MODULE 5: INDUCTORS AND CAPACITORS

developed powerful electromagnets that could lift objects

OUTLINE weighing thousands of pounds. Interestingly, Joseph Henry
I. Inductors discovered electromagnetic induction before Faraday but failed
a. Introduction to Inductors to publish his findings. The unit of inductance, the henry, was
b. History of Inductors named after him
c. Voltage In an Inductor VOLTAGE IN AN INDUCTOR
d. Inductance When a current pass through an inductor, the voltage across
e. Types of Inductors
the inductor is directly proportional to the time rate of change of
f. Relationship of Current to the Inductor
g. Current in Inductors: Formula the current.
h. Power in Inductors 𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿
i. Important Properties of Inductors 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
j. Inductors Practice Problems • Where is the time rate of change since AC circuit
i. Practice Problem 1 𝑑𝑡
ii. Practice Problem 2 must always consider time, while L is the constant
iii. Practice Problem 3 proportionality called the inductance of the inductor.
k. Inductors in Series INDUCTANCE
i. Deriving the Formula The inductance is dependent on the number of turns (N),
l. Inductors in Parallel permeability of the core (µ), Area (A), and Length in Henry (l)
m. Practice Problems
i. Practice Problem 1 𝑁 2 𝜇𝐴
ii. Practice Problem 2 𝐿=
iii. Practice Problem 3 𝑙
II. Capacitors • Materials with higher permeability increases the value
a. History of Capacitor of inductance
b. Types of Capacitor • The increase on the number of coils increases the
c. Voltage value of inductance
d. Charge
e. Capacitance
TYPES OF INDUCTORS
f. Power
g. Important Properties of Capacitors • The Values of inductors depends on where and ow it is
h. Practice Problem going to be applies
i. Practice Problem 1 • Inductors may be fixed or variable
ii. Practice Problem 2 • The term coil and choke are used to refer to an
iii. Practice Problem 3 inductor
i. Capacitors in Parallel The core may be made of iron, steel, plastic or Air
j. Capacitors in Series
k. Practice Problem AIR-CORE INDUCTOR
i. Practice Problem 1
ii. Practice Problem 2

INTRODUCTION TO INDUCTORS
An inductor is a passive element designed to store energy in
its magnetic field. Inductors find numerous applications in
electronic and power systems. They are used in power supplies,
transformers, radios, TVs, radars, and electric motors. Any
conductor of electric current has inductive properties and may This inductor can be use without the core because the
be regarded as an inductor. But in order to enhance the permeability of this depends on air
inductive effect, a practical inductor is usually formed into a IRON-CORE INDUCTOR
cylindrical coil with many turns of conducting wire.
• An inductor measures the inductance (H)
• A magnetic field is formed when a voltage was applied
to an inductor
HISTORY OF INDUCTORS
Joseph Henry (1797–1878) an American physicist,
discovered inductance and constructed an electric motor. Born
in Albany, New York, Henry graduated from Albany Academy
and taught philosophy at Princeton University from 1832 to
1846. He was the first secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
He conducted several experiments on electromagnetism and FERRITE-CORE INDUCTOR

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 1

 Deriving the formula
Voltage formula:
𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿
𝑑𝑡
Transposing the formula
1
𝑑𝑖 = 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝐿
Integrate the formula
1
∫ 𝑑𝑖 = ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡
𝐿:
1 𝑡
𝑖 = ∫ 𝑣𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝐿 −∞
BOBBIN-BASED INDUCTOR Since -∞=0 since there must be a time in the past when there
was no current in the inductor
1 𝑡
𝑖 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
𝐿 𝑡0
POWER IN INDUCTORS
Deriving the formula
Power formula:
𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼
Voltage in inductor formula:
𝑑𝑖
𝑣=𝐿
VARIABLE INDUCTOR 𝑑𝑡
Substitute the formula of Voltage in Inductor to the
formula of Power:
𝑑𝑖
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖 = (𝐿 ) 𝑖- integrate
𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 = (𝐿 ) 𝑖𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡

Substitute it to the formula of energy:

𝑊 = 𝑃𝑡
1 𝑡
MULTILAYER CERAMIC INDUCTOR 𝑊 = 𝐿𝑖 2 or 𝑊 = ∫𝑡 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
2 0
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES OF AN INDUCTOR
𝑑𝑖
1. From 𝑣 = 𝐿 the voltage across an inductor is zero
𝑑𝑡
when the current is constant
a. An inductor acts like a short circuit to dc
▪ If a dc was applied on the inductor then it
acts as a short circuit, hence, in dc the
current is constant as there will be no
𝑑𝑖
time rate of change ( ) making it o.
𝑑𝑡
Therefore v=0
2. An important property of the inductor is its opposition
RELATIONSHIP OF CURRENT TO THE INDUCTOR to the change in current flowing through it
• Linear Inductor- inductor whose inductance is a. The current trough an inductor cannot change
independent of Current instantaneously
▪ Example: 8A cannot instantly change to
0
3. Like the ideal capacitor, the ideal inductor does not
dissipate energy. The energy stored in it can be
retrieved at a later time.
4. Nonideal inductor has a significant resistive and
capacitive component.

The red line represents the inductor with respect to

voltage and rate of time change
• Nonlinear Inductor- the plot of the inductor will not be a
straight line because when the values of inductor change Where:
then the value of current also change Rw= winding resistance
CURRENT IN INDUCTORS: FORMULA Cw= Winding Capacitance

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 2

 In most cases, Rw and Cw are very small almost 𝑣 = 0.018 cos 200𝑡 𝑉
negligible, but in high frequencies we must consider
those values 𝑣 = 18 cos 200𝑡 𝑚𝑉
INDUCTORS PRACTICE PROBLEMS
Practice Problem 1 Solving Energy
The current through a 0.1 H inductor is i(t)= 10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 A. Find the 1 2
voltage across the inductor and the energy stored in it 𝑊= 𝐿𝑖
2

Given: 1
𝑊 = (0.001)(0.90 sin 200𝑡)2
L=0.1H 2
i(t)= 10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡
0.001
𝑊= 0.0902 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 200𝑡
Required: 2
Voltage
Energy 𝑊 = 4.05𝑥10−6 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 200𝑡 𝐽

Solution: 𝑊 = 4.05𝑥10−6 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 200𝑡 𝐽

Solving Voltage
𝑑𝑖 𝑊 = 4.05 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 200𝑡 µ𝐽
𝑣=𝐿
𝑑𝑡 Practice Problem 3
−5𝑡 Find the current through a 5-H inductor if the voltage across it
𝑑(10𝑡𝑒 )
𝑣 = 0.1 30𝑡 2 , 𝑡 > 0
𝑑𝑡 is𝑉(𝑡) = { so find the energy stored at t=5 s. Assume
0, 𝑡 < 0
i(v)>0
𝑑(𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 )
𝑣 = 0.1(10)
𝑑𝑡 Given:
L= 5h
𝑣 = 𝑡(−5)𝑒 −5𝑡 + 𝑒 −5𝑡 V(t) = 30𝑡 2

𝑣 = 𝑒 −5𝑡 [−5𝑡 + 1]𝑉 Required:

Current
𝑣 = 𝑒 −5𝑡 [1 − 5𝑡]𝑉 Energy

Solving Energy: Solution:

1 Solving Current
𝑊 = 𝐿𝑖 2 1 𝑡
2 𝑖 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
𝐿 𝑡0
1
𝑊 = (0.1)(10𝑡𝑒 −5𝑡 )2
2 1 𝑡
𝑖 = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
1 𝐿 𝑡0
𝑊 = (0.1)(102 )𝑡 2 𝑒 −10𝑡
2
1 𝑡
𝑖 = ∫ 30𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡
𝑊= 5𝑡𝑒 −10𝑡 𝐽 5 𝑡0
Practice Problem 2
If the current through a 1-mH inductor is i(t)= 90 sin (200t) mA, 30 𝑡 3
𝑖=
find the terminal voltage and energy stored 5 3

Given: 𝑖 = 2𝑡 3 𝐴
L= 1mh = 1 𝑥 10−3 = 0.001 H Solving for Energy
i(t)= 90 sin (200t) mA, = 90 𝑥 10−3 sin 200𝑡𝐴 = 0.09 sin 200t A 𝑡
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
Required:
Voltage 5
Energy 𝑊 = ∫ 60 𝑡 5 𝑑𝑡
𝑡0
Solution:
Solving Voltage 60𝑡 6 5
𝑑𝑖 𝑊= |
𝑣=𝐿 6 0
𝑑𝑡

