SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY NEET-VOL-I

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SOLUTIONS & COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

INTRODUCTION Types of Solution
(Based on nature of Solvent )
 Homogeneous mixture of two or more
 Aqueous solutions : Solvent is water
substances whose composition vary within
 Non-aqueous solutions : Solvent is other than
certain limits is known as true solution. (Particle
size < 1nm) H 2O
Eg: Salt in water, sugar in water.  Alcoholic solutions : Solvant is alcohol
In a homogeneous mixture composition is same  Ethereal solutions : Solvant is ether
through out the mixture.  Ammonical solution : Solvant is liquid ammonia
Colloidal solutions (Particle size 1 nm-1000 nm)  In Amalgams : Mercury is one of the
components.
and suspensions are heterogeneous
The commonly used solvents in non-aqueous
 A binary solution contains only two components
of solute and solvent. solutions are CCl4, CS2, CHCl3, C6 H 6,
Binary solution = one solute + one solvent liq. SO2 , liq. NH3 , CH 3COOH ,
 A ternary solution contains three components
C2 H 5  O  C2 H 5 etc..
 A quaternary solution contains four components
Solute: The component present in lesser Classification of Solutions
(Based on Physical States of Matter)
proportion (or) the component loses its physical
I. Solid Solutions
state (not always) (or) present in dissolved state
Solid in Solid Eg: - Alloys like Brass
(or) dispersed phase. Liquid in Solid Eg: - Amalgam
Solvent: The component present in greater
Gas in Solid Eg: - occlusion of H 2 over Pd
proportion (or) the component that retains its
II. Liquid Solutions
physical state (or) dispersion medium (or)
Solid in Liquid Eg: - Sucrose in water
dissolving medium. Liquid in Liquid Eg: - Alcohol + Water
Characteristics of Solution: Gas in Liquid Eg: - Soda water
 It is a homogeneous mixture. III. Gaseous Solutions
 Formation of a solution is a physical change Solid in Gas Eg: - Camphor in air
but not a chemical change. Liquid in Gas Eg: - Moisture in air
 Solute cannot be separated from solution by Gas in Gas Eg: - Mixture of any 2 gases
filtration. or atmospheric air.
 Solute can be separated from solution by  Of the 9 types, solid in liq. solution are most
important.
distillation, absorption (or) crystallization. If the
Methods of Expressing Concentrations
solute is non volatile and solvent is volatile then
The quantity of solute present in definite
they are separated by evaporation (or) quantity of the solution relative to the solvent
distillation. is known as concentration of solution or
 The properties of a solution like density, vapour strength of solution.
pressure, boiling point depend on relative  Standard Solutions:The solution whose
amount of solute and solvent. concentration is exactly known.
 Variables like pressure, temperature and Eg. 1M Na2CO3
composition may affect the properties of the  Dilute Solution: The solution containing
solutions. relatively smaller quantity of solute compared
 The effect of pressure on solid solutions is to that of solvent.
negligible.  Concentrated Solution: The solution which

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contain relatively large quantity of solute, in a Physical Methods

definite quantity of the solution.  Weight percentage [% (w/w)] : It is the
Weight of Solution = Volume of the solution amount of solute in grams present in 100g of
 density of solution (W = V  d). solution.
 The weight of 1 milli litre of a solution in grams
is known as density of the solution.  w 
Weight % =    100
 The units of density are g/ml or g/lit.  w W 
 The density of solution depends on the Weight fractuion : The ratio of wt. of one
temperature. component to the total wt. of all components
 The ratio between density of solution and
w
density of water (both measured at the same Weight Fraction =
temperature) is known as relative density or w W
specific gravity of solution. w = weight of solute, W = weight of solvent
 Volume percentage [% (v/v)] : The volume
density of Solution of solute (in mL) present in 100 mL of the
Specific gravity =
density of water solution
Specific gravity has no units.
 v 
 Properties of Solutions Volume % =    100
(i) A solution consists of a single phase i.e. it is  v V 
a monophasic system. Volume fraction : The ratio of vol. of one
(ii) A solution is uniform throughout, so it has component to the total vol. of all components
uniform properties such as density, refractive v
index etc. Volume Fraction =
v V
(iii) Size of solute particles in a solution is of the
order is < 10-9 m so known as true solution. v = volume of solute , V = volume of solvent
(iv) The components of a solution can not be  Mass/Volume Percentage ( W/V): It is mass
easily separated by physical methods because of solute (in gm) dissolved in 100 ml of solution.
it is homogeneous in nature. w
(v) The properties of a solution are the mass volume %   100
v
properties of its components. i.e. the  Strength: Weight of solute (in grams) dissolved
components do not lose their properties when in per litre of solution . (g/litre)
they form a solution. Strength = Equivalent weight x Normality
(vi) The composition of a solution is not definite
 PPM (Parts per Million): It is the mass of
but can vary within certain limits.
the solute (in gm) present in million 10  parts
6
(vii) Certain properties of solution such as
density, viscosity, surface tension, boiling point. by mass of the solution (in gm).
freezing point etc. vary with the composition of When a solute present in trace quantities, then
the solution. the concentration is expressed in ppm or ppb.
Concetration Terms
1. Weight percentage [% (w/w)] Massof solute106
ppm 
2. Volume percentage [% (v/v)] Mass of solution
3. Weight volume percentage [% (w/v)] 1ppm = 1 mg / lit.
4. Strength (S)
5. Parts per million (ppm) Mass of solute 109
ppb 
6. Molarity (M) Mass of solution
7. Normality (N) Chemical Methods
8. Molality (m) Molarity (M): It is number of gram moles of
9. Molefraction(x) solute dissolved per litre of solution.
10. Formality (F) Unit = Moles/litre or Moles/dm3

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 Molarity decreases with increase in M 1V1  M 2V2

temperature. M (for two solutions)
V1  V2
n
 M  Molarity of Mixture of Acid and Base
VLit (n = number of moles of solute)
M 1V1  M 2V 2
n =VM (V= Volume of solution in litres) M 
V1  V 2
  M 1V1  M 2V2 
Wt 1 W 1000  Molar Solution ----- 1M
M   M  
M .Wt Vlit ; M .Wt Vml Semi molar Solution ----- 0.5M
Deci molar Solution ----- 0.1M
w
M  M .wt  Vml
; M
 %  w / v   10 Centi molar Solution ----- 0.01M
1000 MW
Milli molar Solution ----- 0.001M
M
 % w/ w  d10;  Normality: It is number of gram equivalents
MW of solute dissolved per litre of solution.
Units = gm. eqts. / litre or gm. eqts./ dm3
M
 % w/ w  Spgr
. 10
 Normality decreases as temperature increases.
MW
MW = Molucular wt. of solute No.of gm. equivalents of solute
N
 Dilution: A solution of molarity M1 and Volume of solution in litres

volume V1 is diluted to V2 and of molarity n

N
M 2 ,then VL (n = no. of gm. eqts.)

M 1V1  M 2V2 W 1
N 
Volume of H 2 O required to dilute a solution G.EW
. Vlits

of volume V and molarity M1 to concentration W 1000 N  G.EW

. V
N  W
M2 G.EW
. Vml ; 1000
Higher C  Lower C  When a solution is diluted or two solutions of
VH2O  Vsol
Lower C different substances react, then V1 N1  V2 N 2
Water to be added = V2  V1  Volume of water required for diluting a solution
 When two solutions of different substances of volume V and concentration N1 to N 2 , then
react:
higher C  lower C
Eg. One acid and one base is completely VH 2O   Vsol
neutralised. lower C

M 1V1 M 2V2 Water to be added = V2  V1


n1 n2
Molarity of Mixture (Same solutes) N 
%  w / v   1 0
If two are more solutions of the same solute GEW
are mixed, then the resultant solution molarity N 
 %  w / w   d  1 0
is given as GEW
%  w / w   S p . g  1 0
M V1  V2  ...  M1V1  M2V2  ...... N 
GEW
M V  M2V2  .......
M 1 1
V1  V2  ..... GEW = Gram equivalent weight of solute

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Dilution: A solution of normality N1and volume  Equivalent weight expressed in grams is known
V1 is diluted to V2 and of normality N2then as gram equivalent weight or gram equivalent.
 Number of gram equivalents =
N1V1  N 2V2
 Normal Solution ----- 1N Weight of the substance in gms
Semi Normal Solution----- 0.5N Gram equivalent weight
Deci Normal Solution----- 0.1N Equivalent weight of an Element:
Centi Normal Solution----- 0.01N
GAW
Milli Normal Solution ----- 0.001N GEW 
Valency
Mixture of two solutions: (same solute )
N V  N 2V2 16 27
N 1 1 Eg. O   8 , Al  9
V1  V2 2 3
Equivalent weight of a Compound:
In Acid-Base Reactions
GMW
(i) For complete neutralisation N1V1  N 2V2 GEW 
Valency
N aVa  NbVb 34
(ii)Va N a  Vb Nb - acidic, N  Va  Vb Eg. H 2O2   17
2
N bVb  N aVa Equivalent weight of Acids:
(iii)Va N a  Vb Nb - basic, N  Va  Vb M Wt
 E acid 
basicity
(iv) Va N a  Vb Nb - neutral,
 Basicity is the number of replaceable hydrogen
N  10 7 0
at 25 C atoms by metal ions in a molecule of an acid.
36.5 63 98
Wt. EHCl  ; EHNO3  ; EH 2 SO4 
 Number of gm eqts.   NVlit 1 1 2
GEW
 Number of gm Eq. of acid = Number of gm 90 62
E H 2C 2O 4 ( A n h y )  ; EH 2CO3 
Eq. of base 2 2
126
Wa W E H 2 C 2 O4 .2 H 2O  ;
 b 2
EWa EWb
98 82
Wa N V (in ml) ; EH 3PO4  ; EH 3PO3 
 b b 3 2
Ewa 1000
66 60
EH 3PO2  ; ECH 3COOH 
Wb N V (in ml) 1 1
 a a Equivalent weight of Base:
EWb 1000
Equivalent Weight: It is the number of parts M .wt
Ebase 
by weight of a substance that combine or acidity
displace 1.008 parts by weight of hydrogen or  Acidity is the number of hydroxyl groups
35.5 parts by weight of chlorine or 8 parts by replaceable in a molecule of the base.
weight of oxygen and 9 parts by wt. of Al. 40 56
 It is represented by E. E NaOH  ; EKOH 
1 1
 It is a relative value, no units.
74 171
ECa (OH )2  ; EBa (OH ) 2 
2 2

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Equivalent weight of Salts: Mw 376

EFe  C O   
Formula Weight 2 2 4 3 6 6
Esalt 
Total charge on cations or anions Relation between Molarity and Normality:
 M  M .wt.  N  E.W
58.5 111
E NaCl  ; ECaCl2   55.5  Gram molecular wt=n  Gram equivalent wt
1 2
Where n = valency (or) Basicity (or) acidity
106 342 (or)
E Na2CO3   53 ; E Al2  SO4  
2 3
6 number of electrons transferred.
Equivalent weight of Oxidising agent & N  M  Valency
Reducing agent  Molality (m): It is the number of gram moles
M.wt of solute dissolved per Kg of solvent.
EO.A(or)R.A  Unit is moles / Kg of solvent.
Change in oxidation state per mole
It is independent of temperature.Hence It is a
M 158 standard method of expressing concentration
EKMnO4 acid   (  2 )
5 5 MnO4  Mn while molarity is a convenient method of
expressing concentration.
M 158
Neutral/dil. alkaline KMnO4   m
n
3 3 WSolvent  in Kg  ;
MnO4  MnO2
w 1
M 158 m 
Strong alkaline KMnO4   M .wt Wsolvent in Kg
1 1
W 1000
MnO4  MnO42 m 
M .W WSolvent in Gm
Change in oxidation state from +7 to +2 is 5
m  M .W  WSolvent in Gm
 2Na 2S2O3  I2  Na 2S4O6  2NaI W
1000
248 M 392 x 1000
E Na 2S2O3.5H 2O  ; EMohr ' s salt   m 
1 1 1 MW (100  x)
152  Fe2+  Fe3+  Where x= wt % (w / w) ;
E FeSO 
4 1   Solubility  10
m=
294  M. Wt of Solute
EK 2Cr2O7  Cr2O72  2Cr 3 
6    Molal Solution ----- 1m
Semi molal Solution ----- 0.5m
 FeC2O4 (Ferrous oxalate ) as a reducing agent Deci molal Solution ----- 0.1m
Centi molal Solution ----- 0.01m
Fe 2  Fe3  e 
 3e Milli molal Solution ----- 0.001m
C2O42  2CO2  2e  Relation between Molality and Molarity

Mw 144
1000  M
FeC 2O4   m
3 3 1000  d    M  MWsolute 
Mole Fraction(x): It is the ratio between
Fe2  C2O4 3 (Ferric oxalate ) as a reducing
number of moles of one particular component
2 to the total number of moles of all the
agent 3C2O4  6CO2  6e
components of solution. It has no units.
It is independent of temperature.

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No. of moles of solute( n1 ) d=density of the solution in kg L1

x1 
Total no. of moles in solution( n1  n2 )
m
X solute 
n2 n 1000
x2 
n1  n2
 xi  1 m
GMW of solvent
Solvent
i 1
Formality (F): This is the concentration unit
n1 for ionic- compounds which dissolve in a polar
x1  x1  x2  1
Solute n1  n2 solvent to give pair of ions.
This represents number of gram formula - units
mole %  mole fraction  100
of the substance dissolved per litre of the
Mole fraction of an individual ( i th ) component solution. It is almost the same as molarity. It
describes the solute that is mixed in a liquid
ni
xi  rather than the solute present in solution after
n1  n2  n3  ..... the dissolution process.
Average molecular wt. No.of formula units
= (m.f1  GMW1)+(m.f2  GMW2) Formality = volume of solution  in litres 
M avg  x1M1  x2 M 2
n Wt. of salt 1000
For vary dil. solution n1  n2 F ; F 
VL GMW VmL
n1 Demal (D) : One mole of solute is present in
x1 
n2 one litre if solution at 00C
 Relationship between molality (m) of the EX-1: Calculate the amount of oxalic acid (eq.
wt.63) required to prepare 500ml of its
solution and mole fraction ( x1 )of the
0.10N solution.
solute.
mM 2 x 1000 W 1000 Vml
x1  ; m 1 Sol: N  GEW  V ; W  N  GEW 
1  mM 2 x2 M 2 ml 1000
Where 500
W  0.10  63   3.15 gr
x1  mole fraction solute 1000
x2  mole fraction solvent EX-2: Calculate the normality of
orthophosphoric acid having purity of 70%
 M2 =Moleculur mass of solvent.
by weight (sp.gr.1.54)
Relationship between mole fraction of the
Sol:
solute( x1 ) and molarity of the solution.
x %  sp.gr  10 70  1.54  10  3
MM 2 1000 x1 N   33
x1  m GEW 98
M ( M 2  M1 )  d ; M 2 1  x2 
EX-3: Calculate the mole fraction of

M
1000dx1 C3 H 5  OH 3 in a solution of 36 g of water
M 2 x2  M 1 x1
and 46 g of glycerine
 Where M 1 =molar mass of the solute in
36
1 Sol: nH 2O  2
kg mol 18
Where M2 =molar mass of the solvent in 46 0.5
ngr   0.5 xgr   0.20
92 2.5
kg mol 1

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EX-4: What will be the (A) molality (B)molarity ppm of O2 in 1030 g sea water
and (C) mole fraction of KI respectively,
Mass of O2 in gm
if the density of 20% (mass/mass) aqueous  106
Mass of sea water in gm
KI is 1.202 g mL-1 ?
(1) 1.5, 1.45 and 0.0263 6  10 3
  106  5.8 ppm.
(2) 15, 14.5 and 0.0263 1030
(3) 1.5, 14.5 and 0.0263 Solubility of Solid in Liquid: The maximum
(4) 1.5, 1.45 and 0.263 amount of a solute that can be dissolved in a
Sol: (1) Density of solution = M/V (Let the given amount of solvent (generally 100g) at a
volume of solution is 1000 ml) given temperature is termed as its “solubility”
 M 1.202  1000 M = 1202 g at that temperature.
1202  20
 mass of KI   240.4g wt of solute
100 S 100
wt of solvent
240.4
 Unsaturated Solution: A solution in which
(A) molality  166 1.5 mol kg 1 more solute can be dissolved without raising
(1.202 0.2404)
temperature is called an unsaturated solution.
240.4  Saturated Solution: A solution in which no
(B) molarity  166  1.45 mol L1 solute can be dissolved further at a given
1 temperature is called a saturated solution.
 In a saturated solution there exists a dynamic
240.4
equilibrium between the undissolved and
mole fraction  166  0.0263
(C) 240.4 961.6 dissolved ions or molecules in solution.
 At equilibrium
166 18
EX-5: Molarity of H2SO4 solution is 18M. If Rate of dissolution Rate of crystallization
density of solution is 1.8g./cm3. Calculate
 AB 
AB   A  B 
molality of solution ?
Undissolved dissolved ions
(1) 400 molal (2) 500 molal
(3) 600 molal (4) 800 molal  Supper Saturated Solution: The solution
Sol: Molality and molarity are related by equation, which contains more amount of solute than the
1000M required for saturation.
m
(1000d  Mm1 )  A supersaturated solution is metastable
where M is molar mass and m1 is mass  Soluble Substances: Have solubility greater
1000  18 than 1 g per 100 mL.
m  500 molal.
1000d  1.8  18  98 Eg. NaCl , KCl , BaCl2 , etc.
EX-6: One litre of sea water weighs 1030g and
 Sparingly Soluble Substances:Have
contains about 6  10 3 g of dissolved O2. solubility less than 1g and more than 0.001g
What will be the concentration of dissolved per 100mL.
oxygen in ppm ?
(1)68 ppm (2) 5.8 ppm Eg. AgCl , AgI , BaSO4 , PbSO4 . etc.
(3) 580 ppm (4) 0.58 ppm  Insoluble Substance: Have solubility less than
Sol: Mass of O2 in mg 0.0019 g per 100mL.
= 6  103 g  103 mg / g  6mg Eg. Clay, Sand etc.

