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MODULE – II

HOOKE’S LAW

PLANE PROBLEMS N ELASTICITY

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24th January 2019 1
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW (STRESS – STRAIN)

σ ε Young’s Modulus

τ γ Modulus of Rigidity

Pressure Volumetric strain Bulk Modulus

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24th January 2019 2
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW (STRESS – STRAIN)

Constitutive relations or Generalized Hooke’s law relates the

state of stress at a point to the state of strain at the same point.
It describes the behavior of a material not the behavior of a
body.

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24th January 2019 3
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW (STRESS – STRAIN)

The nine rectangular components of stress are related to the

nine rectangular components of strains and there will be 81

elastic constants.
Due to the equality of cross shear there are six independent
components of stress and six independent components of strain,

81 elastic constants reduces to 36.

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24th January 2019 4
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW (STRESS – STRAIN)

In most generalized case mathematically expression for the above

statement can be written as :

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24th January 2019 5
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW (STRESS – STRAIN)

Conversely the strain – stress can written as:

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24th January 2019 6
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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GENERALIZED HOOKE’S LAW (STRESS – STRAIN)

For a homogeneous linearly elastic, non –isotropic material, the

first and second set of equations are known as generalized
Hooke’s law.
If the material property of a material is independent of material
position, such a material is called homogeneous material.
If the material property of the material are independent of
direction, such a material is called isotropic material.
A material whose properties are dependent on direction is called
anisotropic material. Eg: wood, fiber reinforced composite
material.
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24th January 2019 7
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

For an isotropic material there are only two independent elastic

constants in the generalized statement of Hooke’s law.

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24th January 2019 8
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

The relation between the 3 principal stresses and 3 principal

strains can written as :

Where a, b and c are constants.

The effect of σ1 along the directions 2 & 3 are same. So the above
equation can be written as :

By adding and subtracting bε1,

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24th January 2019 9
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Put a-b = 2μ and b = λ

ε1 + ε2 + ε3 = Δ – Cubical Dilatation.

(1)

Here λ and μ are called Lami’s constant

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24th January 2019 10
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Modulus of Rigidity:
Let the co ordinate axis at a point P coincide with the principal
stress axis i.e., the co ordinate axis are along 1, 2 & 3.
For an isotropic material, the principal axis of strain will also
coincide with ox, oy and oz.
Consider another frame of reference ox’, oy’ and oz’ whose
direction cosines are given below:
nxx’ nxy’ nxz’
nyx’ nyy’ nyz’
nzx’ nzy’ nzz’
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24th January 2019 11
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

nxx’ . nxy’ + nyx’ . nyy’ + nzx’ . nzy’ = 0 ------------- (2)

The normal stresses, σ x’x’ and τx’y’ are obtained using the stress
transformation eqn.

(3)

Similarly εx’x’ & ½ γx’y’ can be written as

(4)

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24th January 2019 12
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Substituting for σ1, σ2, σ3 from equ (1) in eq. 3 we get

Using eqn 2 and eqn 4 the above becomes

(5)

Modulus of rigidity G is defined as the ratio of shear stress to shear

strain.

Thus, G=μ
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24th January 2019 13
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Bulk Modulus:
Let A & B be two points with co ordinates (x, y, z) and (x+Δx, y+Δy
z+Δz) before deformation.
After deformation point A moved by u, v, w along x, y, z direction,
point B moves by distance

Along x, y, z direction respectively.

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24th January 2019 14
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Components of AB are Δx, Δy, & Δz.

Components of A’B’ are :

Consider a parallelepiped as shown in figure below

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24th January 2019 15
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

PQ parallel to x axis, PR parallel to y axis and PS parallel to z axis.

After the deformation the new shape of the parallelepiped is
shown in figure in dotted lines.
Components of PQ, PR and PS are Δx, 0, 0; 0, Δy, 0; 0, 0, Δz
respectively.
V be the original volume.
V + ΔV be the final volume.

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24th January 2019 16
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

The components of P’Q’, P’R’, P’S’ are given below

P’Q’ P’R’ P’S’

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24th January 2019 17
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Volume of the parallelepiped after deformation is given by

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24th January 2019 18
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Expanding and neglecting the product of derivatives.

Volumetric Strain =

Volumetric Strain = (6)

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24th January 2019 19
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Cubical dilatation is the volumetric strain which is equal to first

strain invariant.
Using eq. 3,

(using eq. 4)

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24th January 2019 20
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

So,
(7)

Adding the above 3 eqns. We have

(8)

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24th January 2019 21
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

When σ1 = σ2 = σ3 = P, We have

Bulk Modulus,

(9)

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24th January 2019 22
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Young’s Modulus & Poisson’s Ratio:

From eqn. 8 we have

Substituting this in equ. 1

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24th January 2019 23
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

(10)

(11)

By comparing eqn 10 & 11

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24th January 2019 24
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

G=μ

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24th January 2019 25
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Relations between Elastic Constants

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24th January 2019 26
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Strain Components in terms of stress:

(12)

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 27
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 28
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Stress Components from strain components:

Adding the first 3 equations of eq. 12

we get
(13)

Using eq. 13

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 29
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 30
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 31
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

HOOKE’S LAW FOR ISOTROPIC MATERIALS

The state of stress at a point is given by σxx = 120 MPa; σyy = 55MPa; σzz = -85MPa;

τxy = -55 MPa; τyz = 33 MPa; τxz = -75MPa. Find the strain components

Take E = 2.07 x 105 MPa; γ = 0.3

The strain tensor at a point is given as x 10-4. Determine the principal

stress and the corresponding principal plane.