0.001𝑑(0.09 sin 200𝑡) 60(5)6

𝑣= 𝑊=
𝑑𝑡 6

𝑣 = 0.001(0.09)(cos 200𝑡)(200) 𝑊 = 156.250 𝑘𝑗

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 3

Other Solution:
1
𝑊 = 𝐿𝑖 2
2
1
𝑊 = (5)(2𝑡 3 )2
2
1
𝑊 = (5)(2(5)3 )2
2

𝑊 = 156, 250 𝐽
The given table has one node, meaning that the current enters
is equal to the current leaving. Therefore:
𝑊 = 156. 250 𝑘𝑗 𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑛
INDUCTORS IN SERIES Substitute the formula of current
• The equivalent inductance of series-connected inductors is 1 𝑡 1 𝑡 1 𝑡
the sum of the individual inductances 𝑖= ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖1 (𝑡0 ) + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖2 (𝑡0 ) + . … + ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖𝑁 (𝑡0 )
𝐿1 𝑡0 𝐿1 𝑡0 𝐿1 𝑡0
• The total inductances behave like the total resistances When it is parallel, the voltage across all inductors are all the
connected in series and in parallel same
• The behavior of resistors when series will be the same in 1 1 1 1 𝑡

inductors 𝑖=( + + + ⋯+ ) ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖1 (𝑡0 ) + 𝑖2 (𝑡0 ) + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑁 (𝑡0 )

𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿𝑁 𝑡0
• The process of getting R equivalent in the resistors will be
the same when connected in parallel is the same with 𝑁 𝑡 𝑁
conductors in parallel 1
𝑖 = (∑ ) ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 + ∑ 𝑖𝑘 (𝑡0 )
DERIVING THE FORMULA 𝐿𝑘 𝑡 0
𝑘=1 𝑘=1
The equivalent inductance of parallel inductors is the reciprocal
of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual inductances 1 𝑡
𝑖= ∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑡0

1 1 1 1 1
= + + + ⋯+
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿3 𝐿𝑁

If 2 inductors are in parallel this formula can be used:

1 1 1 𝐿1 𝐿2
= + or 𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿1 +𝐿2
SAMPLE PROBLEMS
Applying KVL
Practice Problem 1
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝑛
Find the equivalent inductance of the circuit shown in Figure
When you KVL, it would be the summation around the loop. below:
If there are several inductors connected in a series then it would
be the sum of individual voltages (voltage drop) across the
inductors. Since it is on the AC circuit, time rate of change must
be considered therefore:
𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖 𝑑𝑖
𝑣 = 𝐿1 ( ) + 𝐿2 ( ) + 𝐿3 ( ) + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑁 ( )
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑖
Isolate ( ) since the current passing through inductors in the
𝑑𝑡
series would be the same all throughout

𝑑𝑖
𝑣 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑁 ( )
𝑑𝑡
𝑁
𝑑𝑖
∑ 𝐿𝑘 = 𝐿𝑒𝑞 ( )
𝑑𝑡
𝑘=1
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2 + 𝐿3 + ⋯ + 𝐿𝑁 Solution:
INDUCTORS IN PARALLEL Series:
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 20H + 12H + 10H

𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 42H

Parallel:
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿1 + 𝐿2

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 4

 42(3) 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 25mH
𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
42 + 3 Practice Problem 2
For the circuit below, i(t) = 4(2 − 𝑒 −10𝑡 )mA. If i2(0) = -1 mA,
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 6𝐻 find: (a) i1(0); (b) v(t), v1(t), and v2(t); (c) i1(t) and i2(t)
Series:
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 4H + 6H + 8H

𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 8H
Practice Problem 2
Calculate the equivalent inductance for the inductive ladder
network in Figure below:

Given:
T= 0
i(t) = 4(2 − 𝑒 −10𝑡 )mA
i(0) = 0.004(2 − 𝑒 −10(0) )
i(0) = 0.004A/ 4mA
Solution:
Series: Required:
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 40mH + 20mH I1
V(t)
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 60mH V1(t)
V2(t)
Parallel: Il(t)
I2(t)
𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 Solution:
Solving A
60(30) 𝑖(0) = 𝑖1 (0) + 𝑖2 (0)
𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
60 + 30
𝑖1 (0) = 𝑖(0) − 𝑖2 (0)
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 20mH
𝑖1 (0) = 4𝑚𝐴 − (−1)𝑚𝐴
Series:
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 100mH + 20mH 𝑖1 (0) = 5𝑚𝐴
Solving B
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 120mH Getting 𝑳𝒆𝒒
Parallel:
Parallel: 𝐿1 𝐿2
𝐿1 𝐿2 𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝐿1 + 𝐿2
𝐿1 + 𝐿2
12(4)
120(40) 𝐿𝑒𝑞 =
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 12 + 4
120 + 40
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 3H
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 30mH
Series:
Series:
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 300mH + 20mH 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 3H + 2H

𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 50mH 𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 5H

Parallel: Getting v(t)

𝐿1 𝐿2 𝑑
𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝑣(𝑡) = 𝐿𝑒𝑞 𝑖(𝑡)
𝐿1 + 𝐿2 𝑑𝑡

50(50) 5 𝑑 0.004(2 − 𝑒 −10(𝑡) )

𝐿𝑒𝑞 = 𝑣(𝑡) =
50 + 50 𝑑𝑡

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 5

 𝑣(𝑡) = 5 (0.004)𝑑(2 − 𝑒 −10(𝑡) ) 0.120 1 𝑡
𝑖2 (𝑡) = [ ] 𝑒 −10(𝑡) | − 0.001
12 −10 0
𝑣(𝑡) = 5 (0.004)(10 − 𝑒 −10(𝑡) )

𝑣(𝑡) = 5 (0.004)(10 − 𝑒 −10(𝑡) ) 𝑖2 (𝑡) = −0.001[𝑒 −10(𝑡) + 𝑒 −10(0) ] − 0.001

𝑣(𝑡) = 0.2𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑉 𝑖2 (𝑡) = −0.001𝑒 −10(𝑡) + 0.001 − 0.001

Getting 𝒗𝟏 (𝒕)
𝑑𝑖 𝑖1 (𝑡) = −0.001𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝐴
𝑣1 (𝑡) = 𝐿 (𝑡)
𝑑𝑡
𝑖1 (𝑡) = −𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑚𝐴
2𝑑 4(2𝑒 −10(𝑡) ) Checking
𝑣1 (𝑡) = 𝑚𝐴 KCL
𝑑𝑡
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝑖1 (𝑡) + 𝑖2 (𝑡)
2 𝑑 0.004(2𝑒 −10(𝑡) )
𝑣1 (𝑡) = 𝐴 4(2 − 𝑒 −10𝑡 )mA = [8 − 3𝑒 −10(𝑡) + (−𝑒 −10(𝑡) )]mA
𝑑𝑡

𝑣1 (𝑡) = 2 (0.004)(10𝑒 −10(𝑡) ) 8 − 4𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑚𝐴 = 8 − 4𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑚𝐴

CAPACITORS
𝑣1 (𝑡) = 0.08𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑉 A capacitor is a passive element designed to store energy in
its electric field. Besides resistors, capacitors are the most
𝑣1 (𝑡) = 80𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑚𝑉 common electrical components. Capacitors are used
Getting 𝒗𝟐 (𝒕) extensively in electronics, communications, computers, and
𝑣(𝑡) = 𝑣1 (𝑡) + 𝑣2 (𝑡) = 0 power systems.
• Capacitors, inductors, and resistors do not generate
𝑣2 (𝑡) = 𝑣(𝑡) − 𝑣2 (𝑡) energy, nut they can accept/store energy
• Capacitance were being measured
𝑣2 (𝑡) = (210𝑒 −10(𝑡) − 80𝑒 −10(𝑡) )𝑚𝑉 HISTORY OF CAPACITORS
Michael faraday- is an English chemist and physicist, was
probably the greatest experimentalist who ever lived
𝑣2 = 120𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑚𝑉
• Electrolysis, anode, and cathode was coined by him
Solving C • The unit of capacitance, the farad, was named in his
Getting 𝒊𝟏 (𝒕) honor
1 𝑡 TYPES OF CAPACITORS
𝑖1 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0 )
𝐿 𝑡0 A capacitor consists of two conducting plated separated by
an insulator(or dielectric)
1 𝑡
𝑖1 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖1 (𝑡0 )
𝐿2 𝑡 0 1

1 𝑡
𝑖1 (𝑡) = ∫ 120𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑑𝑡 + 0.005
4 𝑡0

