Name: Lumague Eljohn

Year and Section: BSA -2A

BASKETBALL

HISTORY
Basketball began with its invention in 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, by Canadian
physical education instructor James Naismith as a less injury-prone sport than football.
Naismith was a 31-year old graduate student when he created the indoor sport to keep
athletes indoors during the winters.[1] The game became established fairly quickly and
grew very popular as the 20th century progressed, first in America and then in other
parts of the world. After basketball became established in American colleges, the
professional game followed. The American National Basketball Association (NBA),
established in 1946, grew to a multibillion-dollar enterprise by the end of the century,
and basketball became an integral part of American culture. The game of basketball as
it is known today was created by Dr. James Naismith in December 1891 in Springfield,
Massachusetts, to condition young athletes during cold months. Naismith was a physical
education instructor at YMCA International Training School see(now known
as Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts. Upon the request of his boss,
Naismith was tasked to create an indoor sports game to help athletes keep in shape in
cold weather. It consisted of peach baskets and a soccer style ball. He published 13
rules for the new game. He divided his class of eighteen into two teams of nine players
each and set about to teach them the basics of his new game. The objective of the
game was to throw the basketball into the fruit baskets nailed to the lower railing of the
gym balcony. Every time a point was scored, the game was halted so the janitor could
bring out a ladder and retrieve the ball. After a while, the bottoms of the fruit baskets
were removed. The first public basketball game was played in Springfield,
Massachusetts, on March 11, 1892.

RULES
There were only thirteen rules of "basket ball":

1. The ball may be thrown in any direction with one or both hands.
2. The ball may be batted in any direction with one or both hands.
3. A player cannot run with the ball, the player must throw it from the spot on
which he catches it, allowance to be made for a man who catches the ball when
running at good speed.
4. The ball must be held in or between the hands, the arms or body must not be
used for holding it.
5. No shouldering, holding, pushing, tripping or striking in any way the person of an
opponent shall be allowed. The first infringement of this rule by any person shall
count as a foul, the second shall disqualify him until the next goal is made, or if
there was evident intent to injure the person, for the whole of the game, no
substitute.
6. A foul is striking the ball with the fist, violation of rules 3 and 4, and such as
described in rule 5.
7. If either side makes three consecutive fouls it shall count a goal for opponents.
8. A goal shall be made when the ball is thrown or batted from grounds into the
basket and stays there. If the ball rests on the edge and the opponent moves the
basket it shall count as a goal.
9. When the ball goes out of bounds it shall be thrown into the field and played by
the person first touching it. In case of a dispute, the umpire shall throw it
straight into the field. The "thrower-in" is allowed five seconds. If he holds it
longer it shall go to the opponent. If any side persists in delaying the game, the
umpire shall call a foul on them.
10.The umpire shall be the judge of the men and shall note the fouls, and notify the
referee when three consecutive fouls have been made.
11.The referee shall be the judge of the ball and shall decide when the ball is in
play, in-bounds, and to which side it belongs, and shall keep the time. He shall
decide when a goal has been made and keep account of the goals with any other
duties that are usually performed by a referee.
12.The time shall be fifteen-minute halves, with five-minute rests between.
13.The side making the most goals in that time shall be declared the winner. In the
case of a draw, the game may, by agreement of the captains, be continued until
another goal is made.
THE FIRST BASKETBALL GAME
On December 21, 1891, Naismith published rules for a new game using five basic ideas
and thirteen rules That day, he asked his class to play a match in the Armory Street
court: 9 versus 9, using a soccer ball and two peach baskets. Frank Mahan, one of his
students, wasn't so happy. He just said: "Harrumph. Another new game".Someone
proposed to call it "Naismith Game", but he suggested "We have a ball and a basket:
why don’t we call it basketball?" The eighteen players were John G. Thompson, Eugene
S. Libby, Edwin P. Ruggles, William R. Chase, T. Duncan Patton, Frank Mahan, Finlay G.
MacDonald, William H. Davis and Lyman Archibald, who defeated George Weller,
Wilbert Carey, Ernest Hildner, Raymond Kaighn, Genzabaro Ishikawa, Benjamin S.
French, Franklin Barnes, George Day and Henry Gelan 1–0. The goal was scored by
Chase. There were other differences between Naismith's first idea and the game played
today. The peach baskets were closed, and balls had to be retrieved manually, until a
small hole was put in the bottom of the peach basket to poke the ball out using a stick.
Only in 1906 were metal hoops, nets and backboards introduced. In 1894 the soccer
ball was replaced by a ball Naismith contacted Spalding to make.
HAND SIGNAL
FOUL AND VIOLATIONS