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Factors influencing solubility of solids: If lattice energy < hydration energy, the system
 (a) Temperature: The solubility of gases in heats up. (more soluble)
water generally decreases with increase of If lattice energy = hydration energy,
temperature. Thus boiling expels air from water. temperature has little effect on solubility.
But the solubilites of gases in other solvents may For sodium chloride
not necessarily decease with rise of temperature. Lattice energy =184 kcal/mol and hydration
Similarly the solubilities of solids and liquids are heat =182.8 kcal/mol
influenced by temperature. When calcium oxide
H sol
0
 H lattice
0
 H hyd
0
or lithium carbonate is placed in water the
solutions gets heated. This is an exothermic SOLUBILITY CURVES:
process A curve that shows the variation of solubility
with temperature is a solubility curve. These
CaO  s   H 2O  l   Ca  OH 2  aq   Heat curves are useful in many ways:
KOH  s   H 2O l   KOH  aq   Heat
In such exothermic process, the solubility
decreases with rise of temperature. When
ammonium chloride or silver nitrate is dissolved
in water, the solution gets cooled. It is an
endothermic process.

NH 4Cl s   H 2O l   NH 4 Cl aq   Heat

NaCl s   H 2O l   NaCl aq   Heat

So the solubility increases with rise of

temperature
Why do some solutes dissolve with evolutions
of heat and some dissolve with absorption of
heat in a solvent? The amount of heat change
during solution depends mainly on two factors
(i) Lattice energy: It is the amount of heat
required to separate a mole of the ionic
substance into its component positive and
negative ions. This is an endothermic process (i) The solubility of a given salt at any temperature
H 0
0 can be read directly from its solubility curve
lattice
(ii) The nature of curve given an idea about the
(ii) Heat of hydration: The ions hold the water effect of temperature on the change of solubility.
molecules by ion dipole bonds and these ions A steep curve indicates a rapid change, while a
gets hydrated. Heat is liberated during the flat one indicates rather a slow change in
solubility with rise of temperature
process of hydration. Thus it is exothermic
(iii) A sudden bend in the curve indicates the
process. appearance of a new phase. For example the
H hyd
0
0 break in the sodium sulphate curve indicates
the transition of Na 2SO4 .10H 2 O to Na 2SO4 .
If lattice energy > hydration energy, the system The temperature corresponding to that point
cools down (less soluble) (32.5 0 C ) is called the ‘transition temperature’

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 (b) Pressure: It has no significant effect on  Temperature:Solubility decreases with rise

solubility because solids and liquids are highly of temperature at constant pressure.
incompressible.
 (c) Nature of Solute / Solvent (solubilities 1
S
of Ionic solids): The smaller the value of lattice T
energy and more the value of heat of hydration Pressure of the Gas (or) Henry’s law
more is the solubility of ionic compounds.  The mass of a gas dissolved per unit volume
Lattice energy depends upon force of of solvent is proportional to the pressure of
attraction (F) between oppositely charged ions the gas at constant temperature.
 m  p or m = kp where k is Henry’s constant
qq1  The most commonly used form of Henry’s law
and given by F  2 ; q , q1 are charges, r
r D states that the partial pressure of the gas in
is distance between charges, D is the dielectric vapour phase (p) is proportional to the mole
constant of medium. Dielectric constant of fraction of the gas (x) in the solution” and is
water is 82, methanol 33.5, Benzene 2.3. Ionic expressed as
solids dissolve more in a solvent having high p  x
p  KHx
dielectric constant. S  D
Solubilities of Molecular Solids Here K H is the Henry’ s law constant.
(Non-Ionic Solids )
 Molecular solids containing polar groups (e.g. Partial pressure of HCl/torr 1000
OH) are soluble in polar solvents like water,
methanol etc. Others are soluble in non polar 500
solvents.
 Solubility of Gases in Liquids: It is generally
expressed in terms of absorption coefficient
which is defined as the volume of the gas in ml
that can be dissolved by 1ml of a liquid solvent 0 0.010 0.020
at the temperature of the experiment at Mole fraction of HCl in its
Solution in cyclohexane
1atmospheric pressure.
Absorption coefficient of some gases at 200 C
Higher the value of K H at a given pressure,
the lower is the solubility of the gas in the liquid.
Solvent Hydrogen Nitrogen Oxygen Carbon
dioxide 1
S
Water 0.017 0.015 0.028 0.88 KH
Ethanol 0.080 0.130 0.143 3.00
Gas Temperature
/K
KH/kbar Gas Temperature K /kbar
/K H

Benzene 0.060 0.104 0.165

He 293 144.97 Argon 298 40.3
Factors Influencing the Solubility of a Gas H2 293 69.16 CO2 298 1.67

 Nature of the Gas: Easily liquefiable gases N2 293 76.48 Formaldehyde 298 1.83×10-5
N2 303 88.84 Methane 298 0.413
are more soluble than non liquefiable gases
O2 Vinyl
293 34.86 298 0.611
e.g. CO2 is more soluble than O2 and H 2 Chloride

 Nature of Solvent: Gases capable of forming Limitations of Henry’s Law

ions in aqueous solution are more soluble in (i) pressure is not very high
water than in other solvents. eg.HCl, NH etc. (ii) temperature is not very low
3

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(iii) gas not highly soluble Sol: It is given that the solubility of H 2 S in water at
(iv) gas do not form any compound with solvent
(v) gas does not undergo dissociation 0.195m, i.e, 0.195mol of H 2 S is dissolved in
Application of Henry’s law 1000 g
1000g of water=  55.56mol
 To increase solubility of CO 2 in soft drinks and 18 gmol 1
soda water the bottle is sealed under high
For “mole fraction of H 2 S ,(x)=
pressure
 Sea divers use air diluted with He(11.7% He, moles of H 2 S
56.2% N2 and 32.1% O2) to avoid a condition
Moles H 2 S  Moles of water
known as ‘bends’ to cope up with high ‘P’
under water. 0.195
  0.0035
 At high altitudes, when partial pressure of O2 0.195  55.56
is less, it leads to a condition known as At STP, Pressure (p)=0.987 bar
‘Anoxia’. According to Henry’s law:
EX-7: The Henry law constant for the solubility
p 0.987
of N 2 gas in water at 298K is 1.0 105 p  KH x  KH  = bar  282bar
x 0.0035
atm.Then calculate number of moles of N 2 Concept of Vapour Pressure:
from air dissolved in 10 moles of water at In an open vessel (or) lakes (or) ponds, level
298K and 5atm pressure (molefraction of of water decreases in summer due to
nitrogen in air is 0.8) phenomenon of vaporization (or) Evaporation.
 Vaporization (or) Evaporation: The
Sol: PN2  KH  xN2
transformation of liquid to vapour form is
PN 2 = mole fraction of N 2 in air  Total vapourisation. Evaporation of a liquid is
pressure of air =0.8  5atm=4 atm endothermic process.
 It is explained on the basis of Kinetic molecular
 4 atm=105 atm  xN 2 or xN 2 = 4 105 theory.
This means that in one mole of water, no.of  The molecules of liquid are held together by
moles of N 2 dissolved = 4 105 inter molecular forces of attractions.
 The K.E of liquid molecules is different but their
 In 10 moles of water, no.of moles of N 2 is average K.E is same.
dissolved= 4 104 The molecules at the surface will have more
kinetic energy than the molecules in the bulk.
EX -8 : Composition of air is approximately
 The molecules with higher K.E overcome the
nitrogen 80 % and 20 % oxygen. Find the
inter molecular forces of attraction and escape
mole fraction of oxygen in water at 1 atm if
into the atmosphere.
the Henry’s constant KH = 1.8 × 10–5atm–1
 The molecules with lower K.E remain in the
(1) 1 × 104 (2) 3.6 × 10–5
bulk, so K.E when compared to earlier state is
(3) 3.6 × 10 –6
(4) 1 × 10–5
less therefore temperature decreases during
Sol: x . KH = P
vaporization. So evaporation causes cooling
0.2  This principle is employed in attaining low
x × 1.8 × 10–5 = 0.2 ; x   105  1  104
1.8 temperature eg: liquification of air (or) real
EX -9: H 2 S , a toxic gas with rotten egg like gases, cooling of water in mud pot .
 The number of molecules escaping from the
smell, is used for the qualitative analysis.If
liquid surface in unit time (or one second) is
the solubility of H 2 S in water at STP is known as rate of evaporation.
0.195m, calculate Henry’s law constant.  Rate of evaporation depends on,

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(i) Nature of Liquid (ii) Surface Area P2 = vapour pressure at T2 and P1 = vapour
(iii) Temperature
(iv) Flow of air current over the surface pressure at T1
 The transformation of vapour molecules with 1
lower K.E back to the liquid state is known as  A graph is plotted between log p vs gives
T
“Condensation”.
straight line with negative slope.
The number of molecules condensing on the
liquid surface in unit time is known as rate of
condensation.
 At any temperature both vaporization and log P
condensation take place simultaneously, but still
volume of liquid decreases because some of
vapour molecules escape into atmosphere. l/T
 In a closed vessel after certain period of time,
the rate of vaporization becomes equal to rate H  1 
of condensation i. e., it attains liquid-vapour log P     log A
2.303R  T 
equilibrium.
 Vapour Pressure: The pressure exerted by y m x  c
vapour over a liquid when they are in equilibrium H
Slope 
with each other. 2.303R
 Vaporization increases with surface area and
Boiling Point:
temperature.
 It is the temperature at which vapour pressure
 Vapour pressure is independent of surface area.
of a liquid becomes equal to its atmospheric
Vapour pressure varies exponentially with
pressure.
temperature.
 Volatile liquids have high vapour pressure and
 Clausius and Clapeyron theoretically derived low Boiling Point.
a relationship between the vapour pressure and Eg: - Ether, Methyl alcohol, acetone, benzene,
the temperature of the liquid. Carbon tetrachloride, Carbon disulphide
 When temperature is increased KE of  Non volatile liquids have low vapour pressure
molecules increases, more number of molecules and high boiling point.
convert to vapour form and more will be the
Eg:- H 2 O , Aniline, Nitrobenzene
vapour pressure.
 The vapour pressure of a liquid is called Lowering of Vapour Pressure:
saturated vapour pressure, because the  When a non volatile solute is added to a solvent,
atmosphere over liquid is saturated with vapour the vapour pressure decreases.
 In a solution the surface is not only occupied
of the liquid, exerts pressure on the liquid.
by solvent molecules but also by solute
 The vapour pressure of water is known as
molecules.
aqueous tension.
 The number of molecules of solvent present on
 Clapeyron -Clausius Equation is given by
surface are relatively less in solution than that
H of pure solvent as some solvent molecules on
lo g P  lo g A  the surface are displaced by solute molecules.
2 .3 0 3 R T
 The number of molecules converting to vapour
P H v  1 1  form are less (vaporization is less). Therefore
lo g 2    
P1 2 .3 0 3 R  T1 T 2  vapour pressure is less.
 The vapour pressure of liquid is directly
H v = Enthalpy of vapourisation of liquid ; proportional to rate of vaporization.
R= gas constant;  The difference between vapour pressure of pure

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solvent  Po  and vapour pressure of solution

Limitations:
 It is applicable for very dilute solutions only.
 Ps  is known as lowering of vapour  It is applicable for dilute solutions containing
non-volatile solute only.
pressure(LVP).
 It is applicable for solutions containing solutes,
Po  Ps is lowering of vapour pressure ( P ) which neither associate nor dissociate.
 The ratio between the lowering of vapour  It is applicable for ideal solutions only.(Solutions
pressure in solution and the vapour pressure of in which solute and solvent do not have
pure solvent is known as relative lowering of interaction).
vapour pressure (RLVP).  Particle concentration in Solution: Molar
Po  Ps concentration of solution  number of ions
RLVP  formed from one molecule of solute
Po
Eg: - (a) In 0.01M aqueous solution of
 At any given temperature the vapour pressure
Al2 (SO 4 )3  Al   0.02M
3+
of the solution decreases with increase in the ;
concentration of solution.
 Vonbabo showed that RLVP is independent of SO 24   0.03M
 
temperature for dilute solutions even though
both the vapour pressure of solvent and solution Total particle concentration =0.05M
(b) Particle concentration of 0.01M glucose
change with temperature.
Raoult’s Law: Raoult’s law general form can solution is 0.01M
be stated as, for any solution the partial vapour  L V P  number of particles.
pressure of each volatile component in the 1
solution is directly proportional to its mole  VP 
particle concentration
fraction. P  x; P  P0 x
 BP  particle concentration
 The relative lowering of vapour pressure of a
 Variables like pressure, temperature and
dilute solution containing a non-volatile solute
composition may effect the properties of the
is equal to mole fraction of solute.
solutions
Po  Ps Po  Ps n1  The effect of pressure on solid solutions is
 x1 ; 
Po Po n1  n2 negligible
Vapour Pressure of liquid- liquid solutions
for very dilute solutions ( n1  n2 ) Raoult’s Law & Dalton’s Law
(1) The partial pressure of a volatile component
 n1  n2  n1
of a solution is directly proportional to its mole
Po  Ps n1 fraction in very dilute solution at any
  temperature.
Po n2
PA X A and PB X B and
Po  Ps w M
  PA  PA0 . X A , PB  PB0 . X B
Po m W
Where PA = partial pressure of component A,
Where Po = V.P of pure solvent
PA0 = vapoure pressure of component A in
Ps = V.P of pure solution ; n2 moles of solvent pure form, X A = mole fraction of component
; n1 moles of solute ; w = wt. of solute A in solution. Remember PA = p. A , where p
m = M.Wt of solute ; W = Wt. of solvent;
= Total pressure and  A = Mole fraction of
M = M.Wt of solvent
component A in vapour phase

12 NARAYANAGROUP
 An Ideal Solution interactions
 (I) The solution which obey Raoult’s law at (b) H mi x is  ve (c) Vmix is  ve
all temperatures and concentrations
 (II) H mix  0 i.e. no heat is evolved or
absorbed when components are mixed to
form the solution.
 (III) Vmix  0 i.e. no change in volume.In
ideal solution the A -B intermolecular
interactions are the same as A -A and B -B
inter molecular interactions

