GAS LAWS

1. 1989 Q32f
X grams of sodium carbonate (Na2Co3) (s) reacted completely with 30cm3 of
dilute hydrochloric acid to product 672cm3 of carbon dioxide gas at S.T.P

(1 mole of gas occupies 22.4L at S.T.P, C = 12.0, O = 16.0, Na = 23.0

(i) Write the equation for the reaction (1mark)

(ii) Calculate the concentration of the acid in moles per litre (2marks)
(iii) Calculate the value of X (2marks)

2. 1991 PP1A Q 1
Calculate the relative formula mass of gas A given that the time taken
for equal volumes of oxygen to diffuse through the use same hole is 20
seconds and 24 seconds respectively (O=16.0) (2 marks)

3.1995 Q19 P1
A mixture containing equal volumes of hydrogen and carbon dioxide
was introduced one end of a tube as shown below.
C

Mixture of
hydrogen
and carbon
(iv) oxide

Which gas would be detected at appoint C in first? Explain (2marks)

4. 1996 Q1 P1
In an experiment to study the diffusion of gases, a student set up the
apparatus shown in diagram I. After sometime the student noticed a
change in the water level as shown in the diagram II

Porous pot
 Give an explanation for the change in water level (2marks)

5. 1996 Q2 P1
A fixed mass of a gas has a volume of 250cm3 at a temperature of 270C and
750mm Hg pressure. Calculate the volume the gas would occupy at 420C (2marks)

6. 1997 Q6 P1
Study the set – up below and answer the questions that follow. Diagram

a) What observation would be made in the tube? (1 mark)

b) Indicate with across (x) on the diagram the likely position where the
observation stated in (a) above would be made. (1 mark)
NB. Not to touch the cotton wool.

7. 1997 Q15 P1
Complete the diagram below to show how a sample of aqueous ammonia can be
prepared in the laboratory.
8. 1997 Q16 P1
A gas occupies a volume of 400cm3 at 500k and 1 atmosphere pressure.
What will be the temperature of the gas when the volume and pressure of the gas is
100cm3and 0.5 atmospheres respectively. (2 marks)

9. 1997 Q27 P1
Calculate the mass of nitrogen dioxide gas that would occupy the
same volume as 10g of hydrogen gas at same temperature and
pressure. (H = 1.0, N = 14.0, O = 16.0)

10. 1998 Q 23 P1
A sealed glass tube containing air at s.t.p was immersed in water at 1000c.
Assuming that there was no increase in the volume of the glass tube due
to the expansion of the glass, calculate the pressure of the inside tube.
(standard pressure = 760mmHg,)

11. 1999 Q 20 P1
The set up below was used to investigate some properties of two gases
M and N

When beaker A was filed with gas M, the level of water in the glass tube
rose to point II. When the experiment was repeated using gas N, the level
of water dropped to point III. Explain these observations.
12. 2000 Q 18 P1
A given volume of ozone, (O3) diffused from a certain apparatus in 96 seconds.
Calculate the time taken by an equal volume of carbon dioxide
(CO2) to diffuse under the same conditions (O = 16.0, C = 12.0) (3marks)

13. 2000 Q 26 P1
In an experiment, ammonia chloride was heated in a test tube. A moist red litmus
paper placed at the mouth of the test tube first changed blue
then red. Explain these observations (3marks)

14. 2003 Q 14 P1
A few crystals of potassium permanganate were carefully placed into water
in a beaker at one spot. The beaker was left undisturbed for two hours.State
and explain the observation that was made. (2marks)

15. 2003 Q 25 P1
The graph below shows the behaviour of a fixed mass of a gas at constant
temperature.

Pressure
(atmosphere)

a)What is the relationship between the volume

Volumeand the pressure of the gas?(1 mark)
(litres)

b) 3 litres of oxygen gas at one atmosphere pressure were compressed to two atmospheres at
constant temperature. Calculate the volume
occupied by the oxygen gas (2marks)

16. 2006 Q 3 P1
60cm3 of oxygen gas diffused through a porous partition in 50 seconds.
How long would it take 60cm3 of sulphur (IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the
same partition under the same conditions? (S= 32.0, 0 = 16.0) (3marks)
17. 2006 Q 3c P2
When 3 litres of chlorine gas were completely reacted with element
D, 11.875g of the product were formed.Dertermine the relative
atomic mass of element D. (Atomic mass of chlorine = 35.5; molar gas
volume = 24litres). (3marks)

18. 2007 Q 12 P1
a) State the Charles law (1mark)

b) The volume of a sample of nitrogen gas at a temperature of 291 K and

1.0x105Pascal’s was 3.5 x 10-2m3. Calculate the temperature at
which the volume of the gas would be 2.8 x 10-2m3 at 1.0 x 105 Pascal. (2marks)

19. 2008 Q 1 P1
A small crystal of potassium manganate (VII) was placed in a beaker water. The
beaker was left standing for two days without shaking. State and
explain the observations that were made. (2marks)

20. 2008 Q 1b P2
A sample of biogas contains 35.2% by mass of methane. A biogas
cylinder contains 5.0 kg of the gas.
Calculate the;
(i)Number of moles of methane in the cylinder. (Molar mass of methane=16)
(2marks)
(ii)Total volume of carbon (IV) oxide produced by the
combustion of methane in the cylinder (Molar gas
Volume=24.0 dm3 at room
temperature and pressure). (2marks)

21. 2008 Q 20
a) State the Graham’s law diffusion. (1mark)

b) The molar masses of gases W and X are 16.0 and 44.0 respectively. If the rate of
diffusion of W through a porous material is 12cm3s-1calculate the rate of
diffusion of X through the same material. (2marks)

22. 2009 Q 26
The graph below shows the relationship between pressure and the
temperature of a gas in a fixed volume container
 Pressure
(Pa)

Temperature (0C)

(a) State the relationship between pressure and temperature that can be deduced
Fromthe graph.
(b) Using kinetic theory, explain the relationship shown in the graph (2 marks)

23. 2010 Q 8
The pressure of nitrogen gas contained in a 1dm3 cylinder at -1960C
was 107 Pascals.

Calculate the:
a) Volume of the gas at 250C and 105 Pascals. (1 ½ marks)
b) Mass of nitrogen gas(Molar volume of gas is 24dm3, N = 14.0) (1 ½ marks)

24. 2011 Q 6
A certain mass of gas occupies 0.15dm3 at 293K and 98,648.5 Pa. Calculate its volume at 101325
Pa and 273K (2 marks)

25. 2011 Q 25
a) State the Gay Lussac’s Law. (1 mark)

b) 10 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, C2Hx required 30cm3 of oxygen for

complete combustion. If steam and 20cm3 of carbon (IV) oxide were
produced, what is the value of X? (2 marks)

26. 2012 Q5 P1
A sample of water in a beaker was found to boil at 101.5 °C at 1
Atmosphere pressure. Assuming that the thermometer was not faulty,
 explain this observation. (1 mark)

27. 2012 Q11 P1

The empirical formula of A is CH2Br. Given that 0.40g of A occupies a volume
of 56cm3 at 546K and 1 atmosphere pressure, determine its molecular
formular.
(H = 1.0, C= 12.0, Br = 80.0, molar gas volume at STP = 22.4dm3) (3 marks)
28. 2012 Q19 P1
The set up shown below was used to investigate a property of hydrogen gas.
Glass tube
Glass cover

original level of
wat er

Porous bag

Air
Beaker B
Beaker A

State and explain the observation that would be made in the glass tube if
beaker A was filled with hydrogen gas.

29. 2013 Q14 P1

(a) State the Charles’ law (1 mark)
(b) A certain mass of gas occupies 146 dm3 at 291 K and 98.31 kPa.
What will be its temperature if its volume is reduced to 133 dm3 at 101.325
a?
(2 marks)
30. 2014 Q6 P1
100cm3 of a sample of ethane gas diffuses through a porous pot in 100
seconds. What is the molecular mass of gas Q if 1000 cm3 of the gas diffuses
through the same porous not in 121 seconds under the same conditions?
(C-12.0, H=1.0)
(3 marks)
31. 2015 Q4 P1
a) State the Boyles Law (1 mark)
b) A gas occupies 500cm3 at 270C and 100,000 Pa, What will be its
volume at O0C and 101325 Pa? (2 marks)
32. 2016 Q20 P1

60cm3 of oxygen gas diffused through a porous partition in 50 seconds.

How long would it take 60cm3 sulphur (IV) oxide gas to diffuse through the
same partition under the same condition (S=32.0, O=16.0) (3 marks)

THE MOLE
1. 1989 Q 3
a). 0.318g of an oxide metal M was completely reduced by hydrogen
gas to 0.254g of metal. Calculate the empirical formula of the metal
oxide (M = 63.5, O = 16.0).

b). The mass of one litre of gas X is found to be 2.22 times greater than
the mass of 1 litre of oxygen. Calculate the relative molecular mass of X.
(Assume that all volumes are measured at room temperature; 0 = 16.0).
(2 marks).
2. 1989 PI Q 29 3 Calculate the concentration of Sulphuric acid in moles per litre if 15cm of
the acid is completely neutralized by 20cm3 of one molar potassium
hydroxide. (2 marks)

3. 1990 PI Q5
20.0cm3 of a sodium hydroxide solution containing 8.0g dm-3 were required
for complete neutralization of 0.18g of a dibasic acid. Calculate the relative
molecular mass of the acid (Na=23.0, H=1.0, O=16.0). (2 marks)

4. 1990 PI Q9
A salt contains 59.0% sodium and 41.0% oxygen. Given that the
formula mass of the salt is 78. determine its formula.
(Na = 23, 0, O=16.0). (3 marks)

5. 1990 PI Q12
An element H consists of isotopes of masses 10 and 11 with a percentage
Compositionof 18.7% and 81.3% respectively. Determine the relative
 atomic mass of H. (2 marks)

6. 1990 P1 Q 20
Determine the volume of hydrogen gas formed when excess Zinc metal is
added to 100cm of one molar hydrochloric acid. (1 mole of gas occupies
24.0 litres at room temperature and pressure). (2 marks)

7. 1992 P1 Q7

Calculate the number of chloride ions 250 cm3 solution M1 calcium

23
chloride. (Avagadros number is 6.0 x 10 )

8. 1992 P1 Q29
(a) An organic compound P contains 64.9% carbon, 13.5% hydrogen and 21.6%
oxygen. The relative formula mass of P is 74.
Given that C=12.0, H=1.0, O=16.0

(i) Determine the empirical formula of P. (3 marks)

(ii) Determine the molecular formula of P.

(iii) When P was mixed ethanoic acid and a few drops of concentrated
sulphuric acid added a pleasant-smelling liquid R, was formed. P also
reacted with sodium metal to produce a gas S.

I To what class of organic compounds do the following compounds belong.

P (1 mark) R (1 mark)

II. Name gas S. .................... (1 mark)

III. Write a possible structure of P. (1 mark)
IV. Write the equation for the reaction which produces gas S. (1 mark)

(iv) Compounds M and P belong to the same class of compounds. M has

a relative formula mass of 102. Which of the two compounds would be
less soluble in water? Explain your answer

9. 1993 P1 Q7
Determine the empirical formula of a compound made up of carbon and hydrogen
only. Given that the percentage of carbon in the compound is 79.9% (C-12.0,11-1.0
(3 marks).
10. 1993 P1 Q9
22.2cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution, containing 4.0g per litre of
sodium hydroxide were required for complete neutralisation 0.1g of a
diabasic acid. Calculate the relative formula mass of the dibasic acid
(Na-23, 0, O-16.0, 11-1.0) (3 marks).

11. 1994 PI Q3 When 34.8g of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na CO XH O) were heated
2 3 2

to a constant mass. 15.9g of anhydrous sodium carbonate were obtained.

Calculate the value of x in the hydrated carbonate.
(Na=23.0, O=16.0, C=12.0, H=1.0) (3 marks)

12. 1994 P1 Q16

Hydrogen reacts with oxygen as shown in the equation:
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g)
3 3
In an experiment, 100cm of hydrogen gas was mixed with 100cm of oxygen gas and the
mixture heated to form H2O(g). Which of the gases was in excess and by how much?
(2 marks)

13. 1995 P1A Q3

Calculate the amount of calcium carbonate that would remain if 15.0g
of calcium carbonate were reacted with 0.2 moles of hydrochloric acid.
The equation for the reaction is
CaC03(s)+ 2HCl(ag) CaCl2(aq)+CO2(g)+H2O(l).
(C=12.0, O=16.0, Ca=40.0).

14.1995 P1 Q14 A compound has an empirical formula. C H O and

a relative
3 6

formula mass of 116.

a) Determine its molecular formula. (H=1.0, C=12.0, O=16.0) (2 marks)
b). Calculate the percentage composition of carbon by mass in
the compound. (1 mark)
15. 1996 P1 Q 3
Zinc metal and hydrochloric acid reacts according to the following equation
Zn(s) + 2HCI (aq) ZnCI2 (aq) + H2 (g)
 1.96 g of zinc were reacted with 100cm3of 0.2M hydrochloric acid

(a) Determine the reagent that was in excess (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the total volume of hydrogen gas was liberated S.T.P
(Zn= 65.4 Molar gas volume = 22.4 litres at S.T.P (1mark)

16. 1996 P1 Q 24
In an experiment, 2.4g of sulphur was obtained by reacting
hydrogen sulphideand chlorine as shown by the equation below:
H2S(g) +Cl2(g)S(s) + 2HCl (g)

a). Which of the reactants acts as a reducing agent in the above

reaction? Explain. (1 mark)

b) Given that the yield of sulphur in the above reaction is 75%, calculate the
number of moles of H2S(g) used in the reaction. (S=32.0). (2 marks)

17. 1997 P1 Q10

0.63g of lead powder were dissolved in excess nitric acid to form lead
nitrate solution. All the lead nitrate solution was reacted with sodium
sulphate solution.

a) Write an ionic equation for the reaction between lead nitrate and
sodium
sulphate solutions.

b) Determine the mass of the lead salt formed in (a) above. (Pb = 207, S
= 32.0 = 16)

18. 1997 P1 Q19

(a) The empirical formula of a hydrocarbon is C H .
2 3

The hydrocarbon has a relative molecular mass of 54. (H=1.0, C=12.0).

(i) Determine the molecular formular of the hydrocarbon.

(1 mark).
(ii) Draw the structural formula of the hydrocarbon. (1 mark)
(iii) To which homologous series does the hydrocarbon
drawn in
(b) above belong?
 3
(b) 90cm of 0.01M calcium hydroxide were added to a sample of water
containing 0.001 moles of calcium hydrogen carbonate.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction which took place. (1 mark)
3
(ii) Calculate the number of moles of calcium ions in 90cm of 0.01M calcium
hydroxide. (1 mark).

c). What would be observed if soap solution was added dropwise to a sample of
the water after the addition of calcium hydroxide? give a reason. (1 mark).

19. 1997 P1A Q 28

Calculate the mass of nitrogen dioxide gas that would occupy the same
volume as 10g of hydrogen gas at same temperature and pressure.
(H=1.0, N=14.0, O=16.0)
(2 marks)
20. 1998 P1A Q6
On complete combustion of a sample of a hydrocarbon, 3.52g of
carbon dioxide and 1.44g of water were formed. Determine the
molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
(Relative molecular masses of hydrocarbon = 56, carbon dioxide = 44, water = 18 and
relatives atomic masses H=1.0, and C=12.0). (4 marks).

21. 1998 P2 Q1
(a). An ore is suspected to contain mainly iron. Describe a method that
can be used to confirm the presence of iron in the ore (4marks)

(b) Excess carbon monoxide gas was passed over a heated sample of an oxide
of iron as shown in the diagram below. Study the diagram and the data
below it to answer the questions that follow.

Oxide of iron

Dry carbon (II)

oxide
To fume
Dish
cupboard
 Mass of empty dish = 10.98g
Mass of empty dish 4 oxide of iron = 13.30g Mass
of empty dish 4 residue = 12.66g

(i) Determine the formula of the oxide of iron. (relative formula mass
of oxide iron = 232, Fe = 56.0 , O = 16.0) (4marks)

(ii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in the dish (1 mark).

(c) Corrosive is a destructive process in which iron which is converted into

hydrated iron (III) oxide State:
(i) two conditions necessary for rusting to occur (1 mark). (ii)
One method used to protect iron from rusting (1 mark).

(d) Explain why it is not advisable to wash vehicles using seawater (2 marks).

22.1999 P1A Q7
Write the formula of the sulphate of an element whose atomic number is 5.
(C is not the actual symbol of the element) (1 mark).

23. 1999 P1A Q 10

Dg of potassium hydroxide were dissolved in distilled water to make
100cm3 of solution. 50cm3 of the solution required 50cm3 of 2M nitric
acid for complete neutralization. Calculate the mass D, of potassium
hydroxide.

(KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) KNO3(aq) + H2O(l);

Relative formula mass of KOH –56)

24. 1999 Q 4b P2
In an experiment 3.36g of iron fillings were added to excess aqueous
copper (II) sulphate. Calculate the mass of copper that was deposited
Cu = 63.5, Fe = 56.0

25. 2000 Q 11
 20.0cm3 of a solution containing 4 gm per litre of sodium hydroxide was neutralized by
8.0cm3 of dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the concentration of sulphuric acid in moles
per litre (Na = 23.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0)

26. 2001 Q 10
A weighed sample of crystalline sodium carbonate (Na2CO3. H2O) was
heated in a crucible until there was no further change in mass. Calculate the
number of moles (n) of the water of crystallization

27. 2001 Q 21 P1
In an experiment 30cm3 of 0.1 M sulphuric acid were reacted with 30cm3
of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide
(a) Write in equation of the reaction that took place
(b) State the observations that were made when both and red litmus papers were
dropped into the mixture
(c) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above

28. 2001 Q 23 P1
When excess lead nitrate solution was added to a solution containing
sodium chloride, the precipitate formed was found to weigh 5.56 g.
Determine the amount of sodium chloride in the solution
( Pb = 207, Cl = 35.5 Na = 23)

29. 2003 Q6
When excess dilute hydrochloric acid was added to sodium, 960cm3 of
sulphur (IV) oxide gas was produced. Calculate the mass of sodium sulphite
that was used. (molar mass of sodium = 126 g and molar gas
volume= 24000cm3 (3 marks)

30. 2003 Q6
The set – up below was used to prepare hydrogen gas
 Zinc granules
Dilute sulphuric
acid

a) Complete the diagram to show how a dry sample of hydrogen gas

can be collected (3marks)

b) Write an equation for the reaction, which takes place when

hydrogen gas burns in air. (1mark)

c) i)1.2 litres of hydrogen gas produced at room temperature and pressure when
3.27g of zinc was used. Determine the relative atomic
mass of zinc. (Molar gas volume is 24 litres) (4marks)

d) State two industrial uses of hydrogen gas.

31. 2004 Q 14
When X cm3 of a solution of 0.5m magnesium carbonate was 8.4g.
a) Write the ionic equation for the reaction that took place (1 mark)
b) Calculate the value of X. (C = 12.0, Mg 24.0; 0=16.0) (2 marks)

32. 2005 Q 9 P1
A certain carbonate, GCO3, reacts with dilute hydrochloric acid according
to the equation given below:
GCO3(s) + 2HCL (aq) GCl2(aq) + (CO2(g) + H2O(l)

If 1 g of the carbonate reacts completely with 20 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric

acid ,
Calculate the relative atomic mass of G (C = 12.0 = 16.0) (2 marks)
33. 2005 Q 28 P1
When a hydrocarbon was completely burnt in oxygen, 4.2g of carbon
dioxide and 1.71 g of water were formed. Determine the empirical
formula of the hydrocarbon
(H= 1.0 ; C=12.0 ; 0 = 16.0) (3 marks)

34. 2005 Q 2b P2
Sodium hydroxide pellets were accidentally mixed with sodium chloride
17.6 g of the mixture were dissolved in water to make one litre of solution.
100 cm3 of the mixture were dissolved in water to make one litre solution.
100cm3 of the solution was neutralized by 40cm3 of 0.M sulphuric acid

(i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place

(ii) Calculate the:

(i) Number of moles of the substance that reacted with sulphuric acid (2 marks)

(ii) Number of moles of the substances that would react with

sulphuric acid in the one litre of solution (1 mark)

(iii) Mass of the unreacted substances in one litre of solution (2 marks)

(H = 1,0 ; Na = 23.0 ; Cl= 35.5 ; 0= 16.0)

35. 2006 Q 8 (P1)

When 94.5g of hydrated barium hydroxide, ba(OH)2. nH2O were
heated to constant mass, 51.3g of anhydrous barium hydroxide
were obtained. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated
barium hydroxide. (3 marks)

36. 2006 Q 7c-g P2

The table below shows the volumes of nitrogen dioxide gas produced
when different volume of IM nitric acid were each reacted with 2.07 g of lead
at room temperature.

Volume of 1 M nitric acid (cm3) Volume of nitrogen dioxide gas (cm3)

5 60
15 180
25 300
35 420
45 480
 55 480

a) On the grid provided below, plot a graph of the volume of the gas
produced (Vertical axis) against volume of acid. (3 marks)

b) Using the graph, determine the volume of:

i) Nitrogen dioxide produced when 30cm3 of 1 M nitric acid were
reacted with 2.07 g of lead (1 mark)
ii) 1M nitric acid which would react completely with 2.07g of lead. (1 mark)

c) Using the answer in d(i) above, determine:

i) The volume of 1M nitric acid that would react completely with
one mole of lead (Pb=207) (2 marks)

ii) The volume of nitrogen dioxide gas produced when one mole of lead
reacts with excess 1 M nitric room temperature. (1 mark)

d) Calculate the number of moles of:

i) 1M nitric acid that reacted with one mole of lead (1 mark)

ii) Nitrogen dioxide produced when one mole of lead were reacted with excess
nitric acid. (Molar gas volume of 2400cm3) (1 mark)

e) Using the answers obtained in f (i) and (ii) above, write the equation for the reaction between
lead and nitric acid given that one mole of
lead nitrate and two moles of water were also produced. (1 mark)

37. 2007 Q 20
An alcohol has the following composition by mass: hydrogen 13.5%,
oxygen 21.6% and carbon 64.9%
a) Determine the empirical formula of the alcohol (C=12.0; H=1.0) =16.0).
(2 marks)
38. 2007 Q 22
6.84g of aluminium sulphate were dissolve in 150cm3 of water.
Calculate the molar concentration of the sulphate ions in the solution.
(Relative formula mass of aluminium sulphate is 342) (3 marks)

39. 2008 Q 2
When a hydrated sample of calcium sulphate CaSO4 XH2O was heated until
all the water was lost, the following data recorded;
Mass of crucible = 30.296 g
Mass of crucible +hydrated salt = 33.111 g
 Mass of crucible + anhydrous salt = 32.781 g

Determine the empirical formula of the hydrated salt (Relative

formula mass of CaSO4 =136, H2O =18). (3 marks)

40. 2008 Q 5
Phosphoric acid is manufactured from calcium phosphate according
to the following equation.
Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2SOv(l) 2H3PO4(aq) + 3CaSO4(S)

Calculate the mass in (Kg) of phosphoric acid that would be obtained

if 155 Kg of calcium phosphate reacted completely with the acid
(Ca=40, P=31, S=32, O=16, H=1) (2 marks)

41. 2008 Q 27
In an experiment to determine the percentage of magnesium hydroxide
in anti-acid, a solution containing 0.50 g of the anti-acid was neutralized
by 23.0 cm3 of 0.010m hydrochloric acid (Relative formula mass of
magnesium hydroxide =58)

a) Mass of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid; (2 marks)

b) Percentage of magnesium hydroxide in the anti-acid (1 mark)

42. 2009 Q 11 P1
Starting with 50 cm3 of 2.8M sodium hydroxide ,describe how a
Sampleof pure sodium sulphate crystals can be prepared. (3 marks)

43. 2009 Q 13 P1
When 8.53g of sodium nitrate were heated in an open tube the mass of
oxygen gas produced was 0.83g.Given the equation of the reaction as

2NaNO3(s)2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)

Calculate the percentage of sodium nitrate that was converted to sodium nitrite
(Na= 23.0,N = 14.0 ,O = 16.0) (3 marks)

44. 2010 Q 6 P1
Aluminium oxide reacts with both acids and bases.
a) Write an equation for the reaction between aluminium oxide and
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)
 b) Using the equation in (a) above, calculate the number of moles of hydrochloric
acid that would react completely with 153.0g of
aluminium oxide. (AL = 27.0, 0= 16.0) (2 marks)
45. 2010 Q 8 P1
The pressure of nitrogen gas contained in a 1dm3 cylinder at -1960C
was 107Pascals.
Calculate the:
a) Volume of the gas at 250C and 105 Pascals. (1 ½ marks)
b) Mass of nitrogen gas(Molar volume of gas is 24dm3, N = 14.0)
(1 ½ marks)
46. 2010 Q 17 P1
Analysis of a compound showed that it had the following composition:
69.42% carbon, 4.13% hydrogen and the rest oxygen.

a) Determine the empirical formula of the compound.

