CHAPTER > 06

Work, Energy
and Power
KEY NOTES

Scalar Product Å No work is done, if

Å The scalar product or dot product of any two vectors A and B (i) the displacement is zero.
is denoted as A ⋅ B = AB cosθ (ii) the force is zero.
where, θ is the angle between the two vectors A and B. (iii) the force and displacement are mutually perpendicular,
Å Scalar product obeys following laws π
i.e. for θ = rad( = 90°).
(i) Commutative law; A ⋅ B = B ⋅ A 2
(ii) Distributive law; A ⋅ ( B + C) = A ⋅ B + A ⋅ C Å Work can be both positive and negative. If θ is between
Further, A ⋅ ( λB) = λ (A ⋅ B), where λ is a real number. 0° and 90°, cos θ is positive and if θ is between 90° and 180°,
Å For unit vectors, i$ , $j, k, $ we have cos θ is negative.
Å If the displacement ∆x is small, we can take the force F( x) as
i$ ⋅ i$ = $j ⋅ $j = k$ ⋅ k$ = 1 and i$ ⋅ $j = $j ⋅ k$ = k$ ⋅ $i = 0 approximately constant and the work done is ∆W = F( x) ∆x.
Å If two vectors are given as A = A xi$ + A y $j + A zk$ and Å If the displacement are allowed to approach zero, then the
work done is
B = B i$ + B $j + B k$ , then their scalar product will be
x y z xf xf

A ⋅ B = ( A xi$ + A y $j + A zk$ ) ⋅ ( Bxi$ + By $j + Bzk$ ) W = lim

∆x → 0
∑ F( x) ∆x = ∫ F( x)
xi
= A xBx + A y By + A zBz xi

Å From the definition of scalar product, we have = Area under the force-displacement curve.
A ⋅ B = 0, if A and B are perpendicular. Thus, for a varying force, the work done can be expressed as
a definite integral of force over displacement.
Work
Å The work done by a force is defined to be the product of Energy
component of the force in the direction of the displacement Å It is defined as the capacity or ability of a body of doing work.
and the magnitude of this displacement.
Å Some commonly used units of energy are
Thus, W = ( F cosθ) d = F ⋅ d.
1 erg = 10−7 J, 1 electron-volt (eV) = 1.6 × 10−19 J,
Work is done by a force on the body over a certain
displacement. 1 cal = 4.186 J and 1 kilowatt-hour = 3.6 × 106 J.
Kinetic Energy Å
1
Equation mv 2 = mgh, shows that gravitational potential
Å The kinetic energy of an object is a measure of the work an 2
object can do by virtue of its motion. energy of the object at height h when the object is released,
manifests itself as kinetic energy of the object on reaching
If an object of mass m has velocity v, its kinetic energy
the ground.
1
(KE) = mv 2 Å Mathematically, the potential energy U( x) is defined for
2 the force F( x) as
It is a scalar quantity.
dU
Note As momentum, p = mv F( x) = −
dx
(mv)2 p2 xf Uf
KE = = ⇒p= 2m ( KE)
2m 2m ⇒ ∫ F( x) dx = ∫ dU = Ui − U f
xi Ui
Work-Energy Theorem
Å Work done by conservative and non-conservative force
Å According to work-energy theorem, the change in kinetic
energy of a particle is equal to the work done on it by the (i) The work done by a conservative force such as
net force. gravity depends upon initial and final positions only
1 not upon the path taken.
i.e. Work done, W = K f − K i = m(v 2 − u2 )
2 (ii) If the work done or the kinetic energy depend on
Å When a force acts in the direction of displacement on the other factors such as the velocity or the particular path
body, then kinetic energy increases. In this case, work taken by the object, then the force is known as
done on the body is equal to increase in kinetic energy. non-conservative force.
Å When a force acts in the opposite direction of displacement Å The change in potential energy for a conservative force ∆U
on the body, then its kinetic energy decreases. is equal to the negative of work done by the force,
In this case, work done on the body is equal to decrease in ∆U = − F( x) dx
kinetic energy. Å The principle of conservation of total mechanical energy
Å When kinetic energy of a moving body increases, then states that, ‘‘the total mechanical energy of a system is
work done on the body is positive and when kinetic conserved, if the forces doing work on it, are
energy of a moving body decrease, then work done on the conservative.’’
body is negative. Thus, over a whole path from x i to x f ,
Å When a body moves along the circular path with uniform Ki + U ( xi) = K f + U ( x f )
speed (constant speed), then change in kinetic energy of
the body is zero, hence by work-energy theorem, work The quantity K + U( x) is called the total mechanical
done on the body by centripetal force is zero. energy of the system.
Å The work-energy theorem for a variable force is given by Potential Energy of Spring
integrating the work done from the initial position x i to Å The work done in stretching or compressing a spring by
final position x f .
xf
the spring force is called potential energy of spring and
can be given as
K f − Ki = ∫ Fdx = W 2
kx m
xi Ws = −
2
where, K i and K f are the initial and final kinetic energies Å For compression of spring, the potential energy is negative
corresponding to x i and x f .
while for expansion of spring, the potential energy is
Potential Energy positive.
Å It is the stored energy by virtue of the position and Å So, for an extension or compression of x, the potential
configuration of a body. energy of spring is,
1
Å Gravitational potential energy of an object is the negative U( x) = kx 2
of work done by the gravitational force in raising the 2
object to that height. Å The potential energy U( x) of the spring is zero in the
U( h) = mgh equilibrium position.
Å If h is taken as a variable, the gravitational force F equals to Å The maximum speed of the spring is given by
the negative of the derivative of U( h) with respect to h. k
d vm = xm.
Thus, F = − U( h) = − mg , negative sign indicates that the m
dh
gravitational force is downward. where, k = spring constant.

KEY NOTES
Various Forms of Energy Å Collision is of two types, elastic and inelastic collisions.
Å Kinetic energy of the colliding body and the system is
Energy comes in many forms which transform into one
conserved in elastic collision only.
another as
Å When a block slides on a rough horizontal surface, the Collision in One-Dimension
work done by friction is not lost, but is transferred as heat Å If the initial and final velocities of both the bodies are
energy. This raises the internal energy of the block. along the same straight line, then it is called a
Å Chemical energy is the total binding energy of different one-dimensional collision or head-on-collision.
particles in a molecule. It may be released or absorbed Å In 1-D completely inelastic collision, the loss in kinetic
during a chemical reaction, often in the form of heat. energy on collision is
Å Electric energy is the energy associated with the flow of
1 m1m2
electric charge and current. ∆K = v1 2
2 (m1 + m2 ) i
Å Nuclear energy is the energy in the nucleus or core of an

atom that holds the nucleons together. where, v1 i = initial velocity of mass m1 .
Mass-Energy Equivalence Einstein showed that, mass and
Å After collision, the velocity of two masses are
energy are equivalent and related by the relation (m − m2 )
v1 f = 1 v1
E = mc2 (m1 + m2 ) i
2m1v1 i
where, c = speed of light in vacuum. v2 f =
m1 + m2
Conservation of Energy There are two cases as given below
Å According to this principle ‘‘energy may be transformed
Case I If the two masses are equal,
from one form to another, but the total energy of an
isolated system remains constant. Energy can neither be v1 f = 0 and v 2 f = v1 i .
created nor destroyed’’. Case II If one mass dominates, i.e. m2 > m1
Å At a height H, the energy is purely potential mgH. It is v1 f ≅ − v1 i and v 2 f ≅ 0
 1 
partially converted to kinetic at height h < H mgh + mv h2 
 2  Collision in Two-Dimensions
 1 2 For collision in two-dimensions or a plane as shown in the
and is fully kinetic at ground level  mv f  .
Å

2  figure below the x and y-components equations are

m1v1 f = m1v1 f cosθ1 + m2v 2 f cosθ 2
Power
0 = m1v1 f sin θ1 − m2v 2 f sin θ 2
Å It is defined as the time rate at which work is done or
energy is transferred. y m1 v1f
Å The average power of a force is defined as the ratio of the v1i
W q1
x
work W, to the total time t taken, Pav = . m1 q2
t v2f
m2
Å The instantaneous power is defined as the limiting value of
the average power as time interval approaches zero. 1 1 1
dW Å If the collision is elastic, then m1v12i = m1v1 2f + m2v 2 2f
P= = F⋅ v 2 2 2
dt Å In a perfectly elastic collision, total energy and total linear
where, v is the instantaneous velocity when the force is F. momentum of colliding particles remain conserved.
It is a scalar quantity and its dimensions are [ML2 T −3 ]. Å Coefficient of restitution (e) is the ratio of the relative
In SI system, its unit is watt (W) or Js −1 . velocity of separation after the collision to the relative
velocity of approach before collision,
Another unit of power is 1 hp (horse power) = 746 W
v − v1
i.e. e= 2
Collision u1 − u2
Å It is an isolated event, in which two or more colliding For an elastic collision, e = 1.
bodies exert strong forces on each other for a short For an inelastic collision, e < 1.
duration of time. Å Rebounding of a ball on collision with the floor
Å In all collisions, the total linear momentum is conserved,
(i) Speed of the ball after the nth rebound,
i.e. the initial momentum of the system is equal to the final
momentum of the system. v n = env 0 = en 2gh0
This implies, ∆p1 + ∆p2 = 0 (ii) Height covered by the ball after the nth rebound,
where, p = mv hn = e2 nh0

KEY NOTES
CHAPTER 06 > Work, Energy and Power 131

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Scalar Product and Work Done by

Constant & Variable Forces
1 Scalar product of vectors A = 2 $i − 3$j + 2k$ and 8 A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio of
B = $i − $j + 2k$ is work done by force of gravity in 1st second, 2nd
second and 3rd second of the motion of ball is
(a) 6 (b) 8
(a) 1 : 2 : 3 (b) 1 : 4 : 16
(c) 5 (d) 9
(c) 1 : 3 : 5 (d) 1 : 9 : 25
2 Find the angle between force F = (3$i + 4$j − 5k$ ) unit
9 A force of 10 N is applied on an object of mass 2 kg
and displacement d = (5$i + 4$j + 3k$ ) unit. placed on a rough surface having coefficient of
−1 −1 friction equal to 0.2. Work done by applied force in
(a) cos (0.49) (b) cos (0.32)
(c) cos −1 (0.60) (d) cos −1 (0.90) 4 s is
(a) 120 J (b) 240 J
3 A force F = 5 $i + 6 $j − 4 k$ acting on a body produces (c) 250 J (d) 100 J
a displacement d = 6 $i + 5 k$ . The work done by the 10 A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a
force is smooth table and one-third of its length is hanging
(a) 18 units (b) 15 units (c) 12 units (d) 10 units vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is
4 A uniform force of (3i$ + $j) N acts on a particle of mass acceleration due to gravity, work required to pull the
hanging part on to the table is
2 kg. Hence, the particle is displaced from position MgL
(2i$ + k$ ) m to position ( 4$i + 3$j − k$ ) m. The work done (a) MgL (b)
3
by the force on the particle is CBSE AIPMT 2013 MgL MgL
(a) 9 J (b) 6 J (c) (d)
9 18
(c) 13 J (d) 15 J
11 A block of mass 1 kg is pushed up a surface inclined
5 The earth is moving around the sun in a circular orbit, to horizontal at an angle of 30° by a force of 10 N
is acted upon by a force and hence work done on the parallel to the inclined surface as shown in the figure.
earth by the force is N
10
(a) zero (b) + ve 1 kg
(c) − v (d) None of these
6 Work done by gravitational force in one revolution of
30°
earth around the sun on its elliptical path is zero because
(a) force is always perpendicular to displacement If the block is pushed up by 10 m along the incline,
(b) displacement is zero then the work against gravity is
(c) displacement is non-zero
(take, g = 10 ms −2 )
(d) Both (a) and (c)
(a) 10 J (b) 50 J
7 In which case, work done will be zero (c) 100 J (d) 150 J
(a) a weight-lifter while holding a weight of 100 kg on his
shoulders for 1 min 12 A force F = 20 + 10 y acts on a particle in y-direction,
(b) a locomotive against gravity is running on a level plane where F is in newton and y in metre.
with a speed of 60 kmh − 1 Work done by this force to move the particle from
(c) a person holding a suitcase on his head and standing at y = 0 to y =1 m is NEET 2019
a bus terminal (a) 5 J (b) 25 J
(d) All of the above (c) 20 J (d) 30 J
13 A position-dependent force F = 3x 2 − 2x + 7 acts 18 If the displacements are allowed to approach zero, then
on a body of mass 7 kg and displaces it from the number of terms in the sum increases without limit,
x = 0 m to x = 5 m. The work done on the body is y but the sum approaches a definite value equal to the area
joule. If both F and x are measured in SI units, the under the curve in given figure.
value of y is Area=∆ A= F(x) ∆ x
F(x)
(a) 135 (b) 235
(c) 335 (d) 935
14 A force F = − k / x 2 ( x ≠ 0) acts on a particle in
x-direction. Find the work done by the force in
displacing the particle from x = − a to x = 2a.
(a) 3 k / 2a (b) 4 k / a 2
O xf
− 9k xi
(c) − 3 k / 2a 2 (d) Displacement (x)
a2
What is the net work done by varying force F ( x ) from
15 When a rubber band is stretched by a distance x, it position x i to x f ?
exerts a restoring force of magnitude xi xf
F = a x + bx 2 , where a and b are constants. The
(a) ∫x f
F ( x ) dx (b) ∫0 F ( x ) dx
xf 0
work done in stretching the unstretched rubber
band by L is
(c) ∫x i
F ( x ) dx (d) ∫x i
F ( x ) dx

1 2 19 A body moves from point A to B under the action of a

(a) a L2 + bL3 (b) ( aL + bL3 )
2 force varying in magnitude as shown in figure, then the
aL2 bL3 1  a L2 bL3  work done is (force is expressed in newton and
(c) + (d)  + 
2 3 2 2 3  displacement in metre)

16 A body of mass 3 kg is under a force which causes 20

a displacement in it given by s = t 2 / 3 (in metre). 15
Q
A P
Work done by force in 2 s is 10
(a) 2 J (b) 3.8 J 5
F 0 R
(c) 5.2 J (d) 2.6 J 1 2 3 4 5 s
–5
17 A 10 kg brick moves along X-axis. Its acceleration
–10
as a function of its position is shown in figure.
–15 B
What is the net work performed on the brick by
the force causing the acceleration as the brick (a) 30 J (b) 22.5 J
moves from x = 0 to x = 80 . m? (c) 25 J (d) 27 J
20 A woman pushes a trunk on a railway platform which has
20
a rough surface. She applies a force of 100 N over a
15
(ms–2)

distance of 10 m. Thereafter, she gets progressively tired

10
and her applied force reduces linearly with distance to 50
a 5
N. The total distance through which the trunk has been
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 moved is 20 m. If frictional force is 50N, then total work
x (m)
done by the two forces over 20 m is
(a) 400 J (b) 800 J (a) − 2000 J (b) 500 J
(c) 200 J (d) 100 J (c) 750 J (d) − 200 J
CHAPTER 06 > Work, Energy and Power

