CE6306 STRENGTH OF MATERIALS

Dr. M. Selvaraj
Associate Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Introduction

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Stress Strain Deformation of Solids

Rigid Bodies:
A rigid material does not undergo any deformation or negligible
deformation, when subjected to an external loading
e.g: Glass, cast iron
Deformable Solids:
Elastic material which undergoes a deformation when subjected to an
external loading suchthat, the deformation disappears on the removed of
the loading.
e.g: Rubber.
Plastic material undergoes a continuous deformation during the period of
loading and thedeformation is permanent and the material does not regain
its original dimensions on theremoval of the loading.
e.g: Aluminum.

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Stress Strain continue….

Strength of Material:
Due to cohesion between the molecules the body resists deformation. This
resistance by which material of the body opposes the deformation is known as
strength of material.
Stability:
A solid is known as stable, if it is capable of withstanding the external load.

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Stress Strain continue….

Stress:
Stress is the internal resistance offered by a unit area of the material from which a
member is made to an externally applied load.
σ = Load/Area W/A
Unit of Pa or N/m2

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Stress Strain continue….

Strain:
Strain is the total deformation divided by the original length of the bar
Loads (applying technique)
 Hookes’ Law

Definition: ‘When a material is subjected to load, within its elastic limit, the
stress is proportional to the strain’.
Stress /Strain = Constant
σ/ε=E
Where E = Modulus of Elasticity or
Young’s Modulus
σ = P (load) /A (area of cross section)
ε = ∆L/L
Therefore, E = P*L/A* ∆L
Mechanical Properties
Elasticity: When a body subjected to external forces, it
undergoes deformation. If the external forces are removed,
it comes back to its original shape and size. Material
which exhibit this property are know as Elasticity.

Plasticity: When a body subjected to external forces, it

undergoes deformation. If the external forces are removed,
it does not back to its original shape and size. Material
which exhibit this property are know as Plasticity.
Mechanical Properties Continue….
Ductility: is the property because of which it is possible to
draw thin wires of a metal. Ductile materials can have
large plastic deformation before breaking.
eg: gold, silver, copper and mild steel.

Brittleness: is the tendency of material to shatter or

receiving a shock. These materials don’t have large plastic
deformation.
eg: glass, high Carbon steels

Toughness: is the property which enables a material to

resist fracture due to impact or shock loads
Mechanical Properties continue..

Resilience: Amount of energy observed per unit volume.

Hardness: is the resistance of a material to indentation,
scratching, cutting or wear by abrasion
Fatigue: is the phenomenon of a material failing under
stress due to repeated cycles of loading.
Eg: gears and bearings.
STRESS – STRAIN Relationship:
Tensile Test
• An axial force applied to a specimen of
original length (lo) elongates it, resulting in
a reduction in the cross-sectional area from
Ao to A until fracture occurs.
• The load and change in length between two
fixed points (gauge length) is recorded and
used to determine the stress-strain
relationship.
• A similar procedure can be adopted with a
sheet specimen.
Tensile Test continue…
• Step 1: Original shape and size
of the specimen with no load.
• Step 2: Specimen undergoing
uniform elongation.
• Step 3: Point of maximum load
and ultimate tensile strength.
• Step 4: The onset of necking
(plastic instability).
• Step 5: Specimen fractures.
• Step 6: Final length.

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Tensile Test continue…
Tensile Test continue…
The yield stress (y) is
defined as the ratio of the
yield load or force (P) and the
original area of cross section
(Ao).
y = P/Ao

Yield Strength = Yield Stress

 Tensile Test continue…
• Ultimate Stress uts = Ultimate Load/ Ao
• Nominal Breaking Stress NB = Breaking Load / Ao
• Actual Breaking Stress AB = Breaking Load / AA
• % Elongation = (LA- Lo)/Lo*100
• % Contraction in Area = (AA/Ao) *100
Where AA = Area of cross section, after test
Ao = Original Area of cross section, before test
Stress and Strain in compression test:

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Tensile Test: Brittle samples
Tensile Test: Ductile samples
Stress – Strain : Other materials
 FACTOR OF SAFETY

Usually FOS varies from 2 to 10 depends upon applications

Problems

A circular bar 20mm in diameter and 200mm long is subjected to force of

20kN. Find the stress, strain and elongation in the bar if the value of E =
80GPa.
A hollow steel tube with internal diameter of 80mm is used to carry a tensile
load of 320kN. If the stress is limited to 140MN/m2, determine the external
diameter.
A hollow cylinder 2m long has an outside diameter of 50mm and inside
diameter of 30mm. If the cylinder is carrying a load of 25kN, find the stress in
the cylinder. Also find the deformation of the cylinder, if the value of E =
100GPa.
Problems continue…
A bar of uniform cross section 20mm diameter is subjected to loads as
shown in the figure below. Find the total elongation of the bar and the
maximum stress in the bar. All lengths are in mm. E = 80 Gpa

50kN 10kN 20kN 60kN

400 1000 800

Problems continue…
A bar has three sections of different diameters, 120, 80 and 100 mm and
is subjected to a load of 500kN as shown in the figure below. Find the
total elongation of the bar and the maximum stress in the material, take
E = 200GPa

500kN 500kN
120 80 100

400 800 600

The following details refer to the bar shown in the Figure

Portion Length Cross-Section

AB 600 mm 40 mm x 40 mm
BC 800 mm 30 mm x 30 mm
CD 1000 mm 20 mm x 20 mm

If the loads are P1 = 80 kN, P2 = 60 kN, P3 = 40 kN, find the extension of the bar.
Take E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 . (Page No. 27; S S Bhavikatti)
Compound Bars

Eg: concrete columns

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Three equally spaced rods in the same vertical plane support a rigid bar AB as
shown in Figure. Two outer rods are of brass, each 600 mm long and of 25 mm
diameter The central steel rod is 800 mm long and 30 mm in diameter
Determine the elongation, forces and stresses in the bars due to an applied load
of 120 kN through the mid point of the bar The bar remains horizontal after the
application of load. Take Es / Eb = 2. Take Es = 2 x 105 N/mm2
• A steel bolt of 16 mm diameter passes centrally through a copper tube of
internal diameter 20 mm and external diameter 30 mm (Figure 6). The
length of the whole assembly is 500 mm. After tight fitting of the assembly,
the nut is overtightened by quarter of a turn. What are the stresses
introduced in bolt and tube, if pitch of nut is 2mm. Take Es = 200 GPa, Ec =
1.2 x 105 N/mm2. (Page No. 40; S S Bhavikatti)
• The rigid bar ABCD is hinged at A and is connected to brass rod BE
and steel rod CF as shown in Figure. Find the stresses developed in
brass and steel bars if Ab = 1000 mm2, Eb = 1x105 N/mm2, As = 600
mm2, Es = 2x105 N/mm2, when a load of 10 kN acts at end D. (Page
No. 44; S S Bhavikatti)
Thermal stresses
Thermal problems

• A steel rail is 12.6 m long and is laid at a temperature of

24oC. The maximum temperature expected is 44oC.
• i) Estimate the minimum gap to be left between two rails
so that temperature stresses do not develop.
• ii) Calculate the thermal stresses developed in the rails if
• (a) No expansion joint is provided
• (b) If a 2 mm gap is provided for expansion
• iii) If the stresses developed is 20 MN/m2, what is the
gap between the rails?
• Take E = 2 x 105 MN/m2 and α = 12 x 10-6 /oC. (Page No. 47;
S S Bhavikatti)
• A composite bar is rigidly fitted at the supports A and B as
shown in Figure 8. Determine the reactions at the supports
when the temperature rises by 20oC. Take Ea = 70 GN/m2, Es =
200 GN/m2, α a= 11x10-6/oC and αs = 12x10-6/oC (Page No.
48; S S Bhavikatti)
• A steel rod of 16 mm diameter and 3 m length passes through a copper
tube of 50 mm external and 40 mm internal diameter and of the same
length as shown in Figure. The tube is closed at each end with the help
of 30 mm thick steel plates which are tightened by nuts till the length of
the copper tube is reduced by 0.6 mm. The temperature of the
whole assembly is then raised by 56oC. Determine the stresses in the
steel and copper before and after the rise of temperature. Assume that
the thickness of the steel plates at the ends do not change during
tightening of the nuts.
• Take Es = 200 GN/m2 Ec = 100 GN/m2
• αs = 12x10-6/oC αc = 17x10-6/oC
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 Shear Stress

