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Chapter 1 - Drawing Instruments & Their Uses

The document provides information on engineering drawings and the instruments used to create them. It discusses the purpose of engineering drawings to convey information for constructing components. It then describes 12 common drawing instruments like T-squares, triangles, scales, compasses, and their proper uses. Guidelines are provided for techniques like drawing horizontal, vertical, and angled lines as well as keeping drawings clean. Objectives also cover using the tools independently and protecting them from damage.

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paul vincent barrion
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1K views6 pages

Chapter 1 - Drawing Instruments & Their Uses

The document provides information on engineering drawings and the instruments used to create them. It discusses the purpose of engineering drawings to convey information for constructing components. It then describes 12 common drawing instruments like T-squares, triangles, scales, compasses, and their proper uses. Guidelines are provided for techniques like drawing horizontal, vertical, and angled lines as well as keeping drawings clean. Objectives also cover using the tools independently and protecting them from damage.

Uploaded by

paul vincent barrion
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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INTRODUCTION

An engineering drawing is a type of technical drawing that is used to convey


information about an object. A common use is to specify the geometry necessary for
the construction of a component and is called a detail drawing. Usually, a number of
drawings are necessary to completely specify even a simple component. The
drawings are linked together by a master drawing or assembly drawing which gives
the drawing numbers of the subsequent detailed components, quantities required,
construction materials and possibly 3D images that can be used to locate individual
items. Although mostly consisting of pictographic representations, abbreviations and
symbols are used for brevity and additional textual explanations may also be provided
to convey the necessary information.
The process of producing engineering drawings is often referred to as technical
drawing or drafting (draughting).[1] Drawings typically contain multiple views of a
component, although additional scratch views may be added of details for further
explanation. Only the information that is a requirement is typically specified. Key
information such as dimensions is usually only specified in one place on a drawing,
avoiding redundancy and the possibility of inconsistency. Suitable tolerances are
given for critical dimensions to allow the component to be manufactured and
function. More detailed production drawings may be produced based on the
information given in an engineering drawing. Drawings have an information box
or title block containing who drew the drawing, who approved it, units of dimensions,
meaning of views, the title of the drawing and the drawing number.
Chapter 1: DRAWING INSTRUMENTS AND THEIR USES

INTRODUCTION
Various drawing instruments and their correct methods of use for instrumental drawing
are illustrated and explained in this topic. Correct use of these instruments is necessary
for efficient and concise drafting. The students make it a habit to use these precision
instruments correctly. With the proper use of these tools an accurate representation

OBJECTIVES:
1. The proper use of various drawing instruments
2. How to work independently using these tools without asking question or help
from others.
3. How to protect your instruments from damage.
4. How to produce a properly drafted drawing of shape, relationship and size can
be accomplished.

The drawing Instruments:


1. T-SQUARE (24 inches) – is used to construct HEAD
HORIZONTAL lines. It also serves as a base for
triangles when drawing vertical lines.

TWO PARTS OF T-SQUARE – Head and Blade


which should be joined together firmly. BLADE

2. TRIANGLE – are used to draw angles other than 15 degree increments. Two
different kind of tringles (a) 45 degree Triangle and (b) 30 x 60 degree Triangle.
Triangle is to construct VERTICAL lines and DEGREE lines or INCLINED lines.

45 x 45 degree Triangle

30 x 60 degree Triangle

3. METRIC SCALE – is used to reproduce the dimension of an object in a full,


reduced or enlarged size on a drawing.
4. COMPASS – are used for drawing circles and
arcs. Various compass types include the large
compass with lengthening bar and pen
attachment used for drawing large arcs and
circles.

5. PROTRACTOR – is used to measure and


draw angles not divisible by 15 degrees
when neither the 30x 60 nor the 45-
degree triangles can be used.

6. COMPASS DIVDER – is a type of compass with


needle points on both ends and is used off
points or transferring dimensions. It is also used
for dividing lines into any number of equal parts.

7. PENCIL – graphic lead pencils are the basic instruments used in mechanical
drawing and come in varying degrees of hardness. Drawing pencils are
graded in numbers and letters from 6B, very soft and black to 5B, 4B, 3B, 2B and
HB to F, the medium grade; then H, 2H, 3H, 4H, 5H, 6H, 7H and 8H to 9H, the
hardest. The soft (B) grades are used primarily for sketching and rendering and
the hard (H) grades for instrument drawings.
8. TECHNICAL PENS AND INKING PROCEDURES – are precision inking tools that
come with points of varying thickness from 0.10 mm. to 2.0 mm. depending on
the line width required. These pens have ink cartridges and can be used for a
long time before refilling unlike ruling pens.

9. ERASER – There are various kinds of eraser used in drafting. A HARD rubber
eraser is used to remove dark heavy lines. A SOFT rubber eraser is used to
remove light lines and to clean smudges. The VINYL eraser is used to remove
plastic lead lines from polyester drawing film. SPECIAL ink erasers are also
available for removing ink lines on paper and drafting films.

Hard Eraser Soft Eraser Vinyl Eraser

10. CUTTER, SHARPENER AND SAND PAPER – these are various tools used for creating
sharp conical pencil points. When sharpening a lead point, care should be
taken to keep the graphic away from the drawing. Most draftsmen keep a
cloth or piece of clay handy to wipe the excess graphite powder from a newly
sharpened lead.

Cutter Sharpener Sandpaper


11. DRAFTING BRUSH – It is used to remove loose dirt particles that collect on the
drawing. Removing the dirt with your hands may create smudges on the
drawing paper.

12. TEMPLATES – are used for drafting symbols or repetitive figure. They greatly
facilitate drawing speed and precision. Most templates are made of clear
plastic and come in a variety of symbols for specialized drawing needs such as
Circular templates,

Oblong templates, Square


and Rectangular template,
Bathroom fixtures template
and Furniture templates.

13. LEROY LETTERING GUIDE – are used for guiding letters in working drawings. These
instruments are the most expensive tools in drawing instruments.
Drawing Techniques:

1. HORIZONTAL LINES – are drawn from left to right using the T-square as a guide
for the right handed and vice versa for the left handed. Lean the pencil
approximately 60 degrees from the paper towards the direction of the lines.
Maintain this angle while drawing the line.

2. VERTICAL LINES – are constructed using the 45 degree or 30x 60 degree triangle
as both have right angles. Both T-square and triangle are used as guides with
the line being drawn from bottom to top while rotating the pencil slowly
between the thumb and the fore-finger.

3. INCLINED LINES – lines at angles other than 45, 30 and 60 degrees can be drawn
using both 30x60 degree triangles in various combinations.

KEEPING A DRAWING CLEAN:

Cleanliness is a prerequisite to good drafting. The drafting equipment must be


clean. Triangles, T-square, metric scales, etc., must be washed with water or alcohol if
necessary, before and after using. Remember that the largest contributing factor to
dirty drawings is graphite from the pencil. In addition, remember the following:

1. Never sharpen a pencil over the drawing paper.


2. Do not roll your instruments over the drawing paper. Lift them
3. Always start with very light construction lines and apply the appropriate line
weights when you are definite about the figures.
4. Minimize the use of the eraser.
5. Use the drafting brush to remove eraser crumbs and other particles from the
drawing surface. Using the palm of the hand, tissue paper or rags can leave
smudges on the surface.

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