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EMM 213 Strength of Materials: Axial Deformation

This document provides an overview of objectives and concepts related to axial deformation of materials. It discusses Saint-Vernant's principle, elastic deformation of axially loaded members, statically indeterminate axially loaded members, and effects of thermal stresses. The objectives are to determine elastic deformation, axial forces and reactions, and analyze effects of thermal stresses for axially loaded members. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for displacements, stresses, and temperature changes that induce stresses in composite structures.

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Norwahida Yusoff
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302 views29 pages

EMM 213 Strength of Materials: Axial Deformation

This document provides an overview of objectives and concepts related to axial deformation of materials. It discusses Saint-Vernant's principle, elastic deformation of axially loaded members, statically indeterminate axially loaded members, and effects of thermal stresses. The objectives are to determine elastic deformation, axial forces and reactions, and analyze effects of thermal stresses for axially loaded members. Examples are provided to demonstrate solving for displacements, stresses, and temperature changes that induce stresses in composite structures.

Uploaded by

Norwahida Yusoff
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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EMM 213

STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS

AXIAL
DEFORMATION

DR. NORWAHIDA YUSOFF


menorwahida@usm.my
SAINT-VERNANT’S
PRINCIPLE

• Saint-Vernant’s principle states that stress and


strain produced at a point sufficiently
removed from the loaded region will be the
same as the stress and strain produced by any
applied loadings that have the same statically
equivalent resultant and applied to the body
within the same region.
• Expression of stresses and deformations in
various members under various types of
loading will be valid for entire members –
except at the localized deformation (stress
concentration area)
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES

• Objective 1: To determine the elastic deformation of axially loaded members.


• Objective 2: To determine the axial forces and support reactions for statically
indeterminate axially loaded member.
• Objective 3: To analyze the effects of thermal stresses.
E L A ST I C D E FO RMAT ION O F A N
A X IA LLY L OAD ED ME M BE R
( OB J E CT IV E 1)

• To find the relative displacement (𝛿) of one end


of a bar with respect to other end caused by a
loading.
• Applying Saint-Vernant’s principle, ignore the
localized deformation region.
• For the most part, the bar will deform uniformly,
so the normal stress will be uniformly
distributed.
OBJECTIVE 1 (CONT)

• Use method of sections, and draw free-body diagram

P x  dδ
 and ε 
A x  dx

• Assume proportional limit is not exceeded, Hooke’s Law can be applied

𝛿 = displacement
Px dx L = original length
L
  P(x) = internal axial force
0
Ax E A(x) = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity
OBJECTIVE 1 (CONT)

Constant load and cross-sectional area:


• For a constant cross-sectional area A, and homogeneous material, E is constant.
• When a constant external load is applied on both ends, then the internal force P throughout the length of
the bar is also constant.

P x dx will yield;


L
• Then, integrating  
0
A x E

PL
 = Force-Deformation Relationship
AE
OBJECTIVE 1 (CONT)
OBJECTIVE 1 (CONT)

Sign convention:

Sign Stress Deformation

Positive (+) Tensile Elongation

Negative (-) Compression Contraction


STEPS OF SOLVING

(1)Draw FBD and solve the equilibrium equation to find the internal
axial forces in each segment
(2)Bear in mind the sign convention (+ve and –ve)
(3)Plug-in the value of internal forces into the displacement equation:

PL

AE
EXAMPLE 1

Composite A-36 steel bar shown in Fig. a made from two segments AB and BD.
Area AAB = 600 mm2 and ABD = 1200 mm2. Determine the vertical displacement of
end A.

