Recap arnt In Book 1, we have learnt that points A, X and B 2 A , Ax and XB with X be, We can see that the line se common point "Thinking ae a Cartesian plane, find the gradients of 4 4. Given three points AQ, i and AC. What can you S°Y ¢ F about the three ae : 2. Given that the gradients ‘of AB and BC at ou say about the points A, B and C? Class Discussion Parallel and Perpendicular Lines Work in pairs. Let us consider the following pair of lines yemx+e, max + CyLet 0 and 0, be the angles that the lines direction of the x-axis respectively. , and J, make with the positive 101, and F, ate parallel, what can we say about 4, and 0 meee What can we say about the gradients of these 2 lines? Gi) thm 1, what can we say about /, and I? Let the lines J, and /, intersect and form right angles at P. They intersect the x-axis at Q and R respectively. If ZPOR = a, then tan a = m5 if ZPRX = B, then tan 6 = m,, Let PS be perpendicular to the x-axis, then ZSPR = a. (Consider APQS. Since m, = tan a, write down an expression for ‘m, in terms of the lengths Gi) Consider APRS. Since m, = tan B, write down an expression for ‘m, in terms of the lengths. 1 ™m Gii) If, and /, are perpendicular, what can we say about m, and m2 Hence, show that m, iv). lf myn, ==1, what can we say about 1, and Iz From the Class Discussion, we observe that for two lines 4, and 1, (i) If is parallel to 1, then their gradients are the same. Gi) IF, is perpendicular to 1, then the product of their gradients isWorked E le The coordinates of 4 points are OC, 0), AQ, , BC, 9) ampre and C(3k, 2k + 7). Find the value(s) of k if (a) the points 0, A and B are collinear, (b) OA is parallel to BC. Solution: (a) If 0, Aand Bare collinear, they lie on the same straight line, i.e. gradient of OA = gradient of OB. k-0_ 9 ee oie be Waren 2K = 18 Bad k=33 (b) OA is parallel to BC, i.e. gradient of OA = gradient of BC. 2k+7-9 ‘3k - 2k 2 (simplify both expressions before cross-multiplying) The coordinates of 4 points are AQ, 9), BK + 1, k +4), C2k, k+3) and Eeertice BDU D(2k +2, k-+ 6). Find the value(s) of & if 04a), 12 {a) the points 4, B and C are collinear, (b) AB is parallel to CD.sacked ; vorke 9 The vertices of AARC are raphe are AG, —5), B-2, \yand C(10, k). Find the value of kif ZABC = 90" colution: Son pc 200" gradient of AB x gradient of HC since C110, EF PE Discussion Peet Perpendicular Lines Can you use Pythagoras’ et 1, -2) and (2, 1). Find the value of k if Theorem to verify your answer to Worked Example 9% The vertices of AABC are A(O, 1), BI! 10), 13, ZABC = 90°. qus® a Exercise 6D Questions 2, 4, 6-8,(Application of Pan » quadrilateral ANC 15 A le the poinl Exampl respectively. of AB is to AB, find SCG, I) () the coordinates of A and of D, ii) the equation of BC, (iiythe length of CD. Solution: @) AtA,x=0, i. 2.400, 4) Let D be the point (4, 0) Gradient of AB =2.-> Gradient of AD = =20)+4=4, Ai) Gradient of BC= Gradient of aD = —4 Equation of BCis y—11= dee-16) vex =38 (iii) Length of CD = J(6-8) + (1-07 = VI85 = 13.6 units The figure shows a trapezium ABCD in which AB is Parallel to DC and HC is perpendicular to both Aitand ays, yy) DC. The coordinates of A, B and Dare (4,2), (16, 8) and . (5, 10) respectively. Find the equation of DC and of BC, / [| non Aa, ee lel and Perpendicular tines) in which sure shows @ ¢ Worked 10 The figure and D lie on the y-axis and rays sig the point (16, 11) and the equation, ay 44, IFAD and BC are perpendiculay > Length ofa fine seam Frereise 60 Question M6sant from R(-2, 4) and (6, twice its y-coordinate- 9. A point P is equid and its x-coordinate (i) Find the coordinates of P. Oa rar i) Hence, determine whether P, R and S$ are collinear, showing your working clearly- x(a line perpendicular to () y=-346 10, The