Here are the solutions to the exercises:
1. Let u = x - 3. Then du = dx and the integral becomes ∫(u+5)√u du = (2/3)(u+5)3/2 + C = (2/3)(x-1)√x-1 + C
2. Let u = 2x + 3. Then du = 2dx and the integral becomes ∫7/u4 du = (7/3)u-3 + C = (7/3)(2x+3)-3 + C
3. Let u = x2 + 4. Then du = 2xdx and the integral becomes ∫-e3/u
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7 Integration by Rationalizing Substitution
Here are the solutions to the exercises:
1. Let u = x - 3. Then du = dx and the integral becomes ∫(u+5)√u du = (2/3)(u+5)3/2 + C = (2/3)(x-1)√x-1 + C
2. Let u = 2x + 3. Then du = 2dx and the integral becomes ∫7/u4 du = (7/3)u-3 + C = (7/3)(2x+3)-3 + C
3. Let u = x2 + 4. Then du = 2xdx and the integral becomes ∫-e3/u
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MAT 070
Calculus II
Mathematics Department Mindanao State University Main Campus Marawi City
February 23, 2022
Chapter 5 The Techniques of Integration
5.6 Two Rationalizing Substitutions
RS I Whenever an integrand contains a single irrational expression of the form p (ax + b) q ,
where p and q are integers, the substitution
1 u = (ax + b) q ,
will convert the given integrand into rational function of u.
RS II If xq , q is an odd integer, and a single irrational expression of one of the forms p p p a 2 − x2 , a2 + x2 , or x2 − a 2
appear in the integrand, then the substitution
p p p u = a2 − x2 , u = a 2 + x2 , or u= x2 − a2 ,
will convert the integrand into a rational function of u.
Z √ 3 x+8 Example 1 Find dx. x Solution: √ By RS I, we let u = 3 x + 8 = (x + 8)1/3 ⇔ u3 = x + 8 x = u3 − 8 dx = 3u2 du Z √ 3 u3 du Z Z x+8 u 2 Then, dx = (3u du) = 3 . x u3 − 8 u3 − 8 Simplifying the integrand using long division then we have, u3 du Z hR i 8 3 = 3 1 + u3 −8 u3 − 8 hR R 8du i = 3 du + u3 −8 . = 3u + 3(∗) Z 8du To evaluate the second term (∗) , we use partial fraction u3−8 decomposition and write, 8 8 A Bu + C = = + 2 u3 −8 2 (u − 2)(u + 2u + 4) u − 2 u + 2u + 4 So, 8 = A(u2 + 2u + 4) + (Bu + C)(u − 2). When u = 2, A = 23 when u = 0, C = − 83 , when u = 1, B = − 23 . Therefore, Z Z 8 8 (∗) 3 du = 2 du u −8 Z (u − 2)(u + 2u + 4) A Bu + C = + 2 du Z 2u − 2 u + 2u + 4 − 23 u − 38
3 = + 2 du Z u − 2 u Z+ 2u + 4 2 du 2 u+4 = − 2 du 3 u−2 3 u + 2u + 4 2 2 = ln|u − 2| − (∗∗) 3 3 Z u+4 Now, working on du, we apply completing the square. Thus, u2 + 2u + 4 we have u2 + 2u + 4 = (u2 + 2u + 1) + 3 = (u + 1)2 + 3. Let y = uZ+ 1,u = y − 1 and du Z= dy . Moreso, u + 4 = y − 1 + 4 = y + 3 So, u+4 u+4 (∗∗) 2 du = 2 du u + 2u + 4 Z (u + 1) + 3 y+3 = dy Z y2 + 3 Z ydy dy = 2 +3 2 y +3 y +3 Setting z = y 2 + 3, dz = 2ydy for the first term and for the second term we apply√integration yielding inverse trigonometric function with a2 = 3 or aZ= 3 Z Z u+4 ydy dy du = + 3 u2 + 2u + 4 2 Z ydz + 3 2 y + 3 2 1 y = + 3 √ arctan √ +C z 3 3 = 12 ln|z| + √33 arctan √y3 + C
= 12 ln|y 2 + 3| + √33 arctan √y3 + C
1 2 3 u+1 = 2 ln|u + 2u + 4| + 3 arctan √ √ 3 +C Z Thus, Z 8 8 (∗) 3 du = 2 du u −8 (u − 2)(u +Z2u + 4) 2 2 u+4 = ln|u − 2| − 2 du 3 3 u + 2u + 4 2 2 1 = ln|u − 2| − · ln|u2 + 2u + 4|+ 3 3 2 √3 arctan u+1 √ +C 3 3 Therefore, Z √ 3 u3 du Z x+8 dx = 3 3 x Z u − 8Z 8du =3 du + u3 − 8 = 3u + 3 · 23 ln|u − 2|−3· 2 3 · 21 ln|u2 + 2u + 4| +3 · √33 arctan u+1√ 3 +C √ √ = 3 3 x + 8 + 2ln| 3 x + 8 − 2| √ 2 √ −ln| 3 x +8 + 2 3x + 8 + 4| √ √ 3 x+8+1 + 33 arctan √ 3 +C Z p Example 2 Find x3 4 − x2 dx. √ Solution: Let u = 4 − x2 = (4 − x2 )1/2 . Then u2 = 4 − x2 and 2udu Z = −2xdx. So, 3 p R √ x 4 − x2 dx = x2 4 − x2 (xdx) Z = (4 − u2 )u(−udu) Z = (−4u2 + u4 )du −4u3 u5 = + +C 3 √ 5 3 √ 5 −4 4 − x2 4 − x2 = + + C. 3 5 Exercise: Determine the following integrals: √ Z 1. (x + 2) x − 1 dx x−3 Z 2. 7 dx (2x + 3) 4 −e Z 3. 3 dx x3 (x2 + 4) 2 1 − 3x3 Z 4. 6 dx (5x − 1) 5 Z √ 2 x+1−3 5. √ dx 3 x+1−2 x3 − x Z 6. √ dx 9 − x2 Z p 7. x3x2 − 5 dx Z √ 3 x 8. √ dx x−43x 4x3 dx Z 9. 3 (25 + 4x2 ) 2 Z x dx 10. 4 (3x − 1) 3 Z dx 11. √ x−4 x−1+6 Z p √ 2 y+1 12. dy y Z 3 dx 13. √ 2 x+4+x+1