(C = 12.0, H = 1.0, O = 16.0) (2 marks)

b) If the mass of one mole of the compound is 242, determine its

molecular formula (1 mark)

47. 2010 Q 3 P2
Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that
follow. The letters do not represent tha actual symbols of the elements.

Element Atomic number Melting point (0C)

R 11 97.8
S 12 650.0
T 15 44.0
U 17 -102
V 18 -189
W 19 64.0

a) Give the reasons why the meling point of:

i) S is higher than that of R (1 mark) ii)
V is lower than that of U (2 marks)

b) How does the reactivity of W with chlorine compare with that of

 R with chlorine? Explain, (2 marks)

c) Write an equation for the reaction between T and excess oxygen (1 mark)

d) When 1.15g of R were reacted with water, 600cm3 of gass was produced.Determine
the relative atomic mass of R. (Molar gas
volume = 24000cm3) (3 marks)

e) Give one use of element V (1 mark)

48. 2011 Q 7
When lead (II) nitrate is heated, one of the products is a brown gas.

a) Write the equation of the reaction that occurs. (1 mark)

b) If 0.290dm3 of the brow n gas was produced, calculate the mass of the lead (II)
nitrate that was heated. (R.F.M of lead (II) nitrate = 331; Molar gas volume = 24
3
dm ).

49. 2011 Q 19
50g of ammonium sulphate (NH4)2SO4 and 30 kg of urea CO(NH2)2
fertilizers were applied in two equal sizes of plots A and B to enrich
their nitrogen content.
Show by working, which plot was more enriched with nitrogen.
(N = 14; S = 32; O = 16; C 12; H = l ) (3 marks)

50. 2011 Q 25

(a) State the Gay Lussac's Law. (1 mark)

(b) 10cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, C2HX required 30cm3 of oxygen for Complete combustion.
If steam and 20cm3 of carbon (IV) oxide were
produced, what is the value of x? (2 marks)

51. 2011 Q 26
The data given below was recorded when metal M was complet burnt in
air.
M is not the actual symbol of the metal.
(R.A.M; M=56,0=16)

Mass of empty crucible and lid=10.240g

Mass of crucible,lid and metal M=10.352g
 Mass of crucible,lid and metal oxide= 10.400g

a) Determine the mass of:

i) Metal M (½ mark)
ii) Oxygen (½ mark)

b) Determine the empirical formula of the metal oxide. (2 marks)

52. 2012 Q8 P1
10cm3 of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid was diluted to 100cm3. 10cm3
of the resulting solution was neutralised by 36cm3 of 0.1M sodium
hydroxide solution. Determine the mass of sulphuric (VI) acid that
was in the concentrated acid (s = 32.0; H= 1.0;O = 16.0). (3 marks)

53. 2012 Q11 P1

The empirical formula of A is CH2Br. Given that 0.40g of A occupies a volume
of 56cm3 at 546K and 1 atmosphere pressure, determine its molecular
formular.
(H = 1.0, C= 12.0, Br = 80.0, molar gas volume at STP = 22.4dm3) (3 marks)

54. 2012 Q23 P1

Describe how the percentage by mass of copper in copper carbonate
can be determined. (3 marks)

55. 2012 Q25 P1

Describe how a solid sample of potassium sulphate can be prepared
starting with 200cm3 of 2M potassium hydroxide. (3 marks)

56. 2013 Q23 P1

When 15 cm3 of a gaseous hydrocarbon, P, was burnt in 100cm3 of
oxygen, the resulting gaseous mixture occupied 70cm3 at room
temperature and pressure.
When the gaseous mixture was passed through potassium hydroxide
solution, its volume decreased to 25cm3

a) What volume of oxygen was used during the reaction? (1 mark)

b) Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon (2 marks)
57. 2013 Q24 P1 a solution was made by dissolving 8.2g of calcium nitrate to give 2
litres of solution. (Ca= 40.0; N=14.0; O= 16.0)
Determine the concentration of nitrate ions in moles per litre. (3 marks)

58. 2013 Q1 P2
 The grid given below represents part of the periodic table. Study it and
answer the questions that follow. The letters do not represent the actual
symbol of the element

M N P T

(i) Select a letter which represents an element that looses electrons

most readily.Give a reason for your answer. (2 marks)

(ii) Explain why the atomic radius of P is found to be smaller than

that of N (2 marks)
(iii) Element M reacts with water at room temperature to produce 0.2 dm3of gas.
Determine the mass of M which was reacted with water.
(molar gas volume at room temperature is 24 dm3 , relative atomic
mass of M=7 (3 marks)
(b) Use the information in the table below to answer the question that follows.
(The letters are not the symbols of the elements)

Element State of oxide at room Type of oxide Bonding in oxide

temperature
U Solid Acidic Covalent
W Solid Basic Ionic
X Liquid Neutral Covalent
Y gas neutral covalent

Identify a letter which represents an element in the table that could be calcium,
carbon or sculpture. Give reasons in each case.

(i) Calcium: (2 marks)

Reason

(ii) Carbon (2 marks)

Reason

(iii) Sulphur: (2 marks)

Reason
59. 2014 Q13 P1
100cm3 of 0.005 M sulphuric (VI) acid were placed in a flask and a small
quantity of anhydrous sodium carbonate added. The mixture was boiled
to expel all the carbon (IV) oxide. 25cm3 of the resulting solution required
18cm3 of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide solution to neutralize it. Calculate the
mass of sodium carbonate added.
(Na = 23.0; O=16.0; C=12.0) (3 marks)

60. 2014 Q25 P1

An organic compound had the following composition 37.21% carbon,
7.75% hydrogen and the rest chlorine. Determine the molecular formula
of thecompound, given that the molecular mass of the compound is 65.
(C=12.0; H=1.0; CL=35.5)
(3 marks)
61. 2015 Q5 P1
Calculate the mass of Zinc oxide that will just neutralize dilute
nitric (V) acid containin12.6 g of nitric (V) acid in water. (Zn = 65.0;
O =16.0, H = 1.0, N = 14.0).

62. 2015 Q26 P1

A hydrocarbon contains 14.5% of hydrogen. If the molar mass of the
hydrocarbon is 56, determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.
(C = 12.0; H = 1.0) (3 marks)

63. 2015 Q1b P2

Zinc oxide can be obtained by heating zinc nitrate. A student heated
5.76 g of zinc nitrate.

(i) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred. (1 mark)

(ii) Calculate the total volume of gases produced.

(Molar gas volume is 24 dm3; Zn = 65.4; O = 16.0; N = 14.0). (4 marks)

(iii) Identify the element that is reduced when zinc nitrate is heated. Give
 a reason. (2 marks)

63. 2016 Q7 P1
When 8.53g of sodium nitrate was heated in an open test tube, the mass of
oxygen gas produced was 0.83g. Given the equation of the reaction as

2NaNo3(s) 2NaNO2(g) + O2(g)

Calculate the percentage of sodium nitrate that was converted to sodium nitrite
(Na = 23.0, N =14.0, O=16.0) (3 marks)

64. 2016 Q24 P1

Describe how a solid sample of potassium sulphate can be prepared starting
with 200cm3 of potassium hydroxide (3 marks)

65. 2016 Q1 P2
Use the information in the table below to answer the questions that follow,
represent the actual symbols of the elements.
Melting point
0
Element Atomic C
number
R 11 97.8

S 12 650.0

T 15 44.0

U 17 -102

V 18 -189

w 19 64.0

a) Give a reason why the melting pint of

i)S is higher than that of R (2 marks)
ii)V is lower than that of U. (2 marks)
 b) How does the reactivity of W with chlorine compare with that of R
with chlorine? (2 marks)
c) Write an equation for the reaction between T and excess oxygen (1 mark)

d) When 1.15 g of R was reacted with water 600cm3 of gas was produced.
Determine the relative atomic mass of R. (molar gas volume = 24000CM3) (3 marks)

e) Give one use of element V (1 mark)

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
1. 1989 Q22
What are the products of the complete combustion of hydrocarbons? (2 marks)

2. 1989 Q10
Propanol reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid to form an alkene. Draw
the structural form of alkenes.

3. 1989 Q25
Use the flow chart below to answer the question that follows:

A gas which forms a white

Solid U ppt. With lime water
Heat
No effect
Heat

Solid V

HCl(aq)
A gas which forms a white ppt.
With lime water and other products
 i) Identify solid U and V

ii) An organic compound W gives off hydrogen gas when reacted

with sodium metal. When W reacted with a carboxylic acid in
the presence of a few drops of concentrated sulphuric acid, a
sweet-smelling compound is formed. To what class of organic
compounds does W belong?
(1 mark).

4. 1990 Q13
Describe one chemical test you would use to distinguish between the two
compounds represented by the formulae C4H10 and C4 H8.

5. 1990 P1A Que 24

When ethane gas (C2H4) is compressed in a steel vessel at high Temperature
a white waxy solid of high boiling point is formed. How would the relative
molecular mass of ethene gas compare with that of the solid formed?
Explain your answer.

O H

O O H H
6. 1991 P1A Que 4
Nylon fibers the linkage. C N in their structure. Given that the structure
of the two

Monomers that form nylon are C (CH2) 4 C and N (CH2)6 N

HO OH H H

Write an equation to show how the two monomers combine to form nylon. (1 mark)

7. 1991 P1A Que 17

The scheme below represents the manufacture of a cleansing agent M (2 marks)

CONCENTRATED
SO3H NaOH(aq) CLEANING
R H2SO4 R AGENT M
ALKYL BENZENE ALKYL BENZENE
SULPHONIC ACID
a) Draw the structure of M and state the type of cleansing agent to which M
belongs.
(2 marks)
(b) State one disadvantage of using M as a cleansing agent (1 mark)

8. 1991 PP1A Que 25

The scheme below shows some reactions starting with ethanol. Study
it and answer the questions that follow.

REAGENT R

CH3COOH Na OH(aq) CH3 COONa

S
HEAT

Step II CH

ETHANOL Excess C12(g)

P
CH3CH2OH CH3COOH
DROPS OF CONC
H2SO4 T

Step I

CH2=CH2 Step III CH3CH3

-[CH2-CH2]-n

COMPOUND U

i) Write the formulae of the organic compound P and S (2 marks)

ii) Name the type of reaction, the reagent (s) and conditions, for the
reactions in the following steps.

I. STEP I Type
Reagent (2 marks)

II. STEP II. Type

Reagents (2 marks)
 III. STEP III. Type
Reagents (2 marks)

iii) Name reagent R (1 mark)

iv) Draw the structural formula of T and give its name. (2 marks)

v). I. Name compound U (1 mark)

II. If the relative molecular mass of U is 42.000 determine the
value of n(C=12, H=1) (2 marks)

b) State why C2H4 burns with a more smoky flame than C2H6 (1 mark)

9. 1992 Q8
Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when butene is reacted with
hydrogen gas in the presence of a nickel catalyst. (2 marks)

10. 1992 P1A Que 11

A compound Y reacts with bromine to form another compound, whose
formula is
H Br

CH3CH2 C C CH3

Br H
What is the formula and name of compound Y? (1 mark)

11. 1992 P1A Que 13

Part of the structure of polymer, polyphenylethene is given below.
- CH2 – CH – CH2 - CH – CH3 – CH - CH2 – CH-

a) Draw the general structure of polyphenylethene. (1 mark)

b) Draw the formula of the monomer from which it is made. (1 mark)

12. 1992 PP1A Que 23

Explain why at room temperature hexane is a liquid while methane
is a gas. (1 mark)

13. 1993 PP1A Que 20

(a) Write an equation represented polymerization of 1 – chloropropene.
 C H

C = C

H CH3 (2 marks)

(b) Name the polymer formed in (i) above. (1 mark)

14. 1993 P1A Que 25

(a) Study the table below and answer the questions that follows.

Formula of hydrocarbon Boiling points (K)

C2H4 169.4

C3H6 225.5

C4H8 266.9

C5H10 303.0

C6H12 336.5

i) What name is given to a series of organic compounds like the ones in

the table above? (1 mark)

ii) To what class of organic compounds do the above hydrocarbons belong?

(1 mark)
iii) Select one hydrocarbon that would be a gas at room temperature
(298K) given a reason for your answer. (1 mark)

iv) Give the formula of the seventh number of the above series. (1 mark)

v) What is the relationship between the boiling point and the relative
molecular masses of the hydrocarbons in the table above? Explain
your answer. (2 marks)

b) What would be observed if a few drops of acidified potassium

permanganate was reacted with any of the above hydrocarbons?
Explain. (2 marks)

c) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follows.
 Alcohol X Ethene Compound Z
Conc. H2SO4 Heat HCI
Process Y

i). Write the formula of Alcohol X, Z Compound Z/name process Y: (3 marks)

15. 1994 P1A Que 12

Propane and Chlorine react as shown below:
CH3CH2CH3 + Cl2 CH3CH2CH2 Cl + HCl

(a) Name the type of reaction that takes place. (1 mark)

(b) State the condition under which this reaction takes place. (1 mark)

16. 1994 P1A Que 21

(a) Name one substance used for vulcanization of rubber. (1 mark)

(b) Why is it necessary to vulcanize natural rubber before use? (1 mark)

17. 1994 P1A Que 24

R COO- Na+ and RC6H5SOO3Na+ represent two cleaning agents where
R is a long hydrocarbon chain.

(a)Write the formula of the salts that would be formed when each of
these cleansing agents is added to water containing calcium ions. (1 mark)

(b)Explain how the solubility of the two calcium salts in (a) above
effect the cleansing properties of each of the cleaning agents.. (2 marks)

18. 1994 P1A Que 25

The general formula for a homologous series of organic compounds is
CNH2n+1OH.

(a) Give the name and structural formula of the fourth member of this
series (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation for the complete combustion of the fourth
member of this series (1 mark)

19. 1995 P1A Que 5

(a) Name one natural fiber. (1 mark)
(b) Give one advantage of synthetic fibers over natural fibers. (1 mark)
20. 1995 P1A Que 11
A Solution of chlorine in tetra chloromethane turns colorless when propane
gas is bubble though it.

a) What type of reaction takes place? (1mark)

b) Write an equation for the above reaction (1mark)

21. 1995 P2 Que 6

(a) The table below gives information about the major constituents of crude
oil. Study it and answer the questions that follow.
Constituent Boiling point (0C)
Gases Below 40
Petrol 40-175
Kerosene 175-250
Diesel oil 250-350
Lubricating oil 350-400
Bitumen. Above 400

(i) Which one of the constituents or crude oil has molecules with the
highest number of carbon atoms? (2marks)

(ii) Name the process you would use to separate a mixture of petrol and diesel
and explain how the separation takes place. (2marks)

(iii) Explain why the constituent of crude oil and write its formula (1mark)
(iv) Name one gas that is likely to be a constituent of crude oil and
write its formula. (1mark)

(b) What condition could cause a poisonous gas to be formed when

Kerosene is burnt? Explain (2marks)
(c) Give one use of bitumen (1mark)

22. 1995 P1A Que 16

Study the table below and answer the questions that follow
 Alkane Formula Heat of combustion ( Hc)kJmol-1
Methane CH4 -890
Ethane C2H6 -1560
Propane C3H8 -2220
Butene C4H10

(a) Predict the heat of combustion of butane and write it on the space provided
in the table above. (1 mark) (b)
What does the sign of Hc value indicate about combustion
of alkanes (1 mark)

23. 1995 P1A Que 27

A compound C4H10O, is oxidized by excess acidified potassium
permanganate to form another compound, C4H8O2. The same compound
C4H10O reacts with potassium to produce hydrogen gas.

(a) Draw the structural formula and name compound C4H10O (1 mark)
(b) Write an equation for the reaction between potassium and
compound C4H10O (1 mark)

24. 1996 P1A Que 7

The reaction of propane with chlorine gas gave a compound of formula
C3H7Cl.
a) What condition is necessary for the above reaction to take place? (1mark)
b) Draw two structural formulae of the compound C3H7Cl
(2marks)

25. 1996 P1A Que 9

Explain how sample of CH3CH2CH2OH, could be distinguished from a sample of
CH3COOH by means of a chemical reaction. (2 marks)

26. 1996 P1A Que 13

Methane reacts with oxygen as shown by equations I and II below
I. CH4 (g) + 202 (g) CO2 (g) + 2H2O(l)

II. 2CH4 (g) + 3O9 (g) 2 2CO(g) + 4H2O(l)

Which one of the two reactions represents the complete combustion

of methane? Explain. (2 marks)
27. 1996 P1A Que 25.
A polymer has the following structure:
- CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH – CH2 – CH –

CH CN CN
A sample of this polymer is found to have a molecular mass of 5164.
Determine the number of monomers in the polymer. (H = 1.0, C= 12.0,
N=14.0) (3 marks)

28. 1996 P1A Que 28

A mixture of pentane and pentanoic acid was shaken with 0.1M
Sodium hydroxide solution and let to separate as shown in the diagram below:

Layer W

0.1 M Sodium
Hydroxide Layer

Name the main component in layer W. Give a reason for the answer (2marks)

29. 1996 P1A Que 10

A compound whose structure is shown below is found in a detergent.

CH3 (CH3) H SO3- Na+

With reference to the structure, explain how the detergent removes

grease during washing. (2 marks)

30. 1997 P 1A Que 3

Complete the table below by inserting the missing information in the
spaces provided.

Name of Name of monomer One use of the polymer

polymer
Polystyrene

__________________
____ Vinyl chloride ______________________
 (Chloroethane) ___

31. 1997 P1A Que 5

The structure shown below represent two cleaning agents, A and B.

R – COO- Na + R OSO3- Na+

A B
Which cleansing agent would be more suitable for washing in water containing
magnesium sulphate? Give a reason. (2 marks)

32. 1997 1A Que 8

The empirical formula of a hydrocarbon is C2H3.The hydrocarbon has
a relative molecular mass of 54..(H = 1.0, C = 12.0).
a) C2H3
b) Draw the structural formula of the hydrocarbon
c) To which homologous series does the hydrocarbon drawn in (b) above belong?

33. 1997 1A Que 12

Name and draw the structure of the compound formed when methane reacts with
excess chlorine in the presence of U.V light. (2 marks)

34. 1998 PP1A Que 14

(a) Draw the structural formula of ethanol and propanoic acid (2
marks)
(b) Give the name of the organic compound formed when ethanol and
propanoic acid react in the presence of concentrated
sulphuric acid (1 mark)

35. 1998 PP1A Que 21

The formula given below represents a portion of a polymer Give:

a) The name of the polymer. (1 mark)

 b) One disadvantage of continued use of this polymer. (1 mark)

36. 1998 PP1A Que 27

A hydrocarbon slowly decolorizes bromine gas in the presence of
sunlight but does not decolourise acidified potassium permanganate
Name and draw the structural formula of the fourth member of the
series to which the hydrocarbon belongs. (2 marks)

37. 1999 PP 1A Que 9

State the observation that would be made when a piece of sodium metal is placed in
samples of pentane and pentanol. (2 marks)

38. 1999 PP1A Que 16

Under certain conditions, carbon dioxide reacts with water to form
methanol (CH3OH) and oxygen as shown below.

2CO2(g) + 4H2O(l) 2CH3OH(l) + 3O2(g) ΔH = + 1452KJ

What would be the effect on the yield of methanol if the temperature

of the reaction mixture is increased? Explain. (2 marks)

39. 1999 P1A Que 22

Compound L reacts with hydrogen bromide gas to give another compound
whose structure is
H H H Br H

H- C - C - C - C - C -H

H H H H H

(a) Give the structural formula and name of compound L. (2 marks)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place between ethyne and
excess chloride gas. (1 mark)

40. 1999 P1A Que 24

One of the fuels associated with crude oil is natural gas. Name the
main constituent of natural gas and write an equation for its complete
combustion. (2 marks)

41. 1999 P1A Que 28

Bromine reacts with ethane as shown below
C2H6 + Br2C2H5Br + HBr.
 (a) What condition is necessary for this reaction to occur? (1 mark)
(b) Identify the bonds which are broken and those that are formed. (2 marks)

42. 2000 P 1A Que 9

A hydrocarbon P was found to decolourise bromine water. On
complete combustion of 2 moles of P, 6 moles of carbon dioxide
and 6 moles of water were formed.

(a) Write the structural formula of P. (1 mark)

(b) Give the name of P. (1 mark)
(c) Name one industrial source of P (1 mark)

43. 2000 PA Que 20

Pentane and ethanol are miscible. Describe how water could be used to
separate a mixture of pentane and ethanol. (2 marks)

44. 2001 P1A Que 18

In the presence of U.V light, ethane gas undergoes substitution reaction with
chlorine .

(a) What is meant by the term Substitution reaction? (2 marks)

(b) Give the structural formula and the name of the organic product formed
when equal volumes of ethane and chlorine react together. (2 marks)

45. 2002 P1A QUESTION 17

The structure below represents a portion of a polymer.
CH3 CH3 CH3
_C__CH2__C__CH__C__CH2

COOCH3 COOCH3 COOCH3

Give:
a) The name of the polymer
b) One industrial use of the polymer

46. 2002 Q 25
But -2-ene undergoes hydrogenation according to the equation
given below
CH3CH = CHCH3 (g) + H2 (g) →CH3CH2CH2CH3 (g)
 (a) Name the product formed when but -2 – ene reacts with hydrogen gas
(b) State one industrial use of hydrogenation

47. 2002 Q1a (P2)

What method can be used to separate a mixture of ethanol and propanol?