TOPIC 2 ~ Kinetic Energy : Work-Energy Theorem

21 When velocity of a moving car decreases by 29 A force which is inversely proportional to the speed, is
applying sudden brake, then its kinetic energy, acting on a body. The kinetic energy of the body starting
(a) increases (b) decreases from rest is
(c) remains same (d) none of these (a) a constant
22 A car of mass 1000 kg is moving with a speed of (b) inversely proportional to time
80 m/s. The kinetic energy of the car is (c) directly proportional to time
(d) directly proportional to square of time
(a) 6.4 × 106 J (b) 3.2 × 106 J
(c) 3.2 × 10 J 5
(d) 4 × 105 J 30 Kinetic energy of a particle is increased by 4 times. What
will be the relation between initial and final momentum?
23 The kinetic energy of an air molecule (10 −21 J) in JIPMER 2018
eV is p
(a) p2 = 2 p1 (b) p2 = 1
(a) 6.2 meV (b) 4.2 meV 2
(c) 10.4 meVeV (d) 9.7 meVeV (c) p2 = p1 (d) p2 = 4 p1
−1 31 Two masses of 1 g and 4 g are moving with equal kinetic
24 When a man increases his speed by 2 ms , he
finds that his kinetic energy is doubled, the energy. The ratio of the magnitudes of their momentum
original speed of the man is is
(a) 2( 2 − 1) ms −1 (b) 2( 2 + 1) ms −1 (a) 4 : 1 (b) 2 : 1
(c) 4.5 ms −1 (d) None of these (c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 16
25 Two vehicles X and Y have masses 40 kg and 10 32 If momentum of a moving body is increased to 50% of its
kg respectively. Each vehicle is acted upon by a initial value, then percentage increase in its kinetic
force of 80 N. If both vehicles acquire same energy will be
kinetic energy in times t X and tY respectively, (a) 50% (b) 125%
t (c) 100% (d) 75%
then X is 33 Two moving objects having same kinetic energy are
tY
1 1 2 1 stopped by application of equal retarding force. Which
(a) (b) (c) (d) object will come to rest at short distance?
8 2 1 4
(a) Bigger (b) Smaller
26 A running man has half kinetic energy to that of a (c) Both at same distance (d) Cannot say
boy of half of his mass. The man speeds up by 1
34 A car weighing 1400 kg is moving at a speed of 54 kmh
ms −1 , so as to have same kinetic energy as that of −1
the boy. The original speed of the man is up a hill. When the motor stops, it is just able to reach
−1 −1 the destination which is at a height of 10 m above the
(a) 2 ms (b) 2 − 1 ms
point. Then, the work done against friction (negative of
1 1
(c) ms − 1 (d) ms − 1 the work done by the friction) is (take, g =10 ms −2 )
2−1 2
(a) 10 kJ (b) 15 kJ
27 An object of mass 10 kg is moving with velocity (c) 17.5 kJ (d) 25 kJ
of 10 ms −1 . A force of 50 N acted upon it for 2 s. 35 A bullet of mass 20 g is moving with a speed of
Percentage increase in its kinetic energy is 150 ms −1 . It strikes a target and is brought to rest after
(a) 25% (b) 50% (c) 75% (d) 300% piercing 10 cm into it. Calculate the average force of
28 A particle of mass 10 g moves along a circle of resistance offered by the target.
radius 6.4 cm with a constant tangential (a) 2500 N (b) 2000 J
acceleration. What is the magnitude of this (c) 2250 N (d) 2100 J
acceleration, if the kinetic energy of the particle 36 A block of mass 10 kg moving in x-direction with a
becomes equal to 8 × 10 −4 J by the end of the constant speed of 10 ms −1 is subjected to a retarding
second revolution after the beginning of the force F = 01. x J/m during its travelling from x = 20 m to
motion? NEET 2016 30 m. Its final kinetic energy will be CBSE AIPMT 2015
(a) 0.15 ms −2 . ms −2
(b) 018 (a) 475 J (b) 450 J
(c) 0.2 ms −2 (d) 0.1 ms −2 (c) 275 J (d) 250 J
37 A particle moves in one dimension from rest under the 39 A body which is moving with 10 ms −1 is sliding up
influence of a force that varies with the distance travelled on a rough inclined plane having inclination of 30°.
by the particle as shown in the figure. The kinetic Find the height upto which it can go, if coefficient of
energy of the particle after it has travelled 3 m is friction of the inclined surface is 0.1.
JEE Main 2019 (a) 4.25 m (b) 5.25 m (c) 6.25 m (d) 7.25 m
3
40 A force acts on a 2 kg object, so that its position is
2 given as a function of time as x = 3t 2 + 5. What is the
Force
work done by this force in first 5 seconds?
(in N)
1 JEE Main 2019
(a) 850 J (b) 900 J (c) 950 J (d) 875 J
1 2 3 41 A block of mass m =1 kg, moving on a horizontal
Distance
(in m) surface with speed v i = 2 ms −1 enters a rough patch
(a) 4 J (b) 2.5 J (c) 6.5 J (d) 5 J ranging from x = 0.10 m to x = 201. m. The retarding
force F r on the block in this range is inversely
38 Consider a drop of rain water having mass 1 g falling proportional to x over this range,
from a height of 1 km. It hits the ground with a speed −k
of 50 m/s. Take g constant with a value of 10 m/s 2 . Fr = for 0.1 < x < 201
. m
x
The work done by the (i) gravitational force and the
= 0 for x < 01m
. and x > 201 . m,where k = 0.5 J.
(ii) resistive force of air is NEET 2017
(a) (i) −10 J and (ii) − 8.25 J
What is the speed v f of the block as it crosses this
(b) (i) 1.25 J and (ii) − 8.25 J
patch?
(c) (i) 100 J and (ii) 8.75 J (a) 2 ms − 1 (b) 40 ms − 1
(d) (i) 10 J and (ii) − 8.75 J (c) 1 ms − 1 (d) 4 ms − 1

TOPIC 3 ~ Conservative Forces and Potential Energy

42 When a body is lifted above the surface of the earth, 47 The potential energy of a spring increases by 15 J
then its potential energy when stretched by 3 cm. If it is stretched by 4 cm,
(a) increases (b) decreases the increase in potential energy is
(c) remains same (d) None of these (a) 27 J (b) 30 J (c) 33 J (d) 36 J
43 A body of mass 2 kg lifted at a height of 16 m from 48 The ratio of spring constants of two springs is 2 : 3.
the surface of earth. The potential energy of the body What is the ratio of their potential energy, if they are
at given height, is [take, g =10 m/s 2 ] stretched by the same force?
(a) 640 J (b) 320 J (c) 80 J (d) 160 J (a) 2 : 3 (b) 3 : 2
(c) 4 : 9 (d) 9 : 4
44 A ball is projected vertically upwards with a certain
initial speed. Another ball of the same mass is 49 The potential energy of a body is increased in which
projected at an angle of 60° with the vertical with the of the following cases?
same initial speed. At highest point of their journey, (a) If work is done by conservative force
the ratio of their potential energies will be (b) If work is done against conservative force
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 2 : 1 (c) 3 : 2 (d) 4 : 1 (c) If work is done by non-conservative force
(d) If work is done against non-conservative force
45 A ball bounces to 75% of its original height. The
percentage loss of potential energy in each bounce is 50 A body of mass 4m is lying in xy-plane at rest. It
(a) 100% (b) 75% (c) 50% (d) 25% suddenly explodes into three pieces. Two pieces
each of mass m move perpendicular to each other
46 The potential energy U ( x ) can be assumed zero when
with equal speeds v. The total kinetic energy
(a) x=0 generated due to explosion is CBSE AIPMT 2014
(b) gravitational force is constant (a) mv2 (b) ( 3/ 2 ) mv2
(c) infinite distance from the gravitational source 2
(c) 2mv (d) 4 mv2
(d) All of the above
51 The potential energy of a 1 kg particle free to move 53 A spring is compressed by 10 cm, if a block of mass
x4 x2  is dropped on it from a height of 40 cm. If the force
along the X-axis is given by U ( x ) =  −  J constant of the spring is 980 Nm − 1 , then which of the
 4 2 
following is the mass of the block?
The total mechanical energy of the particle is 2 J. (a) 1 kg (b) 2 kg (c) 3kg (d) 4 kg
Then, maximum speed (in ms −1 ) is 54 A car of mass 1000 kg moving with a speed 18 km/h
3 on a smooth road, collide with a horizontally mounted
(a) (b) 2
2 . × 10 3 Nm −1 . What is
spring of spring constant 625
1
(c) (d) 2 the maximum compression of the spring?
2 (a) 1 m (b) 2 m (c) 3 m (d) 5 m
52 Which graph represents conservation of total 55 A spring gun of spring constant 90 N/cm is
mechanical energy? compressed 12 cm by a ball of mass 16 g. If the
Energy Energy trigger is pulled, the velocity of the ball is
(a) 50 ms −1 (b) 40 ms −1 (c) 90 ms −1 (d) 60 ms −1
E=K+U K=E
K U 56 A uniform cable of mass M and length L is placed on
(a) (b)
 1
U K a horizontal surface such that its   th part is
–xm xm X –xm xm X  n
hanging below the edge of the surface. To lift the
Energy Energy
hanging part of the cable upto the surface, the work
E=K+U E=K+U done should be JEE Main 2019
U U 2MgL MgL MgL
(c) (d) (a) (b) nMgL (c) (d)
2 2
K K n n 2n 2
–xm X X
xm –xm xm

TOPIC 4 ~ The Law of Conservation of Energy

57 When a body is falling from a certain height from the 60 A ball bounces to 80% of its original height. What
surface of earth, then fraction of its mechanical energy is lost in each bounce?
(a) its kinetic energy decreases continuously (a) 20% (b) 25%
(b) its potential energy increases continuously (c) 26% (d) 30%
(c) its total mechanical energy remains constant at each
point 61 A simple pendulum is released from A as shown in
(d) kinetic energy and potential energy are equal at each the figure. If m and l represent, the mass of the bob
point and length of the pendulum respectively, the gain in
kinetic energy at B is
58 An artificial satellite orbiting the earth in very thin m
O l
atmosphere loses its energy gradually due to A
dissipation against atmospheric resistance, however 30°
small. Then, as it comes closer and closer to the earth
its speed B
(a) increases (b) equal to
(c) decreases (d) less than equal to
mgl 3 mgl 2
59 A 2 kg block slides on a horizontal floor with a speed (a) (b) mgl (c) (d) mgl
−1 2 2 2 3
of 4 ms . It strikes an uncompressed spring and
compresses it, till the block is motionless. The friction 62 U is the potential energy, K is the kinetic energy and
of kinetic force is 15 N and spring constant is E is the mechanical energy. Which of the following is
10000 Nm −1 . The spring is compressed by not possible for a stable system?
(a) 5.5 cm (b) 2.5 cm (c) 11.0 cm (d) 8.5 cm (a)U > E (b) U < E (c) E > K (d) K > E
63 A body of mass 5 kg is thrown vertically up with a Then, the speed of bob ( v 0 ) at point A is
kinetic energy of 490 J. The height at which the C
kinetic energy of the body becomes half of the vc
original value is mg
(a) 12.5 m (b) 10 m TC
(c) 2.5 m (d) 5 m B

L TA
64 What is the ratio of kinetic energy of a particle at the
bottom to the kinetic energy at the top, when it just v0
A
loops a vertical loop of radius r? mg
(a) 5 : 1 (b) 2: 3 (c) 5 : 2 (d) 7 : 2
2 (a) 5gL (b) 2gL (c) 3gL (d) 7gL
65 k / r represents the force under which a particle is
moving in a circle of radius r. The total energy of the 67 When we rub two flint stones together; we got them to
particle is heat up and to ignite a heap of dry leaves in the form of
k 2k (a) chemical energy (b) sound energy
(a) (b) (c) heat energy (d) electrical energy
2r r
−k k 68 How much amount of energy is liberated in
(c) (d) −
r 2r converting 1 kg of coal into energy?
66 A bob of mass m is suspended by a light string of length (a) 9 × 1016 J (b) 9 × 1015 J (c) 3 × 1014 J (d) 4 × 106 J
L. It is imparted a horizontal velocity v 0 at the lowest 69 In daily life, intake of a human adult is 10 7 J, then
point A such that it completes a semi-circular trajectory average human consumption in a day is
in the vertical plane. The string becomes slack only (a) 2400 kcal (b) 1000 kcal
on reaching the topmost point C as shown in figure. (c) 1200 kcal (d) 700 kcal

TOPIC 5 ~ Power
70 Which of the following represents the unit of power? 76 An elevator in a building can carry a maximum of 10
(a) Pascal (b) Kilowatt-hour persons with the average mass of each person being
(c) Erg (d) Watt 68 kg. The mass of the elevator itself is 920 kg and it
71 A man can do work of 600 J in 2 min, then man’s moves with a constant speed of 3 m/s. The frictional
power is force opposing the motion is 6000 N. If the elevator is
(a) 7.5 W (b) 10 W (c) 5 W (d) 15 W moving up with its full capacity, the power delivered
by the motor to the elevator (g =10 m/s 2 ) must be at
72 A one kilowatt motor is used to pump water from a
well 10 m deep. The quantity of water pumped out least JEE Main 2020
per second is nearly (a) 62360 W (b) 48000 W
(c) 56300 W (d) 66000 W
(a) 1kg (b) 10 kg (c) 100 kg (d) 1000 kg
77 At time t = 0 s, particle starts moving along X-axis. If
73 The power of a windmill having blade area equal to A
and wind velocity equal to v is (where, ρ is density of its kinetic energy increases uniformly with time t,
air) the net force acting on it must be proportional to
1
Aρv 3 Aρv 2 Aρv (a) (b) t 3 / 2
(a) (b) (c) (d) Aρv3 t
2 2 2
74 In a hydroelectric power station, the water is flowing (c) t 1 / 3 (d) t 4 / 3
at 2 ms −1 in the river, which is 100 m wide and 5 m 78 A body of mass 1 kg begins to move under the action
deep. The maximum power output from the river is of a time dependent force F = (2t $i + 3t 2 $j) N, where $i
(a) 1.5 MW (b) 2 MW (c) 2.5 MW (d) 3 MW and $j are unit vectors along X and Y -axes.
What power will be developed by the force at the
75 A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute, with a
time t? NEET 2016
velocity of 600 ms −1 . If the power of the gun is
(a) ( 2 t 2 + 4 t 4 ) W (b) ( 2 t 3 + 3 t 4 ) W
5.4 kW, then mass of each bullet is JIPMER 2018
(a) 5 kg (b) 0.5 kg (c) 5 g (d) 0.5 g (c) ( 2 t 3 + 3 t 5 ) W (d) ( 2 t + 3 t 3 ) W
CHAPTER 06 > Work, Energy and Power 137

