one
thinks of taking the moments of both forces about a
point lying on the line of action of one of the forces.

Equivalent Couples:
If two couples produce a moment with the same
magnitude and direction, then these two couples are
equivalent.
Resultant Couple Moment:
Since couple moments are vectors, their resultant can be
determined by vector addition. For example, consider the
couple moments M1 and M2 acting on the pipe in Fig.
(a).
Since each couple moment is a free
vector, we can join their tails at any
arbitrary point and find the resultant
couple moment, MR = M1 + M2 as
shown in Fig. (b). If more than two
couple moments act on the body, we
may generalize this concept and write
the vector resultant as
MR = (r × F)
EXAMPLE: 4.10
Determine the resultant couple moment of the three
couples acting on the plate in figure.
EXAMPLE: 4.12
Determine the couple moment acting on the pipe
shown in figure. Segment AB is directed 30° below
the x–y plane.
Problem No.: 4.68
The ends of the triangular plate are subjected to
three couples. Determine the plate dimension d so
that the resultant couple is 350 N.m clockwise.
Problem No.: 4.80
Determine the required magnitude of force F if the
resultant couple moment on the frame is 200 lb.ft,
clockwise.
Problem No.: 4.89
Determine the resultant couple moment of the two
couples that act on the pipe assembly. The distance
from A to B is d = 400 mm. Express the result as a
Cartesian vector.
Lecture No: 12
Simplification of a Force and
Couple System
Sometimes it is convenient to reduce a system of
forces and couple moments acting on a body to a
simpler form by replacing it with an equivalent
system, consisting of a single resultant force acting at
a specific point and a resultant couple moment.

A system is equivalent if the external effects it


produces on a body are the same as those caused by
the original force and couple moment system.
In this context, the external effects of a system refer to
the translating and rotating motion of the body if the
body is free to move, or it refers to the reactive forces at
the supports if the body is held fixed.
For example, if the stick in fig.(a), is subjected to the
force F at point A.

If F is applied perpendicular to the stick, as shown in fig. (a).


System of Forces and Couple Moments: Using the
above method, a system of several forces and couple
moments acting on a body can be reduced to an equivalent
single resultant force acting at a point O and a resultant
couple moment.
For example, in fig. (a), O is not on the line of action of
F1, and so this force can be moved to point O provided a
couple moment (MO) = r1 × F1 is added to the body.
1

= =

(a) (b) (c)


Similarly, the couple moment (MO)2 = r2 × F2 should be
added to the body when we move F2 to point O. Finally,
since the couple moment M is a free vector, it can just be
moved to point O.

By doing this, we obtain the equivalent system shown in


fig. (b), which produces the same external effects
(support reactions) on the body as that of the force and
couple system shown in fig. (a).

If we sum the forces and couple moments, we obtain the


resultant force FR = F1 + F2 and the resultant couple
moment (MR)O = M + (MO)1 + (MO)2, shown in fig. (c).
We can generalize the above method of reducing a
force and couple system to an equivalent resultant
force FR acting at point O and a resultant couple
moment (MR)O by using the following two equations.
FR = ΣF
(MR)O = ΣMO + ΣM
The first equation states that the resultant force of the
system is equivalent to the sum of all the forces; and
the second equation states that the resultant couple
moment of the system is equivalent to the sum of all
the couple moments ΣM plus the moments of all the
forces ΣMO about point O.
If the force system lies in the x–y plane and any
couple moments are perpendicular to this plane, then
the above equations reduce to the following three
scalar equations.

(FR)x = ΣFx
(FR)y = ΣFy
(MR)O = ΣMO + ΣM

Here the resultant force is determined from the vector


sum of its two components (FR)x and (FR)y
EXAMPLE: 4.14
Replace the force and couple system shown in fig. (a)
by an equivalent resultant force and couple moment
acting at point O.
EXAMPLE: 4.15
Replace the force and couple system acting on the
member in fig. (a) by an equivalent resultant force
and couple moment acting at point O.
Problem No.: 4.104
Replace the force system acting on the crank by a
resultant force, and specify where its line of action
intersects BA measured from the pin at B.

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