International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 226 (2023) 72–76

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International Journal of Biological Macromolecules

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/ijbiomac

Gummies candy enriched with Konjac glucomannan reduces hunger

intensity and waist circumference of overweight individuals
Ana Carolina Santos Fernandes , Luana Muxfeldt , Neli Gehlen Motta , Calinca Skonieski ,
Karina Raquel Fagundes , Gabriela Sandri , Daniel Barbosa de Chaves , Gabriela Suthovski ,
André Lazarin Gallina , Stífani Machado Araujo , Dalila Moter Benvegnú *
Laboratório de Bioquímica – Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul – UFFS, Campus Realeza, Realeza, PR, Brazil

A R T I C L E I N F O A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a herbal medicine with benefits in appetite control, body weight and biochemical
Glucomannan parameters in overweight individuals. The objective of our work was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of
Phytotherapy gummy candy enriched with KGM on appetite, to evaluate anthropometric data, biochemical and oxidative stress
Obesity
markers in overweight individuals. Forty-two participants aged 18 to 45 years completed our randomized,
double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to consume for fourteen
days, 2 candies per day, containing 250 mg of KGM or identical-looking placebo candy with 250 mg of flaxseed
meal, shortly after breakfast and dinner. As a result, we observed that there was a reduction in waist circum­
ference and in the intensity of hunger/satisfaction of the participants who consumed KGM for fourteen days, and
we believe that a longer consumption time as well as an increase dose of KGM contribute to even more satis­
factory body results.

1. Introduction “vegetable” and Therapeia, which means “therapy”), emerges as an

alternative, which can be an adjunct in the weight loss process, in
Obesity is a chronic, relapsing and multifactorial disease, as defined addition to having low cost and few side effects, are factors that make
by the International Classification of Disease (ICD) [1,2]. The number of herbal medicines increasingly popular [7].
overweight people increases every year, the projection is that, by 2030, Phytotherapics used for weight loss act in the body as appetite
we will have 1 billion people with obesity around the world, and in moderators or metabolism accelerators, promoting a reduction in food
Brazil, 33 % of women and 26 % of men will be considered obese [3]. intake, decreasing serum cholesterol levels, in addition to antioxidant,
Obesity is the central and causal component of the metabolic syn­ diuretic and lipolytic action [7]. Such effects are also described in
drome (i.e., the coexistence of several risk factors for atherosclerosis, studies that used the phytotherapic Konjac glucomannan.
including hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, and hypertension in the same Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a hydrocolloidal dietary fiber poly­
individual) is a growing medical problem in industrialized countries [4]. saccharide isolated from the tubers of Amorphophallus konjac. Consid­
With this excess body fat accumulated, there is an increase in the pro­ ered a herbal medicine in recent decades, purified KGM has been offered
duction of reactive oxygen species leading to increased oxidative stress as a dietary supplement and food additive since 1994 with its use
in the blood, dangerously affecting other organs, including the liver, approved by the US Food and Drug Administration, due to its water
skeletal muscle and aorta [5]. Thus contributing to the development of soluble, good stability, and thick gum formation. and viscous used in
non-communicable diseases (NCDs), such as diabetes, heart disease, many countries [8,9]. The main health benefits described from the use of
cancer, among others [6]. KGM include reducing triglycerides, cholesterol, blood glucose, blood
As described, obesity is a growing public health problem, and studies pressure and body weight, promoting intestinal activity and immune-
have been carried out with the objective of evaluating strategies that enhancing function in humans [10–13]. It also has effects on satiety,
help in weight control and loss, thus phytotherapy (Phyton, which means as it is able to induce a feeling of fullness, with reduced food intake by

* Corresponding author at: Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul – UFFS, Campus Realeza/PR, Avenida Edmundo Gaievski, 1000, Rodovia BR 182, Realeza, PR
85770-000, Brazil
E-mail address: dalilabenvegnu@yahoo.com.br (D.M. Benvegnú).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.232
Received 20 July 2022; Received in revised form 17 November 2022; Accepted 22 November 2022
Available online 24 November 2022
0141-8130/© 2022 Published by Elsevier B.V.
A.C.S. Fernandes et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 226 (2023) 72–76

received candies enriched with KGM) and the PG Group (which received
candies enriched with golden flaxseed meal, considered a placebo
group). Participants were randomly divided into each group and were
instructed to use 2 candies/day, one after breakfast and one after dinner,
followed by drinking a glass of water to contribute to the formation of
viscous gel (gum) in the gastrointestinal tract, which commonly occurs
when consuming this type of fiber. Participants were instructed to
maintain their usual patterns of consumption and physical activity.