PERSONAL FOULS

HOLDING
When a player uses their hands to grab their opponent to impede or prevent
them from moving or advancing with or without the ball.
ILLEGAL OR “MOVING” PICK/SCREEN

When a player fails to maintain a set position while setting a screen or pick.
Screens must be performed in a standstill manner.
HAND CHECK

When a player continually uses their hands on an opposing player. This foul is
typically called on defenders at the perimeter to keep a safe distance between the
ballhandler and the basket.
ILLEGAL HAND USE OR “REACHING IN”

Similar to holding, this is when a player uses their hands in a fashion that
referees deem illegal, typically in the form of touching a shooter’s arm or hand
through their release or touching after an attempted steal.
TRIPPING

When a player uses their leg or foot to throw off their opponent’s balance.
ELBOWING

When a player excessively swings their elbows and hits another player.
CHARGING

When an offensive player makes contact with a defender who has established
position in front of an offensive player with or without the basketball and is not
moving. Some courts, especially those used for youth basketball, make this call
easier to identify by having a “charge circle” marked below the basket. If a
defender is outside the circle with their feet planted, it is a charge.
BLOCKING
When a defender makes contact with an offensive player without establishing
position, without giving proper space or is in the charge circle.
TECHINCAL FOUL

When a player or coach displays unsportsmanlike behavior, such as foul

When a player performs an act of violence that can seriously injure or harm
others on the court. This can be unintentional or deliberate. Flagrant fouls can
also result in player ejections at the referee’s discretion.

VIOLATIONS

TRAVELING
When a player takes more than two steps between dribbles or without dribbling
the basketball. Traveling can also occur when a player who has picked up the
dribble switches his or her pivot foot.
PALMING

When a player dribbles the basketball in a manner that has their palm too far to
the side or underneath the basketball.
DOUBLE DRIBBLE

When a player picks up their dribble to establish their position and then restarts
their dribble, or when a player dribbles the basketball with two hands at the same
time.

HELD BALL

When two players gain possession of the ball and a brief battle for the basketball
occurs. The referee will award possession to one team, alternating which team
gets the ball each subsequent time it occurs.
BACKCOURT OR “OVER & BACK”

When an offensive player brings the basketball over the half-court line and then
retreats back over mid court during their possession.

KICKING

When a player kicks the basketball.