48. 2003 Q8
(a) What is meant by heat of vaporization (3 marks)
(b) The boiling points of ethanol, propanol and butanol are780C,
97.20 and 1170C. Explain this trend (1 mark)

49. 2003 Q21 P1

An organic compound with the formula C4 H10 O reacts with potassium
metal to give hydrogen gas and white solid

a) Write the structural formula of the compound

b) To which homologous series does the compound belong?
c) Write the equation for the reaction between the compound and
potassium metal (1 mark)

50. 2003 Q23 P1

a) State the observation made when excess pentane is reacted with
bromine gas
b) Name the compound formed in (a) above. (1mark)

51. 2003 Q7 (P2)

(a) Write the structural formula of:
(i) Methanol

(ii)Methanoic acid (1 mark)

(b) Write the equation for the reaction between methanoic acid
and aqueous sodium hydroxide (1 mark)

(c) (i) Name the product formed when methanol reacts with methanoic acid
(ii) State one condition necessary for the reaction in (c) (i) above to
take place

(d) (i) Describe one chemical test that can be used to distinguish
between hexane and hexane (2 marks)
 (ii) State one use of hexane (1 mark)
(iii)Hydrogen reacts with hexane to form hexane. Calculate
the volume or hydrogen gas required to convert 42g of
hexane to hexane at S.T.P
(C=12.0, H=1.0, molar gas volume at S.T.P is = 22.4 litres) (4 marks)
52. 2004 Q13
a) What is the name given to the smallest repeating unit of a
polymer? (1 mark)
b) Draw the structure of the smallest repeating unit of a polyvinyl
chloride (1 mark)

53. 2004 Q15

In an experiment, a student put equal volumes of mixtures of ethanoic
acid in water and ethanoic acid in hexane in two test – tubes as shown
below. In each test tube, equal amounts of solid sodium hydrogen
carbonate were added.

Mixture of ethanoic acid

and water
and water

Sodium hydrogen Sodium hydrogen

carbonate carbonate

Test –tube 1 Test – tube 2

Mixture of ethanoic acid

a) State the observation which was made in each test – tube (1 mark)
Test tube 1
Test tube 2
b) Explain the observation in (a) above (2 marks)

54. 2004 Q17 P1

 Name the organic compound formed when CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH is
reacted with concentrate sulphuric acid at 170oC (1mark)

55. 2004 Q6 P2
a) Crude oil is a source of many compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen only.

(i) Name the processes used to separate the components of crude oil (1mark)
(ii) On what two physical properties of the above components
does the separation depend? (2marks)

b) Under certain conditions, hexane can be converted to two products.

The formula of one of the products is C3H3

(i) Write the formula of the other product (1mark)

(ii) Describe a simple chemical reaction to show the difference
between the two products formed in (b) above. (2marks)

c) Ethane, C2H2 is another compound found in crude oil.

One mole of ethane was reacted with one mole of hydrogen chloride
gas and a product p1 and was formed. P1 was then reacted with
excess hydrogen gas to form p2. Draw the structures p1 and p2.

d) The set-up below was used to prepare and collect ethane gas. Study it andanswer
the questions that follow.
Concentrated
sulphuric acid

Ethene

Water

Mixture of
concentrated
sulphuric acid and
substance T

Heat

(i) Name the substance T (1 mark)

(ii) Give the property of ethane that allows it to be collected as shown in
the set up. (1 mark)
 e)One of the reactions undergone by ethane is addition polymerization.
Give the name of the polymer and one disadvantage of the polymer
it forms. (2 marks)

56. 2005 Q1
Give the name and draw the structural formula of the compound formed
when one mole of ethane reacts with one mole of chlorine gas.

57. 2005 Q22 P1

Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow

(a) Identify N and P (2 marks)

(b) What name is given to the type of halogenations/

chlorination reaction in step 2?
(1 mark)
58. 2006 Q1 P1
(a) What is meant by isomerism? (1 mark)
(b) Draw and name two isomers of butane. (2 marks)

59. 2006 Q7 P1
A group of compounds called chlorofluorocarbons have a wide range
of uses but they also have harmful effects on the environment.
State one:

a) Use of chlorofluorocarbons (1 mark)

b) Harmful effect of chlorofluorocarbons on the environments. (1 mark)

60. 2006 Q10c P1

Name the process which takes place when:
Propane gas molecules are converted into a giant molecule (1 mark)

61. 2006 Q23

Explain why the boiling point of ethanol is higher than that of hexane.
 (Relative molecular mass of ethanol is 46 while that of hexane is 86)

62. 2006 Q5 (P2)

a) What name is given to a compound that contains carbon and
hydrogen only? (½ mark)

b) Hexane is a compound containing carbon and hydrogen.

(i) What method is used to obtain hexane from crude oil? (1mark)
(ii) State one use of hexane (1mark)

c) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Ca(0H)2

Cl H
Step 3
L + H20 1 mole HCL
K C C

Gas J H H
Step 1 Step 2

R
1 mole H2

Step 4

H20.catalyst Ni. H2. 1500C

CH3CH2OH C2H4 CH3CH3
Step 5 Step 6

(i) Identify reagent L. (1mark)

(ii) Name the catalyst used in step 5. (1mark)
(iii) Draw the structural formula of gas J. (1mark)
(iv) What name is given to the process that takes place in step 5? (½mark)

d) (i)Write the equation for the reaction between aqueous

sodium hydroxide and aqueous ethanoic acid. (1mark)
(ii) Explain why the reaction between 1g of sodium carbonate and
2M hydrochloric acid is faster than the reaction between 1g of
sodium carbonate and 2M ethanoic acid. (1 mark)

63. 2007 Q13

(a) Name the process that takes place when:
(i)Crystals of zinc nitrate change into solution when exposed to air
 (1mark)
(ii)An alcohol reacts with an organic acid in the presence of a catalyst
to form a sweet smelling compound. (1mark)

b) Propane can be changed into methane and ethane as shown in the

equation below;

CH3CH2CH3(g) High temperature CH4(g) + C2H4(g)

Name the process undergone by propane. (1mark)

64. 2007 Q17 P1

The relative formula mass of a hydrocarbon is 58. Draw and name two
possible structures of the hydrocarbon (C=12.0; H=1.0)

(3marks)
65. 2007 Q23
The table below shows the relative molecular masses and the boiling
points of pentane and propan-1-ol
Relative molecular mass Boiling point(oC)
Pentane 72 36
Propan-1-o1 60 97
Explain
why the boiling point of propan-1-o1 is higher than that
of pentane. (2 marks)

66. 2008 Q6
The structure below represents a sweet smelling compound
O

CH3 CH2 CH2 C O CH2 CH 2 CH3.

Give the names of the two organic compounds that can be used to
prepare this compound in the laboratory. (2 marks)

67. 2008 Q5

Butane

Step I

Step II
J
 (a) Alkanes, alkenes and alkynes can be obtained from crude oil. Draw the structure
of the second member of the alkyne
homologous series. (1 mark)

(b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow

i) State the conditions for the reaction in step 1 to occur (1 mark)

ii) Identify substance II (1 mark) iii)
Give:
I. One advantage of the continued use of substance such as J (1 mark)
II. The name of the process that takes place in step III (1 mark)
III. The name and the formula of substance K (2marks)

iv) The relative molecular mass of J is 16,800. Calculate the number of

monomers that make up J.

c) The table below give the formula of four compounds L, M, N and P

Compound Formula
L C2H6O
M C3H6
N C3H6O2
P C3H8

Giving a reason in each case, select the letter which represents

a compound that:

(i) Decolorizes bromine in the absence of UV light (2 marks)

(ii) Gives effervescence when reacted with aqueous sodium carbonate (2 marks)

68. 2009 Q14 P1

(a) Draw and name the structure of the compound formed when one
Moleof ethyne reacts with one mole of hydrogen bromide. (2 marks)

(b) Draw the structures of the alkynes whose molecular formula is C4H6(2 marks)

69. 2009 Q17 P1

The structure of methonoic acid is
 O
H▬ C

O▬H
What is the total number of electrons used for bonding in a molecule of
methanoic acid? Give reasons.

70. 2009 Q19

The figure below represents the set up that was used to crack an alkane.

Sand
Alkaline
Gas G

Heat Heat Water

(a) What was the purpose of the sand?

(b) After some time, a colourless gas G was collected in the test-tube. Describe a
chemical test and the observation that would be made
in order to identify the class of compounds to which gas G belongs
(2 marks)

71. 2009 Q24

The boiling points of some compounds of hydrogen with some elements
in groups 4 and 6 of the periodic table are given below.

Compound Boiling point( C) Compound Boiling point( C)

CH4 -164.0 H2O 100.0
SiH4 -112.0 H2S -61.0

(a) Which of the compounds CH2 and S1H4 has the stronger intermolecular
forces?
(b) Explain why the boiling point of H2O and H2S show different trends from
that of CH4 and SiH4

72. 2010 Q4
Draw the structure and give the name of the three alkaline having
 molecular formula C5H10 (3 marks)

73. 2010 Q2 (P2)

a)Give the name of the following compounds:
i) CH3

CH3 C CH3

CH3 (2 marks)

CH3C = CCH2CH3 (1 mark)

b) Describe a chemical test that can be carried out in order to distinguish
between
CH3

CH3 CH C and CH3 and CH3C = CCH2CH3

CH3 (2 marks)

c) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follows

1) Ethanoic acid
2) Concentrated
Sulphuric(vi) acid

M Polymerization Ethene
L

Hydrogen nickel 1500

Step 3
 i) Name the compounds: (2 marks)
1. L
2. N

ii) Draw the structural formula of compound M showing two

repeat units (1 mark) iii)
Give the reagent and the conditions used in step I (1 mark)

iv) State the type of reaction that take place in: (2 marks)
(I) Step 2
(II) Step 3

b) The molecular formula of compound P is C2H2Cl4. Draw the two

structural formulae of compound P (2 marks)

74. 2011 Q 1
a) What name is given to the process by which alcohol is formed from
a carbohydrate? (1 mark)

b) Explain why the solubility of ethane in water is lower than that of

ethanol.
(2 marks)

75. 2011 Q11 P1

Exhaust fumes of some cars contain carbon (II) oxide and other gases
(a) Explain how carbon (II) oxide is formed in the internal
combustions engines. (1 mark)

(b) Name two gases other than carbon (II) oxide that are contained
in the exhaust fumes and are pollutants (2 marks)

76. 2011 Q6 P2
a) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Step (I) Acidified potassium manganate (VII)

Ethyl Ethanol Sodium metal D methanoate Step

Step (IV) +
(IV) Hydrogen gas
 Step (II) Concetrated sulphuric (VI) acid

Ethane Step (IV) Step (V) A Polymerisation

E

Step (III) Bromine gas

B

(i) I What observation will be make in Step I (1 mark)

II Describe a chemical test that can be carried out to show the

identity of Compound
(2 marks)
(ii) Give the names of the following: I (2 marks)
E
II Substance D

(iii) Give the formula of substances B (1 mark)

(iv) Name the type of reaction that occurs in: I (1 mark)

Step (II)
II Step (IV)

(v) Give the reagent and conditions necessary for Step (IV) (2 marks)

(b) (i) Name the following structure (1 mark)

H H H H H H

H—C— C— C— C— C— C —OH

H H H H H H

(ii) Draw the structure of an isomer of pentane (1 mark)

77. 2012 Q20 P1

Draw and name the isomers of pentane. (3 marks)

78. 2012 Q26 P1

Describe two chemical tests that can be used to distinguish ethanol
from ethanoic acid (3 marks)
 79. 2013 Q7 P1
Study the flowchart below and answer the questions that follow:

water
C2H2 X

HCl

Process Z

Polyvinylchloride

(a) Identify:
(i) X (1 mark)
(ii) Y (1 mark)

(b) State two uses of polyvinylchloride (1 mark)

80. 2014 Q7 P1
(a) Draw and name the isomers of butyne (2 marks)

(b) State one use of polystyrene. (1 mark)

81. 2015 Q28 P1

(a) State one source of alkanes. (1 mark)

(b) Ethane gas was reacted with 1 mole of bromine gas. State one
observation made during this reaction. (1 mark)

82. 2016 Q21 P1

Draw and name the isomers of pentane (3marks)

 NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. 1990 Q30
Explain how the following would affect the yield of ammonia. An
increase in
(i). Pressure. (2 marks)
(ii) Temperature (2 marks)

2. 1991 Q 28b
(i) Ammonia can be used to manufacture ammonium sulphate, (NH4)SO4
and ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 fertilizers. Give one advantage that
ammonium phosphate has over ammonium sulphate as a fertilizer.

(ii)Give one disadvantage of using artificial fertilizers. (1 mark)

3. 1992 Q 25b-d
(b) Why is nitric acid stored in dark bottles? (1 mark)

(c) Explain why copper metal reacts with nitric acid but does not
react with hydrochloric acid (4 marks)

(d) Give one advantage ammonium phosphate, (NH4)3PO4 has over urea,
CO (NH2)2as a fertilizer. (2 marks)

4. 1993 P1A Question 21

State two observations that would be made when solid lead (II)
nitrate is heated strongly.

5. 1994 Q 2 P1B
In an experiment, ammonia gas was prepared by heating an ammonium
salt with an alkali. After drying, 120cm3 ammonia gas was collected at
room temperature and pressure. All the ammonia gas was then reacted
completely with 250cm3 solution of phosphoric acid.

(a) What is meant by the term alkali?

(b) Explain, using the physical properties of the gas, why ammonia is not collected.
(i) Over water
(ii) By downward delivery
(c) Ammonia turns wet red litmus paper blue. Which ion is responsible for this reaction?

(d) Calculate the number of moles of ammonia gas that were collected in the
3 above experiment given than one mole of gas occupies a volume of
24000cm at room temperature and pressure.

(e)The equation below shows the reaction between ammonia and phosphoric acid.

3NH3(g) + H3PO4(aq) (NH4)3 PO4(aq)

(i) Explain how crystals of ammonium phosphate could be
obtained in this experiment.

(ii) Calculate the maximum mass of ammonium phosphate that

could be obtained in this experiment (N=14.0,
O=16.0,P=31.0,H=1.0)

6. 1995 Q6 (P1)
The table below gives some properties of gases D and E.

Gas Density Effects of H2SO4(aq) Effects of NaOH(aq)

D Lighter than air Reacts to form a salt Dissolves without reacting
E Heavier than air Not affected Not affected.

a) Describe how you would obtain a sample of E from a mixture of

gases D and E. (2marks)
b) Suggest a possible identity of gas D. Give a reason for your answer. (1mark)

7. 1995 Q22 (P1)

Dilute nitric acid reacts with copper according to the equation;
3Cu(s) + 8H +(aq) + 2N-3 3Cu2+ (aq) + 2NO (g) + 4H2O (l)

a) What is the oxidation number of nitrogen in?

i) 2N-3
ii) NO
b) With respect to nitrogen, explain whether the above reaction is an
oxidation or reduction process. (1 mark)

8. 1995 Q7 (P2)
 (a) The diagram below shows a set-up that can be used to obtain nitrogen
gas in an experiment.

Tube k
Copper (II) oxide

Dry Nitrogen
ammonia

Heat

Ice Water
Liquid L
Beaker

(i) Name liquid L (1 mark)

(ii) What observation would be made in tube K after heating for some time?
(1 mark)
(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that took place in tube K. (1 mark)

(iv) If 320 cm3 of ammonia gas reacted completely with the copper?
Calculate:
I Volume of nitrogen gas produced. (1
mark)

II the mass of copper oxide that reacted (3

marks)
(Cu = 63.5, O=16.O, one mole of gas occupies 24 litres at room
temperature and pressure)

(v) At the end of experiment the PH of the water in the beaker was found
to be about Explain (2 marks)

(b) In another experiment a gas jar containing ammonia was inverted

over burning splint. What observation would be made? (1 mark)

(c) Why is it advisable to obtain nitrogen from air instead ammonia?

(1 mark)
9. 1996 Q16 (P1)
On strong heating, sodium nitrate oxygen gas. In the spaces provided
below, draw a labelled diagram of a set-up that could be used for
heating Sodium nitrate and collecting the oxygen gas liberated. (3 marks)

10. 1997 Q6 (P2)

(a) The diagram below represents a set up that was used to obtain
dry nitrogen from air. Study it and answer the questions that follow

Iron powder

air

Tube P Syringe

Aqueous sodium
Solid Q
hydroxide

Nitrogen gas

(i) Name solid Q (1 mark)

(ii) What is the purpose of sodium hydroxide? (1 mark)

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in tube P. Give the name
of one impurity present in the nitrogen gas obtained (1 mark)

(iv) Give a reason why liquid nitrogen is used for storage of semen
for artificial Insemination (1 mark)
 (b) The set up below was used to prepare nitric acid

Glass stopper

Glass tap
retort water

Sodium Liquid R
nitrate Nitric acid

Heat
(i) Give the name of liquid R (1 mark)
(ii) Write an equation for the reaction which took place in the
glass retort (1 mark)

(iii) Explain the following

I. Nitric acid is stored in dark bottles (1 mark)

II. The reaction between copper metal with 50% nitric acid (one
volume of acid added to an equal volume of water) in an open test tube
gives brown fumes.
(2 marks)
(c) A factory uses nitric acid and ammonia gas as the only reactants for
the preparation of fertilizer. If the daily production of the fertilizer is
4800 kg calculate the mass of ammonia gas used daily. (N = 14.0, O = 16.
0, H = 1.0)
(3 marks)
11. 1998 Q18
Urea, (NH2)2CO is prepared by the reaction between ammonia and
carbon dioxide. 2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l).

In one process, 680 kg of ammonia were reacted with excess carbon

dioxide. Calculate the mass of urea that was formed.
(H = 1.0, C= 12.0, N =14.0, O = 16.0 and relative molecular mass of
ammonia = 17)Calculate the mass of Urea that was formed
12. 1998 Q22
The scheme below shows some reaction sequence starting with solid N.

HCl(aq)
Gas which burns
Solid N Solution P + with a pop sound

Few drops
of NH3 (aq)

White precipitate

Excess
NH3(aq)

Colourless solution Q

a) Identify solid N
b) Write the formula of the complex ion present in solution

13. 1998 Q3 P2
The flow chart below shows the industrial preparation of ammonia and the
process used in the manufacture of some ammonium compounds.
Study and answer the questions that follow
 (a) Give the name of the

(ii) Process in step 1 (1 mark)

(iii) Reaction that takes place in step 5 (1 mark)

(b) State one other source of hydrogen gas apart from natural gas
(c) Explain why it necessary to compress nitrogen and hydrogen in
this process (2 marks)

(d) Write an equation for the reaction which takes place in step 6 (1 mark)
(e) Name the catalyst and the reagents used in step 3 (2 marks)
(f) Name compound Z1 (1 mark)

(g) Give one commercial use of compound Z2 (1 mark)

14. 1999 PP1A QUESTION 14

(a) A few drops of freshly prepared (II) sulphate solution were added to
potassium nitrate solution in a test-tube. Concentrated Sulphuric acid was then
carefully added to the mixture. State the observation
 that was made. (1 mark)

(b) Write an equation for the reaction that occurs when solid potassium
nitrate is strongly heated. (1 mark)

15. 2000 Q12 P1

A student set up the apparatus shown below to prepare ammonia gas
and react itwith copper (II) sulphate solution.

Stirrer

Beaker

Mixture of
solution V and Aqueous copper (II)
Ammonium sulphate
sulphate

Heat

(a) Identify solution V (1 mark)

(b) State the observations which were made in the beaker (1 mark)

16. 2001 Q4 (P1)

Study the scheme below and answer the questions that follow.

Solid E +Ca(OH)2 paste

Step IV warm

Ammonia gas

Step II pass into aluminium sulphate solution and filter

Solid F
 i) Identify solid E.
ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction in step II that produces solid F.

17. 2001 Q4b (P2)

a) Fraction distillation of liquid air usually produces nitrogen and oxygen as the major
products.

i) Name one substance that is used to remove carbon dioxide from the air before it is
changed into liquid.

ii) Describe how nitrogen gas is obtained from the liquid air.
(Boiling points nitrogen = - 196oC, oxygen = -183oC

b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

i) Name element M. (1 mark)

ii) Why is it necessary to use excess air in step 4? (2 marks)
iii) Identify gas Q. (1 mark)
iv) Write an equation for the reaction in step 7 (1 mark)
v) Give one use of ammonia nitrate. (1 mark)

c) State and explain the observations that would be made if a sampler of sulphur is heated with
concentrated nitric acid. (2 marks)

18. 2002 Q12 (P1)

Concentrated sulphuric acid was added to iron II sulphate acidified with
sulphuric acid and the mixture heated. The solution turned from pale green
to yellow with evolution of brown gas. Explain these observations.

(2 marks)
19. 2002 Q24 (P1)
(a) Give a reason why concentrated sulphuric acid is not used to dry ammonia
gas

(b) Name one suitable drying agent for ammonia gas

20. 2002 Q6 (P1)

When potassium nitrate is heated, it produces potassium nitrate and gas C1

(a) Identify gas C

(b) Name the type of reaction undergone by the potassium nitrate

21. 2003 Q13 (P1)

Nitrogen (II) oxide and nitrogen (IV) oxide are some of the gases released
Fromcar exhaust pipes. State how these gases affect the environment

22. 2003 Q17 P1

Ammonium nitrate was gently heated and the products collected as shown
in the diagram below.
 Ammonium
nitrate
Gas G

Water
Heat

Describe one chemical and one physical method that can be used
to identify gas G.

23. 2003 Q19 P1

In the Haber process, the optimum yield of ammonia is obtained when a
temperature of 4500C, a pressure of 200 atmospheres and an ion catalysts are used
N2(g) + 3H2 (g) 2NH3 (g); ∆H = -92kJ.

(a) How would the yield of ammonia be affected if the temperature was
raised to 6000C? (2marks)

(b) Give one use of ammonia (1 mark)

24. 2003 Q26

Ammonia gas was passed into water as shown below

Ammonia gas

Water

a. When a red litmus paper was dropped into the resulting solution, it turns
blue. Give a reason for the observations (1 mark)

b. What is the function of the funnel? (1

mark)
 25. 2004 Q2
Ammonium nitrate was heated as shown in the set-up below (2 marks)

Ammonium
nitrite

Gas A

Heat Cold water

a) Identify gas A. (1 mark)

b) State and explain the precautions that must be taken before heating is dropped.
(1 mark)
26. 2004 Q7
Nitrogen forms many compounds in which its oxidation state varies.
a) What is meant by oxidation state? (1 mark)
b) What is the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg3N2 (1 mark)

27. 2004 Q10

Explain why a high temperature is required for nitrogen to react
with oxygen. (1 mark)

28. 2004 Q5 (P2)

The flow chart below shows some reactions starting with lead (II) nitrate.
Study it and answer the questions that follow.
 Lead (II) carbonate

Step 6 Reagent K
Aqueous Lead (II) nitrate

Step 5 Water

Lead (II) nitrate

Step 1 Dry hydrogen gas

Nitrogen (IV) oxide Lead (II) oxide Step 4 Products

- Gas Q Heat

Step 2 Water Step 3 Hot concentrated Sodium hydroxide

Gas Q Acidic products S and R Colourless solution

(i) State the condition necessary in step 1. (1 mark)

(ii) Identify:
I Reagent K (1 mark)
II Gas Q (1 mark)
III Acidic products S and R (1 mark)

(iii) Write:
I The formula of the complex ion formed instep 3. (1 mark)
II The equation of the reaction in step 4 (1 mark)

b) The use of materials made of lead in roofing and in water pipes is

being discouraged
State:
(i) Two reasons why these materials have been used in the past. (2 marks)
(ii) One reason why their use is being discouraged

c) (i) The reaction between lead (II) nitrate and concentrated sulphuric
acid starts but stops immediately. Explain (2 marks)

(ii) name one suitable reagent that can be reacted with concentrated
sulphuric (IV) acid to produce nitric (V) acid (1 mark)
29. 2005 Q1 P1
State one use of sodium hydrogen carbonate. (1 mark)

30. 2005 Q21 P1

The diagram below shows a set- up that was used to prepare and collect a
sample of nitric acid
Sulphuric
acid

Potassium Cold
nitrate
water
Nitric
acid

a. Give a reason why it is possible to separate nitric acid from sulphuric

acid in the set – up (1 mark)

b. Name another substance that can be used instead of potassium nitrate

c. Give one use of nitric acid (1 mark)

31. 2005 Q25

When a few drops of aqueous ammonia were added to copper (II) nitrate
solution, a light tube precipitate was formed. On addition of more aqueous
ammonia, a deep blue solution was formed. Identify the substance responsible
for the:
a. Light blue precipitate (1 mark)

b. Deep blue solution (1 mark)

32. 2005 Q2c (P2)

(a) Name one raw material which sodium hydroxide is manufactured (1 mark)

(b) Sodium hydroxide pellets were accidentally mixed with sodium chloride
17.6 g of the mixture were dissolved in water to make one litre of solution.
100 cm3 of the mixture were dissolved in water to make one litre solution. 100cm3 of
the solution was neutralized by 40cm3 of 0.M sulphuric acid
 (i) Write an equation for the reaction that took place
(ii) Calculate the:
(i) Number of moles of the substance that reacted with sulphuric acid (2marks)

(ii) Number of moles of the substances that would react with sulphuric
acid in the one litre of solution (1mark)

(iii) Mass of the unreacted substances in one litre of solution (2 marks)

(H = 1.0 ; Na = 23.0 ; Cl = 35.5 ; 0 = 16.0)

(c)The diagram below shows an incomplete set-up used to prepare and collect
ammonia gas
Solid M + sodium
hydroxide

Heat

(i) Name solid M (1 mark)

(ii) Complete the diagram to show how a dry sample of ammonia gas
can be collected (3 marks)

(d) In an experiment, excess ammonia gas passed over heated copper (II)
oxideon a combustion tube.
(i) State the observation that was made in the combustion tube at the end
of the experiment (1 mark)
(ii) What property of ammonia is shown in the above reaction (1 mark)

(iii) Name one use of ammonia (1mark)

33. 2006 Q17

The first step in the industrial manufacture of nitric acid is the catalytic
oxidation of ammonia gas.