Examples:
Carbon tetrachloride +benzene
Carbon tetrachloride + chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride + Toluene
Acetone + Carbon disulphide
Acetone +Ethyl alcohol
Acetone + Benzene
Methyl alcohol + Water
Ethyl alcohol + Water
(II) Showing Negative Deviations: For such
 In an ideal solution of two components say A2 solutions (a) A -B intermolecular interactions are
stronger than A-A and B-B intermolecular
and B2 , all cohesive forces (A-A, B-B and
interactions H mi x is  ve (c) Vmix is  ve
A-B) must be identical. Two liquids on mixing
will form an ideal solution if following
conditions be satisfied:
i) Both have similar structures
ii) Both have similar molecular sizes
iii) Both have identical intermolecular forces
strictly there is no attraction and repulsions
 The following pairs almost behave as ideal
solutions
(a) Benzene and toluene
(b) ethyl bromide and ethyl chloride
(c) n - Heptane and n- hexane
(d) Chlorobenzene and bromobezene
(e) ethylene chloride and ethylene bromide.
Non Ideal Solutions Examples:
(I) Solutions which do not obey Raoults law Chloroform + Acetone
(II) H mix  0 III) Vmix  0 Chloroform + Benzene
Types of non ideal solutions : They are of two Chloroform + Diethyl ether
types Acetone + Aniline
(I): Showing Positive Deviations : For such HCl + Water
solutions (a) A- B inter - molecular interactions HNO3 + Water
are weaker than A-A and B-B intermolecular
SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY NEET-VOL-I
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Table : Comparison Between Ideal and Non-ideal Solutions

 Azeotropic mixture or constant Boiling phase. In other words, mole fraction of the
mixture: Mixture of two or more components more component volatile component is always
which like a pure chemical compound boils and greater in the vapour phase than in the solution
distills over completely at the same temperature phase. Alternatively, vapour phase is relatively
without change in composition is called an richer in the component whose addition to the
azeotrope . Non ideal solutions form liquid mixture results in an increase in the total
azeotropes. vapour pressure.
 Azeotropic mixture with minimum Boiling Mole fraction of a component in the vapour
point: Formed by liquids showing positive phase.
deviation. An intermediate composition of
P a r t ia l p r e s s u r e o f t h a t c o m p o n e n t
liquids having maximum vapour pressure, hence 
lowest boiling point gives this azeotrope . Such T o ta l v a p o u r p re s s u re
azeotropes have boiling points lower than either p Ao  A

of the pure component. p Ao  A  p Bo  B
eg. Rectified spirit (ethanol 95.5% + H 2O Where,
4.50%) b.p. 351.5 K. p Ao = Vapour pressure of A
 Azeotropic mixture with maximum boiling
point: Formed by liquids showing negative  A = Mole fraction of A
deviation. An intermediate composition of
pBo = Vapour pressure of B
liquids having minimum vapour pressure, hence
highest boiling point gives this azeotrope. Such  B = Mole fraction of B
azeotropes have boiling points higher than either
EXAMPLE -10: The vapour pressure of
of the pure components. benzene at 25°C is 639.7 mm of Hg and
E.g. the vapour pressure of solution of a solute
Water& HNO3  HNO3 68%  H 2 O 32%  in benzene at the same temperature is
631.9 mm of mercury. Calculate the
b.p. 393.5K molality of the solution
Konowaloff's rule : At any fixed temperature, (1) 0.156 m (2) 1.36m
the vapour phase is always richer in the more (3) 0.122m (4) 0.14m
volatile component as compared to the solution

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Psolvent  Psolution iv) Osmotic pressure of the solution  

Sol: xSolute  1. Relative lowering of Vapour Pressure
Psolution
(RLVP)
639.7  631.9  Ostwald’s dynamic method is based on the
= = 0.012
631.9 measurement of RLVP of a solution due to
0.012 moles are present is 0.988 moles of addition of a non volatile solute
benzene  RLVP as per Raoult’s law, is equal to the mole
 0.012 moles are present is 77.04 g of
benzene Po Ps
fraction of solute o  x1
P
m
1000 Where x1  mole fraction of solute
XSolute = m  ;
M .Wt of Solvent P o  Ps n1 a b
 ; n1  ; n2 
m P o
n1  n2 M W
0.012 
m  12.82 For dilute solutions n1  n2
m = 0.156m
EX -11: A non ideal solution was prepared by Po  Ps a W a W Po
M  
mixing 30 ml chloroform and 50 ml
Po
 
M b
or b P o  Ps  
acetone. The volume of mixture will be
(1) >80 ml (2) < 80 ml Where
(3) = 80 ml (4)none of these n1  No. moles of solute
Sol: Chloroform and acetone form a non-ideal
solution, in which A.... B type interaction are n2  No. moles of solvent
more than A . . . . . A and B . . . .B type a = wt. of solute
interaction due to H-bonding. Hence, the b = wt. of solvent
solution shows, negative deviation from M = Molecular wt.of solute
Raoult’s Law i.e., W = Molecular wt.of solvent
Vmix   ve; Hmix   ve x1  Mole fraction of solute
total volume of solution = less than (30 + 50 Eg -12: The relative lowering of the vapour
ml) pressure of an aqueous solution containing
or <80 ml a non-volatile solute is 0.0125. Calculate
Colligative Properties: The properties of the molality of the solution
dilute solutions which depend on the number
of particles (ions or molecules) of the solute Po  Ps a W a W
Sol:   : RLVP   ;
dissolved in the solution are called colligative Po M b M b
properties.
 Colligative propertie  No. of particles a 1000 a 1000 M
m  , 0.0125   
1 M b M b 1000
 Colligative properties  G.M .W
 a 1000 
( solute )
0.0125 1000    M
 They are M b 
i) Relative lowering of vapour pressure (RLVP)
M  m  125 (MW=18)
of solution
ii) Elevation in the boiling point of the solution m x M = 0.0125 x 1000 = 12.5
 Tb  m
12.5 12.5
  0.6944  0.70
iii) Depression in the freezing point of the solution M 18
 T 
f

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2. Elevation of Boiling point  Tb  Kb  proportionality constant ; Xs 

 The temperature at which the vapour pressure Mole Fraction of solute.
of a liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric
RTo2
pressure (i.e., one atmosphere) is known as  From thermodynamic laws Kb  H ,
the boiling point of the liquid. vap

 When a non-volatile solute is dissolved in pure Hvap  molar heat of vapourisation of liquid
solvent, the boiling point of resulting solution
(Tb) increases and it is greater than that of pure To  boiling point of pure solvent
solvent (To). R = gas constant.
 The difference between them is called elevation RTo2
of boiling point. Tb   Xs
H vap
 Tb  Ts  To  Tb = e.b.p
ns a W
Ts =b.p of solution  For dilute solutions, X s  n  M  b
o

To =b.p of solvent
RTo2  a W 
Relation b/w e.b.p and molar mass of solute Tb    
Hvap  M b 
solvent
C solution 1
But H vap  W  lv
B F L solution 2
1 Atm ( l v =latent heat of vapourization)
E
RTo2 a 1
P0 A K Tb   
D lv M b
P1
P2 H  But in colligative properties, the concentration
of solution is expressed in molality (m)
T0 T1 T2
a 1000 a m
The principal of elevation of m   or  
Boiling Point M b Mb 1000
The b.pts. of solvent, solution-1 and solution- RTo2 m
  Tb  
2 are T0 , T1 and T2 respectively, and there are lv 1000
related as T0  T1 < T2
RTo2
The corresponding vapour pressures are Kb 
lv  1000
P0 , P1 and P2 respectively and there are
 Tb and K b are related by the equation
related as P0  P1  P2
 For dilute solutions the curves are considered Tb  Kb  m or
almost linear.
According to the principle of elevation in boiling a 1000
Tb  K b  
BE BF M b
point   The elevation in boiling point observed in one
BK BL
molal solution of a non-volatile solute is called
Po  P1 To  T1
or  P  P  T  T  or  P T molal elevation constant  Kb  (or)
o 2 o 2
Ebullioscopic constant.
 As per Raoult’s law, P X s  Tb X s or  The molal elevation constant of a solvent does
not change with the change in the nature of solute
Tb  K b X s dissolved in it.

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 Cottrell’s method is used for determination of

P0 , P1 and P2 respectively and there are
molar mass of solute using elevation of boiling
point. related as P0  P1  P2
EX -13: The molal boiling-point constant for  From OBC, OEF,
water is 0.513Km 1 .When 0.1 mole of OC BC
sugar is dissolved in 200.0g of water.Then  or
OF EF
Calculate the boiling point of solution
under a pressure of 1.0 atm. Po  P1 To  T1
  or  P  T
a 1000 n  1000 Po  P2 To  T2
Sol:  b  K b   = kb
M b b  As per Raoult’s law, P X s  T f  X s
1000
b  0.513  0.1  0.256 or T f  K f X 1
200
Ts  T0  0.256 K f  proportionality constant or molal
Ts  T0  0.256 depression constant or cryoscopic constant
Ts = 100  0.256  100.256.0 C X 1  Mole Fraction of solute.

3. Depression of Freezing point  T f  RTo2

 From thermodynamic laws K f  H
 Freezing point is the temperature at which the f

solid form of liquid begins to separate out from

H f  molar heat of freezing
the liquid. At this temperature solid and liquid
will be in equilibrium. To  freezing point of pure solvent
 Def : When non volatile solute is dissolved in R = gas constant.
a pure solvent, the freezing point of solution
decreases and it is lesser than that of pure RTo2
T f   X1
solvent. H f
The difference between them is called
depression in freezing point n1 a W
 For dilute solutions, X1  n  M  b
T f  T0  Ts 2

 For dilute solutions the curves are considered RTo2  a w 

almost linear. T f    
H f  M b 
But H f  W  l f
( l f = latent heat of fusion)
RTo2 a 1
P1 Tf   
lf M b
P2  But in colligative properties, the concentration
of solution is expressed in molality (m)
T2 T1
a 1000 a m
m   or  
The f.pts. of solvent, solution-1 and solution-2 M b Mb 1000
are T0 , T1 and T2 respectively, and there are RTo2 m
 T f  
related as T0  T1 > T2 lf 1000
The corresponding vapour pressures are

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 The membranes which allow to pass only solvent

RTo2 molecules through it but not solute molecules is
Kf 
l f  1000 called semipermeable membrane (SPM).
 Ex. Animal membranes like pig’s bladder,
 T f and K f are related by the equation membrane round the red blood corpuscle, cell
membrane, parchment paper, cellophane
T f  K f  m or
paper, inorganic precipitate, membranes like
a 1000 cupric ferrocyanide Cu2  Fe  CN 6  ,
T f  K f  
M b
Calcium phosphate Ca3  PO4 2 etc.
 The depression of freezing point observed in 1
molal solution of a non volatile solute is known Osmotic Pressure  
as molal depression constant or cryoscopic  The hydrostatic pressure developed on the
constant ( K f ) aqueous dilute solution at equilibrium state due
 K f depends on chemical nature of solvent but to inflow of water when the solution is separated
from the water by a semipermeable membrane.
not solute in the solution.
(or)
 Units of K f  K .kg .mol 1  The pressure required to be applied on the
 Rast method is used for determination of molar solution to just stop the inflow of solvent into
mass of solute, using depression in freezing the solution, when the solution is separated from
point. the solvent by a semipermeable membrane.
 Rast method is used for solid solutions. Explanation : A vessel is divided into two parts
by a semipermeable membrane. In one part
 Boiling point of solution  no. of ions present solvent is taken and the other part solution is
in solute
taken. The two parts are fitted with pistons.
 Freezing point of solution
The piston on the solution side
1 moves up due to osmosis. If pressure is applied
 no.of ions present in a solute
on the surface of solution, the movement of the
EX -14: Calculate the molecular weight of a piston can be stopped. The pressure applied
substance if the freezing point of a solution on the solution side to stop osmosis is
containing 100g of benzene and 0.2g of the numerically equal to osmotic pressure.
substance is 0.17K below that of benzene. Reverse Osmosis
The cryoscope constant of benzene is When a pressure greater than that of osmotic
5.16K kgmol 1
pressure   is applied on solution side, then
a  1000  K f the solvent from the solution flows into pure
Sol: T f 
MW  b solvent this process is called reverse osmosis.
a 1000  K f It used in desalination of sea water
, MW  T f  b

1000  5.16  0.2

MW   60.70
100  0.17
4. Osmosis
 The spontaneous flow of the solvent through
semipermeable membrane from pure solvent
to solution (or) from a dilute solution to
concentrated solution is known as osmosis.

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EX -15: An aqueous solution contains 5 % and applicable to gases are also applicable to dilute
10 % of urea and glucose respectively (by solutions.
weight). The freezing point of solution, if Van’t Hoff’s Boyle’s Law
Kf of water = 1.86, is At constant temperature the osmotic pressure
(1) –3.03°C (2) 3.03°C
(3) 1.02°C (4) –1.02°C   of a dilute solution is directly proportional
Sol: Total molality = to its concentration (C)
 5 10  1000
 mol. wt glucoss  mol. wt of urea   100
 C C = mole / litre
1  1
 5 10  1000
 
5  30 1000  C  
=    V  V
 180 60  100 180 100
35 1000
V  K ............(1)
 Van’t Hoff’s Charle’s Law
180 100
Freezing point of solution  The osmotic pressure   of a solution at
 350  constant concentration (C) is directly
=  0   1.86 C  – 3.03°C
 proportional to the Kelvin temperature.
180
EX - 16: A solution of urea in water has a boiling  T
point of 100.18°C. Calculate the freezing   KT ............ (2)
point of same solution kf and kb of water T
are 1.86 and 0.512 respectively. from (1) and (2)  
V
(1) 0.654°C (2) –0.654°C
(3) 0.302°C (4) –0.18°C T
 S   CST
Sol: Tb  (100.18  100)C  0.18C V
T 0.18  1 
Molality of solution = K  0.512   C 
b

b  V 
0.18 here S = solution constant. The value of ‘S’ is
 Tf  mK f  0.86  = 0.302 similar to the value of ‘R’ (gas constant)
0.152
Freezing point = 0 – 0.302  – 0.302 Hence  V  RT for 1 mole for ‘n’ mole
EX - 17 : At 10°C the osmotic pressure of urea  V  nRT
solution is 500 mm. The solution is diluted
and temperature is raised to 25°C. When If ‘a’ is weight of the solute and ‘M’ is its
the osmotic pressure is found to be 105.3 molecular weight then
mm. How many times the solution is diluted a a
? n for ‘n’ moles  V  RT
M M
(1) 4 (2) 5 (3) 3 (4) 2
Sol:   mRT aRT aRTC
(a) M  (b) M 
V 
1 M1T1 M 2 T1  2
   Osmotic pressure is determined by Berkely -
2 M 2 T2 , M1 T2  1 = 0.2
Hartely method
 M1 is 5 times M2  Solution is diluted 5  Isotonic solutions: At a given temperature
times solutions of same osmotic pressure are called
Van’t Hoff’s theory of dilute Solutions isotonic solutions:
 According to van’t Hoff’s, dilute solutions Eg: Blood is isotonic with saline (0.9% w/v
behave as gases. Hence the laws that NaCl solution or 0.16M NaCl solution)

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 Hypotonic solutions: Solutions having lower osmotic pressures at the same temperature (T)
osmotic pressure If  1   2 i.e., isotonic solutions
 Hypertonic Solutions: Solutions having higher
osmotic pressure n1 n2 w1 w2
then V  V (a) M V  M V
 Plasmolysis: The flow of the liquid from the 1 2 1 1 2 2

plant cell when placed in a hypertonic solution Osmotic pressure of mixture of two
is called plasmolysis. The plant cell undergoes Solutions:
shrinkage. It is an example to exo-osmosis Case(I): Let two solutions of same substance
 Haemolysis : When a plant cell is placed in having different osmotic pressures 1 and  2
hypotonic solution then the solvent flows into are mixed then osmotic pressure of the resultant
plant cell. This is known as Haemolysis. The solution can be calculated as
plant cell bulges and finally bursts. It is an
example to endo-osmosis.  1V1   2V2   r V1  V2 
Applications of osmosis : Here  r =osmotic pressure of resulting solution
 Plants taken up water from soil through the
phenomenon of osmosis through root hairs Case (II): Let n1 and n2 are the number of
 A raw mango placed in salt solution loses water moles of two different solutes present in V1 and
via osmosis. This takes place in the preparation
of a pickle. V2 volumes respectively. Osmotic pressure of
 Osmotic pressure of solutions have high values the mixture can be calculated as   1   2
and are of the order of about 20-200 atm.
Ordinary membranes can’t withstand pressure.  11
n i ST
 22
n i ST n i  n i 
 1 1 2 2 ST
Hence Berkely - Hartley measured osmotic V1  V2  V1  V2  V1  V2 
pressure using cupric ferrocyanide as
here i1 and i2 are vant Hoff’s factors for the
semipermeable membrane.
 The osmotic pressure of a solution containing two solutes.
EX-18: The osmotic pressure of a solution at
1 mole of solute particles per litre (1M) at 0o C
300K is 0.821 atm. Its concentration will
is 22.4 atm.
be
Formulae
Sol:   CRT
1.  V  nST Hence   Osmotic pressure
C   / RT
a  a 
V  ST  n   S=Solution constant 0.821
MW  M C  0.033M
0.0821  300
aST
MW  T=absolute temperature Abnormal Molar mass
V  Colligative properties are shown by dilute
2. V  nST a =Weight of solute solutions.
 Solutions which obey Raoult’s law are called
n
  ST  MST (M = Molarity) ideal solutions.
V  Deviations in Raoult’s law are observed due to
MW = molecular wt of solute increase in concentration of solutions.
V = volume of the solution  Solutions which deviate from Raoult’s law are
n = no. moles of solute known as non-ideal solutions.
M = Molarity of the solution  In ideal solutions intermolecular forces in the
solutions are negligible.
3. Consider two solutions I and II having n1 and
 But in non ideal solutions intermolecular forces
n2 moles of the solute in V1 and V2 litres of the are considerable.
 Non ideal solutions show deviations in
solution respectively let 1 and  2 be their colligative properties.