Every player must remain in place until the ball is shot by the free throw shooter.
If the offense travels into the free throw lane prior to the shooter’s release of the
ball, then the shot does not count. If the defense ventures into the free throw
lane too early, then another shot attempt is awarded to the shooter, if they miss.
VARIOUS TIME RESTRICTIONS
1. 3-Second Violation: Offensive players cannot stand in the key for more
than three seconds.
2. 5-Second Violation (Inbounding): A player must inbound the basketball
within five seconds after the referee hands it to them to avoid a turnover.
3. 5-Second Violation (Offensive): An offensive player must pass, shoot or
dribble the basketball within five seconds if being guarded by a defensive
player who is within arm’s reach.
4. 10-Second Violation: Players must advance the basketball over the mid-
court line within 10 seconds to avoid a turnover
A better understanding of these fouls and violations can keep your plays
sharper and games safer. Being aware can keep you on the court and out of
foul trouble. So, lace up your shoes, drive to the hoop and score with a clearer
knowledge of the rules today.
FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS AND DIFFERENT TYPES OF
SHOOTING,DRIBBLING AND PASSING
Basketball is a fast-paced game that requires the knowledge and instinct to perform
fundamentals quickly and properly. For beginners, the sport of basketball requires five
basic skills:
Dribbling- Dribbling is perhaps the most important basketball fundamental for all
players. This offensive skill will allow you to move up and down the court, maneuver
past defenders and execute plays. As players move up in level, dribbling requires ball-
handling skills with both hands and the ability to perform a variety of crossovers.
Many basketball players incorporate some kind of dribbling drills in their warm-up for
games. One player who does this is Steph Curry, whose drills are so complex and
fascinating that fans will get to games early to watch him practice dribbling.
Here we will focus on the various types of dribbling normally observed on the court.

Low Dribble
As its name implies, low dribble just means that you must keep the ball bouncing low
nearest to the floor. This can effectively ensure the ball from guards.
Speed Dribble
When you have the ball in an open court, you have to take advantage of time while
keeping good control with the ball and your body. You typically need to use speed
dribble to achieve your aim. Speed dribble is use when a player isn't guarded heavily,
he/she isn't forced to protect the ball excessively. This gives him/her a good chance to
make faster dribbling while achieving some distance.
Change-Of-Pace Dribble
You go about this type of dribble by slowing down your motion that may be conceived
as stopping. This would well make the opponent think that you are stopping to pass the
ball. However, once you achieve the reaction from the opponent, you must be keen to
explode with speed then drive through the opponent.
Crossover Dribble
The usual dribble used to deflect the guarding player is the crossover dribble. It is
characterized by one-hand dribbling while pushing the ball in front. After which, the
offensive player would have to explode right through the opponent. While this is good
for achieving distance, it is also prone for steals. To protect the ball, dribbling must be
kept low as the ball passes from one hand to another.

Hockey Dribble
This makes use of a head-shoulder fake combination with an abrupt change of pace.
This is normally used to divert the defender from close guard.

Reverse Dribble
When you are strongly guarded, you can use reverse dribble to avoid the opponent
from stealing the ball. The main drawback of this dribble is the tendency of losing sight
of the ball for some moments, which could further expose it towards stealing from the
back.