(a) What is the name of the catalyst used? (1 mark)

(b) Write the equation for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia gas. (1mark)

(c) Nitric acid is used to make ammonium nitrate, state two uses of
ammonium nitrate. (1 mark)
34. 2006 Q7a (P2)
The table below shows the volumes of nitrogen dioxide gas produced
when different volume of IM nitric acid were each reacted with 2.07 g
of lead at room temperature.

Volume of 1 M nitric acid (cm3) Volume of nitrogen dioxide gas (cm3)

5 60
15 180
25 300
35 420
45 480
55 480

a) Give a reason why nitric acid is not used to prepare hydrogen gas. (1
mark)

b) Explain how the rate of the reaction between lead and nitric acid would be
affected if the temperature of the reaction mixture was raised. (2 marks)

c) On the grid provided below, plot a graph of the volume of the gas produced
(Vertical axis) against volume of acid. (3 marks)

d) Using the graph, determine the volume of:

i)Nitrogen dioxide produced when 30cm3 of 1 M nitric acid were
reacted with 2.07 g of lead (1 mark)
ii) 1M nitric acid which would react completely with 2.07g of lead. (1 mark)

e) Using the answer in d(i) above, determine:

i) The volume of 1M nitric acid that would react completely with
onemole of lead (Pb=207) (2 marks)

ii) The volume of nitrogen dioxide gas produced when one mole of
lead reacts with excess 1 M nitric room temperature. (1
mark)

f) Calculate the number of moles of:

 i) 1M nitric acid that reacted with one mole of lead (1
mark)
ii) Nitrogen dioxide produced when one mole of lead were reacted
with excess nitric acid. (Molar gas volume of 2400cm3) (1 mark)

g) Using the answers obtained in f (i) and (ii) above, write the equation for
the reaction between lead and nitric acid given that one mole of lead nitrate and two
moles of water were also produced. (1 mark)

35. 2007 Q6 P1
In an experiment, a few drops of concentrated nitric acid were added to
aqueous iron(II) sulphate in a test – tube. Excess sodium hydroxide solution
was then added to the mixture.

a) State the observations that were made when:

i) Concentrated nitric acid was added to aqueous iron (II) sulphate (1mark)
ii) Excess sodium hydroxide was added to the mixture. (1mark)

b) Write and ionic equation for the reaction which occurred in (a) (ii) above.(1mark)

36. 2007 Q13a

37. (i) Name the process that takes place when:
(i) Crystals of zinc nitrate change into solution when exposed to air (1 mark)

38. 2007 Q6a (p2)

(a) The elements nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium are essential for
plant growth.
(i) Potassium in fertilizers may be in the form of potassium nitrate Describe how a
sample of a fertilizer may be tested to find out if it
contained nitrate ions. (2 marks)

(ii) Calculate the mass of nitrogen present if a 25kg bag contained pure
ammonium phosphate, (NH4)2 HPO4. (N = 14.0, H=1.0, P = 31.0, O = 16.0)
(2 marks)

(b) The table below shows the solubility of ammonium phosphate in water at
different temperatures.

Temperature Solubility of ammonium phosphate in g/100g water

(C0)
10 63.0
 20 69.0
30 75.0
40 82.0
50 89.0
60 97.0

(i) On the grid provided, draw the solubility curve of ammonium phosphate
(Temperature on x – axis) (3 marks)

(ii) Using the graph, determine the solubility of ammonium phosphate at 250C
(1 mark)
(iii) 100g of a saturated solution of ammonium phosphate was prepared at 250C
I what is meant by a saturated solution? (1 mark)
II Calculate the mass of ammonium phosphate which was used to prepare
the saturated solution (2 marks)

(c) The graph below shows how the PH value of soil in a farm changed over a period of
time

pH

Time

(i) Describe how the pH of the soil can be determined (2 marks)

(ii) State one factor that may have been responsible for the change in the soil pH in the time
interval AB (1 mark)

38. 2008 Q10 P1

When magnesium was burnt in air, a solid mixture was formed. On addition of water
to the mixture a gas which turned moist red litmus paper blue was
evolved. Explain these observations. (2 marks)

39. 2008 Q3 (P2)

(a) Describe the process by which Nitrogen is obtained from air on a large scale.
(4 marks)

(b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

(i) Identify gas J. (1 mark)

(ii) Using oxidation numbers, show that ammonia is the reducing
agent in step (VI) (2 marks)
(iii) Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in step (V). (1 mark)
(iv) Give one use of ammonium nitrate. (1 mark)

c) The table below shows the observations made when aqueous ammonia was added
to cations of elements F2F and G until in excess.

Cation of Addition of a few drops of Addition of excess

Aqueous ammonia. aqueous ammonia.
E White precipitate Insoluble
F No precipitate No precipitate
G White precipitate Dissolves

(i) Select the cation that is likely to be Zn2+ (1 mark)

(ii) Given that the formula of the cation of element E is E 2+, write the
 ionic equation for the reaction between E2+ (aq) and aqueous ammonia. (1 mark)

40. 2009 Q13

When 8.53g of sodium nitrate were heated in an open tube the mass of oxygen
was produced was 0.83g.Given the equation of the reaction as
2NaNO3(s) → 2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
Calculate the percentage of sodium nitrate that was converted to sodium nitrite
(Na= 23.0 , N = 14.0 , O = 16.0)
41. 2009 Q16
The solubility curve of potassium nitrate is shown below.

0 Temperature C

(a) Determine the solubility of potassium nitrate at 50 C.

(K = 39.0,O = 16.0, N = 14.0,and density of water 1 g/cm3).

42. 2009 Q4 P2
(a) The Schematic diagram shows part of the solvay process used for the
manufacture of sodium carbonate
 Carbon (IV)
oxide
Ammonium chloride

Saturated sodium
Ammonia chloride Process I

UNIT I
Sodium hydrogen Sodium carbonate
carbonate Process II

UNIT II

(i) Explain how the sodium chloride required for this process is obtained
from sea water (2 marks)

(ii) Two main reactions take place in UNIT 1.The first one is the formation of
ammonium hydrogen carbonate
1. Write an equation for the reaction. (1 mark)

2. Write an equation for the second reaction

(1mark)

(iii) State how the following are carried out

(2marks)
1. Process 1
2. Process 11

(iv) In an experiment to determine the percentage purity of the sample of

sodium carbonate produced in the solvay process, 2.15 g of the sample
reacted completely with 40.0cm of 0.5 m sulphuric acid

I Calculate the number of moles of sodium carbonate that reacted

(2marks) II. Determine the percentage of sodium carbonate in thsample.
(Na=23.0, C=12, O=16.0) (2 marks)

(b) Name two industrial uses of sodium carbonate. (2marks)

43. 2010 Q16

A sample of fertilizer is suspected to be calcium ammonium nitrate.
Describe chemical tests for each of the following ions in the sample:
a) Calcium ions; (2 marks)
 b) Ammonium ions. (1 mark)

44. 2010 Q20

In an experiment to prepare nitrogen (I) oxide, ammonium nitrate was
gently heated in a flask.

a) Write the equation for the reaction that took place in the flask. (1 mark)
b) State and explain how the gas was collected. (1 mark)
c) A sample of the gas was tested with damp blue and red litmus papers. What
observations were made?

45. 2010 Q5 (P2)

A student set u the apparatus as shown in the diagram below to prepare
and collect dry ammonia gas.

Drying
agent

Mixture of ammonium
chloride and Calcium
Hydroxide (Moist)

Heat

i) Identify two mistakes in the set up and give a reason for each mistake. (3 marks)

ii) Name a suitable drying agent for ammonia (1 mark)

iii) Write an equation for the reaction that occurred when a mixture of
ammonium chloride and calcium hydrogen was heated. (1 mark)

iv) Describe one chemical test for ammonia gas (1 mark)

b) Ammonia gas is used to manufacture nitric (V) acid, as shown below.

Gases
Water
 Ammonia temperatureHigh Unit chamberCooling

I Unit II Absorption towerAir Air

Unit III Nitric(v)acid

i) This process requires the use of a catalyst. In which unit is the catalyst used? (1 mark)

ii) Identify compound A and B (1 mark)

iii) Using oxidation number, explain why the conversion of ammonia to nitric(V) acid is
called catalytic oxidation of ammonia (2 marks)

iv) Ammonia and nitric (V) acid are used in the manufacture of ammonium nitrate
fertilizer. Calculate the amount of nitric (V) acid required to manufacture
1000kg ammonium nitrate using excess ammonia. (3 marks)

46. 2011 Q4b

Nitrogen is inert. State one use of the gas based on this property (1 mark)

47. 2011 Q4 P2
(a) When excess calcium metal was added to 50 cm3 of 2M aqueous copper (II) nitrate in
a beaker, a brown solid and bubbles of gas were observed.

(i) Write two equations for the reactions which occurred in the beaker. (2 marks)
(ii) Explain why it is not advisable to use sodium metal for this reaction. (2 marks)

(b) Calculate the mass of calcium metal which reacted with copper (II) nitrate solution.
(Relative atomic mass of Ca = 40) (2 marks)
(c) The resulting mixture in (a) above was filtered and aqueous sodium hydroxide added
to the filtrate dropwise until in excess. What observations were made?
(1 mark)
(d) (i) Starting with calcium oxide, describe how a solid sample of calcium
Carbonatecan be prepared. (3 marks)
(ii) Name one use of calcium carbonate. (1 mark)

48. 2012 Q12 P1

Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
 (a) Name a suitable drying agent for ammonia. (1 mark)
(b) Describe one chemical test for ammonia (1 mark)
(c) Name X (1 mark)

49. 2012 Q3 P2
In the laboratory, small quantities of nitric (V) acid can be generated using the
following set up. Study it and answer the questions that follow.

Glass
stopper
Glass retort
Tap water

R Nitric
Sodium (v) acid
nitrate
Heat

(a) (i) Give the name of substance R (1 mark)

(ii) Name one other substance that can be used in place of sodium nitrate.
(1 mark)
(iii) What is the purpose of using tap water in the set up above? (1 mark)

(b) Explain the following

(i) It is not advisable to use a stopper made of rubber in the set-up (1 mark)
(ii) The reaction between copper metal with 50% nitric (V) acid in an open test-tube produces
brown fumes. (1 mark)
 (c) (i) Nitrogen is one of the reactants used in the production of ammonia, name two
sources of the other reactant.

(ii)A factory uses nitric (V) acid and ammonia gas in the preparation of a
fertilizer.
If the daily production of the fertilizer is 4800kg; calculate the mass of ammonia
gas used din kg. (N = 14.0; O = 16.0; H=1.0) (3 marks)

(iii)State two other uses of nitric (V) acid other than the production
of fertilizers (2 marks)

50. 2013 Q13 P1

The scheme below shoes some reaction sequence starting with slid N. Study it and
answer the questions that follows.

Solid Solution White

HCL(aq) a few drops of NH3(aq)
P solid
Step IStep II N

Mg(s) Excess NH3(aq)

Step IV Step II

Colourless
Solution Q

a) Write the formula of the complex ion in solution Q. (1 mark)

b) Write an equation for the reaction in step IV. (1 mark)

51. 2013 Q17 P1

When fuels burn in the internal combustion engine at high temperature,
one of the products formed is nitrogen (II) oxide.

a) Write the equation for the formation of nitrogen (II) oxide. (1 mark)
b) Give a reason why nitrogen (II) oxide is not formed at room temperature.
(1 mark)
c) Describe how formation of nitrogen (II) oxide in the internal combustion
engine leads to gaseous pollution. (1 mark)
 52. 2013 Q21 P1
On heating a pale green solid K, carbon (IV) oxide gas and a black solid M were formed.
On reacting K with dilute hydrochloric acid, carbon (IV) oxide gas and green
solution S were formed. When excess aqueous ammonia was added to solution S, a
deep blue solution was formed.

a) Identify the cation in solid K (1 mark)

b) Identify the two onions in solution S. (2 marks)

53. 2013 Q5(c) P2

Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow:

Step I,
Heating

NH3 NCI
(g) (g)
Nitric (V) acid Fe
(s)
NH4NO3 H2O(l)
(s) FeCI2
(aq)
Step II
Heat Step III

Substance X+H2O(l)
Substance Z

NaOH (aq)

H2O2
 Step IV
Heat

Fe2O3(s) Steam
Step V
Carbon, heat

Fe(s)

i) Write an equation for the reaction in:

I step II; (1 mark) II step IV (1 mark)
ii) State the observation made in step III. Explain. (2 marks) iii)
Name another substance that can be used in step V. (1 mark)

54. 2014 Q3 P1
Dry ammonia gas was passed over heated lead (II) oxide and the product
passed over anhydrous Copper (II) suphate as shown in the diagram below.

State:
(a)Two observations made in the combustion tube. (2 marks)

(b) The property of ammonia gas shown in this experiment (1 mark)

55. 2014 Q15 P1
Study the set up below and answer the questions that follow

(a)Write an equation for the reaction between ammonia and copper (II) oxide.
(1 mark)

(b) During the experiment, the colour of the contents in the water trough changed.
State the colour change observed and give an explanation. (2 marks)

56. 2014 Q25 P1

A student used the set up below to prepare a sample of nitrogen gas.
 a) State the function of potassium hydroxide in the set up (1 mark)

b) Give a suitable metal M for use in the combustion tube (1 mark)

c) Give a reason why the nitrogen gas obtained is not pure. (1 mark)

57. 2015 Q13 P1

Dry ammonia and dry oxygen were reacted as shown in the diagram below

a)What is the purpose of the glass wool? (1 mark)

b)What products would be formed if red hot platinum was introduced

into a mixture of ammonia and oxygen? (1 mark)

58. 2016 Q14 P1

When fuel burns in the internal combustion engine at high temperature, one
of the products formed is nitrogen (II) oxide

a) Write the equation for the formation of nitrogen (II) oxide ( 1 mark)
b) Give a reason why nitrogen (II) oxide is not formed at room
temperature (1 mark)

c) Describe how formation of nitrogen (II) oxide in the internal combustion

engine lead to gaseous pollution (2 marks)
 58. 2016 Q14 P1
a. Describe the process by which nitrogen is obtained from air on a large scale
(4marks)

b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Nitrogen gas
Copper (II) oxide
Ammonia Copper
Step (VI) Heat
Air Water
Platinum – Rhodium
Step (I)
high temperature

Gas J

Step (II) Air

Ammonia Ammonium
Water, air Nitric (V) nitrate
Nitrogen acid
Step (IV)
(IV) oxide Step (V)
Step (III) Heat

Products

i. Identify gas J. (1mark)

ii. Using oxidation numbers show that ammonia is the reducing agent
iii. in step (VI) (2marks)
iv. Write the equation for the reaction that occurs in (1 mark)
step (V).
v. Give two uses of ammonia nitrate. (2 marks)

(c) The table below shows the observation made when aqueous ammonia
was added to cation of elements E, F and G until in excess

Cation of Addition of a few drop s of addition of excess aqueous

aqueous ammonia ammonia
 E white precipitate insoluble

F no precipitate no precipitate

G white precipitate dissolves

(i) Select the cation that is likely to be Zu2+ (1 mark)

(ii) Given that the formula of the cation of element E is E2+write the
ionic equation for the reaction between E24 (aq) and aqueous ammonia. (1 mark)

SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS

1. 1989 Q 31
In the manufacture of Sulphuric acid some gases are released to the atmosphere.
Name the gases and explain how they form acid rain. (2 marks)

2. 1991 Q 20
Name the type of reaction that takes place between concentrated Sulphuric acid and
sulphur. (2 marks)

3. 1993 P1 Q 16
Give two reasons why during manufacture of sulphuric acid, sulphur
trioxide gas is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric acid, instead of dissolving
it in water directly. (2 marks)

4. 1994 P1A Q6
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.

Solution of a Gas W which turns

BaCI2(aq) HCI(aq)
sodium salt Solid V acidified potassium
dichromate from orange to
green

Name solid V and gas W. (2 marks)

5. 1995 Q17 P1
The diagram below represents the extraction of sulphur by Frasch process

a) Name the substance that passes through tube;

I…….. II……… (1 mark)
b) What is the purpose of hot compressed air in this process? (1 mark)

6. 1995 Q24 P1
State what would be observed when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to the
products formed when a mixture of iron fillings and sulphur? (1mark)

7. 1996 Q 24
In an experiment, 2.4g of sulphur was obtained by reacting hydrogen
sulphide and chorine as shown by the equation below:
H2S (g) + Cl2 (g) S(s) + 2HCl (g)

(a) Which of the reactants acts as a reducing agent in the above reaction?
Explain. (1 mark)
(b) Given that the yield of sulphur in the above reaction is 75%, calculate the number
of moles of H2S (g) used in the reaction (S=32.0)
 8. 1996 Q 8 P1
A sample of air contaminated with carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide was
passed through the apparatus shown in the diagram below.

Air contaminated
with CO(g) and SO2(g)

Concentrated
Lime water sulphuric acid

Which
contaminant was removed by passing the contaminated air through
the apparatus Explain . (2marks)

9. 1996 Q 17 P1
Oxygen reacts with the elements phosphorous, Sulphur and chlorine to form oxides of
Sulphur and its highest oxidation number. Complete the table for
phosphorus and chlorine. (Atomic numbers: P=15, S= 16 Cl = 17)

Element Oxide Highest oxidation number

P _______ _________
S SO3 46
Cl _______ _________

10. 1996 Q 27 P1
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow

a) Name i) Compound T (1mark)

ii) Gas U (1mark)
b) Give a chemical test that you could use to identify gas U (1mark)
 11. 1996 Q 7 P2

(a) The graph below shows the solubility of sulphur dioxide gas at different
temperatures. Use the following in it to answer the questions that follow. (i)From the graph
determine:
I The lowest temperature at which 1,000cm3 of solution would contain 116g of
sulphur dioxide.

II The maximum mass of sulphur dioxide that would dissolve in 15 litres of

solution at 100C

(ii)Sodium hydroxide reacts with sulphur trioxide according to the following equation.
2NaOH(aq) +SO2(g) Na2SO3(aq) + H2O(l)

Using the information in the graph determine the volume of 2M sodium hydroxide
required to completely neutralize on one litre of saturated sulphur dioxide solution
230C. (S=32.0; O; O = 16.0) (3marks)

(b) Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
 Write equation for the reaction taking place at:
I The roasting furnace (1mark)
II The absorption tower (1mark)
III The diluter (1mark)

(ii) The reaction taking place in chamber K is

SO2 (g) + 1/2O2 (g) SO3 (g)

I Explain why it is necessary to use excess air in chamber K (2marks)

II Name another substance used in chamber K (1mark)

12. 1997 Q 9 P1
Potassium sulphite solution was prepared and divided into two portions.
The first portion gave a white precipitate when reacted with barium nitrate. On addition of
dilute hydrochloric acid the white precipitate disappeared.

a) Write the formula of the compound which formed as the white precipitate.
(1mark)
b) Write the equation for the reaction between dilute hydrochloric acid and
the compound whose formula is written in (a) above. ( 1mark)

c) What observation would be made if one drop of potassium dichromate

solution was added to the second portion followed by dilute
hydrochloric acid?
(1mark)

13. 1998 Q 18 P1
Urea, (NH2)2CO is prepared by the reaction between ammonia and carbon dioxide.
2NH3(g) + CO2(g) (NH2)2CO(aq) + H2O(l)

In one process, 680 kg of ammonia were reacted with excess carbon dioxide. Calculate the
mass of urea that was formed. (H = 1.0, c+ 12.0, N =14.0, O = 16.0 and relative molecular mass
of ammonia = 17)
Calculate the mass of Urea that was formed (3marks)

14. 1999 Q 3 P1
State and explain the observation that would be made when a few drops
of concentrated sulphuric acid are added to a small sample of hydrated
copper (II) sulphate (2marks)

15. 1999 Q 5 P1
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide react as shown in the equation below
SO2 (g) + NO2 (g) SO3 (g) + NO (g)
(i) Using the oxidation numbers of either Sulphur or nitrogen, show
That this is a redox reaction (2marks)
(ii) Identify the reducing agent (1mark)

16. 999 Q 11
In an attempt to prepare Sulphur dioxide gas, dilute sulphuric acid was reacted
with barium sulphuric. The yield of Sulphur dioxide was found to be negligible.
Explain
(2marks)
17. 1999 Q 6 P2
a) The diagram below shows a set –up used by as a student in an attempt to
prepare and collect oxygen gas.