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 Electrolytes undergo ionisation in aqueous

solutions, as a result number of particle in the An 
 nA
solution increases hence magnitude of colligative 1 0
properties increases. 1  n
 Colligative property and molar mass of solute
Total no of particles after dissociation =
are inversely proportional to each other.
1 1    n  1   n  1  
C .P 
GMW no.of particles after dissociation
i
 So molar mass of electrolytic solutes no.of particles before dissociation ;
determined experimentally is less than true value.
 Some solutes when dissolved in solvents may 1   n  1   i 1
undergo association i.e, solute molecules i   
1 n 1
combine to form dimers or trimers etc.
 Due to association number particles in the ' ' is degree of dissociation or ionisation.
solution decreases, as a result magnitude of ‘ i ’ is Van’t Hoff factor
colligative properties decreases. So molar mass Salt Van’t Hoff Factor (i)
of such solute will be higher than true value. (complete
 Van’t Hoff introduced a factor ‘i’ in the equation dissociation
to equalise the experimental value and of solute)
calculated value. NaCl 2.0
KCl 2.0
 For example, osmotic pressure   equation MgSO4 2.0
is K2SO4 3.0
 V  RT (calculated)  For solutes which undergo association
 V  iRT (experimental ) If ‘n’ molecules of ‘A’ combine to give An , we
have
 exp t
 i nA  An
 cal 1 O
Experimental value of colligative property  (  =degree of association at
1 
i n
Calculated value of colligative property
the given concentration)
Observed osmotic pressure  Total particles after association
i
Calculated osmotic pressure 
 1 
Calculated molar mass of solute n
i
Experimental molar mass of solute No. of particle after association
i
Normal molar mass No. of particle before association
i
Abnormal molar mass
 For solutes which undergo dissociation let a 
1 
solute on ionisation gives ‘n’ ions (particles) and i  n
' ' is degree of ionisation at the given 1

concentration, we will have 1   n  1    1 

i    1; i  1    1 
particles (ions) after ionisation n n 

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i 1 1 i Ca  NO3  2 solution if van’t Hoff factor =

 association   association 
1 1 2.4?
 1 or 1
n n
Sol: Ca  NO3  2  Ca 2  2 NO3
Relation between Van’t Hoff factor and
n3
colligative properties
i  1 2.4  1 1.4
n P P a W     0.7
1) RLVP  i 1 ; o s  i  n 1 3 1 2
n2 Po M b
EXERCISE - I
2) Tb  iK b m TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
3) T f  iK f m 1. Which of the following is an example of a
nRT solid solution containing a gas as solute ?
4) O.P  i ;  V  inRT (1) H2 in water
V
(2) O2 in water
EX-19: An electrolyte XY2 is 40% ionized.
(3) Camphor in nitrogen gas
Calculate van’t Hoff factor (4) H2 in platinum
Sol: XY2  X 2  2Y  2. Number of phases present in a true
n3 solution is
1) 1 2) 2
i  1   ( n  1)
3) Depends on number of solutes
i  1  0.4(3  1) i  1.8
4) Innumerable
EX-20: If potassium ferrocyanide is 80% 3. Which one of the following is not a true
ionized, calculate van’t Hoff factor .
solution?
4
Sol: K 4  Fe  CN 6   4 K   Fe  CN 6  . 1) Amalgam 2) Ornamental gold
3) Salt water 4) Milk
n5
METHODS OF EXPRESSION OF
i  1   ( n  1) CONCENTRATION
 1  0.8(5  1) 4. How much the amount of benzoic acid
 4.2 (C6H5COOH) required for preparing 250
EX-21: A substance forms dimers in solution to ml of 0.15 M solution in methanol ?
the extent of 75%. Calculate van’t Hoff (1) 45.75 g (2) 4.575 g
Factor. (3) 0.2 M (4) 9.15 g
1 5. How much water is needed to dilute 10 ml
Sol: n   0.75
of 10N hydrochloric acid to make it exactly
2
decinormal (0.1 N)?
1 
i  1     1 , (1) 990 ml (2) 1000 ml
n  (3) 1010 ml (4) 100 ml
1  6. What will be the mass percentage of
i  1  0.75  1 aspirin (C9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN)
2 
when 6.5g of C9H8O4 is dissolved in 450 g
= 1+0.375 x -1
of CH3CN?
= 0.625
EX-22: What is the degree of dissociation for (1) 2.848% (2) 1.424%
(3) 14.24% (4) 28.48%

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7. If 9.55 g of CuS are dissolved in 500 ml 17. In a normal solution of BaCl2, normalities
H2O. What will be the molarity of CuS in of Ba+2 and Cl - are in the ratio
aqueous solution ? [Molar mass of CuS is 1) 2:1 2)1:2 3) 1:1 4) 2:3
95.5 g] 18. When an oxide M 2 O3 is oxidised to
(1) 0.02 M (2) 2M
(3) 0.2 M (4) 20 M M 2 O5 its equivalent is
8. A solution of known concentration is known 1) M. w/1 2) M. w/2
as 3) M. w/4 4) M. w/8
1) Molar Solution 2) Normal Solution 19. The equivalent weight of Mohr’s salt

9.
3) Mole Solution 4) Standard Solution
Which of the following methods of
 FeSO .  NH 
4 4 2 SO 4 .6H 2 O  during redox
expressing concentration is independent of reaction is equal to its
temperature? 1) Molecular weight / 2 2) Atomic weight / 2
1) Molarity 2) Molality 3) Molecular weight / 3 4) Molecular weight
3) Formality 4) Normality 20. Equivalent weight of ammonia as a base is
10. When the volume of the solution is doubled, 1) 17 2) 17/3 3)1.7 4)17/2
the following becomes exactly half 21. In an oxidation-reduction reaction, MnO 4
1) Molality 2) Mole-fraction
3) Molarity 4) Weight percent ion is converted to Mn 2 . What is the
11. Find the volume of 0.1M potassium number of equivalents of KMnO4 (mol. wt
dichromate solution required to oxidise = 158) present in 250 ml of 0.04 M
20ml of 0.6M ferrous sulphate solution in
KMnO4 solution?
acid medium
1) 0.02 2) 0.05 3) 0.04 4) 0.07
1)10ml 2) 20ml 3)40ml 4)60ml
22. Number of moles of solute dissolved in
12. If 50ml of 0.1M NaCl and 50ml of 0.1 M
1000g. of the solvent is called
BaCl2 are mixed, molarity of chloride ion
1) Molarity 2) Molality
in the resulting solution will be
3) Formality 4) Normality
1)0.2 M 2)0.3M 3)0.15M 4)0.1M
23. The density of 2 M solution of acetic acid
13. A solution of CaCl2 is 0.5 mol / litre, then
(Mol. wt. 60) is 1.02 g ml-1. The molality
the moles of chloride ion in 500 ml. will be
of the solution ‘X’ is
1)0.25 2)0.50 3)0.75 4)1.00
1)1.0 2)2.0 3)2.22 4)2.25
14. A solution is obtained by mixing 300 g of
24. Which of the following is correct?
25% solution and 400 g of 40% solution
1) For a binary solution sum of the mole
by mass. What will be the mass percentage
fractions of all components is equal to one
of the solute of resulting solution ?
(1) 23% (2) 12.5% (3) 33.6% (4) 50% Mole fraction of I moles of I
2) 
15. 1 kg of NaOH is added to 10 ml of 0.1N Mole fraction of II moles of II
HCl, the resulting solution will (for binary solution)
1) turn blue litmus red 3) Mole fraction of solute
2) turn phenolphthalein solution pink
moles of solute
3) turn methyl orange red =
4) will have no effect on red or blue litmus moles of solute + moles of solvent
paper 4) All
16. The solution having lowest molar 25. Which of the following has no units?
concentration is 1) Molarity 2) Normality
3) Molality 4) Mole fraction
1) 1.0N HCl 2) 0.4N H 2SO 4
3) 0.1N Na 2 CO3 4) 1N NaOH

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26. Maltose is converted to ‘A’ by Maltase. 35. 250 ml of a calcium carbonate solution
The mole fraction of ‘A’ in 10% (w/w) aq. contains 2.5 grams of CaCO3 . If 10 ml of
solution is approximately:
this solution is diluted to one litre, what is
1) 0.18 2) 0.012 3) 0.1 4) 0.017
the concentration of the resultant solution?
27. Molarity of 4% (w/v) solution of NaOH is
1) 0.1 M 2) 0.001 M
1) 0.1 2) 0.5 3) 0.001 4) 1.0
28. The number of moles of solute present in 3) 0.01 M 4) 104 M
2.0 lits of 0.5M NaOH solution is 36. 3.65 grams of HCl is dissolved in 16.2
1) 2 2) 1 3) 4 4) 0.1 grams of water. The mole fraction of HCl
29. 100 ml 0.2M NaOH is exactly neutralised in the resulting solution is
by a mixture of which of the following? 1) 0.4 2) 0.3 3) 0.2 4) 0.1
1) 100 ml of 0.1M HCl + 100 ml of 0.1M 37. If the formula weight of H2SO4 is 98. The
H 2SO4 amount of acid present in 400ml of
2) 100 ml of 0.1M HCl + 50 ml of 0.1M 0.1molar solution of acid will be
1) 2.45g 2) 3.92g 3) 4.90g 4) 9.80g
H 2SO4
38. 5.85g NaCl is dissolved in 500ml of water.
3) 50 ml of 0.1M HCl + 50 ml of 0.1M
The molarity is
H 2SO 4 1) 0.1 2) 0.2 3) 0.3 4) 0.4
4) 50 ml of 0.1M HCl + 100 ml of 0.1M 39. The amount of FeSO4 7H2O to be weighted
H 2SO4 to prepare a solution of 100ml of 0.1 M
30. 250 ml of a sodium carbonate solution concentration is (Mol.wt.of FeSO 4 .
(7H20=278)
contains 2.65 grams of Na 2 CO3 . 10 ml of
1) 27.8g 2) 90g 3) 2.78g 4) 5.5g
this solution is added to x ml of water to 40. Number of milli equivalents of solute in 0.5
obtain 0.001 M Na 2 CO3 solution. What litres of 0.2N solution is
is the value of x in ml? (Molecular weight 1)10 2) 1 3)100 4)1000
of Na 2 CO3 =106) 41. Volume of 0.1 M K2Cr2O7 required to
oxidise 35ml of 0.5 M FeSO4 solution is
1) 1000 2) 990 3) 9990 4) 90
1)35ml 2)29ml 3)17.5ml 4)175ml
31. Zinc reacts with CuSO4 according to the
42. Weight of solute present in 500 ml 0.2
equation Zn + CuSO4 ----->ZnSO4 + Cu. If
N-H2SO4 solution is
excess of zinc is added to 100ml, 0.05M
1) 14.2 g 2) 4.9 g
CuSO4, the amount of copper formed in
moles will be 3) 3.55 g 4) 1.42 g.
1) 5 2) 0.5 3) 0.05 4) 0.005 43. Number of milli equivalents of solute
32. The molarity of pure water is present in 250 ml of 0.1M oxalic acid
1) 18 M 2) 55.55 M solution are
3) 10 M 4) 5.55 M 1) 25 2) 50 3) 250 4)125
33. If 250ml of 0.25M NaCl solution is diluted 44 The weight of H2C2O4 2H20 required to
with water to a volume of 500ml, the new prepare 500ml of 0.2N solution is
concentration of solution is 1) 1.26g 2)6.3g
1) 0.167M 2) 0.0167M 3) 1.575g 4) 3.15g
3) 0.125M 4) 0.0833M 45. What is the volume (in litres) of 0.1M
34. What volume of 0.8M solution contains 0.1 H2SO4 required to completely neutralize 1
mole of the solute? litre of 0.5M NaOH?
1) 100ml 2) 125 ml 1) 5 2) 2.5 3) 0.5 4) 10
3)500 ml 4) 62.5 ml

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46. 3.42 g of a substance of molecular weight 1) He 2) CH 4 3) H 2 4) CO2

342 is present in 250g of water. Molality
of this solution is 55. The solubility of gas in a liquid increases
1) 0.4m 2) 0.04 m 3) 0.8 m 4)4m with
47. 3g of a salt [mol.wt. 30] is dissolved in 1) Increase of temperature
250g of water the molality of the solution 2) Amount of liquid taken
is 3) Decrease in temperature
1)0.4 2)0.2 3)0.6 4)0.8 4) Reduction of gas pressure
48. The mole fraction of NaCl in a solution 56. How many grams of CO2 gas is dissolved
containing 1 mole of NaCl in 1000g of in a 1 lt bottle of carbonated water if the
water is manufacturer uses a pressure of 2.4
1) 0.0177 2) 0.001 3) 0.5 4) 0.244 atmosphere in the bottling process at
49. The mole fraction of water in 20% of
aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution is 250 C Given K H of CO2 water =
1) 0.2 2) 0.8 3) 0.883 4) 0.117 29.76atm / mole / l at 250 C
50. An aqueous solution of Methyl alcohol 1) 3.52 2) 4.2 3) 3.1 4) 2.5
contains 48g of alcohol. The mole fraction 57. Henry’s law constant for the solubility of
of alcohol is 0.6. The weight of water in it
is N 2 gas in water at 298K is 1.0 105 atm .
1) 27g 2) 2.7g 3) 18g 4) 1.8g The mole fraction of N 2 in air is 0.6. The
51. A gaseous mixture contains 4.0g of H2 and
56.0g of N2. The mole fraction of H2 in the no.of moles of N 2 from air dissolved in 10
mixture is moles of water at 298K and 5atm pressure
1)0.1 2)0.2 3)0.5 4)0.8 is
52. Three statements are given about mole 1) 3.0  104 2) 4.0  105
fraction
i) Mole fraction of a solute + mole fraction 3) 5.0  104 4) 6.0 106
of solvent = 1 58. H 2 S ,a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell,
ii) Equal weights of Helium and methane is used for the qualitative analysis.If the
are present in a gaseous mixture. The mole
fraction of He is 4/5 solubility of H 2 S in water at STP is
iii) The mole fraction of water in the 0.195M,then Henry’s law constant is
aqueous solution of NaOH is 0.8. The 1)28.94 2)282
molality of the solution is nearly 14 moles 3)145.2 4)2890.4
kg 1 59. Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is
1) i and ii are correct 2) ii and iii are correct
3) i and iii are correct 4) all are correct 1.67  108 pa at 298 K the quantity of
SOLUBILITY - HENRY’S LAW CO2 in 500ml of soda water when packed
53. The partial pressure of the gas in vapour under 2.5 atm pressure is
phase is proportional to the mole fraction 1) 0.0084gms 2)0.00084gms
of the gas in the solution is given by 3)1.848gms 4)8.4gms
1) Raoult’s law 2) Ostwald’s law
VAPOUR PRESSURE - RAOULT’S LAW
3) Distribution law 4) Henry’s law
IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL SOLUTIONS
54. Four gases like H 2 , He, CH 4 and CO2 60. Which of the following conditions is not
have Henry’s constant values  K H  aree satisfied by an ideal solution ?
69.16, 144.97, 0.413 and 1.67. The gas (1) H mix  0 (2) Smix  0
which is more soluble in liquid is (3) Vmix  0
(4)Raoult’s law is obeyed

