ADS 452

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• Explain ethics in
Malaysian public
service

LEARNING
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OUTCOME • Discuss the integrity
system in Malaysia
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• Discuss the ethical
issues in Malaysian
public service
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The Malaysia Federal Constitution (Article 132) defines “Public
Service” as consisting the;
• General public service
• State public service
• Joint public service
• Education service
• Legal service
• Police Force and Armed Forces

Chief Secretary of the Government leads the service –

answerable to the PM

Services Commissions, Central Agencies, Ministries &

Departments are all under the Chief Secretary.

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 YDPA

Legislative Executive Judiciary

(Parliament) (PM & Cabinet) (Courts)

PUBLIC SERVICE

Chief Secretary of
Government

Operating agencies
Service Commissions Central agencies (Ministries &
Departments)
Modernisation
Economic Legal
Finance Personnel &
development (AG
(Treasury) (PSD) Administration
(EPU) Chambers)
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FOCUS OF ETHICS IN MALAYSIAN PUBLIC SERVICE
Traditional Public Administration (TPA)1950 -1979

Values as foundation to ethical

Character & duty of individual
behavior

New Public Management (NPM) 1980 - Now

Larger discretionary of public
Values as performance
servants

New Public Service (NPS) Possibly now?

Humanizing public service Citizen centric public service

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▪ Ethics initiatives are a part of the
integrity system.
▪ The initiatives are established to assist
the government in ensuring the
delivery of services to the public are
effective, efficient and ethical.
▪ Malaysia’s first ethics initiative was
established with the legislation of
Corruption Prevention Ordinance 1950
which later developed into the
Corruption Prevention Act 1961to Anti
Corruption Act 1967 to Anti-Corruption
Act 1982 and later the Malaysia Anti-
Corruption Commission Act 2009.
▪ A consistent theme to all
administrative changes and reforms
introduced by the government is ethics
(Asmidar & Ahmad Tarmizi, 2017).

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▪ Ethics initiatives are executed using various
approaches such as legal, economic, socio-cultural
and political (Huberts, 1998), legal and economics
(Rose-Ackerman, 1999) or educational, preventive
and punitive (Beh, 2010).
▪ In recent years, emphasis on developing a national
integrity system combining key approaches are
preferred by many countries as suggested by
Transparency International and the World Bank
(Siddique, 2011) which includes Malaysia.

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Institutional Approach

Legal Approach

Values Approach

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 National Integrity Plan (NIP) - 2004
Government Transformation Program (GTP) -
2009
National Anti–Corruption Plan (NACP) - 2018
National Center for Governance, Integrity and
Anti-Corruption (GIACC) - 2018
Malaysian Anti-Corruption Commission (MACC)
- 2009
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 • Conduct is the manner in which a person behave
in a particular way especially in a public or formal
situation.
• Discipline is training making people willing to
obey or control themselves in the forms of rules
Public Officers (Conduct
and Discipline) and punishments (Cambridge Dictionary, 2020)
Regulations1993 Act

Malaysia Anti-Corruption • Corruption is an abuse of trust by a

Commission Act 2009 person with public power for their own
personal benefit in both monetary and
(MACC Act 2009)
non-monetary form (Mills, 2012).
Anti Money Laundering,
Anti Terrorism Financing • Money laundering is the concealment or
and Proceeds of Unlawful disguise of the proceeds of criminal
Activities Act 2001 activities, to make them appear
(AMLATFA 2001) legitimate (Badariah Sahamid, 2008).
• Whistleblowing is calling attention to
Whistleblowing Act 2010 wrongdoing that is occurring in an
organization (Nadler & Schulman, 2015)

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 12 Pillar (Tonggak 12)
A set of values established in 1992 as a foundation of good work values
in public service.
The first specific set of values inculcated to public servants aimed at
work ethics excellence.

Public Service Ethos

A set of values set up by MAMPU in 2012.
8 core values promoted to public servants as a guide in work execution.
A manifestation of commitment to continuous ethical existence in
public service.

VIRTUES
APPROACH Code of Ethics (COE)
Introduced in 1980’s as Code of Work Ethics. Re-highlighted in 2009
following the practice of private organization.
A set of values guiding public servants in their specific work context. A
professionalism-based COE is produced by PSD.

Integrity Pledge
First enforced by the Service Circular No.17 2001, re-highlighted by IIM
in 2014
All public servants must sign an integrity pledge
Aimed at creating awareness on the importance of performing duty with
loyalty, honesty, responsibility, dedication & professionalism.

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▪ Find examples for each of these issues;
▪ Clashing public values –TPA vs NPM
vs NPS
▪ Poor governance
▪ Declining public trust
▪ Higher corruption cases
▪ Integrity crisis

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 11th Malaysia Plan
•https://www.mea.gov.my/en/rmk/mid-term-
review-eleventh-malaysia-plan-2016-2020
•Read Chapter 8 & 10 in the Mid Term review of
11th MP

2016–2020

2021–2025

12th Malaysia Plan

•Economic Empowerment – Public sector
efficiency
•Social Re-engineering – Good ethics and moral
values

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 Improving governance Elevating integrity and
at all level accountability

Priority area A Priority area B

Priority area C Priority area D

Enforcing prudent Enhancing public
public finance service delivery
management

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 ECONOMIC RE-SETTING

STRENGTHENING SECURITY, WELLBEING AND

INCLUSIVITY

ADVANCING SUSTAINABILITY

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 DEVELOPING FUTURE TALENT

ACCELERATE TECHNOLOGY, ADOPTION &

INNOVATION

ENHANCING CONNECTIVITY & TRANSPORT

INFRASTRUCTURE

STRENGTHENING THE PUBLIC SERVICE

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