Water

Water Solid w
 i) Complete the diagram correcting the mistakes on it (2marks)
ii) Identify solid W. (1mark)

b) A piece of phosphorus was burnt in excess and the product obtained was
shaken with a small amount of hot water to make a solution.
i) Write an equation for the burning of phosphorus in excess air.(1mark)

ii) The solution obtained in (b) above was found to have a PH of 2.

give reasons for this observation (2marks)

c) Explain why cooking pots made of aluminium do not corrode when

exposed to air. (1mark)

d) The reaction between sulphur dioxide and oxygen to form trioxide in the
contact process in exothermic.
2So(aq) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)

Factory manufacturing sulphuric acid by contact process produces 350kg of

sulphur trioxide per day (conditions) for the reaction catalyst. 2
atmospheres pressure and temperatures between (400 – 500 oC)

i) What is meant by an exothermic reaction? (1mark)

ii) How would the yield per day of sulphur trioxide be affected if
temperatures lower than 4000oC are used? Explain. (3marks)

iii) all the sulphur (VI) oxide was absorbed in concentrated sulphuric
(VI) acid to form oleum.
H2SO4(l) + SO3(g) H2S2O7(l)

Calculate the mass of oleum that was produced per day

(S = 32.0, O = 16.0, H = 1.0)

18. 2000 Q 23 P1
When a solid sample of sulphur is heated in a test tube, it changes into a
liquid, which flows easily. On further heating, the liquid darkness and does
not flow easily. Explain these observations. (3marks)
19. 2001 Q 11 P1
A certain matchstick head contains potassium chlorate and Sulphur. On
striking the two substances react to produce Sulphur dioxide and
potassium chloride. Explain the environmental effect of using such
matches in large numbers. (2marks)

20. 2001 Q 12 P1
Describe a simple laboratory experiment that can be sued to distinguish
between sodium and sulphide and sodium carbonate. (2marks)

21. 2001 Q 15 P1
When a sample of concentrated sulphuric acid was left in an open beaker in a
room for two days, the volume was found to have increased slightly

a) What property of concentrated sulphuric acid was left in an open beaker in a room
for two days, the volume was found to have increased slightly. (1mark)

b) State one use of concentrated sulphuric acid that depends on the

property named above. (1mark)

22. 2001 Q 20 P1
a) What observation would be made if hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled through a
solution of zinc nitrate?

b) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in (a) above
Zn (NO3)2 (aq) + H2S (g) ZnS + 2HNO3 (aq)

23. 2002 Q 8
The apparatus shown below was set to prepare and collect hydrogen sulphide

Hydrogen
sulphide gas
 Dilute Warm water
H2SO3 Solid C2

(a) Name solid C2 (1mark)

(b) Give a reason why warm water is used (1mark)
(c) What observation would be made if hydrogen sulphide gas
was bubbled into a solution of lead II nitrate?
(1mark)

24. 2002 Q 11 P1
In an experiment, sulphur dioxide gas was bubbled into water followed by chlorine gas. The
resulting clear solution gave a white precipitate when mixed with a acidified barium chloride
solution. Explain these observations
(2marks)
25. 2002 Q 12
Concentrated sulphuric acid was added to iron II sulphate acidified with
sulphuric acid and the mixture heated. The solution turned from pale green
to yellow with evolution of brown gas. Explain these observations.

26. 2002 Q 21
In an experiment 30cm3 of 0.1 M sulphuric acid were reacted with 30cm3
of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide

(a) Write in equation of the reaction that took place

(b) State the observations that were made when both and red litmus papers were
dropped into the mixture

(c) Give a reason for your answer in (a) above

27. 2003 Q 4 P1
i. Sulphur exists in two crystalline forms
(1mark)
ii. Name one crystalline form of sulphur
(2marks)

28. 2003 Q 15 P2
Oleum (H2S2O7) is an intermediate product in the industrial manufacture
of sulphuric acid
 (a) How is oleum converted into sulphuric acid? (1 mark)
(b) Give one use of sulphuric acid (1 mark)

29. 2004 Q 4
Dilute hydrochloric acid and solid sodium sulphite were reacted as shown
in
Dilute hydrochloric acid the
set-
up
Thistle funnel
Delivery tube

Flask

Sodium
sulphate

below

Cardboard

Gas jar

a) Name the gas produced in the flask (2 marks)

b) Give two reasons why no gas was collected in the gas jar. (2 marks)

30. 2004 Q 3 P2
a) The diagram below illustrates how sulphur/extracted by the Frisch process.
 Ground level

Sulphur bels

Label the pipe through which superheated water is pumped in (1 mark)

(b) The equation below shows the oxidation of sulphur dioxide to sulphur trioxide in
the contact process.

2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g); H = - 196kJ

(i) Name one catalyst for this reaction (1 mark)

(ii) State and explain the effect on the yield of sulphur trioxide when:
I The temperature increased (2 marks)
II The amount of oxygen is increased (2 marks)

(iii) Describe how sulphur trioxide is converted to sulphuric acid

in the contact process. (2 marks)

(c) State two disadvantages of having sulphur dioxide in the environment (2 marks)

(d) Ammonia sulphate is a fertilizer produced by passing ammonia gas into

concentrated sulphuric acid.

(i) Write the equation for the reaction (1

mark)
(ii) Calculate the mass in Kg of sulphuric acid required to produce 25kg of
the fertilizer (S= 32.0; O= 16.0; N = 1.0)

31. 2005 Q 8
Determine the oxidation state of sulphure in the following compounds: (2 marks)
i H2S
ii Na2S
32. 2005 Q 24
In an experiment, a gas jar containing most sulphur dioxide was inverted
over another gas jar containing hydrogen sulphide gas
a. State and explain the observation that was made (2 marks)

b. State the precaution that should be taken when carrying out

this experiment (1 mark)

33. 2006 Q 6
In an experiment to study the properties of concentrated sulphuric acid, a
mixture of the acid and wood charcoal was heated in a boiling tube.

(a) Write the equation of the reaction that took place in the boiling tube. (1 mark)
(b) Using oxidation numbers, show that reduction and oxidation reactions
Took place in the boiling tube. (2 marks)

34. 2006 Q 16
When hydrogen sulphide gas was bubbled into an aqueous solution of iron
(III) chloride, a yellow precipitate was deposited.

a) State the observation made (1 mark)

b) Write an equation for the reaction that took place. (1 mark)

c) What type of reaction was undergone by hydrogen by hydrogen

sulphide in this reaction? (1 mark)

35. 2006 Q 27 P1
Study the flow chart below and answer the questions that follow.
 a) Name reagent z. (1mark)
b) Describe the process which takes place in step 2. (1mark)
c) Identify the white solid. (1mark)

36. 2006 Q 4 P2
a) The diagram below shows some processes that take place during the
industrial manufacture of sulphuric acid.

(i) Write the equation for the reaction in which sulphur dioxide
gas is produced. (1 mark)
(ii) Why is it necessary to keep the gases pure and dry? (1 mark)
 (iii) Describe the process that takes place in chamber G. (1 mark)
(iv) Name the gases that escape into the environment. (1 mark)
(v) State and explain the harmful effect on the environment of one
of the gases named in (iv) above (1 mark)

(vi) Give one reason why it is necessary to use a pressure of 2-3

atmospheres and not more. (1 mark)

b) (i) Complete the table below to show the observations made when concentrated
sulphuric acid is added to the substances shown. (2 marks)

Substance Observation
Iron fillings
Crystals of white sugar

(ii) Give reasons for the observations made using:

I iron fillings (1 mark)
II Crystals of white sugar. (1 mark)

(c) Name one fertilizer made from sulphuric acid. (1 mark)

(d) Suggest a reason why BaSO4(a pigment made from sulphuric acid)
would be suitable in making paint for cars. (1 mark)

37. 2007 Q 30 P1
Below is a sketch of a graph showing the change in viscosity? (Ease of flow)
with temperature when solid sulphur is heated.

Viscosity

Temperature

Describe what happens to the sulphur molecules when sulphur is heated

from 1500C to about 2000C. (2 marks)
 38. 2008 Q 8 P1
a) State the observation made at the end of the experiment when a mixture of
iron powder and sulphur is heated in a test tube. (1 mark)

b) Write an equation for the reaction the product in (a) above and dilute
hydrochloric acid. (1 mark)

c) When a mixture of iron powder and Sulphur is heated, it glows more brightly
than that of iron fillings and Sulphur. Explain this observation (1 mark)

39. 2008 Q 9 P1
Zinc reacts with both concentrated and dilute sulphuric (VI) acid. Write
Equations for two reactions. (2 marks)

40. 2008 Q 30 P1
Crude oil contains Sulphur. What would be the effect to the environment
of using fuel containing Sulphur? (1 mark)

41. 2009 Q 22 P1
A student added very dilute sulphuric (VI) acid to four substance and recorded
the observations shown in the table below

Test Substance Gas given off

1 Sodium Yes
2 Iron No
3 Carbon Yes
4 Copper No

For which tests chart below to answer the questions that follow.

42. 2010 Q 11 P1
Hydrogen sulphide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. It is normally prepared
in a fume chamber.
a) Name two reagents that can be used to prepare hydrogen sulphide in the
laboratory. (1 mark)
b) One of the uses of hydrogen sulphide is to produce Sulphur as shown in the
following equation;
2H2S(g) + SO2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)

Identify the reducing agent in this reaction and give a reason for your answer.
(1 mark)
 c) Other than production of sulphuric(IV) acid, state one commercial use
of sulphur. (1 mark)

43. 2011 Q 7 P1
The set up below was used to prepare a gas and study some of its properties.
Study it and answer the questions that follow:

Flame
Dilute hydrochloric
acid

Lead (II)
Iron (III) ethanoate
sulphide
Universal
indicator
A B
(a) State and explain the observations made in the.
(1 mark)
I. tube labelled A;
(1 mark)
II. beaker labelled B.

(b) State one precaution that should be taken when carrying out this
experiment.
(1 mark)
44. 2011 Q 1 P2
The flow chart below shows some of the processes involved in large scale
production of sulphuric (VI) acid. Use it to answer the questions that follow
Substance A
Sulphur (IV) Oxide

Oxygen Sulphur (VI) Oxide Oleum

Reaction Absorption
Chamber Chamber

Water
a) Describe how oxygen is obtained from air on a large scale. (3 marks)
 b) i) Name substance A. (1 mark)
ii) Write an equation for the process that takes place in the absorption
chamber (1 mark)
c) Vanadium (V) Oxide is a commonly used catalyst in the contact process.
i) Name another catalyst which can be used for this process. (1 mark)

ii) Give two reasons why vanadium (V) Oxide is the commonly
used catalyst (2 marks)
d) State and explain the observation made when concentrated sulphuric
acid is added to crystals of copper (II) sulphate in a beaker. (2 marks)

e) The reaction of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid with sodium chloride produces
hydrogen chloride gas. State the property of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid
illustrated in this reaction (1 mark)

f) Name four uses of sulphuric (VI) acid. (2 marks)

45. 2012 Q18 P1

Acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution is decolourised when
sulphur (IV) oxideis bubbled through it. The equation for the reaction
is given below.

2H2O(1) + 5SO2(g) +2KMnO4(aq) K2SO4(aq) + 2MnSO4(aq) +2H2SO4(aq)

(a) Which reactant is oxidised? Explain. (2 marks)

(b) Other than the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid, state other use of Sulphur (IV) oxide
(1 mark)

46. 2012 Q25 P1

Describe how a solid sample of potassium sulphate can be prepared
starting with 200cm3 of 2M potassium hydroxide. (3 marks)

47. 2013 Q12 P1

a) What would be observed if Sulphur (IV) oxide is bubbled through acidified
potassium manganate (VII) (1 mark)

(b)In an experiment, Sulphur (IV) oxide was dissolved in water to form solution L.
(i) What would be observed if a few drops of barium nitrate solution were
immediately added to solution L? (1 mark)

(ii) Write an ionic equation for the reaction that occurred between solution L
and aqueous barium nitrate in (b) (i) above. (1 mark)
48. 2013 Q3 P2
(a) The diagram below shows the frasch process used for extraction of Sulphur
Use it to answer the question that follows

Molten Sulphur

Superheated
water at 170 0c

Sulphur deposits

(i) Identify X (1 mark)

(ii) Why is it necessary to use superheated water in this process (1 mark)?

(iii) State two physical properties of Sulphur that makes it possible for it
to be extracted by this method (2 marks)

(b) The diagram below shows part of the process in the manufacture of
sulphuric (VI) acid. Study it and answer the questions that follow
 Air
Sulphur (IV)
PURIFIER
Sulphur (iv) oxide
+ Air
sulphur (vi) Concentrated
Oxide sulphur (VI)
--------------------- HEAT
CATALYTIC EXCHANGE

ABSORPTION
TOWER

Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid

Oxide

CHAMBER A CHAMBER B
 (I) Write an equation for the formation of sulphur (IV) oxide from sulphur
(1mark)
(II) What is the role of concentrated sulphur (VI) acid in chamber A? (1 mark)
(III) Name two catalysts that can be used in the catalytic chamber B. (2 marks)
(IV) State two roles of the heat exchanger (1 mark)

(c) Explain one way in which Sulphur (IV) oxide is a pollutant (1mark)

(d).what observation will be made when a few drops of concentrated sulphuric

(VI) acid are added to crystals of sugar? Explain your answer (1 mark)

49. 2014 Q11 P1

Study the flow chart below and answer the questions t hat follow.

Identify Z and M. (2 marks)

50. 2014 Q20 P1
In the contact process, during the production of sulphur (VI) oxide, a
catalyst is used. Give two reasons why vanadium (V) oxide is preferred
to platinum. (2 marks)

51. 2015 Q17 P1

(a) One of the allotropes of sulphur is rhombic sulphur, name the
other allotrope. (1 mark)
(b) Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid reacts with ethanol and copper.
State the property of the acid shown in each case. (2 marks)
(i) Ethanol ............................................................................................
(ii) Copper ............................................................................................
52. 2015 Q5 P2
The set up below can be used to generate a gas without heating. This
occurs when substance M reacts with solid N.

Substance M

a i) Complete the table below giving the names of substance M and solid N if the
gasses generated are chlorine and sulphur (IV) oxide. (2 marks)

Chlorine Sulphur (IV) Oxide

Substance M
Solid N

(ii) Complete the diagram above to show how a dry sample of sulphur (IV) oxide
can be collected
b Describe two chemical methods that can be used to test the presence of
sulphur (IV)oxide. (3 marks)
c Other than the manufacture of sulphuric (VI) acid, state two uses of
sulphur (IV) oxide. (2 marks)

53. 2016 Q26 P1

Hydrogen sulphide is a highly toxic and flammable gas. It is normally prepared
in a fume chamber
a) Name two reagents that can be used to prepare hydrogen sulphide in the
laborator (1 mark)
b) One of the use of hydrogen sulphide is to produce sulphur as shown in the following
equation.
2H2S(g) + SO 2(g) 3S(s) + 2H2O(l)
Identify the reducing agent in this reaction and give a reason for your answer (1mark)

c) Other than production of sulphuric (VI) acid , State one commercial use
of sulphur (1 mark)
 ANSWERS
CHEMISTRY FORM 3 ASSIGNMENT

GAS LAWS

1. 1989 Q32f
i) Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) → 2NaCl(aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

ii) 1 mole of Carbon IV Oxide occupies 22.4l (22,400cm3).

673cm3 of the gas would be 673/22400 (moles)
= 0.03004 moles.
From the equation, the number of moles of gas that is produced is half to the number of moles of
the HCl used in the reaction.
Therefore, the number of moles of HCl = 0.03004*2 = 0.06008 moles.
The volume of HCl = 30cm3
If 30cm3 of HCl contain 0.06008 moles
1000cm3 would contain (1000*0. 0.06008)/30
= 2.0030 moles per litre or 2.0030M.

iii) From the equation, the ratio of sodium carbonate to the carbon IV Oxide produced is 1:1.
Thus, the number of moles of Na2CO3 reaction equals to that of CO2 produced, = 0.03004moles.
1 mole of Na2CO3 weighs (2*23+12+3*16) = 106grams.
Therefore, the mass of sodium carbonate used in the equation can be given by
0.03004 x 106 = 3.18g
Thus, x = 3.18g

2. 1991 PP1A Q 1
According to the Graham’s law, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
molecular mass of the gas.
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑠 𝐴 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛
= √
𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴
 20 16
= √
24 𝐴
24𝑥4
A = ( 20 )2 = 23

3.1995 Q19 P1
Hydrogen gas
The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to its mass, implying that hydrogen has will
be detected first because it is less dense than carbon IV oxide.

4. 1996 Q1 P1

The rate of diffusion of carbon dioxide out of the porous pot is slower than that of air into the pot
because the average density of air is lower than that of carbon dioxide. Hence, more air diffused
into the porous pot as compared to the carbon dioxide that diffused out, increasing the volume of
gas in the porous pot.

5. 1996 Q2 P1
According to Boyle’s law, decreasing the volume of a contained gas will increase its pressure, and
increasing its volume will decrease its pressure.
According to Charles’ law, the volume of a gas increases as the temperature increases, and
decreases as the temperature decreases.
Combining them,
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
250 𝑋 300 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 315
=
750 750
= 238.1cm3

6. 1997 Q6 P1

a) A white vapor will be formed in the tube

b) (Closer to the HCl end than the NH3 end because HCl gas is denser)
NB. Not to touch the cotton wool.
 7. 1997 Q15 P1

8. 1997 Q16 P1

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2

=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
400 𝑋 500 100 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
1 0.5
Temperature 2 = 1000k

9. 1997 Q27 P1
Mass of hydrogen equals 2g (H2)
Number of moles of Hydrogen gas = 10/2 = 5 moles
Number of moles of Nitrogen Dioxide that would occupy the same volume = 5 moles
Molar mass of NO2 = 46
Mass of the gas 5 X 46
= 230g

10. 1998 Q 23 P1

𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
 273 373
=
760 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
Pressure 2 = 1038mmHg

11. 1999 Q 20 P1

Gas M is less dense that air.

It diffuses faster out of the porous pot in the beaker than the rate at which air diffuses in, hence
reduction of pressure in the porous pot and rise of water level to level II.
Gas N is denser than air.
Its rate of diffusion out of the porous pot is slower than that of the diffusion of air into the pot,
hence increase in pressure in the porous pot and subsequent reduction of the level of water to III.

12. 2000 Q 18 P1
The formula mass of a gas is directly proportional to the rate of diffusion.
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
= √
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 2
96 48
= √
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2 44
Time 2 = 91.91 seconds

13. 2000 Q 26 P1

The reaction leads to formation of both ammonia gas and hydrogen chloride gas. Ammonia (a
basic gas) is a lighter gas than hydrogen chloride so it will diffuse much faster and reach the
paper first, making it turn blue. When the hydrogen chloride gas reached the paper, it turns red
because HCl is acidic.

14. 2003 Q 14 P1
When the straw is carefully removed from the beaker, the water at the bottom of the beaker turns
dark purple slowly. The purple colour spreads slowly through the water at the bottom of the
beaker.
Diffusion takes place more quickly in liquids because the particles are able to move over each
other. Hence, the potassium permanganate particles spread slowly through the water starting
from the bottom and after two hours, the mixture in the beaker becomes purple (Uniform
distribution of permanganate particles)

15. 2003 Q 25 P1
a) The volume of a gas is inversely proportional to its pressure at fixed temperature
b)
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2
=
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1
 1 𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2
=
2 𝑎𝑡𝑚 3𝑙
Volume 2 = 1.5 litres

16. 2006 Q 3 P1
Relative formula mass of Oxygen = 32
Relative formula mass of SO2 = 64
The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the mass of the gas, denoted by the following
formula
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
= √
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 2
50 𝑠𝑒𝑐 32
= √64
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2
Time 2 = 70.71 seconds

17. 2006 Q 3c P2
The number of moles of chlorine gas = 3/24 = 0.125 moles
Number of moles of solid D is 0.125 moles.
0.125 moles = 11.875g
1 mole = 11.875/0.125
= 95g.
The chloride (the product) has 2 chlorine atoms
95 - (2x25) = 25g
(Hint: element D is manganese)

18. 2007 Q 12 P1
a) The Volume (V) of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (T). This law is valid as
long as the pressure and the amount of gas are constant. The temperature must be an absolute
temperature

b)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
0.035 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚 𝑋 291 0.028 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑚 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
100000 100000
Temperature 2 = 363.75k

19. 2008 Q 1 P1

When the straw is carefully removed from the beaker, the water at the bottom of the beaker turns
dark purple slowly. The purple colour spreads slowly through the water at the bottom of the
beaker.
Diffusion takes place more quickly in liquids because the particles are able to move over each
other. Hence, the potassium permanganate particles spread slowly through the water starting
 from the bottom and after two hours, the mixture in the beaker becomes purple (Uniform
distribution of permanganate particles)

20.2008 Q 1b P2

i) Methane accounts for 35.2% of the total mass of the gas

35.2
Mass of methane = x 5000g
100
1760g.
Molar mass of methane = 16
1760
Number of moles = = 110 Moles
16

(ii) The combustion equation for methane is given below

CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
1 mole of methane produces 2 moles of Carbon (IV) Oxide.
Hence, 110 moles of methane above would produce 220 moles of carbon(IV)oxide.
1 mole occupies 24.0 dm3
220 moles of the same would occupy 24 x 220 = 5280 dm3

21.2008 Q 20
a) The rate of diffusion of a gaseous substance is inversely proportional to the square root of its
molar mass.

b)
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑤 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑥
√ =
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤
16 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 2
√ =
44 12
Rate 2 = 7.236 cm3s-1

22.2009 Q 26

a) The pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is

directly proportional to the Kelvin temperature. With an increase
in temperature, the pressure will go up.

b) The physical behavior of gases is explained by the kinetic molecular theory of gases. The
number of collisions that gas particles make with the walls of their container and the force at
which they collide determine the magnitude of the gas pressure. Temperature is proportional to
average kinetic energy
 23.2010 Q 8
a)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑥 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑥 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1
=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑥 298 1 𝑥 77
=
100000 10000000
3
= 0.0025839 dm

b)
Volume of the gas at STP is 0.0025839 dm3
0.0025839
Number of moles = = 0.000108 moles.
24
I mole of the gas weighs 14 x 2 = 28g
The gas weighs 28 x 0.000108
3.015 x 10-3g

24. 2011 Q 6

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑥 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑥 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1

=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑥 273𝑘 0.15 𝑥 293𝑘
=
101325 Pa 98,648.5 pa
Volume 2 = 0.165 dm3

25.2011 Q 25
a) The pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly with the absolute temperature of the gas,
when the volume is kept constant.

b) The equation for the reaction can be written as follows, using the volumes as the ratios of
balancing the equation
C2Hx (g) + 3O2 (g) → H20 (g) + 2CO2 (g)
With the balanced equation above, the value of X can be obtained by counting the number of
Hydrogen atoms on the results side of the equation
X=2
(hint: the gas is Ethyne)

26.2012 Q5 P1
The exerted pressure increases the boiling point of water

27.2012 Q11 P1
 𝑉1 𝑉2
The volume of the gas at stp can be calculated using the formula 𝑇1 = 𝑇2
56 𝑉2
= Therefore, V2 = 28cm3
546 273
28
Number of moles of A = 22400 = 0.00125 moles.
0.00125 moles weighs 0.4 g
0.4
1 mole weighs 0.00125 = 320g
The empirical formula mass is 94
94n = 320.
n= 320/94 = 3.4 =3
Molecular formula = C3H6Br3

28.2012 Q19 P1
The level of water in the glass tube reduced below that of beaker B. Hydrogen rapidly diffuses
into the porous bag, faster than the rate of diffusion of air out of the bag.