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61. Which of the following liquid pairs will 69. Which of the following statements is
exhibit a positive deviation from Raoult’s correct, if the intermolecular force in
law ? liquids A, B and C are in the order A < B <
(1) Water – Hydrochloric acid C?
(2) Cyclohexane – Ethanol
(1) B evaporates more readily than A
(3) Acetone – Chloroform
(4) Water – Nitric acid (2) B evaporates less readily than C
62. The azeotropic mixture of water and HCl (3) A and B evaporate at the same rate
boils at 108.5°C . When this mixture is (4) A evaporates more readily than C
distilled, it is possible to obtain 70. An aqueous solution of methanol in water
(1) Pure HCl (2) Pure water has vapour pressure
(3) Neither pure HCl nor pure water
1) Equal to that of water
(4) Both pure HCl and pure water
63. A solution is non-ideal when 2) Equal to that of methanol
3) More than that of water
(1) (P) sol .  0 (2) (H ) sol .  0
4) Less than that of water
(3) (G ) sol .  0 (4) (V ) sol .  0 71. The boiling point of
64. Vapour pressure is the pressure exerted
C6 H 6 , CH3 OH, C6 H 5 NH 2 nd C6 H 5 NO2
by vapours
(1) In equilibrium with liquid are 80C, 65C, 184C and 212C
(2) In any condition respectively. Which will show highest
(3) In an open system(4) In atmospheric vapour pressure at room temperature?
conditions
65. The pair of solutions which shows positive 1) C6 H 6 2) CH3 OH
deviation in non ideal solution
3) C6 H 5 NH 2 4) C6 H 5 NO2
1) CCl4  C6 H 6 2) CHCl3  C6 H 6
72. Which one of the following represents the
3) CCl4  CHCl3 4)Both 1 and 3 graph between log P on Y-axis and 1/T on
66. The pair of solutions which shows negative X-axis? (P= vapour pressure of a liquid,
deviation in non-ideal solution T= absolute temperature)

1) CHCl3  CH 3COCH 3 1) y 2) y

2) CH 3COCH 3  C6 H 5 NH 2

3) CHCl3  C6 H 6 4)All the above

O x O x
67. Azeotropy is the property of 3) y 4) y

(1) all the solutions (2) Non-ideal solution

(3) gas in liquid solution(4) ideal solution
68. Pure water boils at 373K and pure nitric O x O x
acid boils at 359K. The azeotropic mixture
of water and nitric acid boils at T K. 73. If an ideal solution is made by mixing 2
(1) T < 359 K (2) T > 359 K moles of benzene (p0 = 266 mm) and 3
moles of another liquid (p0 = 236 mm). The
(3) T < 373 K but > 359 K (4) Unpredictable

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total vapour pressure of the solution at the 79. Which of the following solutions have more
same temperature would be lowering in vapour pressure at a certain
(1) 502 mm (2) 248 mm temperature?
(3) 600 mm (4) 250.6 mm 1) 90 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H 2 O
2) 34.2 grams of sucrose in 450 grams of
COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
RELATIVE LOWERING OF VAPOUR H2O
PRESSURE 3) 20 grams of urea in 900 grams of H 2 O
74 An aqueous solution of 2% (w/w) non-
volatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 4) 45 grams of glucose in 900 grams of H 2 O
bar at the normal boiling point of the 80. The vapour pressure of methanol at certain
solvent.What is the molar mass of the temperature is 1 atm. by adding a small
solute ? [ P 0 H 2O  1.013bar ] amount of ethyl acetate the vapour
(1) 41.35 g mol-1 pressure of the solution is found to be 684
(2) 82.70 g mol-1 mm. The relative lowering of vapour
(3) 20.67 g mol-1 pressure is
(4) 60 g mol-1 1) 0.1 2) 0.9 3) 76 4) 0.694
75. Which of the following is a colligative 81. The vapour pressure of water at 230C is
property? 19.8 mm. 0.1 mole of glucose is dissolved
1) Boiling point in 178.2 g of water. What is the vapour
2) Osmotic pressure pressure (in mm) of the resultant solution
3) Vapour pressure at same temperature
4) Freezing point 1)19.0 2)19.602
76. 12g of urea is present in 1litre of solution 3)19.402 4)19.202
and 68.4 g of sucrose is separately 82. The magnitude of colligative properties in
dissolved in 1litre of another sample of colloidal dispersions is .... than solution
solution. The lowering of vapour pressure 1) Lower 2) Higher 3) Both 4) None
of first solution is ELEVATION IN BOILING POINT
1) Equal to second 83. When 10g of a non-volatile solute is
2) Greater than second dissolved in 100g of benzene, it raises
3) Less than second boiling by 1oC then molecular mass of the
4) Double that of second solute is (Kb for benzene =2.53 K-m-1)
77. A solution is obtained by dissolving 0.2 les (1) 223 g (2) 233 g
of urea in a litre water. Another solution is (3) 243 g (4) 253 g
obtained by dissolving 0.4 moles of c-sugar
84. The molal elevation constant is the ratio
in a litre of water at the same temperature.
of the elevation is B.P. to s
The lowering of vapour pressure to the first
(1) molarity (2) molality
solution is.
(3) mole fraction of solute .
1) Same as that of the second solution
(4) mole fraction of solvent
2) Half to that of the second solution
85. The value of ebullioscopic constant depend
3) Double to that of the second solution
upon
4) None
78. 3 gms of urea is added to 36 gms of boiling (1) H Solution (2) Nature of solvent
water. How much lowering in its vapour (3) Nature of solute
pressure is noticed (4) Freezing point of solution
1) 19 mm 2) 38 mm 3) 760 mm 4) 76 mm

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86. The weight of urea to be dissolved in 100g 93. Antifreeze are the substances which
of water to decrease the vapour pressure (1) Stop freezing
of water by 5% is (2) Decreases freezing point
1) 20 g 2) 14.66 g (3) Increases freezing point
3) 15.24 g 4) 16.66 g (4) Melt the ice
87. Pure water boils at 99.7250C in Shimla. If 94. Two elements A and B form compounds of
Kb for water is 0.51 K mol-1 kg, the boiling formula AB2 and AB4. When dissolved in
point of 0.69 molal urea solution will be 20.0 g of benzene 1.0 g of AB2 lowers F.pt.
(1) 100.35 (2) 100.08 by 2.30C whereas 1.0g of AB4 lowers F.pt.
(3) 99.37 (4) 101.08 by 1.30C. The Kf for benzene is 5.4. The
88. The rise in the boiling point of a solution atomic masses of A and B are respectively
containing 1.8g of glucose in 100g of 1) 27, 45 2) 42, 25
solvent is 0.1 0C. The molal elevation 3) 52, 48 4) 48, 52
constant of the liquid is 95. The amount of ice that will separate on
1) 0.01 K/m 2) 0.1 K/m cooling a solution containing 50g of
3) 1K/m 4) 10 K/m ethylene glycol in 200g water to -9.30C is:
89. The boiling point of benzene is 353.23 [Kf = 1.86 K molality-1]
K.When 1.80g of a non-volatile solute was (1) 38.71 g (2) 38.71 mg
dissolved in 90g of benzene,the boiling (3) 42 g (4) 42 mg
point is raised to 354.11 K. The molar mass 96. Molal elevation constant and molal
depression constant of water respectively
of the solute is.( Kb for benzene is
( in Km-1) are
2.53K kg mol 1 ) 1) 0.52, 1.86 2) 1.86, 0.52
3) 1.52, 0.86 4) 0.86, 1.52
1) 58 g mol 1 2)106 g mol 1
97. What is the normal b.p of an aqueous
3)174 g mol 1 4)232 g mol 1 solution whose freezing point is 2.480 C
DEPRESSION IN FREEZING POINT ?
90. The molal freezing point constant for water
is 1.86 K. molality-1. If 34.2 g of cane sugar  K f  1.860 C.kg / mol , 
 
(C 12H 22O 11) are dissolved in 1000g of  K  0.5120 C.kg / mol 
 b 
water, the solution will freeze at
(1) -0.186oC (2) 1.86OC 1) 100.70 C 2) 102.50 C
(3) -3.92 C
O
(4) 2.42OC
3) 109.00 C 4) 99.30 C
91. The use of common salts, e.g., NaCl or
98. Calculate the molal depression constant of
CaCl2 anhydrous, is made to clear snow
a solvent which has freezing point 16.6 0
on the roads. This causes:
1) A lowering in the freezing point of water. and latent heat of fusion 180.75Jg 1
2) A lowering in the melting point of ice. 1) 3.3 2) 3.86
3) Ice melts at the temperature of atmosphere 3) 2.9 4) 38.6
present at that time. 99. Calculate the mass of ascorbic
4) All the above acid( C6 H 8O6 )to be dissolved in 75g of
92. The freezing point of 1% aqueous solution acetic acid to lower its melting point by
of calcium nitrate will be
1.50 C.K f  3.9 K kg mol 1
1) 0 0 C 2) Above 0 0 C
1)5.08g 2)5.06g 3)5.04g 4)5.02g
3) 1 0 C 4) Below 0 0 C

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100. 1.00g of a non-electrolyte solute dissolved 3)   V, if T is constant

in 50g of benzene, lowered the freezing 4)  V is constant, if T is constant
point of benzene by 0.40 K. The freezing 107. The Osmotic pressure of a dilute solution
point depression constant of benzene is is given by
5.12 K. kg mol 1 . Find the molar mass of 1) P0  P0  N1 2)  V  nRT
the solute. P P 0  PS
1) 236 gm / mole 2) 256 gm / mole 3) 0  4) P  P0 N 2
P P0
3) 266 gm / mole 4) 274 gm / mole
108. Which of the following chemical entities
OSMOTIC PRESSURE
can act as semipermeable membrane?
101. The relationship between osmotic pressure
(1) Cu2[Fe(CN)6] (2) Cu(SCN)2
at 273 K when 10 gm glucose (P1), 10 gm (3) BaC2O4 (4) BaSO4
urea (P 2 ) and 10 g sucrose (P 3 ) are 109. The osmotic pressure of solution at 00C is
dissolved in 250 ml of water is 4 atm what will be its osmotic pressure at
(1) P1 > P2 > P3 (2) P3 > P1 > P2 546 K. Under similar conditions
(3) P2 > P1 > P3 (4) P2 > P3 > P1 1) 4 atm 2) 2 atm 3) 1 atm 4) 8 atm
102. Osmotic pressure is measured by
110. The molar mass of solute X in g mol 1 , if
1) Ostwald’s method
2) Berkeley and Hartley method its 1% solution is isotonic with a 5%
solution of cane sugar (molar mass
3) Preffer’s method
4) Beckmann’s method =342 g mol 1 ) is
103. Blood cells retain their normal shape in 1)68.4 2)34.2 3)136.2 4)171.2
solution which are 111. 200 c.c of an aqueous solution contains 1.26
1) isotonic to blood gms of a polymer. The osmotic pressure
2) hypotonic to blood of such solution at 300 K is found to be
3) hypertonic to blood 2.57  103 bar. Calculate the molar mass
4) equinormal to blood of the polymer
104. The osmotic pressure of a dilute solution 1) 61038 g/mole 2) 122076 g/mole
is directly proportional to the 3) 610.38 g/mole 4) 122.076 g/mole
1) Diffusion rate of the solute 112. The osmotic pressure of a solution of an
2) Ionic concentration organic substance containing 18 gm in 1 lit
3) Boiling point of solution at 293 K is 2.414 105 Nm 2 .
4) Flow of solvent from a concentrated solution Find the molecular mass of the substance.
105. A perfectly semi-permeable membrane (If S= 8.3 J K-1 mole-1)
when used to separate a solution from its 1) 181.33 2) 362.66 3) 36.2 4) 18.1
solvent permits through it the passage of 113. What is the volume of solution containing
1) Solute only 2) Solvent only 1 gm mole of sugar that will give rise to an
3) Both (a) and (b) 4) None osmotic pressure of 1 atm at 00C
106. Which statement is incorrect about osmotic 1) 11.2 lit 2) 112 lit 3) 224 lit 4)22.4 lit
114. Find the osmotic pressure of M/20 solution
pressure   , volume(V) &
of Urea at 27 0C
temperature(T)? 1) 12.315 atm 2) 1.2315 atm
1 3) 0.12315 atm 4) 0.0123 atm
1)   , if T is constant 115. The osmotic pressure of a decimolar
V
solution of urea at 27 0C is
2)   T, if V is constant 1)2.49 bar 2)5 bar 3)3.4 bar 4)1.25 bar

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116. What is the volume of a solution containing 125. Which one has same Van’t Hoff factor i as
2g mole of sugar that will give rise to an that of Hg 2Cl2
osmotic pressure 1 atm. at STP
1)4.48 lit 2)0.448 lit 3)44.8 lit 4)448 lit 1) NaCl 2) Na2 SO4
ABNORMAL MOLAR MASS 3) Al  NO3 3 4) Al2  SO4 3
Van’t Hoff Factor
126. 0.5 M aqueous solution of glucose is
117. The molecular mass of sodium chloride
isotonic with
obtained by using a colligative property is
(1) 0.5 M KCl solution (2) 0.5 M CaCl 2
(1) 58.5 g/mol (2) 29.25 g/mol solution
(3) 117 g/mol (4) 85 g/mol (3) 0.5 M urea solution (4) 1 M solution of
118. The ratio of value of colligative property sucrose
for equimolar Hg2Cl2 solution to that for 127. For a non-electrolyte solution, the Van’t
sugar solution is nearly Hoff factor is equal to
(1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 8 (4) 3 1) Zero 2) 1 3) 2 4) Between 0, 1
119. A 0.01 m aqueous solution of K3 [Fe(CN)6] 128. The ratio of the value of any colligative
freezes at –0.062°C. What is the apparent property for KCl solution to that for sugar
percentage of dissociation ? (Kf of water solution is nearly
= 1.86) 1) 1.0 2) 0.5 3) 2.0 4) 2.5
129. Van’t Hoff factor (i) for an aqueous solution
(1) 22% (2) 78 % (3) 75 % (4) 50 %
of an electrolyte is
120. In a solvent 50% of benzoic acid dimerises 1) Zero 2) Greater than 1
while rest ionises, determine molar mass
3) Equal to one 4)  0
of acid which is observed and also its van’t
130. Assuming each salt to be 90% dissociated
Hoff factor. which of the following will have the highest
(1) 1.5 (2) 1.25 (3) 1 (4) 2 osmotic pressure ?
121. The values of observed and calculated
1) Decinormal Al2  SO4 3
molecular weights of silver nitrate are
92.64 and 170 respectively. The degrees 2) Decinormal BaCl2
of dissociation of silver nitrate is 3) Decinormal Na2 SO4
(1) 60% (2) 83.5%
4) A solution obtained by mixing equal volumes
(3) 46.7% (4) 60.23% of (2) and (3) and filtering
122. Which solution will have the highest boiling 131. Which salt shows maximum osmotic
point? pressure in its 1M solution.
(1) 1m C6H12O6 solution (2) 1m NaCl solution
(3) 1m BaCl2 solution (4) 1m urea solution 1) AgNO3 2) Na2 SO4
123. Which of the following solutions have 3)  NH 4 3 PO4 4) MgCl2
lowest freezing point ?
132. Which solution will show maximum
1) 0.1 M NaCl 2) 0.01 M NaCl
elevation in boiling point?
3) 1M NaCl 4) 0.001 M NaCl
124. The freezing point of equimolal aqueous 1) 0.1 M KCl 2) 0.1 M BaCl2
solution will be highest for
3) 0.1 M FeCl3 4) 0.1 M Fe2  SO4 3
1) C6 H 5 NH 3Cl (aniline hydrochloride)
133. The correct relationship between the
2) Ca  NO3 2 3) La  NO3 3 boiling points of very dilute solutions of