2.5. Data collection

Each individual answered three types of questionnaires: the first

(about the health status of the participants and their regular hunger
intensities) before the consumption of sweets; the second (time of gum
consumption, as well as adverse effects, intensity of hunger and amount
of food consumed at meals) was used daily until the end of the 14-day
experimental period, and the third questionnaire was applied on the
14th day (effects of bullet on appetite and sensory aspects) after the end
of the experimental period. In this same day that the candies left over
were counted, in order to verify the adherence to the study.

2.6. Collection of anthropometric data

Fig. 1. Produced gummy candies.
During the anthropometric evaluation, the participants’ weight,
activating the hormone leptin [14]. height and waist circumference were measured according to the
Therefore, the objective of this study was to show the importance of methods described by Mussoi, [15]. To measure body weight, a properly
herbal medicine by evaluating the effect of the consumption of gummies calibrated scale was used, with a platform with a maximum capacity of
formulated with the addition of KGM on appetite, and to evaluate 200 kg, the participants were instructed to be barefoot, without acces­
anthropometric data, biochemical and oxidative stress markers in sories and with light clothes, they were positioned standing in the center
overweight individuals. of the scale, with the weight distributed equally on both feet. The
measurement was measured and recorded accurately.
2. Materials and methods A stadiometer was used to measure height. Participants were
instructed to be barefoot, without any headgear that would allow them
2.1. Type of study to change the height measurement, so they were asked to remain in an
anatomical position with the calf, buttocks, shoulders and head touching
The present study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo- the wall or vertical surface of the stadiometer, whenever possible. With
controlled clinical trial. the face facing forward, in the Frankfurt Plan, the support was posi­
tioned over the head, in such a way that only the hair is pressed. The
2.2. Characteristics of the study sample measurement was taken to the nearest centimeter.
Finally, to measure waist circumference, a 150 cm inelastic tape
Study participants were recruited through social networks. To measure was used. The participants were positioned in an anatomical
participate in the study, all respondents signed an informed consent position, and the measurement was taken at the midpoint between the
form, declaring that they accept to participate in the research. Forty-two iliac crest and the edge of the last rib, where the reading was taken at the
overweight individuals, between 18 and 45 years old and without pa­ moment of expiration.
thologies, who did not use drugs of the phenobarbital group, or licit and/
or illicit drugs, and non-pregnant women participated in the study [15]. 2.7. Procedure for blood collection
This work was developed with the approval of the Research Ethics
Committee of the Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul, under the For the collection of blood from the participants, the following ma­
number 88518618.1.0000.5564. terials were used: 10 ml syringe with 40/12 needle, cotton for
compression at the venipuncture site, tourniquet, occlusive dressing,
2.3. Production of KGM-enriched gummy candies alcohol swab for antisepsis of the collection site, procedure gloves,
styrofoam support, styrofoam and thermal box. The collection kit con­
Different gummy candies with added KGM or PG (Fig. 1), 1.40 g of sisted of the following materials: three tubes containing ethylenedi­
colorless gelatin, 11.57 ml of distilled water, 1.58 ml of saccharin amine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), two tubes of serum gel. The biological
sweetener and 0.006 g of methylparaben (Nipagin®) were used. The material was centrifuged for 15 min at 3400 rpm and the supernatant
ingredients were weighed, homogenized and heated at approximately was collected and reserved for biochemical analysis.
45 ◦ C for 30 s. Then 250 mg of KGM powder were added and mixed until
a homogeneous mixture was obtained. For candies in the placebo group, 2.8. Biochemical analyses
250 mg of golden flaxseed meal were added, as a replacement for the
KGM. Both were weighed on a precision balance for later addition in the The measurements of glucose, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides
form of acetate until drying. Each bullet weighed an average of 7.5 g. (TG) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) were performed in triplicate
2.4. Study design and analyzed in triplicate. According to the enzymatic colorimetric
method (Trinder), using specific kits (Gold Análise Diagnóstico Ltda ®,
Study participants were divided into two groups: KGM Group (which Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil), following the manufacturer’s instructions.