Material is subjected to a set of equal opposite forces. There is a tendency for

one layer of the material to slide over another to produce the form of failure, if
this failure is restricted then shear stress (τ) is set up.
Single Shear Stress
Double Shear Stress
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• A circular rod of 100 mm diameter and 500 mm long is subjected to a
tensile force of 1000 kN. Determine modulus of rigidity, bulk modulus
and change in volume if Poisson’s ratio is 0.3 and Young’s modulus E
= 2x105 N/mm2. (Page No. 64; S S Bhavikatti)
• A 500 mm long bar has rectangular cross-section 20 mm x 40 mm. This
bar is subjected to
• 40 kN tensile force on 20 mm x 40 mm faces,
• 200 kN compressive force on 20 mm x 500 mm faces, and
• 300 kN tensile force on 40 mm x 500 mm faces.
• Find the change in volume if E = 2 x 105 N/mm2 and µ = 0.3 (Page No.
65; S S Bhavikatti)
Stresses on inclined planes
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 Normal stress

Shear stress

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principal stresses and principal planes

Maximum shear stress

The state of stress at a point in a strained material is as shown in Figure.
Determine
1. Magnitude and direction of principal stresses
2. Magnitude and direction of shear stress
3. Indicate all above stresses in a plane
Mohr’s circle method
The state of stress at a point in a strained material is as shown in Figure.
Determine
1. Magnitude and direction of principal stresses
2. Magnitude and direction of shear stress
3. Indicate all above stresses in a plane
Mohr’s circle method
The state of stress at a point in a strained material is as shown in Figure.
Determine
1. Magnitude and direction of principal stresses
2. Magnitude and direction of shear stress
3. Indicate all above stresses in a plane
Strain Energy

P Consider a solid object acted upon by

force, P, at a point, O, as shown in the
figure.

Let the deformation at the the point be

P infinitesimal and be represented by
dr vector dr, as shown.

The work done = P* dr (stored in the

form of energy)
 Strain Energy Continue…

y P The strained body is, now, capable of doing

dx some external work on removal of the load.

z x

Definition: the energy stored in the body

due to internal strain is called strain energy.
 Amount of Work done

∆L
Displacement

Constant Force: If the Force is constant, the work is simply the

product of the force and the displacement, W = P*∆L
Amount of Work done continue..

P Po

∆L x
Displacement

Linear Force: If the force is proportional to the displacement,

the work is
1
W  Po * L
2
Strain Energy Equation continue..
Po
P

∆L x
Displacement

1
W  Po L
2
For a linear elastic material

Linear Case

W  W*

W*


For a linear elastic material

Proof Resilience: The maximum strain energy that can be

stored in a body without undergoing permanent deformation.

 max Volume
Proof Resilience = 2E
*

Modulus of Resilience: The proof resilience or the maximum

energy that can be stored in a body per unit volume.

 max
Modulus of Resilience = 2E
Strain Energy for axially loaded bar
L 
P PL
 axial  ; L  ;
A P A AE
2
1 P L
U  PL 
2 2 AE

P= Axial Force (Newtons, N)

A = Cross-Sectional Area Perpendicular to “P” (mm2)
E = Young’s Modulus of Material, N/mm2
L = Original Length of Bar, mm