TOPIC 6 ~ Collisions
79 When two bodies collide to each other such that their 85 A moving block having mass m collides with another
kinetic energy remains conserved. Their collision stationary block having mass 4m. The lighter block
belong to comes to rest after collision. When the initial velocity
(a) elastic collision (b) inelastic collision of the lighter block is v, then the value of coefficient
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Neither (a) nor (b) of restitution ( e) will be NEET 2018
80 A particle of mass 1g moving with a velocity (a) 0.8 (b) 0.25
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.4
v 1 = (3$i − 2$j) ms −1 experiences a perfectly elastic
collision with another particle of mass 2 g and velocity 86 A ball of 0.5 kg collided with wall at 30° and
bounced back elastically. The speed of ball was
v 2 = ( 4$j − 6k$ ) ms −1 . The velocity of the particle is
12m/s. The contact remained for 1s. What is the force
(a) 2.3 ms −1 (b) 4.6 ms −1 (c) 9.2 ms −1 (d) 6 ms −1 applied by wall on ball? JIPMER 2018
81 A particle of mass m moving in the x-direction with (a) 12 3 N (b) 3 N
speed 2v is hit by another particle of mass 2m moving (c) 6 3 N (d) 3 3 N
in the y-direction with speed v. If the collision is
87 Body A of mass 4m moving with speed u collides
perfectly inelastic, the percentage loss in the energy
with another body B of mass 2m at rest. The collision
during the collision is close to
is head-on and elastic in nature. After the collision,
(a) 44% (b) 50% (c) 56% (d) 62%
the fraction of energy lost by the colliding body A is
82 In a collinear collision, a particle with an initial speed NEET 2019
v 0 strikes a stationary particle of the same mass. If the 8 4 5 1
(a) (b) (c) (d)
final total kinetic energy is 50% greater than the 9 9 9 9
original kinetic energy, the magnitude of the relative
88 A toy truck of mass 2m elastically collides with a toy
velocity between the two particles after collision, is
car of mass m, speed of truck is v and car is at rest.
JEE Main 2018
v0 v0 v0
Find the velocity of car after collision. JIPMER 2019
(a) (b) 2 v0 (c) (d) 4v v 2v
4 2 2 (a) (b) (c) v (d)
3 3 3
83 Consider the collision depicted in figure to be
89 Two objects of mass m each moving with speed u m/s
between two billiard balls with equal masses m1 = m2 .
collide at 90°, then final momentum is (assume
The first ball is called the cue while the second ball is
collision is inelastic) JIPMER 2019
called the target. The billiard player wants to ‘sink’
(a) mu (b) 2 mu (c) 2 mu (d) 2 2 mu
the target ball in a corner pocket, which is at an angle
θ 2 = 37°. 90 A body of mass 5 × 10 kg moving with speed 2 m/s
3

y2
collides with a body of mass 15 × 10 3 kg inelastically
v2 and sticks to it. Then, loss in kinetic energy of the
m1 system will be AIIMS 2019
v θ1 (a) 7.5 kJ (b) 15 kJ
x
m1 m2 θ2 (c) 10 kJ (d) 5 kJ
91 A ball is thrown vertically downwards from a height
m2 v2 of 20 m with an initial velocity v 0 . It collides with the
ground, loses 50 % of its energy in collision and
Assume that the collision is elastic and that friction
rebounds to the same height. The initial velocity v 0 is
and rotational motion are not important. Obtain θ 1 .
(take, g = 10 ms −2 ) CBSE AIPMT 2015
(a) 58° (b) 54° (c) 53° (d) 90°
(a) 14 ms − 1 (b) 20 ms − 1 (c) 28 ms − 1 (d) 10 ms − 1
84 Body of mass M is much heavier than the other body
of mass m. The heavier body with speed v collides 92 The height attained by a ball after 3 rebounds on
with the lighter body, which was at rest initially, falling from a height of h on floor, having coefficient
elastically. The speed of lighter body after collision is of restitution e is
AIIMS 2018 (a) e3 h (b) e4 h
(a) 2v (b) 3v (c) v (d) v/ 2 (c) e5 h (d) e6 h
 Master The NCERT > PHYSICS (Vol-I )

SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS

I. Assertion and Reason 100 Assertion Force applied on a block moving in
■ Direction (Q. Nos. 93-101) In the following
one-dimension is producing a constant power,
then the motion should be uniformly accelerated.
questions, a statement of Assertion is followed by a
corresponding statement of Reason. Of the following Reason This constant power multiplied with time is
statements, choose the correct one. equal to the change in kinetic energy.
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason 101 Assertion Two particles are moving in the same
is the correct explanation of Assertion. direction do not lose all their energy in completely
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason inelastic collision.
is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. Reason Principle of conservation of momentum holds
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct. true for all kinds of collisions. AIIMS 2018

Kinetic energy
93 Assertion Stopping distance = II. Statement Based Questions
Stopping force
102 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct for
Reason Work done in stopping a body is equal to
work done to be zero?
change in kinetic energy of the body.
I. If the displacement is zero.
94 Assertion Friction is a non-conservative force.
II. If force applied is zero.
Reason This is because work done against friction, III. If force and displacement are mutually perpendicular
in moving a body over a closed path is never zero. to each other.
95 Assertion Decrease in mechanical energy is more in (a) Only I (b) Both I and II
case of an object sliding up a relatively less inclined (c) Only II (d) I, II and III
plane due to friction. 103 A force F ( x ) is conservative, if
Reason The coefficient of friction between the I. it can be derived from a scalar quantityV ( x ).
block and the surface decreases with the increase in II. it depends only on the end points.
the angle of inclination. III. work done by F ( x )in a closed path is zero.
96 Assertion If momentum of a body increases by Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
50%, its kinetic energy will increase by 125%. (a) Only I (b) Both I and III
Reason Kinetic energy is proportional to square of (c) Only II (d) I, II and III
velocity. 104 In which of the following cases, there is no loss of
97 Assertion Two springs of force constants k1 and k 2
mechanical energy?
I. When a ball is moving on a rough surface under perfect
are stretched by the same force. If k1 > k 2 , then work
rolling.
done in stretching the first (W1 ) is less than work done
II. When a ball in sliding on a rough surface.
in stretching the second (W2 ).
III. When a ball is falling under gravity.
Reason Spring force, F = k1 x1 = k 2 x 2 Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
98 Assertion Kilowatt hour is the unit of energy. (a) Both I and II (b) Both I and III
(c) Both II and III (d) I, II and III
. × 10 8 J.
Reason One kilowatt hour is equal to 36
105 I. Total energy of an isolated system of constant mass
99 Assertion Mass and energy are not conserved remains constant.
separately but are conserved as a single entity called II. Energy may be transformed from one form to another.
‘mass-energy’. III. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed.
Reason This is because one can be obtained at the Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
cost of the other as per Einstein’s equation (a) Only I (b) Both I and II
E = mc 2 (c) Only III (d) I, II and III
106 In elastic collision, 112 In the given curved road, if particle is released from A,
I. initial kinetic energy is equal to the final kinetic then which of the following statement(s) is/are
energy. correct?
II. kinetic energy during the collision time ∆t is constant.
m A
III. total momentum is conserved.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Only I (b) Both I and III h
(c) Only III (d) Only II
107 Read the following statements and choose the B
correct statements in the codes given below. (a) Kinetic energy at B must be mgh.
I. If the total energy of the reactants is more than the (b) Kinetic energy at B must be zero.
products of the reaction, then heat is absorbed. (c) Kinetic energy at B must be less than mgh.
II. Chemical energy is associated with the forces that (d) Kinetic energy at B must not be equal to zero.
give rise to the stability of substance.
113 A molecule in a gas container hits a horizontal wall
III. The mass of an isolated system is covertible into
energy. with speed 200 ms −1 and angle 30° with the normal
(a) Both I and II and rebounds with the same speed. Which of the
(b) Both II and III following statement(s) is/are correct?
(c) Both III and I (a) Momentum is not conserved.
(d) I, II, III (b) Elastic collision occurs here.
(c) Inelastic collision occurs here.
108 Which of the following statement is correct about (d) Both (a) and (b)
non-conservative force?
(a) It depends on velocity of the object. 114 A bullet of mass m fired at an angle 30° to the
(b) It depends on the particular path taken by the object. horizontal leaves the barrel of the gun with a velocity
(c) It depend on the initial and final positions of the v. The bullet hits a soft target at a height h above the
object. ground while it is moving downward and emerge out
(d) Both (a) and (b) with half the kinetic energy it had before hitting the
target. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
109 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
correct in respect of bullet after it emerges out of the
(a) Absolute value of potential energy cannot be
determined. target?
(b) Absolute value of kinetic energy can be (a) The velocity of the bullet will be reduced to half its
determined because velocity is not measured in initial value.
relative terms. (b) The velocity of the bullet will be more than half of its
(c) Absolute value of force cannot be determined because earlier velocity.
measurement of acceleration is not possible. (c) The bullet will continue to move along the same
(d) None of the above parabolic path.
(d) The bullet will move in a straight line.
110 Which of the following statement(s) is/are correct?
(a) Conservation of mechanical energy does not consider
only conservative force. III. Matching Type
(b) Conservation of energy consider both conservative and 115 Match the Column I (work done) with Column II
non-conservative forces. (value) and select the correct answer from the codes
(c) Conservation of energy consider only conservative given below.
force.
(d) Mass converted into energy in nuclear reaction is Column I Column II
called mass-defect. A. Work done in pulling out a bucket 1. Positive and
from well by a person and by negative
111 According to the equivalence of mass and energy, gravitational force
which of the following statement(s) is/are incorrect?
B. Work done by friction on a body 2. Negative
(a) The mass of an isolated system is conserved. sliding down an inclined plane
(b) Matter is neither created nor destroyed. C. Work done by a person in pulling a 3. Positive
(c) Matter might change its phase. luggage on a rough surface
(d) All of the above D. Work done by air in bringing a 4. Negative and
vibrating pendulum to rest and by positive
gravitational force
 A B C D A B C D Column I Column II
(a) 4 1 2 3 (b) 3 2 1 4 A. Conservative force 1. Work done is zero
(c) 4 2 1 3 (d) 1 2 3 4 B. Non-conservative force 2. Potential energy
116 Match the Column I (angle) with Column II (work C. Centripetal force 3. Heat energy
done) and select the correct answer from the codes
A B C A B C
given below.
(a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 1 3
Column I Column II (c) 3 2 1 (d) 2 3 1
A. θ < 90° 1. Friction
118 Match the Column I (collision) with Column II
B. θ = 90° 2. Satellite rotating around the earth (feature) and select the correct answer from the codes
C. θ > 90° 3. Coolie is lifting a luggage given below.
A B C Column I Column II
(a) 1 2 3 A. Elastic collision 1. Deformation
(b) 3 2 1
B. Non-elastic collision 2. Conservation of KE
(c) 1 3 2
(d) 3 1 2 C. Scattering 3. Conservation of momentum

117 Match the Column I (force) with Column II (feature A B C A B C

or result) and select the correct answer from the codes (a) 1 2 3 (b) 2 1 3
given below. (c) 3 2 1 (d) 2 3 1

NCERT & NCERT Exemplar

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS
NCERT 121 A 1 kg block situated on a rough incline is connected
119 A body constrained to move along Z-axis of a to a spring of spring constant 100 Nm −1 as shown in
coordinate system is subjected to a constant force F figure. The block is released from rest with the spring
is given by F = ( − $i + 2 $j + 3 k$ ) N, where $i , $j and k$ in the unstretched position. The block moves 10 cm
are the unit vectors along the X , Y and Z-axes of the down the incline before coming to rest. Find the
system, respectively. What is the work done by this coefficient of friction between the block and the
force in moving the body a distance of 4 m along the incline. Assume that the spring has a negligible mass
Z-axis? and the pulley in frictionless.
(a) 10 J (b) 12 J (c) 24 J (d) 28 J
k = 100 Nm– 1
120 Given below in Fig. (i), the man walks 2 m carrying a
mass of 15 kg on his hands. In Fig. (ii), he walks the 1 kg
same distance pulling the rope towards him. The rope
goes over a pulley and a mass of 15 kg hangs at its 37°
other end. How much the work done is more in
case II as compared to case I? (a) 2.0 (b) 1.0
(c) 0.5 (d) 0.125
122 A bolt of mass 0.3 kg falls from the ceiling of an
elevator moving down with a uniform speed of
15 kg
15 kg
7 ms −1 . It hits the floor of the elevator (length of the
elevator = 3 m) and does not rebound. What is the
I. II.
heat produced by the impact?
(a) 9.2 J (b) 8.82 J
(a) 310 J (b) 294 J (c) 400 J (d) 500 J (c) 10 J (d) 12 J
123 The bob of a pendulum is 1.5 m A 129 Two identical balls bearing in contact with each other
O
released from a horizontal and resting on a frictionless table are hit head-on by
position A as shown in the another ball bearing of the same mass moving

1.5 m
figure. If the length of the initially with a speed v.
pendulum is 1.5 m, what is the 1 2 3
speed with which the bob B
arrives at the lowest point B, v
given that it dissipated 5% of its initial energy against If the collision is elastic, which of the following is a
air resistance? possible result after collision?
(a) 4 ms − 1 (b) 7 ms − 1 1 2 3 1 2 3
(c) 5.28 ms − 1 (d) 10 ms − 1 (a) (b)
v=0 v=0 v
124 The potential energy function for a particle executing v/2
linear simple harmonic motion is given by 12 3
(c) (d) None of these
1
U ( x ) = kx 2 , where k is the force constant of the v/3
2
oscillator. For k = 0.5 Nm − 1 , the graph U ( x ) versus x 130 Which of the following potential energy curves in
figure given below can possibly describe the elastic
is shown in the figure given below. collision of two billiard balls? Here, r is the distance
U
between centre of the balls and R is the radius of each
ball.

x U ( r) U (r)
(a) (b)