0.120 1 𝑡
𝑖1 (𝑡) = [ ] 𝑒 −10(𝑡) | + 0.005
4 −10 0

𝑖1 (𝑡) = −0.003[𝑒 −10(𝑡) + 𝑒 −10(0) ] + 0.005

𝑖1 (𝑡) = −0.003[𝑒 −10(𝑡) + 1] + 0.005

𝑖1 (𝑡) = −0.003𝑒 −10(𝑡) + 0.003 + 0.005

Polyester capacitors are light in weight, stable, and their
𝑖1 (𝑡) = 0.008 − 0.003𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝐴 change with temperature is predictable. Instead of polyester,
other dielectric materials such as mica and polystyrene may be
𝑖1 (𝑡) = 8 − 3𝑒 −10(𝑡) 𝑚𝐴 used. Film capacitors are rolled and housed in metal or plastic
films. Electrolytic capacitors produce very high capacitance.
Getting 𝒊𝟐 (𝒕)
• Dielectric depends on the application
1 𝑡 VOLTAGE IN CAPACITORS
𝑖2 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖(𝑡0 ) Capacitance is the amount of charge stored per plate for a
𝐿 𝑡0 unit voltage difference in a capacitor

1 𝑡 Formula of current
𝑖2 (𝑡) = ∫ 𝑣 (𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑖2 (𝑡0 )
𝐿2 𝑡 0 2 𝑑𝑣
𝑖=𝐶
𝑑𝑡

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 6

 𝑣𝑡
1 𝑡
𝑑𝑣 = ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 𝑊 =𝐶∫ 𝑣𝑑𝑣
𝑐 𝑡0 𝑣(−∞)
1 𝑡 1 2 𝑣𝑡
𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣(𝑡0 ) 𝑊= 𝐶𝑣 | 𝑣(−∞)
𝑐 𝑡0 2
1
There are times that the initial voltage is 0 𝑊 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
IMPORTANT PROPERTIES IN CAPACITOR
1. when the voltage across a capacitor is not changing with
time (i.e., dc voltage), the current through the capacitor is
CHARGE IN CAPACITOR
zero.
The amount of charge stored is directly proportional to the
applied voltage
A capacitor is an open circuit to dc
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑣 𝑑𝑣
Where: 𝑖=𝐶
Q= Charge 𝑑𝑡
Since in dc, the value of the voltage and current is not
C- Capacitance (F)
changing there for time rate of change is zero. Therefore
V= Voltage
𝑖=0
2. The voltage on the capacitor must be continuous.
▪ Capacitance is the ratio of the
charge on one plate of a capacitor to
The voltage on a capacitor cannot change abruptly.
the voltage difference between the
two plates, measured in farads (F).
The capacitor resists an abrupt change in the voltage
CAPACITANCE
across it.
Although the capacitance C of a capacitor is the ratio of the 𝑑𝑣
charge q per plate to the applied voltage it does not depend on According to a discontinuous change in voltage 𝑖 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡
q or v. requires an infinite current, which is physically impossible.
- It depends on the physical dimensions of the 3. The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes
capacitor. power from the circuit when storing energy in its field and
Capacitance value is dependent its area and distance returns previously stored energy when delivering power to
between the plates the circuit.
4. A real, nonideal capacitor has a parallel-model leakage
∈𝐴 resistance, as shown in Figure. The leakage resistance
𝐶= may be as high as 100 MΩ and can be neglected for most
𝑑
Where: practical applications.

C= Capacitance (F)
A= Surface Area of each plate
D= distance bet. Plates
∈= permittivity of dielectric material
FACTORS THAT AFFECT THE VALUE OF CAPACITANCE
1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the
greater the capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the
spacing, the greater the capacitance.
3. The permittivity of the material—the higher the
permittivity, the greater the capacitance. This will be used if there is a frequency
PRACTICE PROBLEM
∈𝐴 PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
It all came from the formula of 𝐶 =
𝑑
POWER IN CAPACITOR 1. (a) Calculate the charge stored on a 3-pF capacitor with 20
Formula of power: V across it. (b) Find the energy stored in the capacitor.
𝑝 = 𝑣𝑖
Where Solution
𝑑𝑣 Solving A:
𝑖=𝐶 Solving for charge:
𝑑𝑡
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑉
Therefore
𝑑𝑣 𝑞 = 3 𝑥 10−12 (20)
𝑝 = 𝐶𝑣
𝑑𝑡
ENERGY STORED IN CAPACITOR 𝑞 = 60 𝑥 10−12 𝐶
Formula of energy stored:
𝑡 𝑞 = 60𝑝𝐶
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 Solving B:
−∞
Substitute the formula of p Solving for energy stored:
𝑡
𝑑𝑣 1
𝑊 = 𝐶∫ 𝑣 𝑑𝑡 𝑊 = 𝐶𝑣 2
𝑑𝑡 2
−∞