29. 2013 Q14 P1

a) The Volume (V) of a gas is directly proportional to the temperature (T). This law is valid as
long as the pressure and the amount of gas are constant. The temperature must be an absolute
temperature: VT=k (constant)

b)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
146 𝑋 291𝑘 133 𝑋 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
98.31 101.325
Temperature 2 = 329.24k

30. 2014 Q6 P1
The molecular mass of ethane is C2H6 = 30.
Gas Q would take 121 seconds.
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒1 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
= √𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 2
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2

121 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
= √
100 30
= 43.923g
=44g
(hint: gas Q is Carbon IV Oxide)

31. 2015 Q4 P1
a) The pressure (P) of a gas is inversely proportional to the volume (V). This law is valid as long
as the temperature and the amount of gas are constant.
 b)
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 1 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
=
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 1 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 2
500 𝑋 300𝑘 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 2 𝑋 273
=
100000 101325
Volume 2 = 556.75 cm3

32. Relative formula mass of Oxygen = 32

Relative formula mass of SO2 = 64
The rate of diffusion is directly proportional to the mass of the gas, denoted by the following
formula
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 1 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 1
= √𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 2
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2
50 𝑠𝑒𝑐 32
= √64
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 2

Time 2 = 70.71 seconds

THE MOLE

1. a) Mass of the metal = 0.254g

Mass of oxygen in the metal oxide = 0.318 – 0.254 = 0.064g

Element M O
Mass in grams 0.254 0.064
No. of moles 0.254/63.5 = 0.004 0.064/16 = 0.004
Mole ratio 1 1
Formula MO

1000
b) Moles of oxygen = 24000 = 0.04167mol
Mass of oxygen = 0.04167 x 32 = 1.333g
Mass of gas X = 2.22 x 1.333 = 2.96g
Therefore 2.96g of gas X occupy 1000cm3
RMMg of gas X occupy 24000cm3
2.96 𝑥 24000
RMM of X = 1000 = 71.04 = 71

2. 2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

20 𝑥 1
Moles of KOH used = 1000 = 0.02𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Moles of sulphuric acid that reacted with KOH = 0.02/2 = 0.01mol
15cm3 of sulphuric(VI) acid contained 0.001moles
1000 𝑥 0.01
1000cm3 of sulphuric (VI) acid contains = 0.6667𝑀
15

3. 2NaOH(aq) + H2X(aq) → Na2X(aq) + 2H2O(l)

8
Molarity of NaOH = 40 = 0.2𝑀
0.2 𝑥 20
Moles of NaOH used = 1000 0.004moles
Moles of the dibasic acid used = 0.002mol (use mole ratios)
0.002mol of dibasic acid weigh 0.18g
0.18 𝑥 1
1mole of the dibasic acid will weigh 0.002 = 90𝑔
RFM of the acid = 90

4.
Element Na O
% composition 59 41
No. of moles 59/23 = 2.5652 41/16 = 2.5625
Mole ratio 1 1
Empirical formula NaO
(NaO)n = 78
39n = 78 n=2
Molecular formula: Na2O2
(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠1 𝑥 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒1)+(𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠2 𝑥 𝑎𝑏𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 2) (10 𝑥 18.7)+(11 𝑥 81.3)
5. RAM = =
100 100
= 10.813
1 𝑥 100
6. Moles of HCl used 1000 = 0.1 𝑚𝑜𝑙
Zn(s) + 2HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 (aq)+ H2(g)
Moles of hydrogen gas formed = 0.05.
Volume of hydrogen gas = 0.05 x 24000 = 1200cm3

7. 250cm3 of 1M calcium chloride

1𝑥250
No. of moles of calcium chloride = 1000 = 0.25𝑚𝑜𝑙.
1mole of CaCl2 contains 2 moles of Cl- ions.
Therefore 0.25mol of CaCl2 contains 0.5moles of Cl-ions
Number of chloride ions = 0.5 x 6.02 x 1023= 3.01 x 1023 ions

8. a) i)
Element C H O
% composition 64.9 13.5 21.6
No. of moles 64.9/12 = 5.408 13.5/1 = 13.5 21.6/16= 1.35
Mole ratio 4 10 1
Empirical formula C4H10O
ii) (C4H10O)n = 74
74n = 74 n= 1
Molecular formula is C4H10O
iii) I) P – Alkanol
S – Esters
II) Gas S is hydrogen
III)

IV) 2C4H10O(l) + 2Na (s) → 2C4H9ONa +H2(g)

iv) M would be less soluble in water. Solubility of alkanols in water decreases with increase in
molecular mass.

9.
Element C H
% composition 79.9 20.1
No. of moles 79.9/12 = 6.65833 20.1/1 = 20.1
Mole ratio 1 3
Empirical formula CH3

10. 2NaOH(aq) + H2X(aq) → Na2X(aq) + 2H2O(l)

4
Molarity of NaOH = 40= 0.1M
0.1 𝑥 22
Mole of NaOH used = = 0.0022moles
1000
0.0022
Moles of the dibasic acid used = 2 = 0.0011mol
0.0011mol of a dibasic acid weighs 0.1g
0.1
1mol of the acid will weigh 0.0011 = 90.91g = 91.

11.
Compound Na2CO3 H2O
Mass 15.9 18.9
Moles 15.9/106 = 0.15 18.9/18 = 1.05
Mole ratio 1 7
Empirical formula Na2CO3..7H2O

12. Oxygen gas was in excess. Only 50cm3 of oxygen was required to react with 100cm3 of
hydrogen
13. CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) +H2O(l)
Moles of calcium carbonate required to react with 0.2moles of HCl = 0.1moles
Mass of calcium carbonate required = 0.1 x 100 = 10g.
Mass of calcium carbonate that remains unreacted = 15 – 10 = 5.0g

14.a) (C3H6O)n = 116

58n = 116 n= 2
Formula: C6H12O2
72
% composition by mass of C = 116 𝑥100 = 62.07%

1.96
15. a) No. of moles of Zn used = 65.4 = 0.03𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.2𝑥100
No. of moles of HCl in the solution = 1000 = 0.02𝑚𝑜𝑙
Reacting mole ratios Zn:HCl = 1:2
This means 0.02 moles of HCl only react with 0.01mol of Zn out of the 0.03mol of Zn available.
Hence Zn was in excess.
b) When 0.02moles of HCl is reacted, 0.01mol of hydrogen gas is formed.
Volume of hydrogen produced at s.t.p = 0.01 x 22400 = 224cm3.

16. a) Hydrogen sulphide was the reducing agent. It reduced chlorine gas to hydrogen chloride,
while itself was oxidized to sulphur.
b) moles of sulphur formed = 2.4÷32 = 0.0075mol
0.0075 represents 75% therefore the expected number of moles = 0.01mol (100%)
Moles of H2S = 0.01mol.

17. a) Pb2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq) → PbSO4(s)

0.63
b) Moles of lead ions = 207 = 0.003𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of lead sulphate formed = 0.003mol
Mass of lead sulphate formed = 0.003 x 0.922g

18. a) i) (C2H3)n = 54
27n = 54 n=2
Molecular formula = C4H6
ii)
iii) Alkynes
b) i) Ca(HCO3)2 + Ca(OH)2 → 2CaCO3(s) + 2H2O(l)
0.01 𝑥 90
ii) Moles of Ca2+ = 1000 = 0.0009mol
c) Scum will be formed. The unreacted calcium in the above reaction will be responsible for
formation of scum.

19. Equal moles of gases occupy equal volumes at a particular temperature

10
Moles of Hydrogen gas = 2 = 2𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Moles of N2 gas that can occupy the same volume as 5moles of hydrogen = 5moles
Mass of nitrogen = 5 x 28 = 140grams
12
20. Mass of C in CO2 formed = 44 𝑥3.52 = 0.96g
2
Mass of H in H2O formed = 18 𝑥1.44= 0.16g
Element C H
Mass in grams 0.96 0.16
No. of moles 0.96/12 = 0.08 0.16/1 = 0.16
Ratio of moles 1 2
Empirical formula CH2

(CH2)n = 56
14n = 56 n= 4.
Molecular formula = C4H8

21. a) Grind a sample of the ore and dissolve it in dilute nitric(V)acid. Take a small amount of the
solution and to it add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution, till excess. In the presence of iron,
a green precipitate is formed which does not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide solution.
b) i)
Element Iron Oxygen
Mass in grams 1.68 0.64
No. of moles 0.03 0.64/16 = 0.04
Ratio of moles 3 4
 Empirical formula Fe3O4
ii) (Fe3O4)n = 232
232n = 232 n=1
Formula: Fe3O4
c) Oxygen/air and Moisture
d) Sea water contains acid that can corrode the metallic parts of the vehicle

22. C2(SO4)3

23. KOH(aq) + HNO3(aq) → KNO3(aq) + H2O(l)

50𝑥2
Moles of nitric acid reacted = 1000 = 0.1𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Moles KOH reacted with nitric acid = 0.1 moles (check ratios)
0.1 moles of KOH were in 50cm3 solution.
100𝑥 0.1
Therefore 100cm3 contained 50 = 0.2𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
1 mole of KOH = 56g
0.2𝑥56
0.2 moles of KOH = 1 = 11.2𝑔
Therefore, D = 11.2g

24. Fe(s) + Cu2+(aq) → Fe2+(aq) + Cu(s)

3.36
Moles of iron used = 56 = 0.06𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of copper displaced = 0.06mol
Mass of copper displaced = 0.06 x 63.5 = 3.81g

25. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

4
Moles of NaOH per litre = 40 = 0.1𝑀
0.1 𝑥 20
Moles of NaOH used = = 0.002𝑚𝑜𝑙.
1000
0.002
Moles of sulphuric acid that reacted = = 0.001𝑚𝑜𝑙
2
0.001 𝑥 1000
Molarity of sulphuric((VI) acid = = 0.125𝑀
8.0

26. Question is incomplete

27. a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

b) The red litmus remained and the blue litmus turned to red.
c) There was 0.003moles of each reagent. According to the equation, twice as much sodium
hydroxide as sulphuric acid is needed for complete neutralization. This means only half the
amount of sulphuric(VI)acid was reacted. Therefore the acid was in excess.

28. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) → PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)

5.56
Moles of lead chloride formed 278 = 0.02𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of NaCl used = 0.02 x 2 = 0.04mol
Mass of NaCl used = 0.04x 58.5 = 2.34g
29. Na2SO3(s) +2HCl(aq) → SO2(g) +2NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
960
No. of moles of SO2 formed = 24000 0.04moles
No. of moles of sodium sulphite used = 0.04 (refer to equation ratios)
Mass of sodium sulphite = 0.04 x 126 = 5.04grams.

30. a)

b) 2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(g)

1.2
c) Moles of hydrogen gas produced = 24 = 0.05𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of Zn used = 0.05mol (Zn:H2 = 1:1)
0.05 moles of Zn = 3.27g
1𝑥3.27
1 mole of Zn = 0.05 = 65.4𝑔
Therefore the relative molecular mass of Zn is 65.4

31. Question is not complete

20𝑥1
32. No. of moles of HCl reacted = 1000 = 0.02mol
No. of moles of GCO3 = 0.01mol (MCO3: HCl = 1:2)
0.01moles of GCO3 = 1g
1
1mole of GCO3 = 0.01 = 100.
G = 100-(12+48) = 40.

33. 4.2g of CO2 and 1.71g of water formed from burning the hydrocarbon.
12
Mass of C in CO2 = 44 𝑥 4.2 = 1.1455𝑔
2
Mass of H in H2O = 𝑥1.71 = 0.19𝑔
18
Element C H
 Mass 1.1455 0.19
No. of moles 1.1455/12 = 0.095 0.19/1 = 0.19
Ratio of moles 1 2
Empirical formula CH2

34. i) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

ii) Assuming the concentration of sulphuric acid was 0.25M
0.25𝑥40
I) Number of moles of sulphuric(VI) acid used = = 0.01𝑚𝑜𝑙
1000
Number of moles of NaOH neutralized = 0.01x2 = 0.02 (NaOH:H2SO4 = 2:1)
II) 0.02moles of NaOH were in 100cm3
X moles of NaOH would be in 1000cm3
0.02 𝑥 1000
X= = 0.2𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
100
iii) Mass of NaOH in 1000cm3 = 0.2 x 40 = 8g
Mass of unreacted NaCl = 17.6 – 8 = 9.6g

35.
Compound Ba(OH)2 H2O
Mass in grams 51.3 43.2
No. of moles 51.3/171.3= 0.2995 43.2/18 = 2.4
Ratio of moles 1 8
Empirical formula Ba(OH)2. 8H2O

36. a)
600

500
Volume of Nitrogen dioxide

400

300 Volume of nitrogen(IV)oxide

gas

200

100

Volume of nitric(V) acid

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
d) i) 360cm3
ii) 45cm3
e) i) 45cm3 of nitric acid react with 2.07g of lead
x cm3 of nitriv acid will react with 207g of lead
45 𝑥 207
x = 2.07 =4500cm3 of nitric acid.

ii) When 2.07g of lead reacts, 480cm3 of nitrogen (IV) oxide is formed
207×480
When 207g of lead is reacted, 2.07 = 48000cm3 of NO2 is formed

f) i) 1mole of nitric acid is in 1000cm3

x moles of nitric acid are in 4500cm3 of solution
x = 4500÷1000 = 4.5moles

ii) 1mole of NO2 occupy 24000cm3

x moles of NO2 occupy 48000cm3
x = 48000÷24000 = 2moles

g) 2Pb(s) + 9HNO3(aq) → 2Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 4NO2(g)

(This is the equation according to the experiment. It may not be exactly balanced)

37.
Element C H O
% composition 64.9 13.5 21.6
No. of moles 64.9/12 =5.408 13.5/1 = 13.5 21.6/ 16 = 1.35
Ratio of moles 5.408/1.35 = 4 13.5/1.35 = 10 1
Empirical C4H10O
formula

38. Al2(SO4)3(aq) → 2Al3+ (aq) + 3SO42- (aq)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 6.84
Moles of aluminium sulphate dissolved 𝑅𝐹𝑀 = 342 = = 0.02𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of sulphate ions = 3 x 0.02 = 0.06mol
0.06𝑥1000
Molarity of the aluminium sulphate = 150 = 0.4M

39. Mass of hydrated salt = 33.111 – 30.296 = 2.815g

Mass of anhydrous salt = 32.781 – 30.296 = 2.485
Mass of water of crystallisation = 2.815 – 2.485 = 0.33g
 Compound CaSO4 H2O
Mass in grams 2.485 0.33
No. of moles 2.485/136 = 0.0183 0.33/18 = 0.0183
Mole ratio 1 1
Empirical formula CaSO4.H2O

40. Ca3(PO4)2(s) + 3H2SO4(aq) → 2H3PO4(aq) + 3CaSO4(s)

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 155000
Moles of calcium phosphate reacted = 𝑅𝐹𝑀 = 270 = 574.074𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of phosphoric acid obtained = 574.074 x 2 = 1148.148mol
Mass of phosphoric acid = 1148.148 x 98 = 112,518.504g = 112.518kg

41. a) Mg(OH)2(aq) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2O

23𝑥0.01
Moles of HCl used 1000 = 0.00023mol
Moles of Mg(OH)2= 0.00023 ÷ 2 = 0.000115mol
Mass of Mg(OH)2 = 0.000115 x 58 = 0.00667g
0.00667
b) Percentage og Mg(OH)2 = 0.5 𝑥 100 = 1.334%

42. Add a 50cm3 of 1.4M sulphuric(VI)acid to 50cm3 of 2.8M potassium hydroxide solution. Mix
the solutions thoroughly. Heat the solution while checking for saturation using a glass rod. When
the solution is saturated, cool it slowly to obtain crystals.

43. Moles of oxygen released = 0.83÷16= 0.0519moles

Moles of NaNO3 used = 2x0.0519 = 0.1038mol (Refer to mole ratios in equation)
Mass of NaNO3 used = 0.1038 x 80 = 8.3g
8.3
Percentage of NaNO3 decomposed = 8.53 𝑥 100 = 97.3%

44. a)Al2O3(s) + 6HCl → 2AlCl3(aq) + 3H2O(l)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 153
b) Moles of Al2O3 = 𝑅𝐹𝑀 = 102 = 1.5𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of HCl required = 3x 1.5 = 4.5moles

𝑃1𝑉1 𝑃2𝑉2
45.a) =
𝑇1 𝑇2
107 𝑋1 105 𝑋𝑉2
= 298
77
V2 = 387.013cm2

b) 28g of nitrogen occupy 24000cm3at r.t.p

x grams of nitrogen will occupy 387.013cm3
397.013𝑥28
x= = 0.4515g
24000
 46. a)
Element C H O
% composition 69.42 4.13 26.45
Moles 69.42/12 = 5.785 4.13/1 = 4.13 26.45/16 = 1.653
Moles ratio 5.785/1.653 = 3.5 4.13/1.653 = 2.5 1
3.5x2 = 7 2.5 x 2 =5 1x2 = 2
Empirical formula C7H5O2
(C7H5O2)n =242
121n = 242
.n = 2
Molecular formula C14H10O4

47. . a) i) S has stronger metallic binds in its structure than R given that S has more valence
electrons than R
ii) The intermolecular forces of attraction in U are stronger than the forces holding the atoms
of V
b) W is more reactive than R. W has more occupied energy levels than R hence lower
ionization energy.
c) 4T +5O2 → 4T2O5
600
d) Number of moles of gas produced = 24000 = 0.025𝑚𝑜𝑙
2R + 2H2O → 2ROH + H2
2 1
Moles of R = 0.025 x 2 = 0.05mol
1.15g of R = 0.05mol
RAM of R = 1mol
1.15
RAM = 0.05 = 23
e) Element V is used in light bulbs.

48. a) Pb(NO3)2 heat 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

0.29
b) Moles of the brown gas formed = = 0.012mol
24
Moles of lead nitrate used = 0.012 ÷4 = 0.003mol
Mass of lead (II) nitrate used = 0.003 x 331 = 0.993g
28 𝑥 100
49. Percentage of nitrogen in (NH4)2SO4 (RFM=132) = = 21.21%
132
28𝑥100
Percentage of nitrogen in urea (RFM=60) = 60 = 46.67%
Therefore the soil enriched with urea was more enriched with nitrogen

50. a) When gases react, they do so in whole number ratios and to the ratio of the gaseous products
b) C2Hx(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) +H2O(l)
10cm3 30cm3 20cm3
1vol 3vol 2vol
Rewrite the equation and balance oxygen
1C2Hx(g) + 3O2(g) → 2CO2(g) +2H2O(l)
Therefore, x = 4

51. a) i) 10.352- 10.240 = 0.112g

ii) 10.4 – 10.352 = 0.048g
Element M O
Mass 0.112 0.048
No.of moles 0.112/56 = 0.002 0.048/16 = 0.003
Mole ratio 1 1.5
2 3
Empirical formula M2O3

52. 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

36 𝑥 0.1
Moles of NaOH used = 1000 = 0.0036mol
0.0036
Moles of H2SO4 in 10cm3 solution neutralized = = 0.0018mol
2
0.0018 𝑥 100
Moles of H2SO4 in the 100cm3 solution formed = = 0.018mol
10
3
Moles of H2SO4 in the 10cm original solution = 0.0018mol
0.018𝑥1000
Concentration of original H2SO4 = = 1.8M
10

53. Volume of A at stp can be calculated as:

𝑉1 𝑉2 56 𝑉2 56 𝑋 273
= → = → V2= = 28cm3
𝑇1 𝑇2 546 273 546
28
Moles of A at stp = 22400 = 0.00125mol.
0.40g of A contains 0.00125mol
X grams of A contains 1mol
0.40
X = 0.00125= 320.
Therefore, molecular mass of A is 320.
(CH2Br)n = 320
94n = 320, n= 3.40 = 3
Molecular formula of A is C3H6Br3

54. Heat X grams of copper carbonate in an open crucible. CuO remains as residue. Place the
remaining CuO formed in a combustion tube and heat it while passing a stream of hydrogen gas
until all the solid turns brown. Stop heating, remove the hydrogen supply and allow the products
to cool. Measure the mass of the final product, copper metal as Y
𝑌
Percentage of copper = 𝑋 𝑥100%

55. Add a 100cm3 of 2M sulphuric(VI)acid to 200cm3 of 2M potassium hydroxide solution. Mix

the solutions thoroughly. Heat the solution while checking for saturation using a glass rod. When
the solution is saturated, cool it slowly to obtain crystals.
56. CxHy(g) + O2(g) → CO2(g) + H2O(g)
15cm3 75cm3 45cm3
1vol 5vol 3vol
a) Remaining gaseous mixture was unreacted oxygen = 25cm3, therefore only 75cm3 of oxygen
was used.
b) Using the above information, the equation then we have 3CO2 and 4H2O to balance the 5O2.
Therefore, 1CxHy(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)
Hence x =3 and y= 8
Molecular formula of the hydrocarbon is C3H8

57. Ca(NO3)2(s) + aq → Ca2+(aq) + 2NO3-(aq)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 8.2
Moles of calcium nitrate dissolved in 2 litres = 𝑅𝐹𝑀 = 164 = 0.05𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of calcium nitrate per litre = 0.005÷2 = 0.0025mol/litre
1mol of calcium nitrate contains 2 moles of nitrate ions
Moles of nitrate ions per litre = 0.05mol
Concentration of nitrate ions = 0.05M

58. a) i) R. Has the largest atomic radius owing to the higher number of energy levels than other
elements. The valence electron is loosely held to the nucleus hence can be easily removed.
ii) P has more protons than N. The nuclear charge in P is stronger than that of N therefore the
electrons in P are more strongly attracted to the nucleus making the atom smaller.
iii) 2M + 2H2O → 2MOH + H2
0.2
Moles of the gas produced = 24 = 0.008𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of M used = 0.008 x 2 = 0.016moles.
Mass of M used = moles x RAM = 0.016 x 7 = 0.112grams
b)N i) W. Calcium is a metal and reacts with air to form calcium oxide which is a base.
ii) U. Carbon is oxidized to carbon(IV)oxide which is acidic in nature
iii) U. Sulphur is a yellow solid that burns in air to form sulphur(IV)oxide, an acidic gas

59. Taking concentration of NaOH as 0.01M

2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
0.1 ×18
Moles of NaOH used 1000 = 0.00018𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
0.0018
Moles of sulphuric(VI)acid that reacted with NaOH = 2 = 0.00009𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.0009mol of the acid were in 25cm3solution
100 ×0.0009
Moles of acid in 100cm3 solution of acid = = 0.00036𝑚𝑜𝑙
25
0.005 ×100
Moles of sulphuric(VI)acid in the original solution = 1000 = 0.0005𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of sulphuric(VI) acid that reacted with sodium carbonate
= 0.0005 – 0.00036 = 0.00014mol.
Moles of sodium carbonate used = 0.0014mol Na2CO3:H2SO4 = 1:1)
Mass of sodium carbonate = 0.00014 x 106 = 0.01484grams
 60.
Element C H Cl
% composition 37.21 7.75 55.04
No. of moles 37.21/12 = 3.101 7.75/1 =7.75 55.04/35.5 =
1.5504
Mole Ratio 3.101/1.5504 = 2 7.75/1.5504 = 5 1
Empirical C2H5Cl1
formula
(C2H5Cl1)n = 65
64.5n = 65
n= 1
Molecular formula = C2H5Cl

61. ZnO(s) + 2HNO3 → Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2O

12.6𝑔
Moles of the acid neutralized = 63 = 0.2mol
Moles of ZnO used = 0.2÷2 = 0.1mol
Mass of ZnO use = Moles x RFM = 0.1 x 81 = 8.1g

62.
Element C H
% composition 85.5 14.5
No. of moles 85.5÷12 = 7.125 14.5 ÷1 = 14.5
Mole Ratio 1 2
Empirical formula C1H2
(CH2)n = 56
14n = 56
n=4
Molecular formula = C4H8

63. i) 2Zn(NO3)2(s) heat 2ZnO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 5.76
ii) Moles of the salt decomposed = 𝑅𝐹𝑀 = 189.4 = 0.03𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of nitrogen (iv) oxide = 0.06mol
Volume of nitrogrn (IV) oxide = 0.06 x 24000 = 1440cm3
Moles of oxygen produced = 0.015mol
Volume of oxygen produced = 0.015 x 24000 = 360cm3
Total volume of gases = 1440 + 360 = 1800cm3
iii) Nirogen. Oxidation state of nitrogen reduced from +5 in the nitrate ion to +4 in nitrogen
(IV) oxide

63. Moles of oxygen released = 0.83÷16= 0.0519moles

Moles of NaNO3 used = 2x0.0519 = 0.1038mol (Refer to mole ratios in equation)
Mass of NaNO3 used = 0.1038 x 80 = 8.3g
 8.3
Percentage of NaNO3 decomposed = 8.53 𝑥 100 = 97.3%

64. Add a 100cm3 of 2M sulphuric(VI)acid to 200cm3 of 2M potassium hydroxide solution. Mix

the solutions thoroughly. Heat the solution while checking for saturation using a glass rod. When
the solution is saturated, cool it slowly to obtain crystals.