2R r 2R r
Find out position of a particle carrying total energy
1 J moving under this potential at which it must turn
U ( r) U (r)
back to its original position.
(c) (d)
(a) ± 0.5 m (b) ± 1 m
(c) ± 2 m (d) ± 3 m 2R r 2R r
125 A body is initially at rest. It undergoes
one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration.
131 A person trying to lose weight (dieter) lifts a 10 kg
The power delivered to it at time t is proportional to
mass to 0.5 m 1000 times. Assume that, the potential
(a) t 1 / 2 (b) t (c) t 3 / 2 (d) t 2
energy lost each time she lowers the mass is dissipated.
126 A body is moving unidirectionally under the How much work does she do against the gravitational
influence of a source of constant power. Its force?
displacement in time t is proportional to (a) 50000 J (b) 20000 J
(a) t 1 / 2 (b) t (c) t 3 / 2 (d) t 2 (c) 49000 J (d) 30000 J
127 A pump on the ground floor of a building can pump 132 Fat supplies 3.8 × 10 7 J of energy per kilogram,
3
up water to fill a tank of value 30 m in 15 min. If which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20%
the tank is 40 m above the ground and the efficiency efficiency rate. How much fat will the dieter use up
of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is by doing work of 49000 J?
consumed by the pump? (a) 6.45 × 10−3 kg (b) 9 × 10−4 kg
(a) 50 kW (b) 60 kW (c) 43.6 kW (d) 55 kW
(c) 7 × 10−2 kg (d) 10−3 kg
128 A large family uses 8 kW of power. Direct solar
energy is incident on the horizontal surface at an 133 An electron and proton have kinetic energy equal to
average rate of 200 Wm −2 . If 20% of this energy can 10 keV and 100 keV, respectively. The ratio of their
be converted to useful electrical energy, how large an speeds is
area is needed to supply 8 kW? (a) 13.5 (b) 15.5
(c) 16.5 (d) 17.5
(a) 1000 m2 (b) 20 m2 (c) 200 m2 (d) 2000 m2
NCERT Exemplar Which of the following statement is correct?
(a) Both the stones reach the bottom at the same time but
134 An electron and a proton are moving under the not with the same speed.
influence of mutual forces. In calculating the change (b) Both the stones reach the bottom with the same
in the kinetic energy of the system during motion, one speed and stone I reaches the bottom earlier than
ignores the magnetic force of one on another. This is stone II.
because (c) Both the stones reach the bottom with the same speed
(a) the two magnetic forces are equal and opposite, so they and stone II reaches the bottom earlier than stone I.
produce no net effect (d) Both the stones reach the bottom at different times and
(b) the magnetic forces do not work on each particle with different speeds.
(c) the magnetic forces do equal and opposite (but 140 The potential energy function for a particle executing
non-zero) work on each particle 1 2
(d) the magnetic forces are necessarily negligible linear SHM is given by U ( x ) = kx , where k is the
2
135 A proton is kept at rest. A positively charged particle force constant of the oscillator. For k = 0.5 Nm −1 , the
is released from rest at a distance d in its field. graph of U ( x ) versus x is shown in the figure. A
Consider two experiments; one in which the charged particle of total energy E turns back when it reaches
particle is also a proton and in another, a positron. In x = ± x m . If U and K indicate the PE and KE,
same time t, the work done on the two moving respectively of the particle at x = + x m , then which of
charged particles is the following is correct?
(a) same as the same force law is involved in the two
experiments U(x)
(b) less for the case of a positron, as the positron moves
away more rapidly and the force on it weakens
(c) more for the case of a positron, as the positron moves x
away a larger distance –xm xm
(d) same as the work is done by charged particle on the
stationary proton (a)U = 0, K = E
136 A bicyclist comes to a skidding stop in 10 m. During (b) U = E, K = 0
this process, the force on the bicycle due to the road is (c)U < E , K = 0
200 N and is directly opposed to the motion. The (d) U = 0, K < E
work done by the cycle on the road is 141 A body of mass 05
. kg travels in a straight line with
(a) + 2000 J (b) − 200 J velocity v = a x 3/ 2 , where a = 5 m − 1/ 2s −1 . The work
(c) zero (d) − 20000 J
done by the net force during its displacement from
137 A body is falling freely under the action of gravity x = 0 to x = 2 m is
alone in vacuum. Which of the following quantities (a) 15
. J (b) 50 J
remain constant during the fall? (c) 10 J (d) 100 J
(a) Kinetic energy (b) Potential energy
(c) Total mechanical energy (d) Total linear momentum 142 A body is moving unidirectionally under the
influence of a source of constant power supplying
138 During inelastic collision between two bodies, which energy.
of the following quantities always remain conserved?
Which of the diagrams shown in figure correctly
(a) Total kinetic energy (b) Total mechanical energy
shows the displacement-time curve for its motion?
(c) Total linear momentum (d) Speed of each body
d d
139 Two inclined frictionless tracks, one gradual and the
other steep meet at A from where two stones are
allowed to slide down from rest, one on each track as (a) (b)
shown in figure.
t t
A
d d

I II
h
(c) (d)

θ1 θ2
B t t
143 Which of the diagrams shown in figure most closely 147 Which of the diagrams in figure correctly shows the
shows the variation in kinetic energy of the earth as it change in kinetic energy of an iron sphere falling
moves once around the sun in its elliptical orbit? freely in a lake having sufficient depth to impart it a
terminal velocity?
KE KE
KE KE
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
t t t
O Depth O Depth
KE KE
KE
(c) (d) KE
(c) (d)

O t O t
Depth Depth
144 Which of the diagrams shown in figure represents
variation of total mechanical energy of a pendulum 148 In a shotput event, an athlete throws the shotput of
oscillating in air as a function of time? mass 10 kg with an initial speed of 1 ms −1 at 45° from
a height 1.5 m above ground. Assuming air resistance
to be negligible and acceleration due to gravity to be
10 ms −2 , the kinetic energy of the shotput when it just
(a) (b) reaches the ground will be
(a) 2.5 J (b) 5.0 J (c) 52.5 J (d) 155.0 J
149 A cricket ball of mass 150 g moving with a speed of
126 kmh −1 hits at the middle of the bat, held firmly at
its position by the batsman. The ball moves straight
(c) (d) back to the bowler after hitting the bat.
Assuming that collision between ball and bat is
completely elastic and the two remain in contact for
0.001s, the force that the batsman had to apply to hold
145 A mass of 5 kg is moving along a circular path of the bat firmly at its place would be
radius 1 m. If the mass moves with 300 rev min −1 , (a) 10.5 N (b) 21 N
then its kinetic energy (in J) would be . × 104 N
(c) 105 . × 104 N
(d) 21
(a) 250π 2 (b) 100π 2 (c) 5π 2 (d) 0 150 Two blocks M 1 and M 2 having equal masses are free
146 A raindrop falling from a height h above ground, to move on a horizontal frictionless surface and M 2
attains a near terminal velocity when it has fallen is attached to a massless spring as shown in figure.
through a height (3/4)h. Which of the following Initially, M 2 is at rest and M 1 is moving towards M 2
diagrams shown in figure correctly shows the change with speed v and collides head-on with M 2 .
in kinetic and potential energy of the drop during its
Then, which of the following statement is correct?
fall on to the ground?
M1=m M2=m

h PE PE

(a) (b)
KE h/4 (a) While spring is fully compressed the system, all the KE
KE
of M 1 is stored as PE of spring.
t t (b) While spring is fully compressed the system,
momentum is not conserved, though final momentum is
h
PE h equal to initial momentum.
PE
(c) (d) (c) If spring is massless, the final state of the M 1 is state of
KE rest.
KE
O t (d) If the surface on which blocks are moving has friction,
O t
then collision cannot be elastic.
 Master The NCERT > PHYSICS (Vol-I )

Answers
> Mastering NCERT with MCQs
1 (d) 2 (b) 3 (d) 4 (a) 5 (a) 6 (b) 7 (d) 8 (c) 9 (b) 10 (d)
11 (b) 12 (b) 13 (a) 14 (a) 15 (c) 16 (d) 17 (b) 18 (c) 19 (b) 20 (c)
21 (b) 22 (b) 23 (a) 24 (b) 25 (c) 26 (c) 27 (d) 28 (d) 29 (c) 30 (a)
31 (c) 32 (b) 33 (c) 34 (c) 35 (c) 36 (a) 37 (c) 38 (d) 39 (a) 40 (b)
41 (c) 42 (a) 43 (b) 44 (d) 45 (d) 46 (d) 47 (a) 48 (b) 49 (b) 50 (b)
51 (a) 52 (c) 53 (a) 54 (b) 55 (c) 56 (d) 57 (c) 58 (a) 59 (a) 60 (a)
61 (b) 62 (a) 63 (d) 64 (a) 65 (c) 66 (a) 67 (a) 68 (a) 69 (a) 70 (d)
71 (c) 72 (b) 73 (a) 74 (b) 75 (c) 76 (d) 77 (a) 78 (c) 79 (a) 80 (b)
81 (c) 82 (b) 83 (c) 84 (a) 85 (b) 86 (c) 87 (a) 88 (a) 89 (c) 90 (a)
91 (b) 92 (d)

> Special Types Questions

93 (a) 94 (a) 95 (c) 96 (a) 97 (a) 98 (c) 99 (a) 100 (d) 101 (b) 102 (d)
103 (d) 104 (b) 105 (d) 106 (b) 107 (b) 108 (d) 109 (a) 110 (b) 111 (b) 112 (a)
113 (b) 114 (b) 115 (d) 116 (b) 117 (d) 118 (b)

> NCERT & NCERT Exemplar MCQs

119 (b) 120 (b) 121 (d) 122 (b) 123 (c) 124 (c) 125 (b) 126 (c) 127 (c) 128 (c)
129 (b) 130 (d) 131 (c) 132 (a) 133 (a) 134 (b) 135 (c) 136 (c) 137 (c) 138 (c)
139 (c) 140 (b) 141 (b) 142 (b) 143 (d) 144 (c) 145 (a) 146 (b) 147 (b) 148 (d)
149 (c) 150 (c)

Hints & Explanations

1 (d) Given, A = 2i$ − 3$j + 2k$ and B = i$ − $j + 2k$ 4 (a) Given, force, F = ( 3$i + $j ) N
∴ Scalar product of A and B is and positions, r1 = ( 2i$ + k$ ) m and r2 = ( 4 $i + 3$j − k$ )m
A ⋅ B = ( 2$i − 3$j + 2k$ ) ⋅ ( i$ − $j + 2k$ ) ∴Displacement, s = r − r = ( 4 i$ + 3$j − k$ ) − ( 2i$ + k$ )
2 1
=2 + 3 + 4 = 9
= ( 2i$ + 3$j − 2k$ )m
2 (b) Given, F = ( 3$i + 4 $j − 5k$ ) unit
∴ Work done, W = F ⋅ s = ( 3$i + $j ) ⋅ ( 2$i + 3$j − 2k$ )
and d = ( 5$i + 4 $j + 3k$ ) unit
= 3 × 2 + 3 × 1+ 0
∴ F ⋅ d = Fx d x + F y d y + F z d z
= 6 + 3 = 9J
= 3 ( 5 ) + 4 ( 4 ) + ( −5 )( 3 ) = 16 units
Now, F ⋅ F = F 2 = Fx2 + F y2 + F z2 5 (a) When earth is moving around the sun in a circular
orbit, then gravitational attraction on earth due to the
= 9 + 16 + 25 = 50 units sun provides required centripetal force, which is in
⇒ F = 50 units radially inward direction, i.e. in a direction
and d ⋅ d = d 2 = d x2 + d y2 + d z2 perpendicular to the direction of motion of the earth in
its circular orbit around the sun.
= 25 + 16 + 9 = 50 units As a result, the work done on the earth by the force will
⇒ d = 50 units be zero, i.e. W = Fd cos 90° = 0.
Hints & Explanations

16 16  F ⋅ d 6 (b) Gravitational force is conservative and hence it is

∴ cos θ = = = 0.32 Qcosθ = 
50 50 50  Fd  independent of path, i.e. displacement is zero.
⇒ θ = cos −1 ( 0.32 ) Due to this reason, work done by gravitational force in
one revolution around the sun on its elliptical path is
3 (d) Given, force, F = 5i$ + 6$j − 4 k$ zero.
and displacement, d = 6$i + 5k$ 7 (d) Work done by weight-lifter is zero because there is
∴ Work done, W = F ⋅ d no displacement.
= ( 5$i + 6$j − 4 k$ ) ⋅ ( 6$i + 0$j + 5 k$ ) In a locomotive, work done is zero because force due to
gravity and displacement are mutually perpendicular to
= 30 + 0 − 20 = 10 units each other.
Therefore, the work done by the force is 10 units.
 In case of a person holding a suitcase on his head and 12 (b) Work done by a force F, which is variable in nature,
standing at a bus terminal, work done is zero because in moving a particle from y1 to y2 is given by
there is no displacement. y2

Hence, options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. W = ∫ F ⋅ dy … (i)

y1
8 (c) Initial velocity of ball is zero, i.e. u = 0
Given, force, F = 20 + 10 y, y1 = 0 and y2 = 1 m
∴ Displacement of ball in t th second,
Substituting the given values in Eq. (i), we get
1  1 
s= gt − g Q sn = u + g ( 2t − 1) 1
 10 y2 
1
2  2  ⇒ W = ∫ ( 20 + 10 y )dy = 20 y + 
 1  1  2 0
= g t −  ⇒ s ∝ t −  0
 2  2 = 20 (1 − 0 ) + 5(1 − 0 )2 = 25 J
 1  1  1 ∴ Work done will be 25 J.
or s1 : s2 : s3 = 1 −  :  2 −  :  3 −  = 1 : 3 : 5
 2  2  2
13 (a) This is the case of work done by a variable force ,
Now, W = mgs (QW = Fs ) x2

W ∝s
∴ W = ∫x 1
F ⋅ dx

∴ W1 : W2 : W3 = 1 : 3 : 5 5
W = ∫ 0 ( 3x − 2x + 7 ) dx = ( x3 − x2 + 7x )50
2

9 (b) Force of friction acting in opposite direction = µ mg

W = 5× 5× 5− 5× 5+ 7× 5
= 0.2 × 2 × 10 = 4 N
⇒ W = 125 − 25 + 35 = 135 J
Net force on the body, F = 10 N − 4 N = 6 N
14 (a) Work done by the force in displacing the particle
F 6 from x = − a to x = 2a will be
Acceleration, a = = = 3 ms− 2
m 2 2a
x = 2a  k k
As initial velocity, u = 0 W = ∫ Fdx = ∫x = − a  − 2  dx =  
 x   x− a
1
∴ Distance travelled in 4 s, s = at 2
2 k k 3k
= − =
1
= × 3 × 16 = 24 m 2a ( − a ) 2a
2
15 (c) Given, F = ax + bx 2
Work done by applied force, i.e.
W = F ⋅ s = 10 × 24 = 240 J We know that, work done in stretching the rubber band
 L 1  by L is | dW | = | Fdx |
10 (d) The weight of hanging part   of chain is  Mg  . L L
 3 3  L
 ax2   bx3 
| W | = ∫ ( ax + bx ) dx =  2
 + 
This weight acts at the centre of gravity of the hanging 0  2 0  3 0
 L
part, which is at a distance of   from the table.  aL2 a × ( 0 )2   b × L3 b × ( 0 )3 
 6 = − + − 
Hence, work required to pull hanging part,  2 2   3 3 

W = force × displacement aL2 bL3

|W | = +
Mg L MgL 2 3
∴ W = × =
3 6 18 t2
16 (d) Given, s =
11 (b) The various forces acting on the block are as shown 3
in the figure. ds 2 t d 2s 2
So, v= = ;a= 2 =
dt 3 dt 3
Hints & Explanations

Force is constant, because acceleration is constant.