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 32
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

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24th January 2019 33
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

 Equilibrium Condition

 Strain Displacement Relations

 Constitutive Relations or
Generalized Hooke’s Law

 Compatibility Relations

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 34
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Differential equation of equilibrium must be satisfied throughout

the volume of the body.

The stress components vary over the volume of the body and
when we arrive at the boundary the stress distribution must be
such that they should be in equilibrium with external forces on
the boundary of the body.

Thus external forces may be considered as a continuation of

internal stress distribution.

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 35
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Element near a Boundary Free Body Diagram

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24th January 2019 36
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Since Fx, Fy must be a continuation of σx, σy & τxy.

Using Cauchy’s equation

Where and are surface forces per unit area.

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24th January 2019 37
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

Eg: Cantilever beam loaded at the tip.

At x = 0 At x = L
u=0 Fy = -f
v=0 Fx = 0
θz = 0
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24th January 2019 38
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

In three dimensional state of stress.

Where is the external surface force/ unit area in the z direction.

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 39
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

 Equilibrium Condition

 Strain Displacement Relations

 Constitutive Relations or Generalized

Hooke’s Law

 Compatibility Relations

 Boundary Conditions

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 40
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

2-D PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

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24th January 2019 41
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS

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24th January 2019 42
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

GENERALIZED STATE OF STRESS PLANE STRESS

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24th January 2019 43
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

Examples for plane stress problems

 Thin plate loaded by forces at the boundary parallel to the

plate.
 Laterally Loaded Beams
 Rotating Discs

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24th January 2019 44
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

Equilibrium Equation

1.

2.

Strain – Displacement Equations

1. 4.

2.
5.
3. 6.
Presented to S4 ME students of RSET
24th January 2019 45
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

Hooke’s Law
1. 4.

2.

3.

Compatibly Equations

1.

2.

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24th January 2019 46
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS

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24th January 2019 47
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

GENERALIZED STATE OF STRAIN PLANE STRAIN

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24th January 2019 48
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

Examples for plane strain problems

 Retaining wall with a lateral load

 Long Cylinder subjected to internal & external pressure.

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 49
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

Equilibrium Equation
1.

2.

Strain – Displacement Equations

1. 4.

2. 5.

3. 6.

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 50
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

Hooke’s Law
1.

2.

3.

Compatibly Equation

1.

Expression for σz:

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24th January 2019 51
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION OF PLANE PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

SOLUTION OF PLANE PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

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24th January 2019 52
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SOLUTION OF PLANE PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

A plane problem in elasticity can be solved in terms of

displacement. The number of unknown is 8

viz. u, v, εxx, εyy, γxy, σxx, σyy, τxy

The number of equations is also 8

 Strain – Displacement Relations – 3

 Equations of Equilibrium – 2

 Stress – Strain Relations – 3

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24th January 2019 53
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION OF PLANE PROBLEMS IN ELASTICITY

A plane problem in elasticity can also be solved in terms of stress.

The number of unknown is 6

viz. εxx, εyy, γxy, σxx, σyy, τxy

The number of equations is also 6

 Equations of Equilibrium – 2

 Stress – Strain Relations – 3

 Compatibility Equations - 1

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24th January 2019 54
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

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24th January 2019 55
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

A plane problem in elasticity can be solved by introducing a new

function called Airy’s Stress Function

Airy’s Stress Function (φ) can be defined as:

Where V(x,y) is a potential. If the body force distribution is

assumed as conservative,
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24th January 2019 56
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

Bx and By are body force along x and y directions per unit volume.

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24th January 2019 57
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

SOLVING PLANE STRESS PROBLEMS USING AIRY’S

STRESS FUNCTION (Φ)

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24th January 2019 58
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

(1) Compatibility Eqn.

(2)

(3) Hooke’s Law

(4)

Substituting for εxx, εyy and γxy from eqns 2,3 & 4 in eqn.1
we get

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24th January 2019 59
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

(a)

(5)

(6)

Differentiating eqn. 5 w.r.t x , eqn. 6 w.r.t y and adding them gives

(b)

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24th January 2019 60
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

Substituting of eqn. (b) in eqn. (a) gives

(7)

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24th January 2019 61
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

Expressing σxx, σ yy in terms of stress function Φ and Bx and By in

terms of potential V

In the absence of body forces the above eqn. becomes

Eqn. 7 is called compatibility eqn. in terms of stress function Φ

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24th January 2019 62
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

SOLVING PLANE STRAIN PROBLEMS USING AIRY’S

STRESS FUNCTION (Φ)

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24th January 2019 63
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

(1) Compatibility Eqn.