65. a) i) S has stronger metallic binds in its structure than R given that S has more valence
electrons than R
ii) The intermolecular forces of attraction in U are stronger than the forces holding the atoms
of V
b) W is more reactive than R. W has more occupied energy levels than R hence lower ionization
energy.
c) 4T +5O2 → 4T2O5
600
d) Number of moles of gas produced = 24000 = 0.025𝑚𝑜𝑙
2R + 2H2O → 2ROH + H2
2 1
Moles of R = 0.025 x 2 = 0.05mol
1.15g of R = 0.05mol
RAM of R = 1mol
1.15
RAM = 0.05 = 23
e) Element V is used in light bulbs.
 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY

1. CO2 and H2O

2 H H H
H-- C—C ==C
H H

3. i) U - Sodium hydrogen carbonate

V- Sodium carbonate
ii) Alkanol

4. Ignite the two compounds separately. C4H10 burns with a non-luminous flame while C4H8 burns
with a luminous flame. Also, bubble the two compounds into acidified potassium manganate (VII).
C4H10 does not decolorize H+/KMnO4 while C4H8 decolorizes it.

5. The relative molecular mass if the solid formed (Polyethene) is a whole number multiple of the
relative molecular mass of C2H4.

6)

7. a) Soapless detergent

b) The cleansing agent pollutes the environment. It is non-biodegradable.

8. i) P: CH3COOCH2CH3
S: Incomplete
ii)
Step I Step II Step III
I Name of Polymerisation Oxidation Hydrogenation
reaction
II Reagent Ethene H+/KMnO4 Hydrogen gas
 III Condition Heat, High Ni catalyst, 200oC
pressure

iii) Sodium hydroxide

iv) Tetrachloromethane
Cl
Cl—C-- Cl
Cl
v) I) Polyethene
II) (C2H4)n = 42000
28n = 42000
n = 1500.

b) C2H4 is unsaturated i.e does not have the maximum number of hydrogen bonds. This is the
reason why it burns with a yellow flame.

9. C4H8(g) + H2(g) Ni/Heat C4H10(g)

10. Pent-2-ene; CH3CH2CH=CHCH3

11.

12. Hexane has more carbon atoms than methane. Therefore, the molecular mass of hexane are
high, which leads to higher density and stronger intermolecular forces of attraction. Thus hexane
becomes a liquid

13. a) DIAGRAMS

b) Polychloropropene

14. i) Homologous series

ii) Alkenes
iii) C2H4. It has a boiling point below room temperature.
iv) C7H14
v) As the relative molecular mass increases, the boiling point also increases. This is due to
increase in density and the gradual increase in the strength of intermolecular forces of attraction
b) The colour of acidified potassium manganite (VII) will change from purple to colourless. Due
to the unsaturated nature of alkenes, they are easily oxidized by the common oxidizing agents.
c) i) Alcohol X: C2H5OH
Compound Z: CH2CH2Cl
Process Y: Dehydration

15. a) Substitution reaction

b) U.V light must be present.

16. a) Sulphur
b) To make the rubber strong, more elastic and able to withstand high temperatures

17. a) (R-COO)2Ca
(RC6H5OSO3)2Ca
b) (R-COO)2Ca is insoluble in water hence reduces the effect of the soap in cleansing. On the
other hand, (RC6H5OSO3)2Ca is soluble in water, hence does not affect the cleaning process if
used with hard water.

18. a) Butan-1-ol

b) C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

19. a) Rubber
b) Synthetic fibres are stronger than natural fibres and can withstand different conditions such
as high temperature.
20. a) Addition reaction.
b) CH3CH2CH2(g) + Cl2(g) → CH3CH2ClCH2Cl(g)
21. a) i) Bitumen. Has the highest number of carbon atoms, hence highest molecular mass and
density
ii) Fractional distillation. Petrol distils out first owing to its low boiling point while diesel
distils off second.
iii) Question not clear.
iv) Ethane, C2H6
b) When kerosene is burnt in a limited supply of air such as a poorly ventilated room, a poisonous
gas, carbon (II) oxide is formed.
c) Bitumen is used in tarmacking of roads.
22. a) 2870oC (Accept 2880 or 2890)
b) It shows that the amount of heat given out when burning alkanes increases with increase in
molecular mass
23. a) Butan-1-ol

b) 2C4H9OH(l) + 2K(s) → 2C4H9OK(aq) + H2(g)

24. a) Presence of UV light
b)

25. Add some drops of acidified potassium manganite (VII) to samples of CH3CH2CH2OH and
CH3COOH in separate test tubes. CH3CH2CH2OH decolourises acidified potassium manganite
(VII) while CH3COOH does not.
26. Reaction I. Complete combustion of hydrocarbons always leads to formation of carbon (IV)
oxide which is the most stable oxide of carbon.
27. A the monomer resulting from the polymer is CH2=CH-CN
(CH2CHCN)n = 5164
53n = 5164
n = 97.
28. Pentane. Sodium hydroxide neutralises pentanoic acid; hence pentane remains.

29. The detergent has two main parts, the hydrophobic non- polar long alkylbenzene part and the
polar hydrophilic sulphonate part. During cleaning, the hydrophobic part enters into grease and
strongly embeds itself in there. The hydrophilic part remains attracted to water. As the fabric is
agitated, the dirt from the fabric is removed by the strong forces of attraction between the polar
end and water and is washed away during rinsing.
30.

Name of polymer Name of monomer Use of polymer

Polystyrene Styrene Making protective
packaging equipment
Polyvinyl chloride Vinlyl chloride Chloroethane Used to make plastic
(Polychloroethane) pipes

31. B. When the cleansing agent reacts with Mg2+ ions, it forms a soluble salt that does not affect
the properties of the detergent. That means no scum is formed which may lead to wastage of the
detergent.

32. a) (C2H3)n = 54
27n = 54
n=2
Molecular formula is C4H6
b)

c) Alkynes

33. Tetrachloromethane

34 a)
b) Ethylpropanoate

35. a) Polyphenylethene or polysterene

b) The polymer is non-biodegradable hence pollutes the environment

36.

Alkanes

37. When a piece of sodium is dropped into a pentane, no reaction takes place but when sodium is
dropped in pentanol, a colourless gas is formed. Sodium reacts with pentanol to form hydrogen
gas.

38. When the temperature is increased, the yield of methanol is increased. The forward reaction is
endothermic, hence requires heat so as to take place.

39. a)Pent-1-ene

b) CH≡CH(g) + 2Cl2(g) → CHCl2CHCl2(g)

40. Methane
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
41 a) Presence of UV light
b) Bond broken C-H and Br-Br
Bond formed C-Br and H-Br
42. a)

b) Propene
c) Production of important chemical such polypropene

43. Pentane and ethanol can be separated by fractional distillation. Pentane with a lower boiling
point is collected first.

44. a) Is a reaction in which one molecule element takes the position of another in a compound.
b) Chloroethane

45.

46. a) Butane
b) Conversion of oils to fats e.g in the manufacture of magarine

47. Fractional distillation

48. a) Is the energy that is required to a given amount of liquid to vapour at its boiling
b) The boiling points increases with increase in molecular mass. As the molecular mass
increases the density also increases.

49. a) Butan-1-ol
b) 2C4H9OH(l) + 2K(s) → 2C4H9OK(aq) + H2(g)

50. Bromine gas is decolorized decolorized

b) 1- Bromopentane

51. a)

b) HCOOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → HCOONa(aq) + H2O(l)

c) i) Methymethanoate
ii) Presence of concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid and warmth/gentle heat
d) i) Add few drops of bromine to each of the compounds. Hexene decolourizes bromine water
while hexane does not. ALSO: Ignite both hexane and hexane. Hexene burns with a yellow sooty
flame while hexane burns with a non-luminous flame
ii) Hexane is used to formulate glue for shoes.
iii) C6H12(g) + H2(g) → C6H14(g)
Moles of hexene converted = 42÷84= 0.5mol
Moles of hydrogen required = 0.5mol (Hexene:Hydrogen = 1:1)
1 mole of H2 occupies 22.4 litres at s.t.p
0.5 mol of H2 occupies (0.5 x 22.4) = 11.2 litres
Therefore, 11.2 litres of hydrogen gas are required.

52. a) Monomer
b)
53. a) There was effervescence when sodium hydrogencarbonate was added to the test tube
containing methanoic acid in water but there was no gas formed in the test tube containing
methanoic acid in hexane
b) Water is a polar solvent. Methanoic acid ionised in water forming ions that reacted with
sodium hydrogencarbonate. Hexane is a non-polar solvent. Methanoic acid dissolved in methane
but remained in molecular form.

54. Pent-1-ene

55. a) i) Fractional distillation

ii) Solubility in each other and differences in boiling point

b).N/B: One of the products is C3H6

i) C3H8
ii) When the two products are bubbled through bromine water, C3H6 decolourizes bromine water
while C3H8 does not.

c)

d) i) Ethanol
ii) Ethene is slightly soluble in water
e) Polyethene. It is non-biodegredable hence pollutes the environment when improperly disposed.

56.

57. a) N: CH3COONa
P: CH4
 b) Substitution

58. a) Isomerism is the existence of compounds with the same molecular formula but having
different structures.
b)

59. a) CFCs are used to make aerosol sprays, blowing agents for foams and packing materials,
used as solvents and refrigerants.
b) When CFCs are burnt, they produce gases that cause global warming.

60. N/B: The question refers to propene.( Propane molecules cannot be converted into giant
molecules.)
Polymerization

61. Both compounds have Van der Waals forces between their molecules. On top of that, ethanol
has hydrogen bond in its structure that strengthens its intermolecular forces. Thus, it has a higher
boiling point.

62. a) Hydrocarbon
b) i) Fractional distillation.
ii) Used to make glue for shoes
c) i) CaC2 (Calcium carbide)
ii) Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid
iii)

iv) Hydrolysis
d) i) CH3COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) → CH3COONa(aq) + H2O(l)
ii) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid therefore has more hydrogen ions available for the reaction
while ethanoic acid is a weak acid and has few hydrogen ions.

63. a) i)Deliquescence
ii) Esterification
b) Thermal cracking
64.

65. Both compounds have Van der Waals forces between their molecules. Besides that, propan-1-
ol has hydrogen bond in its structure that strengthens its intermolecular forces. Thus, it has a
higher boiling point.

66. Butanoic acid and propan-1-ol

67. a)

b) i) Strong heat
ii) Flow chart is incomplete
c) i) Compound M. The compound is unsaturated hence can easily break its double bond to react
with bromine water
ii) Compound N. It is an acid. Acids react with carbonates and hydrogencarbonates to corm
carbon (IV) oxide as one of the products

68. a)

b) DIAGRAMS
69. 10 electrons used in bonding. There are 5 covalent bonds and each bond involve a pair of
electrons

70. a) Sand helps to retain more heat in the test tube to allow the reaction to take place.
b) Bubble the gas through bromine water. If it does not decolorize bromine water, then it is an
alkane. However if it decolorizes, it is an alkene

71. a) SiH4
b) H2O has a high boiling point than H2S because water has hydrogen bonds between its
molecules while H2S has Van der Waals forces only.

72. N/B It is alkenes and not alkalines as written on the question

73. a) i) 2,2 - dimethylpropane

ii) CH3C≡CCH2CH3 : Pent-2-yne
b) Add some few drops of bromine water to each compound. 2,2 – dimethylpropane does not
decolorize bromine water but pent-2-yne decolorizes.

74. a) i) L: Ethylethanoate
N: Ethane
ii)
iii) Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid, Heat (200oC)
iv) I) Esterification
II) Substitution
b) DIAGRAM

74. a) Fermentation
b) Ethanol has hydrogen bonds which makes it polar hence can dissolve in water. Ethane does
not have the hydrogen bonds

75. a) Carbon (II) oxide is formed when petrol is not completely burnt inside the engine due to
insufficient oxygen gas.
b) Carbon (IV) oxide and nitrogen (IV) oxide

76. a) i) I) Acidfied potassium permanganate is decolorized

II) Not completed
ii) I) Polyethene
II) Sodium ethoxide
iii) CH2BrCH2Br
iv) Step II: Dehydration
Step IV: Step IV is in three different positions
v) Question is not specifying the correct step IV

b) i) Hexan-1-ol
ii)

77. DIAGRAM (Same as 76b (ii)

78. Add few drops of bromine water to ethanol and ethanoic acid in separate test tubes. Ethanol
decolorises bromine water while ethanoic acid does not. OR
Add some sodium hydrgencarbonate to each of the two compounds. There is no effervescence in
ethanol but there is effervescence when ethanoic acid is reacted with sodium hydrogencarbonate.

79. a) i) Calcium carbide

ii) Chloroethene
b) Used to make water pipes

80. a)

b) Polystyrene is used to make disposable plastic cutlery and utensils

81. a) Alkanes are used as fuels

b) Bromine is decolorized

82.
NITROGEN AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. a) An increase in pressure favours the yield of ammonia. This is because the reaction that leads
to formation of ammonia has less molecules hence lowering the pressure
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) ⇌ 2NH3(g) + Heat
b) An increase in temperature will hinder formation of ammonia. The reaction that leads to
formation of ammonia produces heat which needs to be removed so as the formation of ammonia
can continue.

2. i) Ammonium phosphate has a high nitrogen content compared to ammonium sulphate.

ii) Some artificial fertilizers leave other elements in the soil that are unwanted.

3. i) Nitric acid readily decomposes to nitrogen (IV) oxide and oxygen when exposed to sunlight.
Therefore the acid is stored in dark bottles to prevent decomposition
ii) Nitric (V) acid is an oxidizing agent, hence oxidizes copper to copper(II)nitrate. HCl is not an
oxidizing agent therefore it can only react with metals that are more reactive than hydrogen.
iii) Apart from nitrogen, ammonium phosphate also contains phosphorous which is important for
plant growth. Urea only provides a high percentage of nitrogen.

4. When lead(II)nitrate is heated, A brown gas is formed. Also, a yellow residue is obtained
2Pb(NO3)2(s) → 2PbO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
(yellow when cold) (Brown)

5. a) A base that can dissolve in water

b) i) Ammonia is highly soluble in water, hence will dissolve in water in an attempt to collect it
over water
ii) Ammonia is less dense than air. If collected by downward delivery, it will escape to the
atmosphere, it will not displace any air.
c) OH-
d) 1mole of ammonia occupies 24000cm3 at r.t.p
x moles of ammonia occupy 120 cm3 at r.t.p
x = 120/24000 = 0.005mol
e) i) The solution is heated until it becomes saturated. The saturated solution is then cooled slowly
for crystals to form
ii) moles of ammonium phosphate formed = 0.005 ÷ 3 = 0.001667mol
mass of ammonium phosphate formed = 0.001667 x 149 = 0.2481g

6. i) Bubble the gaseous mixture through sulphuric(VI) acid and collect the remaining gas by
downward delivery.
ii) Ammonia

7. a) i) -3
ii) +2
b) It is an oxidation reaction. (Oxidation number of nitrogen increases from -3 to +2)

8. i) liquid L is water
 ii) A brown solid is formed on tube K
iii) 2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) → 3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
iv) Mole of ammonia that reacted = 320÷24000 = 0.0133mol
I) Moles of nitrogen released = 0.0133÷2 = 0.0066mol
Volume of nitrogen = 0.0066 x 24000 = 160cm3
II) Moles of CuO that reacted = (0.00133 x 3) ÷ 2 = 0.01995mol
Mass of CuO = 0.01995x 79.5 = 1.586g
v) The pH of water was above 7 because the unreacted ammonia gas dissolved in the water
vi) The nitrogen has obtained will be less than the amount of ammonia used, hence the process
will be costly.

9. i) Solid Q – Anhydrous calcium chloride

ii) Sodium hydroxide is used to absorb carbon(IV)oxide from the air
iii) 2Fe(s) + O2(g) → 2FeO(s)
Argon is one of the impurities in the nitrogen gas obtained
iv) Nitrogen is unreactive at low temperatures hence can keep the semen in an unreactive state
for a long time

10. i) Liquid R is concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid

ii) NaNO3(s) + H2SO4(l) → NaHSO4(s) + HNO3(aq)
iii) I) Nitric acid easily decomposes in sunlight to form nitrogen(IV) oxide and oxygen gas
II) Copper reacts with dilute nitric(V) acid to form nitrogen(II) oxide gas which readily reacts
with oxygen from air to form brown fumes of nitrogen(IV)oxide

c) NH3(g) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)

𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 4800000𝑔
moles of the fertilizer produced = 𝑅𝑀𝑀 = = 60,000𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
80
Moles of ammonia used = 60,000mol (mole ratio is 1:1)
Mass of ammonia used = Moles x RFM = 60,000 x 17 = 1,020,000g = 1020kg
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 680000
11. Number of moles of ammonia used = 𝑅𝐹𝑀 = 17 = 40,000𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of urea formed = 40000÷2 = 20,000mol (Ammonia:Urea = 2:1)
Mass of urea formed = Moles x RFM = 20,000 x 60 = 1,200,000g = 1200kg

12. a) Zinc metal

b) [Zn(NH3)4]2+

13. a) i) Fractional distillation of liquefied air.

ii) Neutralization
b) Cracking of alkanes
c) Compressing enables the reaction to take place.

d) 2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)

e) Platinum – rhodium catalyst.
f) Ammonium nitrate
g) Used as a fertilizer
14. a) A brown ring is formed at the junction between the mixture of iron(II) sulphate and
potassium nitrate, and the concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid
b) 2KNO3(s) heat 2KNO2(g) + O2(g)

15. a) Calcium hydroxide

b) A blue precipitate is formed, which dissolves as more ammonia is added to form a deep blue
solution

16. a) Ammonium sulphate

b) Al3+(aq) + 3OH- → Al(OH)3(s)

17. a) i) Concentrated sodium hydroxide

ii) The liquefied air is taken to the fractional distillation chamber where it is gently heated.
Nitrogen distils off first owing to its low boiling point.
b) i) Hydrogen
ii) To ensure all ammonia is oxidized
iii) Nitrogen(II)oxide
iv) NH3(g) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)
v) Used as fertilizer
vi) Brown fumes are produced. Sulphur is oxidized by concentrated nitric(V)acid to form
sulphuric(VI)acid while itself is reduced to nitrogen(IV)oxide and water

18. Concentrated nitric(V)acid is a powerful oxidizing agent. It oxidizes iron(II)sulphate to

iron(III)sulphate in the presence concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid. Nitrogen gas is also produced.

19. a) Ammonia reacts with concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid to form ammonium sulphate.

b) Anhydrous calcium oxide.

20. a)Oxygen gas

b) Thermal decomposition

21. They combine with water to form an acidic solution. This leads to acid rain that corrodes
metallic roofs of buildings.

22. Gas G is Nitrogen(I)oxide. When a glowing splint is lowered into a gas jar containing the gas,
it relights.

23. a) The yield of ammonia reduces.

b) Used in the manufacture of nitrogenous fertilizers

24. a) Ammonia gas dissolves in water to form ammonium hydroxide. The presence of hydroxide
is responsible for changing litmus paper to blue
b) The funnel increases surface area for ammonia to dissolve in water so as to prevent sucking
back of water into the ammonia source.

25. a) Nitrogen(I)oxide gas

 b) The delivery tube must be removed from the water before heating is removed to prevent
sucking back of water into the boiling tube

26. a) Oxidation state of an element shows the number of electrons that have been added to it or
removed from it to get it to its current state.
b) -3

27. Nitrogen molecules have triple covalent bonds which must be broken so that nitrogen can
react with oxygen. As a result more energy is required to break the triple bond.

28. a) i) Heat
ii) I) Reagent K – Aqueous sodium carbonate
II) Gas Q – Oxygen gas
III) S and R – Nitric(V)acid and nitric (III) acid
iii) I) [Pb(OH)4]-
II) H2(g) + PbO(s) → Pb(s) + H2O(l)
b) i) Lead is highly malleable hence could be moulded into any shape.
Lead is resistant to corrosion hence the roof could stay for a long time.
Lead is non-combustible hence lowers the risk of fire accidents

ii) Lead roofing materials pose a health risk to the users as they can get the metal into their
systems, which will lead to cancer.
c) i) When lead(II) nitrate reacts with sulphuric(VI)acid to form a precipitate of lead(II)sulphate.
The precipitate prevents further reaction.
ii) Potassium nitrate.

29. Sodium hydrogencarbonate is used in baking powder.

30. a)Nitric acid is more volatile. It fumes out and is collected separately. Sulphuric(VI)acid is
less volatile.
b) Sodium nitrate.
c) Used in the manufacture of fertilizers

31. a) Copper (II) hydroxide

b) [Cu(NH3)4]2+ ions

32. a) Brine
b) i) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
ii) Assuming the concentration of sulphuric acid was 0.25M
0.25𝑥40
I) Number of moles of sulphuric(VI) acid used = 1000 = 0.01𝑚𝑜𝑙
Number of moles of NaOH neutralized = 0.01x2 = 0.02 (NaOH:H2SO4 = 2:1)
II) 0.02moles of NaOH were in 100cm3
X moles of NaOH would be in 1000cm3
0.02 𝑥 1000
X= = 0.2𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
100
III) Mass of NaOH in 1000cm3 = 0.2 x 40 = 8g
Mass of unreacted NaCl = 17.6 – 8 = 9.6g
c) i) Ammonium chloride
ii)

d) i) A brown solid was formed in the combustion tube. A colourless liquid was formed on the
cooler parts of the combustion tube
ii) Reducing property of ammonia
iii) Used to manufacture nitrogenous fertilizer.