d N F 2 2 d 2s
Work done, W = ∫ Fds = ∫ m 2 ds
θ d sin θ 0 0 dt
in θ θ g co s
s f mg m 2
mg 2 d s ds
θ =∫ m 2 ⋅ dt
0 dt dt
Given, m = 1 kg, θ = 30° , F = 10 N and d = 10 m 2
∴ Work done against gravity is 2 2 2t 4  t2
Wg = mgd sin θ = (1 kg ) × (10 ms −2 ) × 10 m
= ∫0 3× ×
3 3
dt =  
3  20
1 2 2 2 2 8
× sin 30° = 100 × = 50 J = [ t ] 0 = [ 4 − 0] = = 2.6 J
2 3 3 3
 17 (b) According to the graph, the acceleration a varies 1
∴ WF = 100 × 10 + (100 + 50 ) × 10
linearly with the coordinate x. We may write a = αx, 2
where α is the slope of the graph. = 1000 + 750 = 1750 J
a 20 The work done by the frictional force is
⇒ α= = = 2.5 s −2
x 8 W f = area of the rectangle AGHI
The force on the brick is in the positive x-direction and W f = ( −50 ) × 20 = − 1000 J
according to Newton’s second law, its magnitude is The area on the negative side of the force axis has a
given by negative sign.
F = ma = mαx ∴ Total work done by the two forces,
If x f is the final coordinate, the work done by the force is W = WF + W f
= 1750 − 1000 = 750J
xf xf
W = ∫0 Fdx = m α × ∫
0
xdx
x 21 (b) When velocity of car decreases, then its kinetic
 x2  mα × x2f
f

= mα ×   = energy decreases because kinetic energy of car is

 20 2 directly proportional to the square of its velocity.
1
10 × 2.5 × 64 i.e. K = mv2 or K ∝ v2
= = 800 J (given, m = 10 kg) 2
2
22 (b) Given, mass of car, m = 1000 kg
18 (c) As we know that, total work done by varying
force F ( x ), Speed of car, v = 80 m/s
∴ Kinetic energy of car,
∑ x F ( x ) ∆x = ∫ x
xf xf
W = lim F ( x ) dx
∆x → 0 1 1
K = mv2 = × 1000 × ( 80 )2
i i

where, lim stands for the limit of the sum when ∆x tends 2 2
to zero. = 3.2 × 106 J
19 (b) Work done = Area under F-s curve 23 (a) The kinetic energy of an air molecule is
20 10− 21 J
Q K = −
~ 0.0062 eV
15
A P 1.6 × 10− 19 J / eV
10
5
This is the same as 6.2 meV.
F 0 R 1
1 2 3 4 5 s 24 (b) ∴ Kinetic energy, K = mv 2
–5 2
–10 Given, v2 = ( v1 + 2 ) ms −1
–15 B 2
K 1  v1  1 v12
W AB = W12 + W23 + W34 + W45 ∴ =  ⇒ = (Q K 2 = 2K 1 )
K 2  v2  2 ( v1 + 2 )2
= Area under AP + Area under PQ
⇒ v12 + 4 v1 + 4 = 2v12
+ Area under QR − Area above RB
1 1 1 ⇒ v12 − 4 v1 − 4 = 0
= 10 × 1 + (10 + 15) × 1 + × 1 × 15 − × 1 × 15
2 2 2 Q The above equation is a quadratic equation, so the roots
= 10 + 12.5 = 22.5 J of the equation will be
20 (c) The plot of the applied force is shown in figure. At − b ± b 2 − 4 ac
x=
x = 20 m, F = 50 N ( ≠ 0 ). We are given that, the 2
frictional force f is | f | = 50 N. It opposes motion and 4 ± 16 + 16 4 ± 32
Hints & Explanations

acts in a direction opposite to F. It is therefore shown on Then, v1 = =

the negative side of the force axis. The work done by 2 2
the woman is WF → area of the rectangle ABCD + area 4±4 2
⇒ v1 = = 2 (1 ± 2 ) ms − 1
of the trapezium CEID. 2
v1 = 2( 2 + 1) or 2(1 − 2 )
B C
100
Hence, option (b) is correct.
F(Force)

50 E
25 (c) Given, mX = 40 kg, mY = 10 kg, F = 80 N
A D I X
0 F 80
10 m 20 m Acceleration, aY = = = 2 m/s 2
–50 H mX 40
G f (friction)
 F 80 28 (d) Given, mass of particle, m = 10g = 0.01 kg
and aY = = = 8 m/s 2
mY 10
Radius of circle along which particle is moving,
As, K X = KY r = 6.4 cm
1 1
mX v2X = mY vY2 Kinetic energy of particle, KE = 8 × 10−4 J
2 2
1 2
1 1 ∴ KE = mv = 8 × 10−4 J
⇒ mX ( a X t X )2 = mY ( aY tY )2 2
2 2
8 × 2 × 10−4 16 × 10−4
⇒
1 1
40 ( 2 ⋅ t X ) = 10 ( 8 tY )2
2 ⇒ v2 = = = 16 × 10−2 …(i)
2 2 m 0.01
⇒ 16 t 2X = 64 tY2 As it is given that, kinetic energy of particle is equal to
8 × 10−4 J by the end of second revolution after the
t 2X tX 2
⇒ =4 ⇒ = beginning of motion of particle. It means, its initial
tY2 tY 1 velocity u is 0 m/s at this moment.
Hence, the ratio of t X : tY is 2 : 1. By Newton’s third equation of motion,
26 (c) Let m = mass of boy, M = mass of man, v2 = u 2 + 2at s ⇒ v2 = 2at s [Q u = 0]
v = velocity of boy and v′ = velocity of man or v2 = 2a t ( 4 πr )
According to first condition, (Q particle covers 2 revolutions)
1 1 1 
Mv′ 2 =  mv2  …(i) v2
16 × 10−2
2 2 2  ⇒ at = =
. × 6.4 × 10−2
8πr 8 × 314
When man speed up by 1 m/s, then
[from Eq. (i)]
1 1  −2
⇒ M ( v′ + 1)2 = 1  mv2  …(ii) ∴ a t = 01
. ms
2 2 
29 (c) It is given that, force acting on a body is inversely
Dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
proportional to its velocity.
1 1 2
M ( v′+1)2 mv 1
2 i.e. F ∝
= 2 v
1 1 2
M ( v′ )2 mv k k
2 4 ⇒ F = ⇒ ma =
v v
⇒ ( v′+1)2 = 2v′ 2
dv k
⇒ v′+1 = 2v′ ⇒ m = ⇒ ∫ mv dv = ∫ k dt
dt v
1 v2  1 2
∴ v′ = ms −1 ⇒ = kt ⇒ KE ∝ t
2−1 m Q KE = mv 
2  2 
27 (d) Given, initial velocity, u = 10 ms − 1 , m = 10 kg, ∴ Kinetic energy of body starting from rest is directly
F = 50 N and t = 2s proportional to time.
F 50 30 (a) Relation between kinetic energy and momentum is
Acceleration of object, a = = = 5 m/s 2
m 10 p1 = 2 mK 1 …(i)
If v be the final velocity, then
Q Kinetic energy is increased by 4 times, so
v = u + at = 10 + 5 × 2 = 20 m/s
K 2 = 4K1
1 1
Initial kinetic energy = mu 2 = × 10 × 10 × 10 Hence, p2 = 2mK 2 = 2m( 4 K 1 ) = 2 2mK 1
2 2
Hints & Explanations

= 5 × 102 J or p2 = 2 p1 [from Eq. (i)]

1 1 31 (c) As we know that, linear momentum,
Final kinetic energy = mv2 = × 10 × 20 × 20
2 2  p2 
= 20 × 102 J p = 2mK QK = 
% increase in kinetic energy  2m
Initial kinetic energy − Final kinetic energy For same kinetic energy, p ∝ m
= × 100
Initial kinetic energy p1 m1 1 1
⇒ = = = = 1: 2
( 20 − 5 ) × 102 p2 m2 4 2
= × 100 = 300%
5 × 102 The ratio of the magnitudes of their momentum is 1 : 2.
 32 (b) Given, initial momentum of body = pi 35 (c) Given, m = 20 g = 0.02 kg, u = 150 ms −1 , v = 0
Final momentum, p f = pi + 50% of pi and s = 10 cm = 0.1m
50 According to the work-energy theorem, we have
= pi + × pi
100 K − K ′ = W = Fs
3 pi 1
pf = …(i) ∴ mu 2 − 0 = Fs
2 2
Kinetic energy in terms of momentum is given as mu 2 0.02 × (150)2
p2 ⇒ F = = = 2250 N
K = 2s 2 × 0.1
2m
36 (a) From work-energy theorem,
p2
∴ Ki = i Work done = Change in kinetic energy
2m
2 ⇒ W = K f − Ki
 3 pi 
p 2f   x2
⇒ K f = W + K i = ∫ Fxdx + mv2
1
 2 
Kf = = [from Eq. (i)] x1 2
2m 2m 30 1
9 pi2 = ∫ − 01
. xdx + × 10 × (10 )2
= 20 2
8m 30
 x2 
∴ % increase in kinetic energy = − 01
.   + 500
K f − Ki  2  20
= × 100
Ki = − 0.05 [ 302 − 202 ] + 500
9 pi2 p2 = − 0.05 [ 900 − 400] + 500
− i
5 ⇒ K f = − 25 + 500 = 475 J
= 8m 2 2m × 100 = × 100 = 125%
pi 4 37 (c) F(N)
2m C
3
33 (c) Applying work-energy theorem on both moving
objects, 1
A B
1 2
m1 v12 = Fx1 D
2 2
1 0 F E
and m2 v22 = Fx2 O 2 3
x(m)
2
Since, both moving objects have same kinetic energy, ∴ Work done on the particle
1 1 = Area under the curve ABC
i.e. m1 v12 = m2 v22 ⇒ Fx1 = Fx2
2 2 W = Area of square ABFO + Area of ∆BCD
⇒ x1 = x2 + Area of rectangle BDEF
1
Therefore, both the objects will come to rest at the same = 2 × 2 + × 1 × 1 + 2 × 1 = 6.5 J
distance. 2
34 (c) Here, work done by a car, Now, from work-energy theorem,
i.e. Wg = mgh ∆W = K f − K i
= 1400 × 10 × 10 = 140000J ⇒ K f = ∆W = 6.5 J [Q K i = 0]
5 38 (d) Given, m = 1g = 10−3 kg, h = 1km = 103 m
Speed of car = 54 kmh −1 = 54 × = 15 ms − 1
Hints & Explanations

18 v = 50 m/s and g = 10 m/s 2 .

According to work-energy theorem, we get (i) Work done by gravitational force,
1
Wg + Wr = mv2 Wg = mgh = 10−3 × 10 × 1 × 103 = 10 J
2
1 (ii) Now, from work-kinetic energy theorem, we have
1400 × 10 × 10 + W = × 1400 × 15 × 15 Change in kinetic energy = Work done by all of the
2
forces
⇒ W = ( 700 × 15 × 15 − 1400 × 10 × 10 )
∆K = Wgravity + Wair resistance
= 700 ( 225 − 200 )
1 2
= 700 × 25 J = 17.5 kJ ⇒ mv = mgh + Wair resistance
2
 1 2 1  41 (c) According to the work-energy theorem,
⇒ Wair = mv − mgh = m  v2 − gh
resistance
2 2  K f = Ki + W = Ki + ∫
x2
Fdx
x1
1 3
= 10−3  × 50 × 50 − 10 × 10  2.01 −k
2  K f = Ki + ∫ 0.10 x
dx

= −8.75 J 1 2
= mvi − | k ln( x ) | 2.01
0.10
39 (a) According to work-energy theorem 2
1
Kinetic energy = Work against gravity + Work = × 1 × ( 2 )2 − k ln (2.01/ 0.10)
against 2
friction [Q m = 1kg, vi = 2 ms −1 ]
Thus, using the figure given below, we have ⇒ K f = 2 − 0.5 × 3 [Q k = 0.5 J]
B = 2 − 1.5 = 0.5 J
R
⇒ v f = 2K f / m = 2 × 0.5 / (1) = 1 ms −1
h 42 (a) Potential energy of a body above the earth’s surface
f
mg cos 30° is given by
mg U = mgh
30°
A
C i.e. U ∝h
1 2 Hence, when a body is lifted above the surface of the
mv = mgh + µR ⋅ AB
2 earth, then its potential energy increases.
1 h  h  43 (b) Given, mass of body, m = 2 kg,
⇒ mv2 = mgh + µ mg cos 30°⋅ Q AB =
2 sin 30°  sin 30°  height, h = 16 m and g = 10 m/s 2
1 ∴ Potential energy, U = mgh = 2 × 10 × 16 = 320 J
⇒ × m × (10 )2 = mgh + µmg cot 30° × h
2
44 (d) For first ball at maximum height of vertical motion
⇒ 50 = h[10 + 0.1 × 10 × 3 ] = h [10 + 1732
. ] potential energy is equal to kinetic energy
50 1
⇒ h= = 4.25 m i.e. mgh1 = mu 2
11.732 2
u2
40 (b) Here, the displacement of an object is given by i.e. h1 =
x = ( 3t 2 + 5 ) m 2g
For second ball, thrown at an angle θ,
dx d ( 3t 2 + 5 ) u 2 cos 2 θ  u 2 cos 2 θ 
Therefore, velocity ( v ) = = mgh2 = mg
dt dt Qh2 = 
2g  2g 
or v = 6 t m/s ...(i) mgh1 1
The work done in moving the object from t = 0 Ratio of potential energy ⇒ =
mgh2 cos 2 θ
to t = 5 s x 5 1
= = 4: 1
W = ∫ F ⋅ dx …(ii)
cos 2 60
x0
The force acting on this object is given by The ratio of their potential energies will be 4 : 1.
dv 45 (d) Let ball is dropped from height h.
F = ma = m ×
dt Therefore, its initial potential energy at height h,
U i = mgh
Hints & Explanations

d ( 6t )
= m× [∴ using ( i )]
dt Potential energy of ball after first bounce,
F = m × 6 = 6 m = 12 N U f = mg × ( 75% of h ) = mg ( 0.75 h )
U f = 0.75 mgh
Also, x0 = 3t 2 + 5 = 3 × ( 0 )2 + 5 = 5 m
Loss in potential energy of ball in each bounce,
and at t = 5 s,
∆U = U i − U f = mgh − 0.75 mgh
x5 = 3 × ( 5 )2 + 5 = 80 m
= 0.25 mgh
Put the values in Eq. (ii),
x5 ∴ Percentage loss in potential energy in each bounce
W = 12 × ∫ dx = 12 [ 80 − 5]
=
∆U
× 100 =
0.25 mgh
× 100 = 25%
x0 Ui mgh
W = 12 × 75 = 900 J
 46 (d) The zero of the potential energy is arbitrary. It is set v
2 ( mv ) = ( 2m )v′ ⇒ v′ =
according to convenience. For the spring force, we took 2
U ( x ) = 0, at x = 0, i.e. the unstretched spring has zero So, total kinetic energy generated by the explosion
potential energy. For the constant gravitational force
1 1 1
mg , we tookU = 0 on the earth’s surface. = mv2 + mv2 + ( 2m )v′ 2
2 2 2
From universal law of gravitation, the force on a body 2
 v 
at infinite distance from the gravitational source is zero. = mv2 + m ×  
Hence, potential energy is also zero.  2
Hence, options (a), (b) and (c) are correct. mv2 3 2
1 = mv2 + = mv
47 (a) Potential energy of spring, PE = kx 2 2 2
2
51 (a) As we know that, potential energy,
⇒ PE ∝ x2
2  x4 x2 
(PE )2  x2  U (x ) =  − 
Q =  4 2
( PE )1  x1 
dU
x 
2
 4
2 For minimum value of U , =0
⇒ ( PE )2 = ( PE )1 ×  2  = 15 ×   = 27 J dx
 x1   3 4 x3 2x
⇒ − = 0 ⇒ x3 − x = 0
48 (b) The spring forces are 4 2
Q F = k1 x1 and F = k2 x2 ⇒ x ( x2 − 1) = 0
∴ k1 x1 = k2 x2 ⇒ x = 0, x = ± 1
k1 x2 ( PE )1 k1 x12 14 12 1 1 −1
⇒ = ⇒ = Minimum potential = − = − =
k2 x1 ( PE )2 k2 x22 4 2 4 2 4
2
k1  k2  k 3  k1 2 According to law of conservation of energy,
= ×  = 2 = Q k = 3 maximum kinetic energy = total mechanical energy
k2  k1  k1 2  2  − minimum potential energy
49 (b) Potential energy of a body increases, when work is  1 9
Maximum kinetic energy = 2 −  −  =
done against a conservative force, e.g. if we raise the  4 4
height of an object, its potential energy increases. It is
2KE 2× 9 3
because work is done against gravitational force which ∴ Maximum speed = = =
is a conservative force. m 1× 4 2
50 (b) According to question, a body of mass 4 m is lying 52 (c) When a spring is compressed to extreme distance
in xy-plane at rest suddenly explodes into three pieces. −xm , the kinetic energy K decreases due to resistive
Two pieces of mass m which are moving perpendicular internal forces, while the potential energy U increases.
to each other with equal speeds v. So, the third part of The same is true for expansion of spring.
mass 2m will move as shown in the figure below, This variation is shown below, where parabolic plots of
+Y mv the potential energy U and kinetic energy K of a block
attached to a spring obey Hooke’s law. The two plots
p1 (Resultant momentum are complementary, i.e. one decreases as the other
of two small masses) increases. The total mechanical energy, E = K + U
–X 45° +X remains constant. This is shown correctly in option (c).
mv
45° Energy