Solution:

I. Determine the internal forces: Due to


external loadings, the internal axial forces in
region AB, BC, and CD are different.
• Apply method of section and draw a free-
body diagram
• Solve the equation of vertical force
equilibrium (Fig. b).
EXAMPLE 1 (CONT)

Solution:
II. Determine the displacement: Keep in mind the sign of convention (internal tensile forces are (+ve)
and compressive forces are (-ve)).
From table, 𝐸 = 200 10 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Vertical displacement of A relative to the fixed support D is:

Since the result is (+ve), the bar elongates and so displacement is upward.
EXAMPLE 2

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DEFORMATION IN A SYSTEM OF AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBERS

• Many structures consist of more than one axially loaded


member
• Investigate how the structure as a whole deflects in response to
the deformations that occur in the axial members
EXAMPLE 3
EXAMPLE 3 (CONT)
EXAMPLE 4

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STATICALLY INDETERMINATE AXIALLY
LOADED MEMBER (OBJECTIVE 2)

• For a bar fixed-supported at one end, equilibrium equation is sufficient


to find the reaction at the support  such a problem is statically
determinate
• If bar is fixed at both ends, then two unknown axial reactions occur 
the bar is statically indeterminate
• 2 unknowns need 2 or more equations to solve for the unknowns –
equilibrium and compatibility equations.
• Compatibility equation is formed by considering the geometry of
deformation; e.g. since end supports are fixed, the relative displacement
of one end of bar to the other end is zero:

/
OBJECTIVE 2 (CONT)

• The general solution process can be organized into a five-step procedure:


Step 1 — Equilibrium Equations: Equations expressed in terms of the unknown axial
forces are derived for the structure on the basis of equilibrium considerations.
Step 2 — Geometry of Deformation: The geometry of the specific structure is
evaluated to determine how the deformations of the axial members are related.
Step 3 — Force–Deformation Relationships: The relationship between the internal
force in an axial member and its corresponding elongation is expressed by 𝛿 = 𝑃𝐿/𝐴𝐸.
Step 4 — Compatibility Equation: The force–deformation relationships are
substituted into the geometry-of-deformation equation to obtain an equation that is
based on the structure’s geometry, but expressed in terms of the unknown axial forces.
Step 5 — Solve the Equations: The equilibrium equations and the compatibility
equation are solved simultaneously to compute the unknown axial forces.
EXAMPLE 5

A 1.5-m-long rigid beam ABC is supported by three axial


members, as shown in the figure. A concentrated load of
220 kN is applied to the rigid beam directly under B.
The axial members (1) connected at A and at C are
identical aluminum alloy [E =70 GPa] bars each having a
cross-sectional area of A1=550 mm2 and a length of
L1=2 m. Member (2) is a steel [E =200 GPa] bar with a
cross-sectional area of A2 900 mm2 and a length of L2
=2m. All members are connected with simple pins.
If all three bars are initially unstressed, determine
(a) the normal stresses in the aluminum and steel bars,
and
(b) the deflection of the rigid beam after application of the
220-kN load.
EXAMPLE 5 (CONT)

• Step 1 — Equilibrium Equations:

• Step 2 — Geometry of Deformation:


𝛿 =𝛿
• Step 3 — Force–Deformation Relationships:
EXAMPLE 5 (CONT)

• Step 4 — Compatibility Equation:

𝛿 =𝛿

• Step 5 — Solve the Equations:


EXAMPLE 6

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THERMAL STRESS (OBJECTIVE 3)

• Change in temperature cause a material to linearly change its dimensions –


expansion or contraction.
• For homogeneous and isotropic material, the deformation of a member having a
length L is:

 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion (property of the material)


 T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
L = original length of the member
T = algebraic change in length of the member
OBJECTIVE 3 (CONT)

• Force-Thermal-Deformation Relationship –
• The relationship between internal force and axial deformation can be
enhanced to include the effects of temperature change:

• For a statically indeterminate member, the thermal displacement can be


constrained by the supports, producing normal stresses (referred to as
thermal stresses) that must be considered in design.
EXAMPLE 6

An aluminum rod (1) [E 70 GPa; 22.5 106/°C] and a brass rod (2) [E 105 GPa; 18.0 106/°C]
are connected to rigid supports, as shown. The cross-sectional areas of rods (1) and (2) are
2,000 mm2 and 3,000 mm2, respectively. The temperature of the structure will increase.
(a) Determine the temperature increase that will close the initial 1-mm gap between the two
axial members.
(b) Compute the normal stress in each rod if the total temperature increase is 60°C.
EXAMPLE 6 (CONT)
EXAMPLE 6 (CONT)
CONTOH 8

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