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 7

 1 Substitute the formula of current to the KCL:
𝑊= (3 𝑥 10−12 )(20)2 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
2
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑊 = 600 𝑥 10−12 𝐽
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣
𝐶𝑒𝑞 = (𝐶 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁 )
𝑊 = 600 𝑝𝐽 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 1
Note: Eng in the calculator can be used to adjust thee prefixes
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2 𝐶𝑒𝑞 = (𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 + ⋯ + 𝐶𝑁 )
The equivalent capacitance of N parallel-connected
2. What is the voltage across a 4.5-μF capacitor if the charge
capacitors is the sum of the individual capacitances
on one plate is 0.12 mC? How much energy is stored?
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
Solution:
The equivalent capacitance of series-connected capacitors
Solving Voltage
is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual
From the formula of charge
capacitances.
𝑞 = 𝑐𝑣
𝑞
𝑣=
𝑐

0.12𝑥10−3
𝑣=
4.5 𝑥 10−6

𝑣 = 26.6667 𝑉
Solving Energy Stored
1
𝑊 = 𝐶𝑣 2
2
1
𝑊= (4.5 𝑥10−6 )(26.6667)2 KVL= the summation of voltages around the loop is equal to 0
2
𝑣 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣2 + 𝑣3 + ⋯ + 𝑣𝑛
𝑊 = 1.6 𝑥 10−3 𝐽
Where the formula of voltage is:
1 𝑡
𝑊 = 1.6 𝑚𝐽 𝑣(𝑡) = ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣(𝑡0 )
𝑐 𝑡0
PRACTICE PROBLEM 3
Substitute the value of voltage to the formula of KVL:
3. The voltage across a 5-μF capacitor is v(t) = 10 cos 6000t 1 𝑡
V. Calculate the current through it. 𝑣(𝑘) = ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑘(𝑡0 )
Solution: 𝑐 𝑡0
Solving current:
1 𝑡
𝑑𝑣 ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣(𝑡0 )
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑡0
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 1 𝑡
= ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣1 (𝑡0 )
𝑑𝑣 𝐶1 𝑡0
𝑖(𝑡) = 5𝑥 10−6 10 cos 6000𝑡 1 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 + ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣2 (𝑡0 ) + ⋯
𝐶2 𝑡0
𝑖(𝑡) = 5𝑥 10−6 (10) −sin 6000𝑡 (6000) 1 𝑡
+ ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑁 (𝑡0 )
𝐶𝑁 𝑡0
𝑖(𝑡) = −0.3 sin 6000𝑡 𝐴
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL
1 𝑡
∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣(𝑡0 )
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝑡0
𝑡
1 1 1
=( + + ⋯+ ) ∫ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣1 (𝑡0 )
𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁 𝑡0
+ 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣2 (𝑡0 ) + ⋯ + 𝑖(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑣𝑁 (𝑡0 )

1 1 1 1
=( + + ⋯+ )
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶𝑁
Two capacitors in Series:
KCL= the summation of current entering the node is equal to the 1 1 1
= +
current leaving the node, therefore 𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶2 𝐶1
𝑖 = 𝑖1 + 𝑖2 + 𝑖3 + ⋯ + 𝑖𝑁
𝐶1 (𝐶2 )
Then, the current formula is 𝐶𝑒𝑞 =
𝐶1 + 𝐶2
𝑑𝑣 PRACTICE PROBLEM
𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 8

PRACTICE PROBLEM 1
1. Find the equivalent capacitance seen between terminals a
and b of the circuit in Figure below:

Solution:
Series:
5(20)
5 + 20

= 4𝜇𝐹
Parallel:
4𝜇 + 6𝜇 + 20𝜇𝐹

= 30𝜇𝐹
Series

30(60)
30 + 60

= 20𝜇𝐹
PRACTICE PROBLEM 2
2. Find the equivalent capacitance seen at the terminals of the
circuit in Figure below:

Solution:
Series:
60(20)
60 + 20

= 15𝜇𝐹
Parallel:

15𝜇 + 20𝜇𝐹

= 35𝜇𝐹
Parallel:
50𝜇 + 70𝜇𝐹

= 120𝜇𝐹
Series:
35(120)
35 + 120

= 27.09𝜇𝐹

PALAYPAYON 1. POMAREJOS 2. SADSAD 3. SISON 4. TOLENTINO 5. | BIOE 2101 9