E=K+U
Hints & Explanations

v′
m

p′ U
2

(Momentum
of third mass) –Y K
–xm xm X
The total momentum of the system after explosion must
remains zero. 53 (a) Given, k = 980 Nm −1 , h = 40 cm
Let the velocity of third part be v′. From the Stored energy of compressed spring
conservation of momentum, 1 1 10 × 10
p1 = p ′ = p 2 + p 2 + p ′ cos 90° = 2mv′ = kx2 = × 980 × = 4.9 J
2 2 100 × 100
where, p = mv = momentum due to each small mass  10 
⇒ 2 p 2 + p 2 ( 0 ) = 2mv′ Q x = 10 cm = 100 m
 Loss of potential energy of mass m its potential energy will be zero.
( 40 + 10 ) 1 ∴ Uf = 0 …(iii)
= mgh = m × g × = m × 9.8 × = 4.9 m
100 2 Now, using work-energy theorem,
According to conservation of energy, Wnet = ∆ U = U f − U i
4.9  MgL
4.9 m = 4.9 ⇒ m = = 1 kg ⇒ Wnet = 0 −  − 
4.9  2n 2 
54 (b) Given, m = 103 kg and k = 6.25 × 103 Nm −1 [using Eqs. (ii) and (iii)]
MgL
At maximum compression xm , the potential energy U of ⇒ Wnet =
the spring is equal to the kinetic energy K of the 2n 2
1 1 58 (a) When an artificial satellite comes closer to the
moving car, i.e. mv2 = kxm2
2 2 earth, its gravitational potential energy decreases (as its
⇒ 10 × 5 × 5 = 6.25 × 10 ×
3 3
xm2 height from the earth surface decreases). Since,
according to the law of conservation of energy, the sum
 5 −1 
Q v = 18 km / h = 18 × 18 = 5 ms 
of kinetic and potential energies remain constant.
Therefore, to keep the total energy constant, kinetic
25 energy increases and hence velocity of the satellite
⇒ xm2 = ⇒ xm = 2 m
6.25 increases {Q KE = (1 / 2 ) mv2 }.
55 (c) Given, k = 90 N/cm = 90 × 102 N/m, However, total energy of the satellite continuously
−2
x = 12 cm = 12 × 10 m and m = 16 g decreases at a very small rate due to atmospheric
resistance.
= 16 × 10−3 kg
Therefore, speed of satellite increases progressively as it
Loss in potential energy of spring = Gain in kinetic comes closer and closer to the earth.
energy of ball
59 (a) Given, m = 2 kg, v = 4 ms −1 , k = 10000 Nm −1
1 2 1 2
kx = mv
2 2 and fk = 15 N
90 × 102 × (12 × 10−2 )2 = 16 × 10−3 × v 2 Suppose the spring gets compressed by length x. Then,
initial kinetic energy of the block = potential energy
90 × 144 × 10−2 stored in the spring + work done against friction
⇒ v= = 90 ms −1
16 × 10−3 1 1
× 2 × 4 2 = × 10000 × x2 + 15x
56 (d) (L – L /n)
2 2
or 5000x2 + 15x − 16 = 0
On solving the above quadratic equation, we get
L /n
−15 ± 152 − 4 ( 5000 )( −16 ) −15 ± 565
x= =
2 × 5000 10000
As distance cannot be negative, so
550
x= m
10000
Given, mass of the cable is M .
∴ x = 0.055 m = 5.5 cm
1
So, mass of th part of the cable, i.e. hanged L /2n
n 60 (a) Let a ball falls from a height h, then kinetic energy
part of the cable is = M / n …(i) L /n of ball at the time of just striking the ground = potential
Hints & Explanations

Now, centre of mass of the hanged part will be energy of ball at height h
its middle point. ⇒ K = mgh
So, its distance from the top of the table will be Similarly on rebounding, the ball moves to a maximum
L / 2n.
height h′, then kinetic energy of ball on rebounding
∴ Initial potential energy of the hanged part of K ′ = potential energy of ball at a height h ′ ( mgh ′ )
cable,
M  L ∴ Loss of kinetic energy due to the rebounce,
Ui =   (− g )  
 n  2n  K − K ′ = mgh − mgh ′ = mg ( h − h ′ )
MgL  80 
⇒ Ui = − …(ii) = mg  h − h = mgh × 0.2
2n 2  100 
When whole cable is on the table,
 ∴ Fractional loss in kinetic energy of ball in each 64 (a) Consider the circular motion of a particle as shown
rebounce below, where vL and vH be the velocities at bottom ( L )
K − K′ and top (H) of the circular loop of radius r.
=
K vH H
mgh × 0. 2 mg
= = 0. 2
mgh TH
% Fractional loss = 0. 2 × 100% = 20% Q

61 (b) From figure given below, vertical height r TL

= h = l cos θ = l cos 30°
Loss of potential energy = mgh = mgl cos 30° vL
L
3 mg
= mgl
2 At bottom point, the total energy is only kinetic energy
O A as potential energy is zero.
1
30° l i.e. E = mvL2 …(i)
2
l cos 30° h The tension on the string is
B
mvL2
TL = + mg
r
According to law of conservation of energy, At top point, the tension (TH ) in string becomes zero, so
loss of potential energy = gain in kinetic energy mvH2
mg = ⇒ vH = gr
3 r
∴ Kinetic energy gained = mgl
2 1
and total energy, E = mvH2 + 2mgr
62 (a) According to the law of conservation of energy, 2
kinetic energy + potential energy = total mechanical 1 5
E = mgr + 2mgr = mgr …(ii)
energy 2 2
⇒ K +U = E From law of conservation of energy, equating Eqs. (i)
⇒ K = E −U …(i) and (ii), we get
or U = E−K …(ii) 5 1
mgr = mvL2 ⇒ vL = 5gr
Since, kinetic energy K is always positive, hence 2 2
K>0 Therefore, the ratio of kinetic energies at bottom and
E −U > 0 [from Eq. (i)] top is
1 2
E >U KL
mvL   2
v
Since, potential energy may be negative, hence = 2 = L
KH 1
mvH2  vH 
U<0 2
E−K < 0 [from Eq. (ii)] 5 gr 5
E<K = = = 5:1
gr 1
If kinetic energy and potential energy both have some
small positive value, then Hence, the ratio of kinetic energies is 5 : 1.
U < E and K < E 65 (d) For circular motion of the particle, centripetal force
Hence,U > E is not possible. is required
Hints & Explanations

mv2 k k
63 (d) According to the law of conservation of energy, ⇒ = 2 ⇒ mv2 =
r r r
Initial kinetic energy = Total energy at height h 1 2 k
11 ∴ KE = mv =
1 
mu 2 =  mu 2  + mgh 2 2r
2 
2 2  dU
0 0
k
As, = − F , U = ∫ − F dr = ∫ − 2 dr
⇒ 490 = 245 + 5 × 9.8 × h dr r r r
245 0
h= = 5m k k
49 U or PE =   = −
 r
r r
Therefore, at h = 5m, the kinetic energy of the body k −k −k
becomes half of the original value. Total energy = KE + PE = + =
2r r 2r
66 (a) The total mechanical energy E of the system is P m 1000 m
⇒ = ⇒ =
conserved. We take the potential energy of the system gh t 10 × 10 t
to be zero at the lowest point A. Thus, at A, 1000
1 ⇒ ×1= m (Q t = 1 s)
E = mv02 ... (i) 100
2 ⇒ m = 10 kg
The resultant force at A provides the necessary So, quantity of water pumped out per second is 10 kg.
centripetal force. 73 (a) Mass of the air flowing out of windmill per second
mv02 = Avρ (where, ρ is density of air)
i.e. TA − mg =
L 1 1
Kinetic energy per second = × Avρ × v2 = Aρv3
where, TA is the tension in the string at A. 2 2
At the highest point C , the string becomes slack, as the This will be the power of the windmill.
tension in the string (TC ) becomes zero. 74 (b) Given, area of river, A = 100 m × 5 m = 500 m 2
mvC2 Density of water, ρ = 103 kg/m 3 and v = 2 ms −1
Thus, at C, mg = ... (ii)
L ∴ Mass of water flowing per second, m = Aρv
1 = 500 × 103 × 2 = 106 kg/s
and total energy, E = mvC2 + 2mgL
2 Power of power station, P = Kinetic energy of water
where, vC is the speed at C. flowing per second
1 2 1
⇒ vC2 = gL …(iii) = mv = × 106 × 22
2 2
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
1 5 = 2 × 10 W = 2 MW
6

E = mgL + 2mgL = mgL …(iv)

360
2 2 75 (c) Here, n = = 6 bullets s −1
Equating Eqs. (i) and (iv), we get 60
5 m Velocity, v = 600 ms −1 , m = ?
mgL = v02 or v0 = 5 gL
2 2 Power of gun = Power of bullets
67 (a) One of the greatest technical achievements of 1
5.4 × 103 = ( nm ) v2
human kind occurred, when we discovered how to 2
ignite and control fire . 2 × 5400 = 6 × m( 600 )2
We learnt to rub two flint stones together (mechanical 2 × 5400
energy), got them to heat up and to ignite a heap of dry ⇒ m= kg
leaves (chemical energy), which then provided 6 × 600 × 600
sustained warmth. 1 1000
= kg = g = 5g
68 (a) According to mass-energy equivalence, 200 200
E = mc2 = 1 × (3 × 108 )2 = 9 × 1016 J 76 (d) Mass of elevator, M = 920 kg
Mass of all ‘10’ passengers carried by elevator = 10 × m
So, 9 × 1016 J of energy is liberated in converting 1 kg
= 10 × 68 = 680 kg
of coal into energy.
Total weight of elevator and passengers
69 (a) The average human consumption in a day is = ( M + 10 m )g = ( 920 + 680 ) × 10 = 16000 N
107 J T
= −
~ 2400 kcal
4.2 × 103 J / kcal
Lift
 Q1 cal = 4.2 J 
Hints & Explanations

 3 
and 1 kcal = 4.2 × 10 J Passengers

71 (c) Given, W = 600 J and t = 2 min = 2 × 60 = 120 s

f
W 600 (M+10 m) g
∴ Power, P = = = 5W
t 120
Force of friction = 6000 N
72 (b) Given, P = 1kW = 1 × 103 W and h = 10 m Total force (T ) applied by the motor of elevator
work done = 16000 + 6000 = 22000 N
As, power, P =
time taken Power delivered by elevator’s motor,
W mgh P = F ⋅ v = 22000 × 3 [Q v = 3ms−1 ]
⇒ P= = [QW = mgh]
t t = 66000 W
 dK Initial kinetic energy of the two particles system is
77 (a) It is given that, = constant
dt 1 1
Ei = m ( 2v )2 + ( 2m ) ( v )2
where, K= kinetic energy. 2 2
 1 2 1 1
= × 4 mv + × 2mv2
2
⇒ K ∝t ⇒ v∝ t Q K = mv 
 2  2 2
dK = 2mv2 + mv2 = 3mv2
Also, power ( P ) = Fv = = constant
dt Final kinetic energy of the combined two particles
1 1 system is
⇒ F ∝ ⇒ F ∝
v t 1 1  4 v2 4 v2 
E f = ( 3m ) ( vx2 + v2y ) = ( 3m )  + 
78 (c) According to question, a body of mass 1 kg begins 2 2  9 9 
to move under the action of time dependent force,
3m  8 v2  4 mv2
F = ( 2ti$ + 3t 2 $j ) N =   =
2  9  3
where, i$ and $j are unit vectors along X and Y -axes.
Loss in the energy, ∆E = Ei − E f
∴ F = ma ⇒ a = F/m
( 2t$i + 3t 2 $j )  4 5
= mv2  3 −  = mv2
⇒ a = (given, m = 1 kg )  3 3
1
⇒ a = ( 2t$i + 3t 2 $j ) ms −2 Percentage loss in the energy during the collision,
∆E 5/ 3 mv2 5
Acceleration, a =
dv
⇒ dv = a dt …(i) × 100 = × 100 = × 100 − ~ 56%
dt Ei 3mv2 9
On integrating both sides of Eq. (i), we get 82 (b) Final kinetic energy is 50% more than initial kinetic
∫ dv = ∫ a dt = ∫ ( 2t$i + 3t $j ) dt
2
energy
1 2 1 2 150 1 2
v = t 2 $i + t 3 $j ⇒ mv2 + mv1 = × mv0 …(i)
2 2 100 2
∴ Power developed by the force at time t will be given m m
as
v0
P = F ⋅ v = ( 2t$i + 3t 2 $j ) ⋅ ( t 2 $i + t 3 $j )
Before collision
= ( 2t ⋅ t 2 + 3t 2 ⋅ t 3 )
m m
P = ( 2t + 3t ) W
3 5
v1 v2
80 (b) From conservation of momentum,
m1 v1 + m2 v2 = ( m1 + m2 ) v After collision

1 × ( 3$i − 2$j ) + 2 × ( 4 $j − 6k$ ) = (1 + 2 ) v Conservation of momentum gives,