coordinates of3 points are A(-1, 6), B=?) and Clk, 6). Find the value of kif dinates of 4 points are 00, 0), A, 38), @) A, Band C are collineat, The mT (10k, 7). Find the value(s) of kif (b) AB is perpendicular to AC. gat "0, Aand Bare collinear, (a the Peal 10 BC: 11. The coordinates of three points are A(-1, -3), moan B(2, 3) and C(6, &). AB is perpendicular to BC, find sre condinats of3 points are AC 1), BI, 4 and @ thevalueofk, Gi) the gradient of AC. 6.8. Find the value of k if AB is perpendicular wo BC Nee 12, Determine whether the 4 points (2, 1), (-1,-5), (1,5) and (-2, -1) are the vertices of a parallelogram, find the equation of the line passing through showing your working clearly. the point : (a) (2, §) and parallel to the line 3y + 7x =29, 13. Determine whether the 4 points (5, 8), (7, 5), 3, 5) {t) (-1, -6) and perpendicular to the line and (5, 2) are the vertices of a rhombus, showing We-Ty= your working clearly. (© G,8)and parallel to the line 3x +y (@ 2,-3)and perpendicular to the lin 7, s42r213, 14 The coordinates of three points are A(-1, -6), BG, 12) and C(k, 6). Find the value(s) of kif 6, The vertices of AABC are A(-1, -3), B(2, 3) and (a) A, Band C are collinear, = Ck+5,8). Find the value of & if AB is perpendicular (b) AB is perpendicular to AC, nae (©) BC is perpendicular to AC. ates of the vertices of a triangle ABC 2. Stowthat A-1,3), (6, 8)and RUL, Larethe vertices 15+ The coo of an isosceles triangle. Determine whether ZPOR are A(1, 2), B(6, 7) and C(7, 2). Find the equations isaright angle, showing your working clearly. of the perpendicular bisectors of (a) AB, (b) BC. Given that A is the point (0, 4) and B is (6, 6), find 1) the point C on the x-axis such that AB = BC, {i thepoint D on the y-axis such that ZABD = 90° SXfoRp Coordinate16. The coordinates 5 of a square are A(4, 0), B(-3, C(-2, 8) 1), C-2, \(4, 0), BI-3, dinates of the vertices of a square a inate: ‘ol he and DiS, 7), ent joining t i ma the gradient of the line segment j Be ee chettia at ees 3,1), explain why AB = ven that B is the point (3, | : Zane o, showing Se ee ees Gil) Hence, or otherwise, calculate the area o points AC, 0) and Gradient WAG, »,) and B(x, 9,) are two points on a line, then gradient of AB is Length The length of any line segment AB, where! the coordinates of the points A and a aFe (ty 9) and (x, y,) respectively is Ve-a GF ae Sui SH} Equation of an The equation o the point (0, oO. AW, ¢) oblique line fa straight line p, and with gradient Equation of a verti ical line he equation of a Straight line th ats Paral y “Y-axis and which passes through the Poin @ Nise =aq S Bradient is undetine|, B(-3, 1), Cl-2, 8) y ' quare are AC4, 0), C2, 8) as 16. The coordinates of the vertices of a and DS, 7). : sin (i) Find the gradient of the line segmet C(-2, 8). : i (ii) Given that B is the poin a ZABC = 90" showing your working leat net ii) Hence, or otherwise, calculate the area joining the points A(4, 0) and 4 (23, 0), explain why AB = BC and that | B-3, 1) Ag 1 Gradient 4 WAG, y) and Bey line, then gradient of AB i Length The length of any line segment AB, where the coordinates of the points A and B| be ¢ and (xy, y,) respectively is ‘ay ME Gy) an ») resp pO were 2 y | + gn | Equation of an oblique tine The equation ofa straight line passing through the point (0, ¢)and with gradient m is y= mxte, eae Equation of a horizontal line The equation of ast. the x-axis and whi (a, by is y aight line that is parallel to ch passes through the point, + Ithas a gradient of 0, Equation of a vertical tine The equation of a str the y-axis (a, big acai —[hiisxs For two lines f, and / ight line thatis parallel to| 2nd which passes through the point Ea. Its gra und ined. ¥ gradients are the same, tol, then the Product ac