4) C6 H12O6 (glucose) AlCl3  t1  and CaCl2  t2  , having the

same molar concentration, is

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1) t1  t2 2) t1  t2 140. Which among the following will show

maximum osmotic pressure?
3) t2  t1 4) t2  t1 1) 1M NaCl 2) 1M MgCl2
134. If  is the degree of dissociation of 3) 1M (NH4)3PO4 4) 1M Na2SO4
Na2 SO4 , the Vant Hoff factor (i) used for 141. Molal elevation constant for water is 0.52
k/m-1. 0.1 molal solution of an electrolyte
calculating the molecular mass is
boil at 100.1040C. The electrolyte will be
1) 1   2)1   (1) NaCl (2) glucose (3) Urea (4) AlCl3
3)1  2 4) 1  2 142. Which of the following will have highest
135. Which aqueous solution has minimum boiling point at 1 atm pressure?
freezing point ? 1) 0.1M NaCl 2) 0.1 M Sucrose
1) 0.01 M NaCl 3) 0.1M BaCl 2
4) 01. M Glucose
143. The boiling point of 0.1molal K4[Fe(CN)6]
2) 0.005 M C2 H 5OH solution will be (Given Kb for water = 0.52
3) 0.005 M MgCl K kg mol-1)
2
1)100.520C 2)100.040C 3)100.260C 4)102.60C
4) 0.005 M MgSO4 144. Which of the following solutions will have
the highest boiling point
136. For the given electrolyte Ax By the degree
1) 0.1M Al2  SO4 3 2) 0.1M FeCl3
of dissociation  can be given as
3) 0.1M NaCl 4) 0.1 M Urea
i 1
1 )    x  y  1 145. Which of the following 0.10 m aqueous
solution will have the lower freezing point
?
2) i  1     x  y
1) Al2  SO4 3 2) C6H12O6
i 1
3)   3) KI 4) C12 H 22O11
x  y 1
146. Which of the following aqueous solution
4) Both 1 & 2 will have highest depression in freezing
137. Lowering of vapour pressures of equimolar point ?
solution of glucose, sodium chloride and 1) 0.1 M urea 2) 0.1 M Sucrose
barium nitrate are in the order. 3) 0.1 M AlCl 3
4)0.1M K4[Fe(CN)6]
1) Glucose >NaCl>Ba (NO3)2 147. Calculate the osmotic pressure of a
2) Glucose =NaCl = Ba (NO3)2 decinormal solution of NaCl which is ionised
3) Ba(NO3)2 > NaCl > Glucose to 80% at 270C
1) 4.43 atm 2) 0.443 atm
4) NaCl > Ba(NO3)2 > Glucose
3) 0.222 atm 4) 0.111 atm
138. Which of the following salt has the same 148. If Van’t Hoff factor, i=1, then
value of Van’t Hoff factor as that of 1) It is dissociation
K3  Fe  CN 6  2) it is association
3) Both 1 and 2
1) Na2 SO4 2) Al2  SO4 3 4) Neither dissociation nor association
149. For a very dilute solution of H 3 PO3 van’t
3) Al  NO3 3 4) Fe3O4 Hoff factor is
139 The molecular weight of NaCl determined 1) i  7 2) i  3 3) i  4 4) i  5
by osmotic pressure method will be 150. For a substance ‘A’ when dissolved in a
1) Same as theoretical value solvent ‘B’ show the molecular mass
2) Higher than theoretical value corresponding to A3 . the vant Hoff factor
3) Lower than theoretical value will be
4) Negative 1) 1 2) 2 3) 3 4) 1/3

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151. Van’t Hoff factor for a dilute solution of 73) 2 74) 1 75) 2 76) 1 77) 2 78) 1
glucose is 79) 1 80) 1 81) 2 82) 1 83) 4 84) 2
1) 0 2) 1 3) 1.5 4) 2 85) 2 86) 4 87) 2 88) 3 89) 1 90) 1
152. The van’t Hoff factor for a very dilute 91) 4 92) 4 93) 2 94) 1 95) 1 96) 1
solution of Fe2  SO4 3 is 97) 1 98) 2 99) 2 100) 2 101) 3 102) 2
103)1 104) 2 105) 2 106) 3 107) 2 108) 1
1) 9 2) 5 3) 24 4) 16 109) 4 110) 1 111) 1 112) 1 113) 4 114) 2
153. The van’t Hoff factor for a very dilute 115) 1 116) 3 117) 2 118) 4 119) 2 120) 2
aqueous solution of K  Ag  CN  2  is 121) 2 122) 3 123) 3 124) 4 125) 2 126) 3
127) 2 128) 3 129) 2 130) 1 131) 3 132) 4
1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 5
133) 2 134) 3 135) 1 136) 4 137) 3 138) 3
154. If a solute under goes dimerization and
139) 3 140) 3 141) 1 142) 3 143) 3 144) 1
trimerization, the minimum values of the
145) 1 146) 4 147) 1 148) 4 149) 2 150) 4
van’t Hoff factors are:
151) 2 152) 2 153) 3 154) 3 155) 2 156) 3
1) 0.50 and 1.50 2) 1.50 and 1.33
157) 3 158) 2
3) 0.50 and 0.33 4) 0.25 and 0.67
155. The Van’t Hoff factor of Hg 2Cl2 in its EXERCISE-I - HINTS
1. In solid solutions, solved is soild
aqueous solution will be ( Hg 2Cl2 is 80% 2. True solution is homogeneous and single phase
ionized in the solution) 3. Milk is a colloidal solution
1)1.6 2)2.6 3)3.6 4)4.6
M GMW VmL
156. 0.1M aqueous solution of MgCl2 at 300K 4. Wt. 
1000
is 4.92 atm. What will be the percentage
ionization of the salt? 5. Water to be added = V2  V1 mL
1)79% 2)59% 3)49% 4)69%
w 6.5
157. 0.002 molar solution of NaCl having degree 6. %   100  1.424%
w 6.5  450
of dissociation of 90% at 27 0 C has
osmotic pressure equal to? 9.55 1000
7. M   0.2 M
1)0.94bar 2)9.4bar 95.5 500
3)0.094bar 4) 9.4  104 bar 8. The solution whose conc. is exactly known is
158. 75.2g of C6 H 5OH (phenol) is dissolved in standard solution.
9. Molality is independent on temperature.
960g of a solvent of K f  14 K kg mol 1 .
If the depression in freezing point is 7K, 1
10. M 
then find the percentage of phenol that v
dimerizes. 11. N1V1  N 2V2
1) 50 2) 80 3) 30 4) 40
EXERCISE-I - KEY M 1V1  M 2V2
1) 4 2) 1 3) 4 4) 2 5) 1 6) 2 12. M mixture 
V1  V2
7) 3 8) 4 9) 2 10) 3 11) 2 12) 3
13) 2 14) 3 15) 2 16) 3 17) 3 18) 3 0.5  500
19) 4 20) 1 21) 2 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4 13. n   0.25
1000
25) 4 26) 2 27) 4 28) 2 29) 2 30) 2
31) 4 32) 2 33) 3 34) 2 35) 2 36) 4 No. of chloride ions = 0.25  2  0.50
37) 2 38) 2 39) 3 40) 3 41) 2 42) 2 14. Weight of solute in 300g solution
43) 2 44) 2 45) 2 46) 2 47) 1 48) 1 300  25
49) 3 50) 3 51) 3 52) 4 53) 4 54) 2   75 g
100
55) 3 56) 1 57) 1 58) 2 59) 3 60) 2 Weight of solute in 400g solution
61) 2 62) 3 63) 1 64) 1 65) 4 66) 4
67) 2 68) 2 69) 4 70) 3 71) 2 72) 3

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400  40 29. No. of gm eq. of base = no. of gm.eq. of acid

  160 g
100 W 1000
30. M  GMW  V ml
 Total weight of solute in resultant solution  
 75  160  235g
Zn  CuSO4  ZnSO4  Cu
Total weight of solution  300  400  700g 31.
Mass percentage of solute in resulting 1 mole 1 mole

235 100
solution   100  33.6% 0.05  mole ?
700 1000
15. P  K H C 16. M  N  valency 1000
32. M   55.55 M
17. gram equivalents are always equal 18
18. The oxidation state of a metal atom changes 33. V1M 1  V2 M 2
from +3 to +5
19. Fe 2  Fe 3 n 1000 n
34. M   V  1000ml
V M
MW
.
So E.W = 35. V1M 1  V2 M 2
1
20. The acidity of NH 3 is ‘1’ (normality) nHCl
36. X HCl  n  n
HCl H 2O
21. MnO4   Mn 2  5e 
22. molality M  GMW  volinml
37. W 
Wt 1000 1000
 
GMW Wt of solvent in grams W 1000
38. M  GMW  V ml
23. d=1.02 gr/ml  
M=2M
CH 3COOH mol.wt=60 M  GMW  vol inml
39. W 
m=? 1000
40. No of milli equivalents = normality x volume
1000  M in ml
m
1000  d  M  mol.wt 41. V1 N1  V2 N 2
24. Conceptual
no. moles of solute W 1000
25. X solute 
no. moles of solute  no. moles of solvent 42. N  
GEW V in ml
mole fraction is a ratio
43. normality = molarity x 2
 No units
No of milli equivalents = normality x volume
26. C12 H 22O11 
Maltase
2C6 H12O6 in ml

nA N  GEW  V  ml 
XA  44. W 
n A  nH 2 O 1000
45. V1 N1  V2 N 2
 w 46. molality
 %  10
27. M   v  w 1000
 
M .wt M .wt Wt of solvent in grams
28. n  M v in litres

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SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

w 1000  284
47. molality =  M .wt  Wt of solvent in grams 59. P  K H  X solute

X NaCl 
no.of moles of NaCl m
48. no. of moles of NaCl  no.of moles of H 2O P  KH
m  55.55
nH 2O 80 20 P m 2.5 105 m
49. X H 2O  n  n ; n H 2 O  ; nH 2 O    
H 2O H 2 O2 18 20 K H 55.55 1.67 108 55.55

50. XH2O = 1 - Xalcohol ; 2.5  55.55

m  103  83.1 10 3
1.67
nH 2O
X H 2O  n 1000
nCH 3OH  nH 2O  83.1  10 3
500
nH 2 W
 2  83.110 3
51. X H 2  n  n GMW
H2 N2

W
53. Pgas  xgas in solution  83.1  10 3
22
Pgas  K H .x
W  1848 103  1.848 gms
1 1 60. For ideal solution S mix  0
54. S  55. S 
KH T 61. cyclohexane - ethanol will exhbit +ve deviation
56. P  K H C 62. Azeotropic mixture can’t be seperated by
distillation
P 2.4
C   0.08 mol / Lit 63. For non ideal solution P  0
K H 29.76 64. The pressure exerted by vapour of a liquid when
 0.08  44 gm / Lit it is in equilibrium with its liquid.
= 3.52 65. CCl4  C6 H 6 and CCl4  CHCl3 show +ve
nN 2 deviation
57. P  K H .X  P  K H
n2O  nN 2 66. All mixtures show -ve deviation
[nN2 is neglected] 67. Azeotropy is a property of non-ideal solution
68. H 2O  HNO3 show -ve deviation from
PN 2
nN 2  nH 2O  Raoult’s law
KH
1
3 69. Intermolecular force 
10  4 evaporation
1 105  3  10
70. CH 3OH  H 2O show +ve deviation from
PN 2  X N 2 P  0.6  5  3
Raoult’s law
m 1
58. P  K H . X  K H  71. Vapour pressure 
m  55.55 B.P
0.195 H  1 
1  KH 
55.55  0.195 72. log P     log A
2.303R  T 
55.55 y  mx  c
KH 
0.195
73. PT  Pbenzene  Pliquid

34 NARAYANAGROUP
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 Pb0 xb  Pi 0 xi 93. Antifreeze decreases the freezing point

94. AB2 AB4
2  3 
   266     236   248 T f  i.K f  m
 5   5 
P0  Ps a W 1 1
  2.3  .4  1.3  .4 
74. P0 M b  A  2B   A  4B 
75. Osmotic pressure 1000 1000
 
20 20
76. Particle concentration is same A  2 B  117.4  1 A  4 B  207.78   2 
12 1 68.4 1
   A  4B  207.7 A  2 B  117.4
60 1 342 1
2 B  90.3 B  45 A  27
77. Lowering of vapour pressure depends on
numbers of moles of solute 95.
1000  K f  w 1000  1.86  50
P0  P T  or 9.3 
78. = mole fraction of solute W M 62  W
P0  W  161.29 g
79. Calculate mole fraction for all
 Ice separated = 200 - 161.29 = 38.71g
80. Relative lowering of vapour pressure =
T f Kf RT f2
Po  Ps 97.  98. K f 
Tb Kb 1000  L f
Po
nglucose WB 1000
P0  Ps 99.   m . V .S .T
81. 
P0 nglucose  nwater B

100 Substituting the values of various terms involved

82. C.P  no. of partilces
in equation we get,
Colloidal solutions have less no. of particles than
true solutions 5.12Kkgmol1 1.00g 1000 gkg1
M2  256 g mol 1
a 1000 0.4050g
83. Tb  K f  
M b Thus, molar mass of the solute  256 g mol 1
Tb
84. K b  1
m 101.  V  nRT ;  
M
85. Ebullioscopic constant depend upon nature of
solvent 102. Osmotic pressure is measured by Berkeley-
Hartley method
87. Ts  T0  Kb .m 103. Isotonic solution doesnot change the shape of
wt. of glucose blood cell
88. Tb  kb  molecular weight of glucose 104. C.P  no. of particles
105. During osmosis spm allows solvent only
1000 106.  V  nRT

wt.of solvent
1

WB 1000 V
89. Tb  K b . M . W
B A 107.  V  nRT
90. T0  Ts  K f .m 108. Copper ferrocyanide ppt. can act as
semipermiable membrane
92. F.P of aq. solution is always less than 00C

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SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY NEET-VOL-I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

109.  1T2   2T1 KCl 2

128. i   2
110.  1   2 sugar 1
129. Electrolyte undergoes dissociation
W1 W2
 130. C .P  no. of particles
M1 M 2
131. C .P  no. of particles
w nST
111. V  RT 112.   132. C .P  no. of particles
M V
113.  V  nRT 114.   C ST AlCl  CaCl
133.  4 particles3   3 particles2 
115.   C ST 116  V  nST
134. Na2  SO4 3  2 Na   SO42
M cal
117. i  M i  2
obs n3
Hg 2Cl2 3 i  1    3  1  2
118. i   3 135. F .P  conc.
Sugar 1
 xA y  xB  x
136. Ax By 
i 1
119. T f  iK f .m;  
n 1  xA y  xB  x
Ax By 
 nA ; nA 
120. An   An ;
i  1     x  y

1 n 1  /n i 1

n 1
 n  2;   1
  137. Number of ions  LVP
Total  1    n   1    
 n 138. i  1    n  1

1  1  2  1  1  1  
1 1
 2 139. C.P  no. of particles  mol. wt.
i  1.25
2 140. Osmotic pressure depends on number of
particles
M cal i 1 141. Tb  iK b .m
121. i  M ; 
obs n 1 0.104 = i × 0.52 × 0.1
122. C.P.  no. of particles i = 2.
Hence electrolyte will be NaCl
123. F .P  conc.
142. Elevation in boiling point depends on number
1 of solute particle
124. F .P  no. of particles
number of particles are more in 0.1 BaCl2
i 1  highest boiling point
125. Hg 2Cl2  Hg 22 and 2Cl  143. Tb  i  kb  m
144. Boiling point depends on number of solute
Na2 SO4  2 Na  and SO42
Both have same no. of particles particles hence highest in 0.1M Al2  SO4 3
126. Both glucose and urea are non electrolytes 145. Depression in freezing point depends on
particles more no.of particles lesser is the

36 NARAYANAGROUP
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i  (Number of ions   )  1   
freezing point
146. Highest depression in freezing point for the
solution with more number of particles   2  0.9   1  0.9    90% or 0.9
147.   iCST  1.8  0.1  1.9
  iCRT
i  1   n  1  
 1.9  0.002  0.082  300
148. For non-electrolyte  0.094 bar
i 1   C6 H 5OH 
158. 2C6 H 5OH  2
149. Very dil.solution almost completely ionised
1  /2
i3
 T f
150. 3A  A 3 i  1      0.8 = 80%
2 K f .m
Calculated molecular mass
i EXERCISE-II
exp erimental molecular mass
1. The molarity of a glucose solution
151. Glucose is a non electrolyte containing 36 g of glucose per
152. Fe2  SO 4 3  2 Fe3  3SO42 400 mL of the solution is:
(1) 1.0 (2) 0.5 (3) 2.0 (4) 0.05