⇒ 3$i + 6$j − 12k$ = 3 v ⇒ v = $i + 2$j − 4 k$ mv0 = mv1 + mv2
v0 = v2 + v1 …(ii)
∴ v = | v| = 1 + 4 + 16 = 4.6 ms −1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
81 (c) Consider the movement of two particles as shown v12 + v22 + 2v1 v2 = v02
below
− v02
y ⇒ 2v1 v2 =
vy 2
m 2v vx ∴ ( v1 − v2 ) = ( v1 + v2 )2 − 4 v1 v2 = 2v02
2
x
v or v rel = 2 v0
Hints & Explanations

2m 3m
83 (c) When two equal masses undergo a glancing elastic
(Just before collision) (Just after collision) collision with one of them at rest, then after the
collision, they will move at right angles to each other.
According to conservation of linear momentum in
So, according to question, the first ball on hitting the
x-direction, we have
second ball, makes an angle of 90° with the other one.
2
( pi ) x = ( p f ) x or 2mv = ( 2m + m ) vx or vx = v So, θ1 = 90° − θ 2 = 90°−37° = 53°.
3
By conserving linear momentum in y-direction, we get 84 (a) From conservation of momentum,
2 Mv + m × 0 = Mv1 + mv2
( pi ) y = ( p f ) y or 2mv = ( 2m + m ) v y or v y = v where, v1 and v2 be the velocities of M and m after
3
collision.
 ⇒ M ( v − v1 ) = mv2 …(i) 87 (a) In head-on-elastic collision, momentum and kinetic
Again, from the conservation of kinetic energy energy before and after the collision are conserved.
(as collision is of elastic nature), The given situation of collision can be drawn as
1 2 1 1 1
Mv + m × 0 = Mv12 + mv22 4m 2m
2 2 2 2
u u '= 0
⇒ M ( v2 − v12 ) = mv22 …(ii)
A B
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get 144442444443
M ( v − v1 ) mv2 Before collision
=
M ( v + v1 )( v − v1 ) mv22 4m 2m
v2 = v + v1 …(iii) v1 v2
Now, solving Eqs. (i) and (iii), we get
A B
M ( v − v1 ) = m( v + v1 ) 144442444443
(M − m )v 2Mv After collision
v1 = and v2 =
(M + m ) (M + m ) Applying conservation of linear momentum,
Initial momentum of system = Final momentum of
As M >> m system
So, v1 = v ⇒ v2 = v + v = 2 v ⇒ ( 4 m )u + ( 2m )u ′ = ( 4 m )v1 + ( 2m )v2
85 (b) Since, the collision mentioned is an elastic 4 mu = 4 mv1 + 2mv2 [Q u = 0]
head-on-collision. Thus, according to the law of or 2 u = 2v1 + v2 … (i)
conservation of linear momentum, we get The kinetic energy of A before collision is
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m2 v2 1
where, m1 and m2 are the masses of the two blocks (KE) A = ( 4 m )u 2 = 2 mu 2
2
respectively, u1 & u2 are their initial velocities and v1 &
Kinetic energy of B before collision, (KE )B = 0
v2 are their final velocities, respectively.
The kinetic energy of A after collision is
Given, m1 = m, m2 = 4 m
1
u1 = v, u2 = 0 and v1 = 0 (KE′ ) A = ( 4 m )v12 = 2 mv12
⇒ mv + 4 m × 0 = 0 + 4 mv2 2
v Kinetic energy of B after collision,
⇒ mv = 4 mv2 or v2 = …(i)
4 1
(KE′ )B = ( 2m )v22 = mv22
As, the coefficient of restitution is given as 2
relative velocity of separation after collision As, initial kinetic energy of the system = final kinetic
e=
relative velocity of approach energy of the system
v ⇒ (KE) A + (KE)B = (KE′ ) A + (KE′ )B
−0
v2 − v1 4 2 mu 2 + 0 = 2mv12 + mv22
= = [from Eq. (i)]
u1 − u2 v − 0 2mu 2 = 2mv12 + mv22 or 2u 2 = 2v12 + v22 … (ii)
1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=
4 4 u 2 = 4 v12 + v22 + 4 v1 v2
∴ e = 0.25 ⇒ 4 v12 + 2v22 = 4 v12 + v22 + 4 v1 v2 ⇒ v2 = 4 v1
86 (c) Given, m = 0.5 kg , v = 12 m / s , ∆t = 1s , θ = 30° From Eq. (i), we get
∆p 2u = 2v1 + 4 v1
Force applied by wall on ball, F =
∆t 1
v1 = u and v2 = u
4
Hints & Explanations

( p f )H − ( pi )H 3 3
or F =
∆t or the final velocity of A can be directly calculated by
using the formula.
In this elastic collision, final and initial velocities will
be same but direction will be changed. The velocity after collision is given by
 m − m2  2m2 u2
∴ Horizontal component, ( p f )H = mvcos θ v1 =  1  u1 +
and ( pi )H = − mvcos θ  m1 + m2  m1 + m2
mvcos θ − ( − mvcos θ ) 2 mvcos θ  4 m − 2m 2( 2m ) × 0
∴ F = = = u + [Q u2 = u ′ = 0]
∆t ∆t  4 m + 2m ( 4 m + 2m )
2 × 0.5 × 12 × cos 30° 2m 1
= = 6 3N = u= u
1 6m 3
 ∴ Net decreases in kinetic energy of A, 1 5 × 103 × 15 × 103
∆KE = (KE) A − (KE′ ) A = × × 22
2 5 × 103 + 15 × 103
= 2mu 2 − 2mv12 = 2m( u 2 − v12 )
= 7.5 × 103 J = 7.5 kJ
Substituting the value of v1 , we get
91 (b) Suppose a ball rebounds with speed v. As at
 u 2  16 mu 2
∆KE = 2m  u 2 −  = collision, the speed become zero. So, from equation of
 9 9 motion,
∴ The fractional decreases in kinetic energy is v2 − u 2 = 2gh
∆KE 16 mu 2 1 8 v2 = 2gh [Q u = 0]
= × 2
=
(KE) A 9 2 mu 9 ⇒ v = 2gh = 2 × 10 × 20 = 20 m/s
88 (a) Mass of toy truck, mt = 2m 1 2
Energy of a ball just after rebound, E = mv = 200 m
Mass of toy car, mc = m 2
Initial speed of truck, vt = v As, 50% of energy loses in collision means just before
and initial speed of car, uc = 0 collision energy is 400 m.
If v1 and v2 be the final velocity of truck and car after According to the law of conservation of energy, we have
collision, then by law of conservation of momentum, 1 2
mv0 + mgh = 400 m
Total initial momentum = Total final momentum 2
mt ut + mc uc = mt v1 + mc v2 ⇒
1 2
mv0 + m × 10 × 20 = 400 m
2mv + 0 = 2mv1 + mv2 2
2v = 2v1 + v2 v02
…(i) = 200 ⇒ v0 = 20 ms −1
For elastic collision, coefficient of restitution, e = 1 2
v2 − v1 92 (d) In collision with the ground, the velocity of ball
i.e. =1
ut − uc before collision is
v2 − v1 vi = 2ghi [using v2 = u 2 + 2gh]
=1
v−0 and after collision is
⇒ v = v2 − v1 … (ii)  velocity after collision 
v f = evi Q e = velocity before collision 
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have  
2v2 − 2v1 = 2v1 + v2 = e 2ghi
v2 = 4 v1
∴ Height attained after first rebound,
2v
⇒ 2v = 2 + v2 [from Eq. (i)] v2f
4 hf = = e2 hi
4v 2g
⇒ v2 =
3 Similarly, after nth rebound, velocity is
89 (c) Given, speed of objects = u m/s vn = en vi = en 2ghi
Since, both objects collide at 90°. vn2
and height attained is hn = = e2 n hi
Hence, by the law of conservation of momentum, 2g
Total momentum before collision For third rebound, n = 3 and hi = h
= Total momentum after collision ∴ h3 = e2 × 3 h = e6 h
| mui + muj| = p f
$ $
Hints & Explanations

93 (a) According to work-energy theorem, work done by a

m u + m u = p f ⇒ p f = 2 mu
2 2 2 2 body is equal to change in kinetic energy of the body.
1
90 (a) Given, mass of body, m1 = 5 × 103 kg ⇒ W = ∆KE = mv2 …(i)
2
Velocity, v1 = 2 m/s But, W = Stopping force × Stopping distance
Mass of another body, m2 = 15 × 103 kg W = F ⋅d …(ii)
For perfectly inelastic collision ( e = 0 ), From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have
Loss in kinetic energy of system, 1 
1 m1 m2 Kinetic energy  mv2 
∆EK = × v12 2 
2 m1 + m2 Stopping distance (d) =
Stopping force ( F )
 Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason W = 1kilowatt × 1hour = 1kilowatt-hour
is the correct explanation of Assertion. = 103 watt × 60 × 60 s
94 (a) In case of friction, work done in moving a body = 3.6 × 106 J
over a closed path is never zero. It is because some
work is converted into heat energy. Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
So, friction is a non-conservative force. 99 (a) The mass may be converted into energy and given
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason by using Einstein’s equation,
is the correct explanation of Assertion. ∴ E = mc2
95 (c) Mechanical energy consists of both PE and KE. In So, it is conserved as a single entity called as
the given cases, some of the mechanical energy is mass-energy relation.
converted into heat energy and it is more in the case Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
when inclination is less due to increased (as θ decreases, is the correct explanation of Assertion.
value of cos θ will increases) friction force on an
inclined plane. 100 (d) From work-energy theorem,
fr = µmg cos θ W = ∆KE =
1 2
mv …(i)
The coefficient of friction does not depend on the angle 2
of inclination of the plane. It depends only on the nature work done W
of surfaces in contact. The power, P = =
Time t
Therefore, Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. ⇒ W = P×t …(ii)
96 (a) As momentum of a body increases by 50% of its From Eqs (i) and (ii), we get
3
initial momentum, p2 = p1 + 50% of p1 = p1 1
2 P × t = ∆KE = mv2 …(iii)
3 2
∴ v2 = v1
2 ∴ Power multiplied with time is equal to the change in
9 kinetic energy.
As, K ∝ v2 ; so K 2 = K1
4 Also, P = F ⋅v
K 2 − K1 From Eq. (iii),
Increase in KE = × 100
K1 v2 ∝ t or v ∝ t 1 / 2
9 Differentiating Eq. (iv), we get
K1 − K1
= 4 × 100 dv
∝ t −1 / 2 or a ∝ t −1 / 2
K1 dt
= 125% Thus, the motion is not uniformly accelerating.
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason Therefore, Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
101 (b) In completely inelastic collision of two particles,
97 (a) As we know that, spring force, Fs = kx they stick together and move as a single particle with a
k1 x2 common velocity.
Given, F = k1 x1 = k2 x2 ; =
k2 x1 In perfectly inelastic collision of two particles
maximum loss of kinetic energy occurs but they do not
The work done in stretching is equal to elastic potential lose all their energy.
energy,
Principle of conservation of momentum holds true for
i.e. W = E = kx2 all kinds of collisions.
2
W1 E1 k1 x12 k1  k2  k  x1 k2  Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
Hints & Explanations

⇒ = = = .  = 2 Q =  is not the correct explanation of Assertion.

W2 E2 k2 x22 k2  k1  k1  x2 k1 
102 (d) The work done in displacing an object by applying
⇒ Since, k1 > k2 , so W2 > W1 . force F is given by
Therefore, Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason W = F ⋅ s = Fs cosθ
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
So, work done will be zero, when
Work done (or energy)
98 (c) Power = (i) either applied force F or displacement s is zero.
Time (ii) the force and displacement are mutually
⇒ Work done = Power × Time perpendicular to each other, i.e. θ = 90°.
W =P×t So, all statements are correct.
If P = 1kilowatt, t = 1hour, then
 103 (d) A force F ( x ) is conservative, if it can be derived Matter might change its phase, e.g. glacial ice could melt
from a scalar quantity V ( x ) by the relation given by into a gushing stream, but matter is neither created nor
equation, ∆V = − F ( x )∆x. destroyed.
The work done by the conservative force depends only But Einstein showed that matter can be destroyed into
on the end points. This can be seen from the relation, energy and vice-versa.
W = K f − K i = U ( xi ) − U ( x f ) Thus, the statement given in option (b) is incorrect, rest
are correct.
which depends on the end points.
The work done by this force in a closed path is zero. 112 (a) In a conservative field, loss of PE or gain of KE
This is once again apparent from equation, depends only on the initial and final points and not on
K i + U (x i ) = K f + U (x f ) , path covered. So, kinetic energy at point B will be equal
since xi = x f . to PE, i.e. mgh.
So, all statements are correct. Thus, the statement given in option (a) is correct, rest
are incorrect.
104 (b) The statements I and III are correct but rest is
incorrect and it can be corrected as, 113 (b) Linear momentum remains conserved in elastic
collision as well as in inelastic collision but kinetic
In case of sliding on a rough surface, mechanical energy
is not conserved and a fraction of it is converted into energy remains conserved only in an elastic collision.
heat. Sliding causes displacement of point of contact.
v
106 (b) The statements I and III are correct but rest is
incorrect and it can be corrected as, 30°
Normal
During collision time, some KE is stored as PE in the 30°
form of deformation.
107 (b) The statements II and III are correct but rest is Wall v
incorrect and it can be corrected as,
Given that the speed of the molecule of gas is same
If the total energy of the reactants is more than the before and after the collision, therefore its kinetic
products of reaction, then heat is released and reaction energy is conserved. Hence, the collision is elastic.
is said to be an exothermic.
A molecule in a gas container hits a horizontal wall with
108 (d) If the work done or the kinetic energy depend on speed of 200 ms −1 and angle 30° with the normal and
other factors such as the velocity or the particular path rebounds with the same speed. During this process,
taken by the object, the force would be called
momentum of the system remains conserved.
non-conservative.
Thus, the statement given in option (b) is correct, rest
Thus, the statements given in options (a) and (b) are
are incorrect.
correct, rest is incorrect.
114 (b) Consider the below diagram for the given situation
109 (a) The statement given in option (a) is correct but rest
in the question.
are incorrect and these can be corrected as,
Like velocity, potential energy is also measured only in
relative terms. Their absolute value cannot be
v
determined.
Difference of velocity and difference of potential
energy can be measured. So, acceleration can also be
measured. Conserving energy between O and target,
110 (b) In elastic collision, the conservation of mechanical Ui + K i = U f + K f
Hints & Explanations

