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Lecture Part 7 - Biostat

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing for population means, discussing both parametric and nonparametric tests. It describes how to assess whether data follows a normal distribution graphically or numerically, and how to formulate hypotheses and conduct one-sample z-tests and t-tests for both large and small sample sizes with both known and unknown population standard deviations. Examples are provided to illustrate hypothesis testing using the one-sample sign test for non-normal data.

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435 views71 pages

Lecture Part 7 - Biostat

The document provides an overview of hypothesis testing for population means, discussing both parametric and nonparametric tests. It describes how to assess whether data follows a normal distribution graphically or numerically, and how to formulate hypotheses and conduct one-sample z-tests and t-tests for both large and small sample sizes with both known and unknown population standard deviations. Examples are provided to illustrate hypothesis testing using the one-sample sign test for non-normal data.

Uploaded by

hatdog adada
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MODULE 7:

OBJECTIVES:
After successful completion of this module, you should be
able to:
✦ Assess and test if the data follows a normal distribution.

✦ Know when to use parametric and nonparametric


statistics.
✦ Formulates the appropriate null and alternative
hypotheses on a population mean.
✦ Draws conclusion about the population mean based on the
p-value.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines


College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Testing Normality of the Data
To determine if the data is follows a normality
distribution, we can use the graphical or
numerical method.
Graphical:
Normal Q-Q Plot
Histogram
Numerical:
Shapiro Wilk Test
Kolmogorov Smirnov Test
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
No data will ever be exactly/perfectly normally
distributed in reality. If so, how do we know
whether or not a collected data set is normally
distributed?
We can begin with a visual display of the data in a
histogram to see if the data set is normally
distributed. However, a visual check, alone, may not
be suf

Polytechnic University of the Philippines


College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Ha : μ > μo

μ0 ed value of the population mean.


fi
One Sample z - Test
Case 1: Testing means of a normal
population with known σ
If σ is known and n ≥ 30, use the z-test.
Test Statistic:
x̄ − μo
z= σ

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
One Sample z - Test
Case 2: Large sample tests for means
with unknown σ
If σ is unknown and n ≥ 30, use the z-test but replace
by s, that is,
Test Statistic:
x̄ − μo
z= s

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
One Sample z - Test
Case 3: Small sample tests for means
with known σ
If σ is known and n < 30, use the z-test but replace
by s, that is,
Test Statistic:
x̄ − μo
z= σ

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
One Sample t - Test
Case 4: Small sample tests for means
with unknown σ
If σ is unknown and n < 30, use the t-test and
replace σ by s, that is,
Test Statistic: x̄ − μo
t= s

n
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Take Note !
Population Standard
Sample Size Distribution
Deviation
Normal
Case 1: Known n ≥ 30 Distribution
Normal
Case 2: Unknown n ≥ 30 Distribution
Normal
Case 3: Known n < 30 Distribution
t-
Case 4: Unknown n < 30 Distribution

Polytechnic University of the Philippines


College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Assumptions
1. Your variable should be measured at
the interval or ratio level (i.e., they are
quantitative).
2. There should be no signi cant
outliers.
3. The population from which the data is
sampled is normally distributed.
Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
fi
One Sample Sign Test

It is a nonparametric equivalent of tests


regarding a single population mean. It
makes inferences regarding the median,
rather than the mean.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines


College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Hypotheses
Two-Tailed Left-Tailed Right-Tailed

Ho : η = ηo Ho : η = ηo Ho : η = ηo
Ha : η ≠ ηo Ha : η < ηo Ha : η > ηo

Note: η0 is a speci ed value of the population mean.


Polytechnic University of the Philippines
College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
fi
Assumption
Your variable should be measured
at least ordinal.

Polytechnic University of the Philippines


College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics
Example 1:
Suppose that the teacher of a school claims
that the average weight of student
population greater than from 130 lb. and we
desire to test the truth of this claim. We have
a random sample of 15 students of the school
weights from student population. Use a 0.10
level of signi

Polytechnic University of the Philippines


College of Science
Department of Mathematics and Statistics

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