153. K  Ag  CN  2   K    Ag  CN  2  2. 1 kg of NaOH solution contains 4g of
NaOH. The approximate concentration
1 1 of the solution is:
154. i  and
2 3 (1) 0.1 molar (2) 0.1 molal
 Hg 22   2Cl  (3) Decinormal (4) About 0.1 N
155. HgCl2 
3 To prepare 0.1 M KMnO4 solution in 250
n=3 mL flask, the weight of KMnO4 required
i 1 i 1 is:
  0.8   i  2.6 (1) 4.80g (2) 3.95g
n 1 3 1
(3) 39.5g (4) 0.48 g
Alternate method to calculate (i)
4 The number of moles present in 2 litre of
i  (Number of ions   ) + 1    0.5 M NaOH is:
(1) 2 (2) 1 (3) 0.1 (4) 0.5
  3  0.8  1  0.8    80% or 0.8 5 The weight of solute present in 200 mL of
 2.4  0.2  2.6 0.1 M H2SO4 :
156.   iCRT (1) 2.45g (2) 4.9g
4.92  i  0.1 0.0821 300 (3) 1.96g (4) 3.92 g
i  1.99 6 The nature of mixture obtained by mixing
50 mL of 0.1 M H2SO4 and 50 mL of 0.1
i  1 1.99  1 0.99
    0.49 M NaOH is:
n 1 3 1 2
(1) Acidic (2) Basic
Percentage of ionization=49%
(3) Neutral (4) Amphoteric
i 1 i 1
157.   0.9  ; 7 If 250 mL of a solution contains 24.5g
n 1 2  1 i  1.9 H2SO4 the molarity and normality
Alternate method to calculate (i) respectively are:

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SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY NEET-VOL-I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

(1) 1M, 2N (2) 1M,0.5M 2.0 g of solute X (gram atomic mass = 32 g

mo1-1) in 100 g of CS2 (vapour pressure =
(3) 0.5M, 1N (4) 2M,1N 854 torr) is 848.9 torr. The molecular
8 The normality of 0.3 M phosphorus acid formula of the solute is
(H3PO3) is: 1) X 2) X2 3) X4 4) X8
15. The relationship between the values of
(1) 0.1 (2) 0.9 (3) 0.3 (4) 0.6 osmotic pressure of 0.1M solutions of
9. The normality of 4% (wt./vol.) NaOH is: KNO3  P1  and CH 3COOH  P2  is
(1) 0.1 (2)1.0
1) P1  P2 2) P2  P1
(3) 0.05 (4) 0.01 P1 P2
3) P1  P2 4) P  P  P  2P
10. 20 ml of 0.2 M Al2  SO4 3 is mixed with 1 2 1 2
16. Arrange the following aqueous solutions in
20 ml of 6.6 M BaCl2 , the concentration the order of their increasing boiling points
I) 10 4 M NaCl II) 10 3 M Urea
of Cl  ion in solution is
III) 103 M MgCl2 IV) 103 M NaCl
1) 0.2M 2) 6.6M
1) I < II < IV< III 2) II < I=III < IV
3) 0.02M 4) 0.06M 3) I < II < III < IV 4) IV < III < I=II
11. The boiling points of 17. Vapour pressure diagram for a solution is
given below if dotted line represents
C6 H 6 , CH 3OH , C6 H 5 NH 2 and C6 H 5 NO2 deviation
are 800 C , 650 C ,1840 C and 2120 C
respectively. Which of the following will
have highest vapour pressure at room
temperature?
1) C6 H 6 2) CH 3OH

3) C6 H 5 NH 2 4) C6 H 5 NO2 Correct observation for this solution

12. If C2 H 5OH and H 2O solution is example 1) H mix :  ve 2) S mix :  ve
of non-ideal solution then which graphical 3) Vmix : ve 4) All of these
respresentation is correct? 18. Vapour pressure diagram of some liquids
plotted against temperature are shown
below
Most volatile liquid is
1) 2)

3) 4)
1) A 2) B 3) C 4) D
19. Two solutions marked as A and B are
13. For an ideal solution with PA0  PB0 , which separated through semipermeable
of the following is true? membrane as below. The phenomenon
undergoing
1)  Al    AV  2)  Al    AV 
3)  Al    AV 
4) No relationship in their mole fraction
14. The vapour pressure of a solution having

38 NARAYANAGROUP
 SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY NEET-VOL-I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

mm Hg. If 0.5 gm of a non-volatile solute

(mol. weight = 65) is dissolved in 100 g
CCl4, the vapour pressure of the solution
will be
(1) 199.34 mm Hg (2) 143.99 mm Hg
(3) 141.43 mm Hg (4) 94.39 mm Hg
24. A solution contains non volatile solute of
molecular mass M2. Which of the following
can be used to calculate the molecular mass
(1) Na+ moves from solution A to solution (B) of solute in terms of osmotic pressure? (m2

(2) Both Na and Cl moves from solution
+ - mass of solute, V - volume of solution, 
(A) to solution (B) - osmotic pressure)
(3) Both Na+ and Cl  moves from solution  m2   m2  RT
1) M 2    VRT 2) M 2   
(B) to (A)   V  
(4) Solvent molecules move from solution (A)
 m2   m2  
to (B) 3) M 2     RT 4) M 2   
20. Correct observation V   V  RT
25. If a thin slice of sugar beet is placed in
concentrated solution of NaCl then
(1) Sugar beet will lose water from its cells
(2) Sugar beet will absorb water from solution
(3) Sugar beet will neither absorb nor lose water
(4) Sugar beet will dissolve in solution
(1) Vapour pressure of solution I is lowest 26. The lowering of vapour pressure of 0.1M
(2) Relative lowering of vapour pressure is aqueous solution of NaCl, CuSO4 and
maximum in III K2SO4 are
(3) Freezing point is maximum for III 1) All equal
(4) Boiling point is minimum for II 2) In the ratio of 1:1:1.5
21. The phenomenon taking place 2) In the ratio of 3:2:1
4) In the ratio of 1.5:1:2.5
27. If  is the degree of dissociation of
K 4  Fe  CN 6  , then abnormal mass of
complex in the solution will be
1) M normal 1  2  2) M normal 1  3 
1 1

3) M normal 1    4) M normal 1  4 
1 1
1) Exo-osmosis 2) Endo-osmosis
3) Reverse-osmosis 4) All of these 28. p A and pB are the vapour pressure of pure
22. liquid components, A and B, respectively
of an ideal binary solution. If x A represents
the mole fraction of component A, the total
pressure of the solution will be.
1) pB  x A  pB  p A 
2) pB  x A  p A  pB 

Which is having highest elevation in boiling 3) pA  x A  pB  p A 

point? 4) pA  x A  p A  pB 
1) H 2O 2) Solution-I 29. When nonvolatile solute is added to a
2) Solution-II 4) Solution-III solvent then relative lowering in vapour
23. The vapour pressure of CCl4 at 25°C is 143 pressure depends upon

NARAYANAGROUP 39
SOLUTIONS CHEMISTRY NEET-VOL-I
SR-MAIN-CHEM-VOL-II

36. The equivalent weight of CH 4 in the

No.of moles of solute reaction CH 4 + 2O 2  CO 2 + 2H 2O is
1) No.of moles of solvent [M=mol. wt]
No.of moles of solvent 1)M / 4 2) M / 8
2) No.of moles of solute 3)M / 12 4)M / 16
37. At 250C for a given solution M = m, then
No.of moles of solvent at 500C the correct relationship is
3) Total no.of moles of solution 1) M = m 2) M > m
3) M < m 4) M = 2M
No.of moles of solution
4) No.of moles of solute 38. The solublity of I2 in KI solution is more
than its solubllity in pure water because
30. Which of the following plots does not 1) I2 dissociates in water
represent the behaviour of an ideal binary 2) I2 does not react with water
liquid solution
3) I2 forms soluble complex KI3 with KI
1) Plot of PA versus X A (Mole fraction of A in
4) None of these
liquid phase) is linear
39. 100 ml of ethyl alcohol [d = 0.92 g/ml] and
2) Plot of PB versus X B is linear 900 ml of water [d = 1 g/ml] are mixed to
3) Plot PTotal versus X A (or X B ) is linear form 1 lit solution. The Molarity and
molality of the resulting solution are
4) Plot PTotal versus X A is non linear 1) 2M and 2m 2) 2M and 2.22m
31. For a solution of two liquids A and B, it 3) 2.2M and 1.1 m 4) 2M and 1m
proves that P  X A  PA  PB   PB . The
0 0 0
40. A gaseous mixture contain four gases A, B,
solution is C and D. The mole fraction of "B" is 0.5.
The mole fraction of "A" is
1) Ideal 2) Non ideal
3) Both 1 and 2 4) None of these 1) 0.525 2) 0.375 3) 0.625 4) 0.732
32. Glucose is added to 1 litre water to such 41 A tablet of vitamin ‘C’ is analysed for its
T f ascorbic acid content. One tablet reacts
an extent that K becomes equal to exactly with 20ml of 0.1 N NaOH solution.
f The equivalent weight of ascorbic acid is
1 176. The tablet contains ______mg of
, the wt. of glucose added is ascorbic acid
1000
1) 180 g 2) 18g 3) 1.8g 4) 0.18g 1) 0.352 2) 3.52 3) 35.2 4) 352
33. The molar mass of NaCl determined by
the osmotic pressure method will be EXERCISE - II - KEY
(1) Higher than the theoretical value 1.(2) 2. (2) 3. (2) 4.(2) 5.(3) 6.(1)
(2) Lower than the theoretical value
(3) The same as the theoretical value 7.(1) 8.(4) 9. (2) 10.(2) 11.(2) 12.(2)
(4) None of these 13.(3) 14.(4) 15.(1) 16.(1) 17.(4) 18.(1)
34. The characterstic property of solution is 19.(4) 20.(2) 21.(2) 22.(4) 23.(3) 24.(2)
a) formation of solution is physical change 25.(1) 26.(2) 27.(4) 28.(2) 29.(1) 30.(4)
b) solute and solvent in the solution can be 31.(1) 32.(4) 33.(2) 34.(2) 35.(1) 36.(2)
separated by filtration
c) solute and solvent in the solution can be 37.(3) 38.(3) 39.(2) 40.(2) 41.(4)
separated by decantation EXERCISE - II - HINTS
d) solution can be represented with a
chemical formula wt. 1000 w 1000
1. M  2. m 
1) a, b 2) a 3) b,d 4) c, d MW VmL MW Wg
35 In the reaction M  MW  VmL
3. wt 
2NaOH+H 3PO 4  Na 2HPO 4 + 2H 2 O, the 1000
Equivalent weight of the acid is
4. n  MVL
1) 49 2) 98 3) 32.6 4) 36.5

40 NARAYANAGROUP
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M  MW  VmL M normal
5. wt  i
1000 M obs
M V  M 2V2 28. PA  PAo . X A
6. M  1 1
1000
PB  PBo . X B  PBo 1  X A 
wt 1000
7. M 
GMW VmL PA  PB  PAo X A  PBo  PBo X A
N  M  valency  PB  X A  PAo  PBo 
8. N  M  n  0.3  2  0.6 N n1
% W / V   10 29. RLVP  n (for very dil. solution)
9. N 2
GEW 30. V .P  m.f. of solvent
1 6.6  2
M  ; Cl     6.6 31. P  xA  PA  PB   PB
o o o
10.
V 2
1 Follows ideal solution
11. V .P  a 1000
B.P 32. T f  K f . 
12. C2 H 5OH  H 2O mixture will show +ve M b
33. For electrolytes, the molarmass is lower than
deviation the theortical value
13. If PAo is greater, its mole fraction in vapour phase 35. H 3 PO4 is trivalent, however two H  are
is higher. displaced in the given reaction. So,
P0  Ps a W M 98
14.   eq. wt.  
Po M b 2 2
M  254.5 4 4
36. C H 4  2O2  C O2  2 H 2O
254.5
n  7.95 4  8
 4
32
 X8 M 16
eq. wt .  
8 8
15. KNO3 is completely ionised
1
So, P1  P2 37. M 
T
16. B.P  Conc. and no. of ions Molarity depends on temperature
17. The diagram represents +ve deviation Molality is independent on temperature
18. Liq. having high V.P is most volatile liquid 38. I 2  I   I 3
19. SPM allows solvent molecules from dil. solution
to conc. solution 39. 100mL  92 g
20. RLVP  no. of ions 900mL  900 g
21. Swelling of egg indicates endo-osmosis
22. Solution-III has highest boiling point due to low C2 H 5OH  46   solute
V.P H 2O 18  solvent
Po  Ps a W
23.   wt . 1000 92 1000
Po M b M      2M
MW VmL 46 1000
wt.
24. V   RT m
wt

1000 92 1000
   2.22 m
M GMW Wg 46 900
25. Sugar beet will lose water from its cells due to
exo-osmosis 40. x1  x2  x3  x4  1
26. K 2 SO4 : CuSO4 : NaCl If x B  0.5, then x A  0.5
3 : 2 : 2 41. Milli eqts. of NaOH = 20  0.1  2
1.5 : 1 : 1  Milli eqts. of vitamin-C = 2
wt.
27. i  1    5  1  4 No. of eqts. =
GEW

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EXERCISE- III 8. The movement of solvent molecules

PREVIOUS YEARS through a semipermeable membrane is
MEDICAL ENTRANCE QUESTIONS called [AMU(Med.) 2007]
(1) electrolysis (2) electrophoresis
1. What should be the freezing point of
(3) osmosis (4) cataphoresis
aqueous solution containing 17g of
9. Assertion (A): The water pouch of instant
C2H5OH in 1000g of water (water Kf = cold pack for treating athletic injuries
1.86°kg mol–1)? [AMU(Med.) 2007] breaks when squeezed and NH 4 NO 3
(1) –0.69°C (2) 0.34°C dissolves lowering the temperature.
(3) 0.0°C (4) 0.24°C Reason (R) : Addition of non-volatile solute
2. Which of the following is not a non- into solvent result into depression of
electrolyte? [AFMC 2007] freezing point of the solvent[AIIMS 2007]
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
(1) Acetic acid (2) Glucose correct explanation of (A)
(3) Ethanol (4) Urea (2) Both (A) and (R) true but (R) is not the
3. Which of the following liquid pairs shows a correct explanation of (A)
positive deviation from Raoult’s law ? (3) (A) is true, but (R) is false
[Haryana PMT, 2008; (4) (A) is false, but (R) is true
[AMU(Med.)2007] 10. Benzoic acid is dissolved in benzene, van’t
Hoff factor will be [BHU (Screening) 2007]
(1) water-nitric acid (1) 1 (2) 0.5 (3) 1.5 (4) 2
(2) water - sulphric acid 11. A solution has a 1 : 4 mole ratio of pentane
(3) water-hydrochloric acid to hexane. The vapour pressure of the pure
(4) Acetone-chloroform hydrocarbons at 20°C are 440 mm of Hg
4. 0.5 molal aqueous solution of a weak acid for pentane and 120 mm of Hg for hexane.
(HX) is 20% ionised. If Kf for water is 1.86 The mole fraction of pentane in the vapour
phase would be
K kg mol–1, the lowering in freezing point [AIPMT (PRELIMS)-2005]
of the solution is [CBSE AIPMT 2007] (1) 0.549 (2) 0.200
(1) –1.12 k (2) 0.56 K (3) 0.786 (4) 0.478
(3) 1.12 K (4) –0.56 K 12. A 0.0020 m aqueous solutions of an ionic
5. Depression in freezing point is 6K for NaCl compound [Co(NH3)5(NO2)]Cl freezes at
solution. If Kf for water is 1.86 K/kg mol, –0.00732°C. Number of moles of ions
which 1 mol of ionic compound produces
mole of NaCl dissolved in 1 kg water is on being dissolved in water will be
[DUMET 2007] (Kf = –1.86° C/m) [CBSE AIPMT 2008]
(1) 3.42 (2) 1.62 (3) 3.24 (4) 1.71 (1) 3 (2)4 (3)1 (4)2
6. Isotonic solutions are those which have 13. When 25g of a non-volatile solute is
[DUMET 2007] dissolved in 100g of water, the vapour
(1) same vapour pressure pressure is lowered by 2.25 × 10–1 mm. If
the vapour pressure of water at 20°C is
(2) same concentration 17.5 mm, what is the molecular weight of
(3) same density the solute [AMU 2008]
(4) same osmotic pressure (1) 206 (2) 302 (3) 345 (4) 276
7. An ideal solution is obtained by mixing 14. Assertion (A) : If red blood cells were
CH3 CHBr2 and CH2Br—CH2Br in the removed from the body and placed in pure
ratio 2:1 PCH 0
 173, water, pressure inside the cells increases.
3CHBr2
0 Reason (R) : The concentration of salt
PCH  127. Thus total vapour
2BrCH 2Br content in the cell increases[AIIMS 2008]
pressure is [Haryana PMT 2007] (1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the
(1) 158 (2) 257 (3) 137 (4) 197 correct explanation of (A)