1 1
energy consider only conservative force while ⇒ 0 + mv2 = mgh + mv′ 2
conservation of energy consider both conservative and 2 2
non-conservative force. ( v′ )2 v2
⇒ = − gh
Mass converted into energy in nuclear reaction is called 2 2
nuclear energy.
⇒ ( v′ )2 = v2 − 2 gh
Thus, the statement given in option (b) is correct, rest
are incorrect. ⇒ v′ = v2 − 2 gh ...(i)
111 (b) Till the end of the nineteenth century, physicists where, v′ is the speed of the bullet just before hitting
believed that in every physical and chemical process, the the target.
mass of an isolated system is conserved. Let speed after emerging from the target is v′′, then
 1 1 1  ∴ Work done by the force is given by
By question, ( mv′′ )2 =  m ( v′ )2 
2 2 2  W = F ⋅ d = ( − $i + 2$j + 3 k$ ) ⋅ ( 0$i + 0$j + 4 k$ )
1 1 1 = ( −1 × 0 ) + ( 2 × 0 ) + ( 3 × 4 ) = 0 + 12
m ( v′′ )2 = m ( v′ )2 = m [ v2 − 2 gh ]
2 4 4 [Q $i ⋅ i$ = $j ⋅ $j = k$ ⋅ k$ = 1 and $i ⋅ $j = $j ⋅ k$ = k$ ⋅ $i = 0]
[from Eq. (i)] = 12 J
v2 − 2 gh v2
⇒ ( v′′ ) =
2
= − gh 120 (b) In first case, the man applies a force on the mass
2 2 15 kg in vertically upward direction against its weight
v 2 and walks 2 m in horizontal direction. So, the angle
⇒ v′′ = − gh ...(ii) between the applied force and displacement is 90°.
2
∴ Work done, W = Fd cos 90° = 0 (Qcos 90° = 0 )
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
In second case, the man applies a force in horizontal
v′ v2 − 2 gh direction and moves also in horizontal direction. So,
= = 2 angle between the applied force and displacement is 0°.
v′′ v2 − 2 gh
∴ Work done = Fd cos 0° = Fd = mg × d
2 = 15 × 9.8 × 2 = 294 J
v′  v′ 
⇒ v′′ = = 2  Difference in work done = 294 − 0 = 294 J
2  2
121 (d) Given, spring constant, k = 100 Nm − 1 , mass of
v′′
⇒ = 2 = 1. 414 > 1 block, m = 1kg, θ = 37° and distance moved by block,
v′ / 2 x = 10 cm = 0.1 m.
v′
⇒ v′′ > k = 100 Nm–1
2
N
Hence, after emerging from the target velocity of f
the bullet (v′′ ) is more than half of its earlier θ
velocity v′ (velocity before emerging into the mg cos θ mg mg sin θ
37°
target).
As the velocity of the bullet changes to v ′ ′ which is As shown in figure, the net accelerating force acting on
less than v′, hence path followed will change and the block is
bullet reaches at point B instead of A ′ as shown in F = mg sin θ − f = mg sin θ − µN
the figure but motion is still parabolic.
= mg sin θ − µ mg cos θ
So, only statement given in option (b) is correct.
∴ Work done by the force F for motion of block,
116 (b) Work done by an agent is given by W = Fx = mg (sin θ − µ cos θ ) x
W = F ⋅ s = Fscosθ When the block stops, the work done is stored in the
where, F is the applied force, s is the displacement and θ 1
spring in the form of its potential energy, U = kx2
is the smaller angle between F & s. 2
(A) If θ < 90° , i.e. acute angle, then work done is 1 2
positive, as in case of coolie lifting luggage. ∴ mg (sin θ − µ cos θ ) x = kx
2
(B) If θ = 90° , i.e. right angle, then work done is zero,
1  kx 
as in case of satellite rotation around the earth. ⇒ µ= sin θ − 
cos θ  2 mg 
(C) If θ > 90° , i.e. obtuse angle, work done is negative,
as in case of friction. Substituting the values, we get
Hence, A → 3, B → 2 and C → 1. 1  100 × 01. 
µ= sin 37° − 
Hints & Explanations

118 (b) Elastic collision keeps kinetic energy constant. cos 37°  2 × 1 × 10
In non-elastic collision, there is loss of kinetic energy 1
due to deformation at the point of contact. ⇒ µ= [0.6 − 0.5] = 0.125
0.8
Scattering is also a type of collision without bringing
bodies in contact. So, momentum remains conserved. 122 (b) Mass of the bolt, m = 0.3 kg
Hence, A → 2, B → 1 and C → 3. Length of the elevator, h = 3 m
119 (b) Work done, W = F ⋅ d As the bolt does not rebound, therefore its total PE is
converted into heat.
Force, F = ( − $i + 2$j + 3 k$ ) N ∴ Heat produced = PE of the bolt
Displacement, d = ( 4 k$ ) m = ( 0$i + 0$j + 4 k$ ) m = mgh = 0.3 × 9.8 × 3 = 8.82 J
 123 (c) Length of the pendulum = 1.5 m As, mass m and acceleration a are constants.
∴ P ∝t
O 1.5 m A
126 (c) Velocity attained by the body in time t can be
obtained using equation of motion, v = u + at

1.5 m
v = 0 + at [Q u = 0]
or v = at …(i)
B Power delivered, P = Fv
Potential energy of the bob at position A = mgh But, F = ma
As bob moves from position A towards position B, its ∴ P = ma × at [using Eq. (i)]
potential energy converted into kinetic energy. 5% of its P = ma 2 t
potential energy is dissipated against air resistance. P
KE at position B = 95% of its PE at position A or a= …(ii)
mt
1 2 95
mv = × mgh Using equation of motion, we get
2 100 1 1 P 
s = ut + at 2 ⇒ s =   ×t
2
2 × 95 × gh 19 2 2  mt 
or v= = × 9.8 × 1.5
100 10 s ∝ t 3/ 2
= 5.28 ms − 1 127 (c) Time taken to fill the tank = 15 min
124 (c) Total energy of a particle executing linear simple = 15 × 60 = 900 s
harmonic motion at any instant is given by
Work done = mgh = (V × d)gh
E = PE + KE …(i)
1 [Q mass = volume × density]
Given, potential energy, V ( x ) = kx2 = ( 30 × 1000 ) × 9.8 × 40
2
= 1.176 × 107 J
Total energy, E = 1J and k = 0.5 Nm − 1
Work done
When particle is at extreme position (the position from ∴ Power required, P =
which the particle starts to come back to its mean Time taken
position), then speed of the particle is zero and hence 1.176 × 107
⇒ P= = 13.07 × 103 W
1 900
KE = mv2 = 0 (Q v = 0)
2 = 13.07 kW
Substituting values in Eq. (i), we get Output power
Efficiency of the pump, η = × 100
1 1 Input power
1 = kx2 + 0 ⇒ 1 = × 0.5 × x2
2 2 Output power 13.07
2 ∴ Input power = × 100 = × 100
⇒ x2 = = 4 or x = ± 2 m η 30
0.5
130.7
125 (b) Let a body of mass m which is initially at rest = kW = 43.56 kW
3
undergoes one-dimensional motion under a constant
force F with a constant acceleration a. The pump consumes, 43.6 kW electric power.
F 128 (c) Power used by a family, P = 8 kW
Acceleration, a = …(i)
m
Solar energy incident on horizontal surface per square
Using equation of motion, v = u + at
metre = 200 W
F
⇒ v = 0 + ⋅t (Q u = 0)
Hints & Explanations

Electrical energy obtained from solar energy per unit

m 20
F area = 200 × W = 40 W
⇒ v= t …(ii) 100
m
8 kW 8000
Power delivered, P = Fv ∴ Area needed to supply 8 kW = =
40 W 40
Substituting the value from Eq. (ii), we get
= 200 m2
F F2
⇒ P=F × ×t ⇒ P= t
m m 129 (b) When two bodies of equal masses collides
Dividing and multiplying by m in RHS, elastically, their velocities are interchanged.
F2 When ball 1 collides with ball 2, then velocity of ball 1,
P = 2 × mt = a 2 mt [using Eq. (i)] v1 becomes zero and velocity of ball 2 becomes v.
m
 Similarly when ball 2 collides with ball 3, then velocity 137 (c) As the body is falling freely under gravity, the
of ball 2 becomes zero and velocity of ball 3 becomes v. potential energy decreases and kinetic energy increases
Thus, option (b) denotes this condition. but total mechanical energy (PE + KE) of the body and
130 (d) When two billiard balls collide, then distance earth system will be constant as external force on the
between their centres is 2R. Due to impact of collision, system is zero.
there is small temporary deformation of balls. In this 138 (c) When we are considering the two bodies as system,
process, KE of ball is gradually reduced to zero and the total external force on the system will be zero.
converted into elastic potential energy U ( r ) of balls. Hence, total linear momentum of the system remains
This phenomenon can be successfully explained only by conserved.
potential energy curve in option (d), because here as
r < 2R, the potential energy function U ( r ) is increasing 139 (c) As the given tracks are frictionless, hence
gradually on decreasing value of r and become mechanical energy will be conserved. As both the tracks
maximum at r = 0. having common height h .
From conservation of mechanical energy,
131 (c) Mass, m = 10 kg, height, h = 0.5m
1 2
Number of times the mass lifted, n = 1000 mv = mgh (for both tracks I and II)
2
Work done against gravitational force
v = 2gh
= n × mgh = 1000 × 10 × 9.8 × 0.5
= 49000 J Hence, speed is same for both stones.
For stone as shown below, a1 = acceleration along
132 (a) Energy supplied by fat per kilogram = 3.8 × 10 J 7
inclined plane = g sin θ1
Mechanical energy supplied by fat per kilogram A
= 20% of total energy supplied by fat
20 I II
= × 3.8 × 107 = 0.76 × 107 Jkg − 1

gcosq2
100 gsinq1 q
q1 2 gsinq2 h
g gcosq1 g
1
Fat used up by the dieter = × 49000 q2
0.76 × 107 B
q1
C
= 6.45 × 10− 3 kg
Similarly, for stone II, a2 = g sin θ 2 as θ 2 > θ1 ,
133 (a) The ratio of kinetic energy of electron and proton is
hence a2 > a1 .
1
me ve2  ve 
2
10 × mp Also, lengths for track II are also less, hence stone II
Ke 2 10
= = ⇒   = reaches earlier than stone I.
Kp 1
mp v2p 100  vp  100 me
Thus, the statement given in option (c) is correct, rest
2
2 are incorrect.
 ve  . × 10− 27 183.5
1 167
⇒   = × = 140 (b) Total energy, E = PE + KE ...(i)
 vp  10 91 . × 10− 31 1
When particle is at x = xm , i.e. at extreme position, it
ve 13.5
= returns back. Hence, at x = xm , v = 0 ⇒ KE = 0
vp 1 From Eq. (i),
1
134 (b) When an electron and a proton are moving under E = PE + 0 = PE = U ( x m ) = kx m2
influence of their mutual forces, the magnetic forces 2
will be perpendicular to their motion, hence no work is ⇒ E =U
done by these forces. Thus, option (b) is correct.
135 (c) Force between two protons is same as that of 141 (b) Given, v = ax 3 / 2 , m = 0.5 kg, a = 5 m− 1/ 2s − 1
Hints & Explanations

between proton and a positron. Work done, W = ?

As positron is much lighter than proton, it moves away We know that, acceleration,
through much larger distance compared to proton. dv dv d
We know that, work done = force × distance. As forces a0 = = v = ax3 / 2 ( ax3 / 2 )
dt dx dx
are same in case of proton and positron but distance
3
moved by positron is larger, hence work done will be = ax3 / 2 × a × × x1 / 2
more in case of positron. 2
3 2 2
136 (c) Here, work is done by the frictional force on the = a x
2
cycle and is equal to –200 × 10 = − 2000 J.
3
As the road is not moving, hence work done by the Now, force = ma0 = ma 2 x2
2
cycle on the road = zero.
 Work done = ∫
x=2
Fdx = ∫
2 3
ma 2 x2 dx 148 (d) Given, h = 1.5 m, v = 1ms − 1 ,
x=0 0 2
m = 10 kg, g = 10 ms − 2
3
= ma 2 × ( x3 / 3 )20 From conservation of mechanical energy,
2
1 1 (PE)i + (KE)i = (PE) f + (KE) f
= ma 2 × 8 = × ( 0.5 ) × ( 5 )2 × 8 = 50 J 1
2 2 ⇒ mgh + mv2 = 0 + (KE) f
2
142 (b) Given, power = constant 1
dW F ⋅ d s ⇒ (KE) f = mgh + mv2
We know that, power, P = = 2
dt dt 1
⇒ (KE) f = 10 × 10 × 15. + × 10 × (1)2
As, body is moving unidirectionally. 2
Hence, F⋅ ds = Fdscos 0° = 150 + 5 = 155 J
Fds 150 3
P= = Fv = constant 149 (c) Given, m = 150 g = kg = kg
dt 1000 20
(Q P = constant by question) ∆t = time of contact = 0.001 s
Now, writing dimensions, [F] [v] = constant 126 × 1000
⇒ [MLT− 2 ] [LT− 1 ] = constant u = 126 kmh − 1 = ms − 1
60 × 60
⇒ L2 T− 3 = constant (Q mass is constant) = 35 ms − 1
⇒ L ∝ T 3 / 2 or displacement ( d ) ∝ t 3/ 2 As collision is completely elastic, so
Thus, only graph (b) shows this condition. v = − 126 kmh − 1 = − 35 ms −1
143 (d) When the earth is closest to the sun, speed of the Change in momentum of the ball,
earth is maximum, hence KE is maximum. When the ∆p = m ( v − u )
earth is farthest from the sun, speed is minimum, hence 3
KE is minimum but never zero and negative. = (− 35 − 35 )
20
Therefore, option (d) is correct. 3
144 (c) When a pendulum oscillates in air, it loses energy = ( − 70 )
20
continuously in overcoming resistance due to air. 21
Therefore, total mechanical energy of the pendulum =− kg-ms − 1
decreases continuously with time which is shown in 2
graph (c). ∆p − 21 / 2
We know that, force, F = = N
∆t 0.001
145 (a) Given, mass, m = 5 kg
= − 105. × 104 N
Radius, R = 1 m
Revolutions per minute, ω = 300 rev min −1 Here, negative sign shows that force will be opposite to
the direction of motion of the ball before hitting.
= ( 300 × 2π ) rad min −1
= ( 300 × 2 × π ) rad/60 s 150 (c) Consider the following diagram below when M 1
300 × 2 × π comes in contact with the spring, M 1 is retarded by the
= rads −1 = 10 π rads −1 spring force and M 2 is accelerated by the spring force.
60
M1=m M2=m
Linear speed, v = ω R = (10π × 1) = 10π ms −1
1 2 1
KE = mv = × 5 × (10π )2
2 2
= 250 π 2 J
Hints & Explanations

Then,
146 (b) When raindrop falls first velocity increases, hence (a) The spring will continue to compress until the two
first KE also increases. After sometime speed (velocity) blocks acquire common velocity.
becomes constant, this is called terminal velocity, hence (b) As surfaces are frictionless, so momentum of the
KE also becomes constant. PE decreases continuously system will be conserved.
as the drop is falling continuously. (c) If spring is massless, whole energy of M 1 will be
Hence, only graph (b) shows this condition correctly. imparted to M 2 and M 1 will be at rest.
(d) Collision is inelastic, even if friction is not involved.
147 (b) First velocity of the iron sphere increases and after This is because energy is stored as PE during
sometime becomes constant. Hence, accordingly first collision.
KE increases and then becomes constant which is best
Hence, only statement given in option (c) is correct.
represented by (b).