(2)

(3) Hooke’s Law

(4)

Substituting for εxx, εyy and γxy from eqns 2,3 & 4 in eqn.1
we get

Presented to S4 ME students of RSET

24th January 2019 64
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

(a)

(5)

(6)

Differentiating eqn. 5 w.r.t x , eqn. 6 w.r.t y and adding them gives

(b)

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24th January 2019 65
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

Substituting of eqn. (b) in eqn. (a) gives

(7)

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24th January 2019 66
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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AIRY’S STRESS FUNCTION

Expressing σxx, σ yy in terms of stress function Φ and Bx and By in

terms of potential V

In the absence of body forces the above eqn. becomes

Eqn. 7 is called compatibility eqn. in terms of stress

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24th January 2019 67
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

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24th January 2019 68
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

When the body forces are absent, the solution of a 2-D

problem in elasticity will get reduced to integrating the
differential equation:

Solutions in the form of polynomials are suitable for long

rectangular stripes. Suitably adjusting the co-efficents
considering the boundary condition a number of practically
important problems can be solved.
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24th January 2019 69
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

Polynomial of Second Degree:-

Represents a state of
uniform tension or
compression in two
perpendicular directions
and a uniform shear.

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24th January 2019 70
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

The stress components are constant throughout the body.

Thus stress function Φ2 represents a combination of uniform
tension or compression in two perpendicular direction and a
uniform shear.

A Rectangular Plate subjected uniform tension in

two perpendicular directions and a uniform shear.
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24th January 2019 71
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

Polynomial of Third Degree:-

The above stress function Φ3 satisfies eqn. I

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24th January 2019 72
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL
Polynomial of Third Degree:-

Assuming all coefficients except d3 equal to zero, we obtain

pure bending.
Assuming all coefficients except a3 equal to zero, we obtain pure
bending by normal stress applied to the sides y = ±C of the plate
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24th January 2019 73
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL
Polynomial of Third Degree:-
Assuming all coefficients except b3 or c3 equal to zero, we obtain
normal and shear stress acting on the sides of the plate.

σyy = b3y

σxx = 0

τxy = -b3x

Figure represents the case in which b3 alone is set not equal to

zero
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24th January 2019 74
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

Polynomial of Fourth Degree:-

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24th January 2019 75
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

Polynomials of second, third and fourth degree which satisfies

the governing differential eqn. have been discussed
above. Various boundary conditions are obtained by
conveniently choosing coefficients. Since the governing
differential equation is a linear differential eqn. sum of
several solutions is also a solution. We can superimpose
elementary solutions so as to satisfy boundary condition. This
can be used to solve 2D problem in elasticity.

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24th January 2019 76
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SOLUTION BY POLYNOMIAL

Once the stress function Φ has been obtained, σxx, σyy, τxy are
determined by taking the suitable derivatives, strain
components εxx, εyy and γxy. can be obtained using Hooke’s law.
The displacement components u, v and w are obtained by
using the strain displacement relations.

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24th January 2019 77
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

Bending of a Cantilever with an End Load:

The beam is considered as thin and it can be analysed using plane

stress concept. At any section along the length of the cantilever the
bending stress σxx varies linearly with y. This stress pattern can be
obtained by taking the term d4xy3 from the stress function of
degree 4.
The transverse load produces a shear stress distribution varying in
the y direction with a non zero shear stress at y = 0. The term d4xy3
give rise to a shear stress distribution with zero shear stress at y =
0. To introduce a non zero shear stress at y =0, the term b2xy from
second degree polynomial is added.
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24th January 2019 78
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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Thus we choose the function given below to solve the bending of a

cantilever with end load.

The above equation satisfies the bi-harmonic equation

Also,

Applying the boundary conditions:

Stress free bottom and top layers i.e.,

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24th January 2019 79
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

Sum of total shear force on any section is equal to the applied load
P.

Substitution and simplification gives:

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24th January 2019 80
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24th January 2019 81
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SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

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24th January 2019 82
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

In the case of solution by polynomials, solution is obtained

from very simple forms of stress function. In this case the
boundary forces must be distributed exactly as solution itself
requires. In the case of pure bending the load on the ends are
applied as shown in figure below.

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24th January 2019 83
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

SAINT VENANT’S PRINCIPLE

If the couples on the ends are applied in any other manner, a

new solution must be found if the changed boundary
conditions on the ends are to exactly satisfied. Many such
solutions have been found out and it has been seen that a
change in the distribution of load on an end without change
of the resultant alters the stress significantly near the end.
Saint Venant principle states that except in the immediate
vicinity of the point of application of loads, the stress
distribution may be assumed independent of actual mode of
application of load
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24th January 2019 84
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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Assignment Questions

Solve the following problems using the solution by

polynomials
a. Bending of cantilever beam loaded at the end
b. Bending of a beam by uniform load

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24th January 2019 85
by Dr. Manoj G Tharian

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