42 NARAYANAGROUP
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(2) Both (A) and (R) true but (R) is not the (3) 177.42 g/mol (4) 242.32.g/mol
correct explanation of (A) 23. Two bottles A and B contains 1M and 1m
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false aqueous solution of sulphuric acid
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true
respectively [AMU (Med.)2008]
15. 0.01 M solution of KCl and BaCl2 are
prepared in water. The freezing points of (1) A is more concentrated than B
KCl is founded to be –2°C. What is the (2) B is more concentrated than A
freezing point of BaCl2 to be completely (3)Concentration of A is equal to concentration
ionised ? [AIIMS 2008] of B
(1) –3°C (2) +3°C (3) –2°C (4) –4°C (4) It is not possible to compare the
16. 0.01 mole of a non-electrolyte is dissolved
concentrations
in 10g of water. The molality of the solution
is [AFMC 2008] 24. van’t Hoff factor more than unity indicates
(1) 0.1 molal (2) 0.5 molal that the solute in solution has
(3) 1.0 molal (4) 0.18 molal [AMU (Med.) 2008]
17. A solution containing components A and B (1) dissociated (2) associated
exhibits positive deviation from Raoult’s (3) Both (a) and (b) (4) cannot say
law only when [BHU (Mains 2008]
25. The order of boiling point of four equimolar
(1) Vmixing  ve (2) H mixing  ve aqueous solutions is C < B < A < D. The
(3) A – B attraction forces < A – A and > B – correct order of their freezing points is
B attraction forces
(4) A – B attraction forces > A – A and > B – [AIIMS 2009]
B attraction forces (1) D<C<B<A (2) D>C<B<A
18. When mercuric iodide is added to the (3) D<A<B<C (4) D>A>B>C
aqueous solution of potassium iodide 26. Which of the following azeotropic solutions
[BHU (Mains) 2008] has the boiling point higher than boiling
(1) freezing point is raised point of the constituents A and B ?
(2) freezing point is lowered
[AIIMS 2009]
(3) freezing point does not change
(4) boiling point is raised (1) CHCl3 and CH3COCH3
19. Which of the following represents the (2) CS2 and CH3COCH3
molarity of pure water ? (3) CH3CH2OH and CH3COCH3
[BHU (Screening) 2008] (4) CH3CHO and CS2
(1) 55.5 (2) 56.6 27. The concentration (in mol/L) of the solution
(3) 50.5 (4) 57.55 having osmotic pressure 0.0821 atm at 300
20. Which are colligative properties K will be [AFMC 2009]
[BHU (Mains) 2008]
(1) Osmotic pressure (2) Pressure (1) 0.33 (2) 0.066
–2
(3) Elevation in boiling point (3) 0.3 × 10 (4) 3
(4) Volume 28. Azeotropic mixture of HCl and water has
21. The molal freezing point for water is 1.86°C [BHU 2009]
per mol therefore, the freezing point of (1) 80% HCl (2) 20.2% HCl
0.1M NaCl solution in water is expected (3) 60% HCl (4) 40.8% HCl
to be [BHU 2008] 29. Which of the following aqueous solutions
(1) –1.86°C (2) –0.186°C
has the highest boiling point ?
(3) +0.372° (4) –0.372°C
22. Boiling point of chloroform was raised by [DUMET 2009]
0.323 K, when 0.5143 g of anthracene was (1) 0.1 M KNO3 (2) 0.1 M Na3PO4
dissolved in 35 g of chloroform. Molecular (3) 0.1 M BaCl2 (4) 0.1 M K2SO4
mass of anthracene is (Kb for CHCl3 30. Which of the following pairs of solutions is
= 3.9 K kg mol–1) [DUMET 2008] expected to be isotonic at the same
(1) 79.42 g/mol (2) 132.32 g/mol

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temperature ? [AMU(Med.) 2009] molecular mass of CH2Cl2 = 85 u)

(1) 0.2 M urea and 0.2 M NaCl [CBSE PMT 2012]
(2) 0.1 M urea and 0.2 M MgCl2 (1) 173.9 mmHg (2) 90.84 mmHg
(3) 0.1 M NaCl and 0.1 M Na2SO4 (3) 347.9 mmHg (4) 285.5mmHg
(4) 0.1 M Ca(NO3)2 and 0.1 M Na2SO4 38. 6.02 × 1020 molecules of urea are present
31. The molarity of a solution obtained by in 100 mL of its solution. The concentration
mixing 800 mL of 0.5 M HCl with 200 mL of solution is: [NEET 2013]
of 1 M HCl will be [AMU(Med) 2009] (1) 0.01M (2) 0.001 M
(1) 0.8 M (2) 0.6 M (3) 0.1 M (4) 0.02 M
(3) 0.4 M (4) 0.2 M 39. How many grams of concentrated nitric
32. Which of the following colligative acid solution should be used to prepare
properties can provide molar mass of 250mL of 2.0M HNO3? The concentrated
proteins (or polymers or colloids) with acid is 70%HNO3. [NEET 2013]
greater precision ? [BHU 2009] (1) 90.0g conc. HNO3 (2) 70.0g conc.
(1) Relative lowering of vapour pressure HNO3
(2) Elevation in boiling point (3) 54.0g conc. HNO3 (4) 45.0g conc.
(3) Depression in freezing point
HNO3
(4) Osmotic pressure
40. Of the following 0.10 m aqueous solutions,
33. A non-ideal solution was prepared by
mixing 30 mL chloroform and 50 mL which one will exhibit the largest freezing
acetone. The volume of mixture will be point depression? [AIPMT 2014]
[BHU 2009] (1) K 2SO 4 (2) KCl
(1) > 80 mL (2) < 80 mL (3) C6 H12 O 6 (4) Al2  SO 4 3
(3) = 80 mL (4)  80 mL 41. What is the mole fraction of the solute in a
34. The amount of solute (molar mass 60 g mol- 1.00 m aqueous solution? [AIPMT 2015]
1
) that must be added to 180g of water so (1) 0.0354 (2) 0.0177
that the vapour pressure of water is (3) 0.177 (4) 1.770
lowered by 10% is [Kerala PET 2010] 42. What is the mass of the precipitate formed
(1) 30g (2) 60g (3) 120 (4) 12g when 50 mL of 16.9% solution of AgNO3
35. Which of the following compounds has the
is mixed with 50 mL of 5.8% NaCl solution
lowest melting point? [CBSE PMT 2011]
? [AIPMT 2015]
(1) CaF2 (2) CaCl2
(3) CaBr2 (4) CaI2 (1) 7 g (2) 14 g (3) 28 g (4) 3.5 g
36. The freezing point depression constant for 43. The boiling point of 0.2 mol kg solution
-1

water is -1.860Cm-1. If 5.00g Na2SO4 is of X in water is greater than equimolal

dissolved in 45.0g H2O, the freezing point solution of Y in water. Which one of the
is changed by -3.820C. Calculate the van’t following statements is true in this case ?
factor for Na2SO4 [CBSE PMT 2011] (1) Molecular mass of X is less than the
(1) 0.381 (2) 2.05 molecular mass of Y
(3) 2.63 (4) 3.11 (2) X is undergoing dissociation in water while
37. Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3)
X undergoes no change.
and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) at 250C are
(3) X is undergoing dissociation in water
200 mmHg and 41.5 mmHg respectively.
Vapour pressure of the solution obtained (4) Molecular mass of X is greater then the
by mixing 25.5g of CHCl3 and 40g of molecular mass of Y.
CH2Cl2 at the same temperature will be 44. Which one of the following electrolytes has
(Molecular mass of CHCl3 = 119.5u and the same value of van’t Hoff’s factor (i) as

44 NARAYANAGROUP
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that of Al2(SO4)3 (if all are 100% ionised) 1) Water + Nitric acid
? [AIPMT 2015] 2) Ethanol + Water
(1) Al(NO3)3 (2) K4[Fe(CN)6] 3) Acetone + Carbon disulphide
(3) K2SO4 (4) K3[Fe(CN)6] 4) Heptane + Octane
53. For an ideal solution, the correct option is
45. Which one is not equal to zero for an ideal
(NEET-2019)
solution? [AIPMT 2015]
1)  mix S = 0 at constant T and P
(1) Vmix
(2) P  Pobserved  PRaoult 2)  mix V  0 at constant T and P
(3) H mix (4) Smix 3)  mix H = 0 at constant T and P
46. Which one of the following is incorrect for
4)  mix G = 0 at constant T and P
ideal solutions
54. Which of the following statements is
(1) H mix  0 (2) U mix  0 correct regarding a solution of two
compounds A and B exhibiting positive
(3) ΔP = Pobs -PCalcuated by Raoult's law=0
deviation from ideal behaviour?
(4) Gmix  0 [ODISHA - 2019]
(1) Intermolecular attractive forces between
47. The van’t Hoff factor (i) for a dilute
A-A and B-B are stronger than those between
aqueous solutions of the strong electrolyte A-B.
barium hydroxide is
(1) 0 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4)3 (2)  mix H = 0 at constant T and P
48. At 1000 C the vapour pressure of a solution (3)  mix V = 0 at constant T and P
of 6.5g of a solute in 100g water is 732mm. (4) Intermolecular attractive forces between
A-A and B-B are equal to those between A-
If K b =0.52, the boiling point of this B.
solution will be 55. In water saturated air the mole fraction
(1) 1030 C (2) 1010 C of water vapour is 0.02.1f the total
pressure of the saturated air is 1.2 atm,
(3)1000 C (4) 1020 C the partial pressure of dry air is :
49. Consider the following liquid-vapour [ODISHA - 2019]
 Vapour
equilibrium Liquid  (1) 1.18 atm (2) 1.76 atm
(3) 1.176 atm (4) 0.98 atm
Which of the following relations is correct? 56. The vapour pressure of pure CHCl3 and
dlnP ΔH v dlnG ΔH v CH2Cl2 are 200 and 41.5 atm respectively.
(1) = (2) = The weight of CHCl 3 and CH2Cl 2 are
dT RT 2 dT 2 RT 2
resepectively 11.9 g and 17 gm. The vapour
dlnP - ΔH v dlnP - ΔH v pressure of solution will be [AIIMS-2019]
(3) = (4) =
dT RT dT 2 T2 (1) 80.5 (2) 79.5 (3) 94.3 (4) 105.5
50. If molality of the dilute solution is doubled, EXERCISE - III - KEY
the value of molal depression constant 1.(1) 2. (1) 3. (1) 4. (3) 5. (2) 6. (3)
 k  will be
f (NEET-2017) 7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (1) 10. (2) 11.(4) 12. (4)
1) halved 2) tripled 13. (3) 14. (3) 15. (1) 16. (3) 17. (1) 18. (1)
3) unchanged 4) doubled 19. (1) 20.(1,3)21. (4) 22. (3) 23. (4) 24. (1)
51. Which of the following is dependent on 25. (3) 26. (1) 27. (3) 28. (2) 29. (2) 30. (4)
temperature? (NEET-2017) 31. (2) 32. (4) 33. (2) 34. (2) 35. (4) 36. (3)
1) molarity 2) mole fraction 37. (2) 38. (1) 39. (4) 40. (4) 41. (2) 42. (1)
3) weight percentage 4) molality 43. (3) 44. (2) 45. (4) 46. (2) 47.(2) 48.(2)
52. The mixture that forms maximum boiling 49.(1) 50.(3) 51.(1) 52. (1) 53. (3) 54. (1)
azeotrope is (NEET-2019) 55. (3) 56. (3)

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EXERCISE - III - HINTS i  1   n  1 

1. Tf  i  Kf  m 22. 8Tb = iKbm
i  1   n  1  0.5143  1000
0.323 = i × 3.9 ×
MW  35
2. Carboxylic acids dimerises in benzene due to i = 0.733
intermolecular hydrogen bonding.
observation
3. H 2O  HNO3 show +ve deviation i = calculated MW
4. Tf  i  Kf  m 130
Calculated MW   177.42
i  1   n  1  0.733
5. Tf  i  Kf  m 1
25. B.P 
F .P
i  1   n  1  27.   CRT
6. Solutions have same osmotic pressure are 0.0821  C  0.0821  300
called isotonic solutions 1
7. Ptotal  o
XCH 2CHBr2  PCH
or C  = 0.033
2CHBr2
300
or 0.3 × 10–2
o
 X CH 2 Br CH 2Br  PCH 2Br CH 2Br
29. More dissociable the ionic compound move is
the boiling point
2 1 Na3PO4  3Na+ + PO43–
  173   127  115.33  42.33
3 3 = 4 ions
= 157.66 30. For isotonic solutions
8. The movement of solvent molecules through 1  2
spm is osmosis For Na2SO4  2Na+ + SO42–
10. Benzoic acid undergoes dimerisation & Ca(NO3)  Ca2+ + 2NO3–
11. PA  1 440  440 (in solution) Both have 2 ions and have same molarity as
0.1 M
PB  4 120  480 (in solution) 31. M1V1 + M2V2 = MV
800 × 0.5 + 200 × 1 = 1000V
PTotal  440  480  920
400  200
PA  x A .Ptotal V
1000
440  xA .920 V = 0.6 M
34. If p 0  100mm, p  100  10  90mm
xA  0.478 s

p 0  ps w2 / M 2 w2 M 1
Po  Ps a W   
12. T f  i.K f .m 13.   p0 w1 / M 1 M 2 w1
Po M b
100  90 w2 18
fT  KCl 
1 f ik m i
100
 
60 180
15. T BaCl  i k m  i
1

f  2 2 f 2
10
2 2 or w2   60 10  60 g
or  100
x 3 36. Tf  i  Kf  m
or x  3  F .P .   30 c i  1   n  1 
0.01 1000 37. Vapour pressure of mixture of
16. molarity =   1m
10 100  CHCl3  CH2Cl2   PA0 X A  PB0 XB
1000 1
19. m    55.55
18 1kg
21. Tf  i  Kf  m

46 NARAYANAGROUP
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25.5 40 ΔU mix  0 ; ΔU mix  0

 200   41.5 
119.5 85 According to ΔG mix = ΔH mix - TΔSmix
25.5 40 25.5
  ΔG mix  0
40 85 119.5
119.5 
85 47. Ba  OH 2 is strong electrolyte, so its 100%
= 90.84 mmHg dissociation occurs in solution
6.02 1020
 10 3 Ba  OH  2  Ba +2  aq  +2OH -  aq 
38. n 
6.02 10 23
Van’t Hoff factor =total number of ions present
n 103 in solution i=3
M  1  102 M
VL 10 48. At B.P. P0 =760 torr
39.
P 0 -Ps WA /M A
M  GMW  VmL 2  63  250 =
wt.    31.5 g Ps WB /M B
1000 1000
760-732 6.5/M
100 =
For 70% HNO3   31.5  45 g 732 100/18
70 On solving M=32.
40. Considering complete ionization (   1 )
for elevation of B.P
Vant Hoff’s factor i for
K 2SO 4 = 3, KCl = 2, C6 H12 O 6 = 1,  6.5 
 
32 
Al 2  SO 4 3 = 5. ΔTB =I K b m=1×0.52  ×1000=1 =1
Higher the value of ‘i’ more is depression in F. 100
P. So B.P=100+ ΔTB  1010 C
41. mole fraction 49. The variation of vapour pressure and
n1 1 1 ΔH 0
x    0.0177 temperature is  n P = - constant on
n1  n 2 1  1000 56.5 RT
18 differentiate
16.9 d  nP  H 0 d  nP  H 0
42. wt of AgNO3  g  .05mol  0 ; 
2 dT RT 2 dT RT 2
2.9 52. Solution showing negative deviation from
Wt of NaCl  g Raoult’s law form maximum boiling azeotrope
58.5
53. For ideal solution
2.9 1
 mol   0.5moles  mix H  0,  mix S  0,
58.5 20
AgNO3  NaCl  AgCl  NaNO3  mix G  0,  mix V  0
55.  m. f of water vapur = 0.02
0.05 0.05  The m.f. of dry air = 0.98
  0.05mol Pdry  m. f  PT  0.98  1.2  1.176 atm
wt of AgCl  .05 143.5g  7.175g  7g 0
56. PCHCl  200 atm
43. Tb  ik b m 3

11.9
 Tb  i n  0.1
119
i  1 for dissociation 0
PCH  41.5 atm
44. Al 2  SO 4  K 4  Fe  CN 6  2Cl2
3
17
 and  n  0.2
85
5(i) 5 i  PT  PA0 X A  PB0 X B
45. For mixing of solute and solvents to form ideal 0.1 41.5  0.2
solution, S remains non-zero.  200    94.33
46. For an ideal solution 0.3 0.3

NARAYANAGROUP 47