33. a) Platinum-rhodium catalyst

b) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
c) Ammonium nitrate is used as fertilizer
Used to make the explosives used in mining and quarrying among other applications

34. a) The hydrogen gas formed is immediately oxidized to water by the nitric(V) acid.
b) The reaction will take place faster. An increase in temperature leads to an increase in the
rate of reaction

c)
600

500
Volume of Nitrogen dioxide

400

300 Volume of nitrogen(IV)oxide

gas

200

100

Volume of nitric(V) acid

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60

d) i) 360cm3
ii) 45cm3
e) i) 45cm3 of nitric acid react with 2.07g of lead
x cm3 of nitriv acid will react with 207g of lead
45 𝑥 207
x = 2.07 =4500cm3 of nitric acid.

ii) When 2.07g of lead reacts, 480cm3 of nitrogen (IV) oxide is formed
207×480
When 207g of lead is reacted, 2.07 = 48000cm3 of NO2 is formed

f) i) 1mole of nitric acid is in 1000cm3

x moles of nitric acid are in 4500cm3 of solution
x = 4500÷1000 = 4.5moles

ii) 1mole of NO2 occupy 24000cm3

x moles of NO2 occupy 48000cm3
x = 48000÷24000 = 2moles

g) 2Pb(s) + 9HNO3(aq) → 2Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 4H2O(l) + 4NO2(g)

(This is the equation according to the experiment. It may not be exactly balanced)

35. a) i) Pale green solution turns to brown

ii) A brown precipitate is formed
b) Fe3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Fe(OH)3(s)
36. Deliquescence

37. a) i) Place few crystals of the fertilizer in a dry test tube. Add some crystals of concentrated
sulphuric(VI) acid. Warm the mixture and add few pieces of copper turnings. A brown gas is
formed upon addition of copper turnings
ii) RFM = 132
28
Mass of nitrogen = 132 × 25 = 5.303𝑘𝑔
b)
120
Solubility of ammonium phosphate (g/100g water

100

80

60
Solubility of ammonium
phosphate
40

20

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Temperature oC

ii) 72g/100g water

iii) I) Saturated solution is one in which no more solute can dissolve at a particular temperature
II) Total mass of saturated solution = 100g
At 25oC, 72g of ammonium phosphate dissolve in 100g of water
Therefore, X grams of ammonium phosphate dissolve in (100-x) grams of water
X x 100 = 72(100-X)
100X = 7200 - 72X Solve for X
X = 41.86g

c) i) Distilled water is added to a sample of soil and filtered. Universal indicator is added to the
filtrate and the pH measured using the pH chart.
ii) The soil might have been exposed to pollution caused by acidic gases in the atmosphere that
caused acid rain.

38. Magnesium burns in air to form both MgO and Mg3N2. When magnesium nitride is reacted
with water, magnesium hydroxide and ammonia gas are formed. Ammonia gas turns moist red
litmus paper to blue.
39. a) Air is first passed through electrostatic precipitator to remove dust. The dust-free air is
bubbled through concentrated NaOH to remove CO2 gas. The remaining mixture is cooled to -
25oC to freeze all the water vapour. The remaining mixture is then copresses repeatedly to a
pressure of 200atmospheres and a temperature of -200oC. Under these conditions, it liquefies.
This mixture mainly contains oxygen, argon and nitrogen. This liquefied mixture is taken to a
fractional distiller and heated gently. Nitrogen (-1960C) distils off first followed by argon (-
186oC) and finally oxygen (-183oC)

b) i) Gas J – Nitrogen(II) oxide

ii) 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) → 3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
-3 0
The oxidation state of nitrogen changes from -3 to 0 indicating that ammonia has undergone
oxidation. Ammonia is therefore a reducing agent.
Heat
iii) NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)

c) i) G
ii) E2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → E(OH)2(s)

40. Moles of oxygen released = 0.83÷16= 0.0519moles

Moles of NaNO3 used = 2x0.0519 = 0.1038mol (Refer to mole ratios in equation)
Mass of NaNO3 used = 0.1038 x 80 = 8.3g
8.3
Percentage of NaNO3 decomposed = 8.53 𝑥 100 = 97.3%

41. a) 80g/100g water

42. a) i) Sodium chloride is less soluble in water at low temperatures. Therefore, at night when the
temperature is low, sodium chloride crystallises out and is scooped from the lake.
ii) I) NH3(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l) → NH4HCO3(aq)
II) NH4HCO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) → NH4Cl(aq) + NaHCO3(s)
iii) Process I – Filtration
Process II – Roasting/Heating
iv) I) Na2CO3(s) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
40×0.5
Moles of sulphuric (VI) acid used = 1000 = 0.02𝑚𝑜𝑙
Moles of sodium carbonate = 0.02moles (ratio 1:1)

II) Mass of sodium carbonate reacted = 0.02 x 106 = 2.12g

2.12
Percentage purity of sodium carbonate = 2.15 × 100 = 98.6%

43. a) Add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution, then add excess sodium hydroxide. A white
precipitate is formed that does not dissolve in excess sodium hydroxide. Make another solution of
the sample of the fertilizer. To this solution, bubble carbon(IV) oxide gas. A white precipitate is
formed.
 b) Heat a solid sample of the fertilizer. A colourless gas is formed that turn red litmus paper to
blue.

44. a) NH4NO3(s) Heat N2O(g) + 2H2O(l)

b) The gas is collected by downward displacement of warm water. Nitrogen (I) oxide fairly
dissolves in cold water.
c) None of the litmus papers was affected. Nitrogen (I) oxide has no effect on litmus paper.

45. a) i) The flask containing the reagents should be in a slanting position so as to prevent water
vapour formed from condensing and running back into the flask causing it to crack
Ammonia should be collected by upward delivery because it is less dense than air.
ii) Anhydrous calcium oxide
iii) Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2NH4Cl(s) → CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l) + 2NH3(g)
iv) Dip a glass rod into aqueous HCl. Lower the glass rod into a gas jar containing ammonia.
White fumes are formed.

b) i) Platimum- rhodium
ii) Not indicated on the diagram
iii) 4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) → 4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
-3 +2
The oxidation state of nitrogen changes from -3 to +2, which is not the neither the highest nor the
lowest oxidation state of the oxides of nitrogen. That is why the oxidation is catalytic.
iv) NH3(g) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)
Moles of ammonium nitrate formed = 1000000 ÷ 80 = 12500mol
Moles of nitric acid required = 12500mol (ratio 1:1)
Mass of nitric acid required = 12500 x 63 = 787500g = 787.5kg

46. Nitrogen is used in storage of semen.

47. a) i) Ca(s) + 2H2O(l) → Ca(OH)2(aq) + H2(g)

Ca(s) + Cu(NO3)2(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + Cu(s)
ii) Sodium reacts violently in the presence of water.
50 ×2
b) Moles of Cu2+ displaced = = 0.1𝑚𝑜𝑙
1000
2+
Moles of Ca used = 0.1mol (Ca:Cu = 1:1)
Mass of Ca used = 0.1 x 40 = 4.0grams
c) A white precipitate was formed which was insoluble in excess alkali.
d) i) Add excess CaO to a solution of nitric(V)acid and stir. Filter the mixture to remove
unreacted CaO and remain with a solution of calcium nitrate. To the filtrate add a solution of
sodium carbonate while stirring until no more precipitate is formed. Filter the mixture obtained to
obtain calcium carbonate as residue. Rinse the residue with distilled water and dry it between
filter papers.
ii) CaCO3 is used as a filler in concrete
Used in water and sewer treatment to remove acidity and impurities.
48. a) Anhydrous calcium chloride
b) Dip a glass rod into aqueous HCl. Lower the glass rod into a gas jar containing ammonia.
White fumes are formed.
c) Water.

49. a) i) Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid

ii) Potassium nitrate
iii) To condense the vapours of nitric(V)acid
b) i) Nitric(V)acid reacts with rubber.
ii) Nitric acid is reduced to nitrogen(IV)oxide while it oxidizes copper to copper(II)nitrate.
c) i) From natural gas
From cracking of alkanes
ii)
NH3(g) + HNO3(aq) → NH4NO3(aq)
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 4800000𝑔
moles of the fertilizer produced = 𝑅𝑀𝑀 = = 60,000𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
80
Moles of ammonia used = 60,000mol (mole ratio is 1:1)
Mass of ammonia used = Moles x RFM = 60,000 x 17 = 1,020,000g = 1020kg

iii) Used to manufacture explosives

Used to manufacture dyes and drugs
Used to purify metals such as silver and gold
Used to etch designs on some metals.

50. a) [Zn(NH3)4]2+
b) Mg(s) + ZnCl2(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + Zn(s)

51. a) N2(g) + O2(g) Heat 2NO(g)

b) Nitrogen is unreactive at room temperature due to presence of triple bonds between atoms of
nitrogen in a molecule.
c) When NO is released to the atmosphere, it readily reacts with oxygen to form NO2 which
causes acid rain.

52. a) Cu2+
b) Cu2+ and Cl- ions.

53. a) i) Step II: NH4NO3(s) Heat N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)

Step IV: 2Fe(OH)3(s) heat Fe2O3(s) + 3H2O(g)
ii) The colour of the solution changed from green to brown. Fe2+ ions were oxidized by
hydrogen peroxide to Fe3+.
iii) Carbon(II)oxide gas
Hydrogen gas

54. a) i) Colour of lead oxide changed from yellow to grey

ii) Colour of anhydrous copper(II)sulphate changed from white to blue.
b) Ammonia is a reducing agent.

55. a) 2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) → N2(g) + 3H2O(l) + 3Cu(s)

b) Colour changed to blue, dhowing the solution was alkaline. Unreacted ammonia dissolved
in the water hence making the solution alkaline.

56. a) To absorb carbon(IV)oxide gas

b) Copper
c) It contains other gases such as argon and unreacted oxygen

57. a) To ensure that oxygen is evenly distributed around the flame

b) Nitrogen (II) oxide and water

58. a) N2(g) + O2(g) Heat 2NO(g)

b) Nitrogen is unreactive at room temperature due to presence of triple bonds between atoms
of nitrogen in a molecule.
c) When NO is released to the atmosphere, it readily reacts with oxygen to form NO2 which
causes acid rain.

59. a) Air is first passed through electrostatic precipitator to remove dust. The dust-free air is
bubbled through concentrated NaOH to remove CO2 gas. The remaining mixture is cooled to -
25oC to freeze all the water vapour. The remaining mixture is then copresses repeatedly to a
pressure of 200atmospheres and a temperature of -200oC. Under these conditions, it liquefies.
This mixture mainly contains oxygen, argon and nitrogen. This liquefied mixture is taken to a
fractional distiller and heated gently. Nitrogen (-1960C) distils off first followed by argon (-
186oC) and finally oxygen (-183oC)

b) i) Gas J – Nitrogen(II) oxide

ii) 3CuO(s) + 2NH3(g) → 3Cu(s) + N2(g) + 3H2O(l)
-3 0
The oxidation state of nitrogen changes from -3 to 0 indicating that ammonia has undergone
oxidation. Ammonia is therefore a reducing agent.
Heat
iii) NH4NO3(s) N2O(g) + 2H2O(g)

c) i) G
ii) E2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) → E(OH)2(s)
SULPHUR AND ITS COMPOUNDS
1. Sulphur (IV) oxide and sulphur (VI) oxide. They combine with atmospheric water and form
acid solutions which comes down to the earth as rain

2. Redox reaction.

3. Sulphur(VI)oxide gas dissolves exothermically in water thereby generating excessive heat. Also
the gas will form droplets of sulphuric(VI)acid in air

4. Solid V – Barium sulphite

Gas W – Sulphur (IV) oxide

5. a) i) Tube I (middle tube) - Molten sulphur

Tube II (outermost tube) – Superheated water.
b) To force the molten sulphur up from the ground through the middle tube.

6. A colourless gas is formed (that smells like rotten eggs) – H2S

7. a) Hydrogen sulphide was the reducing agent. It reduced chlorine gas to hydrogen chloride,
while itself was oxidized to sulphur.
b) moles of sulphur formed = 2.4÷32 = 0.0075mol
0.0075 represents 75% therefore the expected number of moles = 0.01mol (100%)
Moles of H2S = 0.01mol.

8. Sulphur (IV) oxide was removed. Lime water reacted with the acidic sulphur (IV) oxide thus
removing it.

9.
Element Oxide Highest oxidation
number
P P2O5 +5
S SO3 +6
Cl Cl2O7 +7

10. a) i) T – Iron(II)sulphide
ii) Gas U – Hydrogen sulphide
b) Heat a sample of the gas in air. It burns with a pale blue flame to form a yellow deposit.

11. a) A section of the graph is hidden

b) i) Roaster: 4FeS(s) + 7O2(g) → 2Fe2O3(s) + 4SO2(g)
 Absorption: SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) → H2S2O7(l)
Diluter: H2S2O7(l) + H2O(l) → 2H2SO4(l)
ii) I) To ensure all the SO2 gas is converted to SO3
II) Vanadium (V) oxide catalyst.

12 a) BaSO3
b) BaSO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → BaCl2(aq) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
c) Potassium dichromate will be turned from orange to green.
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 680000
13. Moles of ammonia that reacted = 𝑅𝑀𝑀 = 17 = 40000𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠
Moles of urea formed = 40,000÷2 = 20,000mol (ratio 2:1)
Mass of urea = moles x RFM = 20,000 x 60 = 1200000g = 1200kg.

14. The hydrated copper (II) oxide will turn to white. Concentrated sulphuric acid removes water
of crystallisation from the hydrated salt.

15. i) SO2(g) + NO2(g) → SO3(g) + NO(g)

+4 +4 +6 +2
Oxidation state of sulphur increases from +4 to +6 showing oxidation while oxidation state of
nitrogen reduces from +4 to +2 showing reduction. Hence this is a redox reaction.
ii) SO2 is the reducing agent.

16. The reaction does not take place. Barium sulphate does not react with sulphuric(VI)acid.

17. i)

ii) Solid W – Sodium peroxide

b) i) 4P(s) + 5O2(g) → 2P2O5(s)

4P(s) + 3O2(g) → 2P2O3(s)
ii) The oxides react with water to form phosphoric(V)acid and phosphoric(III) acid
respectively.
c) Aluminium reacts with air to form a thin coating of aluminium oxide which prevents further
oxidation.
d) i) A reaction in which heat is released to the surrounding
 ii) The yield of Sulphur trioxide is increased. In the equilibrium, the forward reaction produces
heat hence for the reaction to continue taking place, heat must be removed from the system.
iii) Mole of Sulphur trioxide = 350000÷ 80 = 4375mol
Moles of oleum formed = 4375mol (ratio1:1)
Mass of oleum formed = 4375 x 178 = 778,750g = 778.75kg

18. When Sulphur is heated, its molecules break into s8 chains which have low viscocity, hence
the molten liquid can flow. When heated further, the s8 chains entangle with each other making
the liquid more viscous.

19. The sulphur(IV) oxide produced can cause acid rain, which corrodes metallic roofs of
buildings.
20. Distinguishing between sodium sulphite and sodium carbonate:
Add few drops of dilute sulphuric(VI) acid to solutions of each salt. For sodium carbonate, a
colourless gas is formed while for sulphite, no gas is formed.

21. a) Deliquescence
b) Used as a drying agent when preparing gases.

22. a) A white precipitate is formed.

b) Zn(NO3)2(aq) + H2S → ZnS(s) + 2HNO3(aq)

23. a)
b) Hydrogen sulphide dissolves in cold water
c) A black precipitate is formed

24. Sulphur dioxide dissolved in water to form SO32- ions which were oxidized by chlorine gas
into SO42-. The sulphate ions reacted with Ba2+ to form BaSO4 which was the white precipitate.

25. Concentrated nitric acid oxidizes Fe2+ to Fe3+ as it forms NO2 gas. Thus the solution turns from
green to brown, and a brown gas is also formed.

26. a) 2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

b) The red litmus remained and the blue litmus turned to red.
c) There was 0.003moles of each reagent. According to the equation, twice as much sodium
hydroxide as sulphuric acid is needed for complete neutralization. This means only half the
amount of sulphuric(VI)acid was reacted. Therefore the acid was in excess.

27. Rhombic sulphur

Monoclinic sulphur

28. a) Water is sprinkled over oleum in the absorption tower. A reaction takes place between
oleum and water to form sulphuric(VI) acid.
b) Sulphuric acid is used as an electrolyte in lead acid batteries.

29. a) Sulphur (IV) oxide

b) The reagents were not heated.
 The thistle funnel was not dipped in the solutions hence all the gas formed after heating
escaped through the thistle funnel

30. a)

b) i) Vanadium (V) oxide

ii) I) The yield of sulphur (VI) oxide reduced. The forward reaction is exothermic hence can be
favoured by a reduction in temperature.
II) The yield of sulphur (VI) oxide increases. Adding more oxygen increases the concentration of
oxygen, therefore the system will produce more sulphur (VI) oxide in order to lower the
concentration of oxygen,
iii) Silphur (VI) oxide is dissolved in sulphuric acid to form oleum. Water is then sprinkled over
oleum in the absorption tower. A reaction takes place between oleum and water to form
sulphuric(VI) acid.
c) Sulphur dioxide can cause headache when inhaled by human beings
Sulphur dioxide can lead to acid rain which corrodes metal roofs of buildings as well as lower soil
pH.
d) i) 2NH3(g) + H2SO4(aq) → (NH4)2SO4(aq)
ii) Moles of the fertilizer formed = 25000÷132 = 189.394mol
Moles of sulphuric(VI)acid required = 189.394mol
Mass of sulphuric(VI)acid required = 189.394 x 98 = 18,560.606g
= 18.561kg
31. a) -2
b) -2

32. a) A yellow solid and a colourless liquid were formed. Hydrogen sulphide reacts with
sulphur(IV) oxide to form sulphur and water
b) The experiment should be carried out in a fume chamber or in the open air because
hydrogen sulphide is poisonous.

33. a) C(s) + H2SO4(l) → 2SO2(g) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

0 +6 +4 +4
b) Oxidation state of carbon increases from 0 to +4 showing oxidation while oxidation state of
sulphur decreases from +6 to +4 showing reduction. Thus the equation shows a redox reaction.
34. a) A yellow precipitate is formed.
The colour of the solution changes from yellow to pale green.
b) H2S(g) + 2FeCl3(aq) → 2FeCl2(aq) + S(s) + 2HCl(aq)
c) Oxidation.

35. a) Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid

b) The solution is heated until it becomes saturated. Saturation is checked by dipping a glass
rod in the solution and leaving it to the air to dry to see if crystals can be formed. The saturated
solution is then cooled slowly for crystals to form.
c) Anhydrous copper(II)sulphate.

36. a) i) 2PbS(s) + 3O2(g) → 2PbO(s) + 2SO2(g)

ii) To prevent the SO3 gas formed from reacting with water vapour, which might produce a
lot of heat.
iii) Sulphur (VI) oxide gas formed is dissolved in concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid to form
oleum.
iv) Sulphur(IV)oxide gas is an environmental pollutant. It causes acid rain.
v) High pressure is costly to maintain making the process expensive.
b) i)
Substance Observation
Iron fillings Green solution formed. Colourless gas formed which
turns H+/KMnO4 from orange to green.
Crystals of white A black substance is formed.
sugar
ii) I) Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid is a strong oxidising agent. It oxidises iron to
iron(III)sulphate
II) Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid is a dehydrating agent. It removes the elements that form
water from sugar to form carbon.
c) Ammonium sulphate
d) It is not soluble in water hence cannot be washed away during cleaning.

37. When sulphur is heated, it melts into chains of S8 molecules. As the molten sulphur is being
heated, the chains entangle each other and the liquid becomes more viscous as it darkens.

38. a) A black solid is formed.

b) FeS(s) + 2HCl(aq) → FeCl2(aq) + H2S(g)
c) Iron powder increases the surface area for the reaction to take place. Thus a reaction involving
iron powder takes place faster than when iron fillings are used.

39. Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid

Zn(s) + 2H2SO4(l) → ZnSO4(aq) + SO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
Dilute sulphuric(VI)acid
Zn(s) + H2SO4(aq) → ZnSO4(aq) + H2(g)

40. Acidic gases are formed that cause acid rain.

41. No questions after the table

42. a) Dilute hydrochloric acid and iron(II)sulphide

b) H2S is the reducing agent. The oxidation state of sulphur changes from -2 in H2S to 0 in
sulphur.
c) To manufacture bleaching agent used to bleach wood pulp in the paper industry

43. a) I) A black precipitate is formed. Hydrogen sulphide precipitates lead ions from the salt.
S2-(aq) + Pb2+(aq) → PbS(s)
II) The solution turns orange. Acetic acid formed is volatile. Its vapour readily burns to form
carbon(V)oxide and water. The carbon(IV)oxide turns the color of universal indicator to orange
indicating the solution is acidic

b) The experiment must be carried out in a fume chamber because hydrogen sulphide is
poisonous.

44. a) ) Air is first passed through electrostatic precipitator to remove dust. The dust-free air is
bubbled through concentrated NaOH to remove CO2 gas. The remaining mixture is cooled to -
25oC to freeze all the water vapour. The remaining mixture is then copresses repeatedly to a
pressure of 200atmospheres and a temperature of -200oC. Under these conditions, it liquefies.
This mixture mainly contains oxygen, argon and nitrogen. This liquefied mixture is taken to a
fractional distiller and heated gently. Nitrogen (-1960C) distils off first followed by argon (-
186oC) and finally oxygen (-183oC)
b) i) Not shown on diagram
ii) SO3(g) + H2SO4(l) → 2H2S2O7(l)
c) i) Platimum catalyst
ii) Vanadium(V)oxide is cheap. It is also less easily poisoned.
d) The colour of copper(II)sulphate changes from blue to white. Concentrated sulphuric(VI)acid
dehydrates hydrated copper(II)sulphate hence it becomes anhydrous.
e) Sulphuric(VI)acid is less volatile, it displaces more volatile acids from their salts.
f) Manufacture of fertlizers
Processing metal ores
Manufacture of detergents
Manufacture of plastics
Manufacture of dyes and paints
Used in lead-acid accumulators

45. a) Sulphur(IV)oxide. It is oxidized to sulphuric(VI)acid. Oxidation state of sulphur increases

from +4 to +6.
b) Used as a preservative in jam and fruit juices
Used as a fumigant

46. Add a 100cm3 of 2M sulphuric(VI)acid to 200cm3 of 2M potassium hydroxide solution. Mix

the solutions thoroughly. Heat the solution while checking for saturation using a glass rod. When
the solution is saturated, cool it slowly to obtain crystals.
47. a) The acidified potassium manganite (VII) is decolorized.
b) i) A white precipitate will be formed.
ii) SO32-(aq) + Ba2+ → BaSO3(s)

48. a) i) Hot compressed air.

ii) The melting point of water is higher than that of ordinary water. Superheated water is at
higher temperature enough to melt the sulphur.
iii) Sulphur has a lower melting point (that can be achieved easily)
Sulphur is insoluble in water.
b) i) S(s) + O2(g) → SO2(g)
ii) To combine with sulphur (VI) oxide gas to form oleum which makes it easier to form sulphuric
acid.
iii) Platinum catalyst
Vanadium(V)oxide catalyst – preferred
iv) Heat exchanger heats a mixture of sulphur(IV)oxide and air.
Cools the sulphur (VI) oxide gas formed
c) Sulphur (IV) oxide dissolves in atmospheric water to form sulphuric(IV)acid. This acid is
oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulphuric(VI)acid that causes adverse effects on the
environment such as corrosion of metallic structures.
d) i) A black solid is formed. Concentrated sulphuric (VI) acid is a dehydrating agent. It
dehydrates sugar into carbon.

49. Z: Sulphur(IV)oxide gas

M: Sulphuric(IV)acid

50. Vanadium(V)oxide is
i) Cheap and readily available
ii) Resistant to corrosion

51. a) Monoclinic sulphur

b) i) Dehydrating agent
ii) Oxidizing agent

52. a) i)
Chlorine Sulphur (IV) oxide
Substance M Hydrochloric acid Concentrated sulphuric(VI)
acid
Solid N Manganese (IV) oxide Copper metal

ii)
 Conc. H2SO4

b) i) Bubble the gas through water for some time. To a sample of the solution formed, add few
drops of barium nitrate solution followed by hydrochloric acid. A white precipitate is formed
which dissolves in the acid.
ii) Bubble the gas through acidified potassium dichromate (VI) solution. The colour of acidified
potassium dichromate (VI) changes from orange to green.

c) Sulphur (IV) oxide is

Used as a preservative in jam and fruit juices
Used as a fumigant

53. a) Copper metal and concentrated sulphuric(VI) acid

b) Hydrogen sulphide. The oxidation state of sulphur changes from -2 to 0.
c) Sulphur is used as a fungicide.