Half-Reverse Dribble
This is close to reverse dribbling; but in this the player must make a 90-degree turn
from his/her original position. The movements then must be very quick so as to prevent
the ball from not being caught by a player of the opposing team.
Shooting- In order to score points and be an effective offensive player in the game of
basketball, you need to be able to shoot the ball into the hoop. A proper shot requires
precise aiming, arm extension, lift from the legs, and a strong follow through. There are
different types of shots you need to learn, including layups, free throws, and three-
pointers.
Shooting skill development often involves being able to shoot from many areas on the
basketball court, as no one scoring opportunity is the same as another. Many basketball
drills focus on improving a player’s jump shot, and Los Angeles Lakers’ coach takes
shooters through some of them .
10 Types of Shooting in Basketball
There are many different types of basketball shots. Some of the most basic basketball
shots include:
1. Bank shot: A bank shot occurs when an offensive player attempts to make a field
goal with a jump shot, and the ball bounces off the backboard and goes into the basket
without hitting the rim.
2. Dunk: A dunk, or slam dunk, is an offensive shot attempt in which a player scores a
two-point field goal by jumping into the air and slamming the ball into the net while
touching the rim of the basket with one or two hands.
3. Free throw: A free throw, or foul shot, is an unguarded scoring attempt made at
the free-throw line, a line on the basketball court located fifteen feet from the net. A
referee awards free throws to a basketball player after a member of the opposing team
commits a personal or technical foul against them, their teammates, or an official. Free
throws provide a basketball team with an opportunity to score points outside of the
shot clock during a game. 
4. Granny shot: A granny shot, or underhand shot, is a shooting style in which the
player holds the ball in two hands with arms extended in front of their body. The
shooter bends and raises their knees while bringing the ball down their legs and
releases it on the upswing. Most players avoid granny shots because of their negative
connotations, but NBA player Rick Barry held a lifetime free-throw percentage of ninety
percent using granny shots.
5. Floater is a layup variation in which the ball handler throws a high arc toward the
net while jumping up on one or two feet. It is a difficult shot to master, but a great
shooter can add this type of shot to their basketball skills with regular basketball
training.
6. Hook shot: This one-handed shot requires the player to stand close to the hoop and
swing their arm in a curved motion to send the ball toward the hoop and score a field
goal. In a jump hook, the ball handler stands with their back to the basket and then
turns on their pivot foot to jump while flicking the ball into the net. Popularized by
Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, the skyhook has the player pivot and turn with their shoulder to
the basket, jumping on one foot and hooking their arm over their head to score the
field goal.
7. Jump shot: A jump shot is one of the most basic shooting techniques and common
ways to make a field goal in a basketball game. To make a jump shot, basketball
players use their legs to jump straight up while raising the ball above their heads. Jump
shots are best for mid-range to long-range shots. A fade away is a jump shot in which
the player shooting the ball jumps backward. It’s one of the most challenging shots to
defend against because it creates space between the shooter and a defensive player.
8: Layups are also one of the most basic shots, especially within a short range of the
basket. The ball handler dribbles the ball as they approach the basket and raises it with
one hand to bounce it off the backboard and into the net. Once they stop dribbling to
aim, they can only take two steps or receive a violation for traveling.
9. Pull-up: A pull-up is a two-motion jump shot in which the player drives to the net
while dribbling, stops, and jumps up to take the shot. The player then lands on both
feet (jump step) or in a one-two step, where they land on their right or left foot and
follow with the opposite. A pull-up three is a pull-up made at the three-point line. 
10. Three-point shot: A three-point shot—a three-point field goal or three-pointer—is
an essential shot made outside the three-point line, the arc situated twenty-two feet
from the net. It’s worth three points instead of the two awarded to other field goals.
Basketball Hall of Famer Ray Allen holds the NBA record for career three-point shots,
while Steph Curry has the record for the most three-point shots during finals.
Running-Running is an understandably important skill of basketball. In a full-court
game, you will find yourself running back and forth as the game quickly transitions
between offense and defense. When you have the ball, running will help you to avoid
defenders and get to the basket quicker. As a defensive player, you often will find
yourself needing to run after the opponent, especially during fast breaks, to prevent an
easy layup or dunk.
Passing-Because you are on the court with four other players from your team at all
times, it is incredibly important to be able to effectively pass the ball, even if you are
not a point guard trying to accumulate assists.
In order to be a great passer, players must master the three types of passes:
1. Chest pass: A chest pass is thrown from the passer’s chest to the receiver’s
chest without bouncing
2. Bounce pass: A bounce pass is also thrown from the passer’s chest to the
receiver’s chest, but it is bounced in between the two players.
3. Overhead pass: An overhead pass is thrown from above the head from a
greater distance than a typical chest or bounce pass should be made
Jumping- Jumping is another skill that can define how good a basketball player is.
Jumping is involved in offense during the jump ball in the beginning, while taking shots,
fighting for an offensive rebound off of missed shots, and sometimes while trying to
catch a pass.
On defense, you will need the ability to jump when trying to block a shot or a pass.
Being able to out jump your opponent for a rebound also is important.
These fundamental skills are practiced by players of all levels, from beginners to high
school players to NBA legends like Michael Jordan and Magic Johnson. While some
players might be more experienced with some basketball skills than others, basketball
coaches prefer players who have at least some ability in all five areas.