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A.C.S. Fernandes et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 226 (2023) 72–76

60 appetite intensity, we identified that after fourteen days of consumption

47,6%
42,8% of sweets, the KGM group started to report reduced hunger intensity,
50
33,3% 38,1% KGM while the PG group maintained hunger with moderate intensity
40 PG (Table 2).
30 Regarding the tests to assess glycemic levels and lipid profile, as well
20 14,2% as oxidative stress markers, no significant differences were found be­
9,5%
4,5%
9,5%
tween and within the groups (Table 3).
10
Regarding the adverse effects that the bullets could cause, the vast
0 majority of participants described the absence of adverse symptoms
Overweight Obesity I Obesity II Obesity III during the experimental period. Regarding the final consumption of the
28 gummies provided, only 57.15 % of the KGM group and 47.62 % of
Fig. 2. Nutritional status of individuals.
the PG group consumed the proposal (Fig. 3).

2.9. Analysis of oxidative stress parameters

4. Discussion

Lipid peroxidation levels were measured according to the method

The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of
proposed by Ohkawa et al. [16], with the measurement of the produc­
gummy candy containing KGM on appetite/intensity of hunger, as well
tion of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). Reduced
as to measure anthropometric data, biochemical markers and oxidative
glutathione (GSH), the main endogenous antioxidant in living organ­
stress in overweight individuals who maintained habitual consumption
isms, was quantified by the technique proposed by Ellman [17]. The
and physical activity.
non-protein thiol (PNSH) content was determined after deproteinization
In their study by Maia-Landim et al. [13] reported that there was a
of the sample and the result was evaluated according to Ellman, [17]. To
reduction in the body weight of individuals after having consumed 1 g/
determine vitamin C levels, the method described by Galley et al. [18].
day of KGM for three months. When evaluating the body weight of our
participants, no differences were identified between the body weights of
2.10. Statistical analysis the KGM and PG groups, we credit this fact to the short period of con­
sumption of only fourteen days of KGM.
Statistical analysis was performed using the Statistical Analysis Keithley et al. [19] demonstrated that KGM did not significantly
Software SPSS, version 12.0, and data were analyzed between and decrease the BMI of the analyzed subjects, after eight weeks of con­
within groups, before and after the experimental period. Initially, sumption of 1.33 g of glucomannan, after breakfast, lunch and dinner.
descriptive statistics were performed, where the data were expressed in Corroborating with our results where the individuals remained with the
the format “mean ± standard deviation of the mean”. Student’s paired t- same BMI classification.
test was used for continuous variables, while Pearson’s chi-square test According to the World Health Organization, the WC classification so
was used for non-continuous variables. The significance level adopted that there is no risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases for
was p < 0.05. men should not exceed 102 cm and women 88 cm. In their work Kardum
et al. [20] reported a decrease in total body fat concentration, as well as
3. Results a reduction in WC in subjects who consumed an aronia juice supplement
enriched with KGM for 4 weeks. In our results, we observed a reduction
Forty-two participants between the ages of 18 and 45 completed the in WC in women who consumed the gummy candy enriched with KGM
study, all female. Regarding acceptability, the candies composed of KGM for fourteen days, thus providing protection against the development of
or golden flaxseed flour had good acceptability, without statistically cardiovascular diseases.
differing from each other. Of the forty-two participants, 21 of these As for appetite, most individuals in the KGM group reported reduced
randomly composed the KGM group and had a mean age between 28 ± hunger after the fourteen days experimental period, according to Au-
6.83 years and another 21 participants composed the PG group and were Yeung et al. [21] and Ferraz [22] corroborating the findings in our
aged between 30 ± 8.71 years.
When evaluating the classification of nutritional status, we identified Table 2
that there were no statistical differences between the body weights of Appetite intensity/Hunger of the participants.
the groups. The body mass index (BMI) values obtained from the par­ Hunger KGM (n = 21) PG (n = 21)
ticipants were included in the range of values corresponding to the
Day 0 Day 15 Day 0 Day 15
nutritional status of overweight and obesity (Fig. 2; Table 1).
In our results we evaluated the values of waist circumference (WC) of Little 9.52 % 52.63 % 0.00 % 28.57 %
Moderate 66.67 % 47.37 % 61.90 % 71.43 %
the participants of the KGM group, they had a significant reduction of Much 23.81 % 0.00 % 38.10 % 0.00 %
the WC, after the fourteen days of consumption of the candy. However, P 0.001 0.000
no significant changes were observed in WC values between groups
Legend: The results are described as standard deviation of the mean. KGM
(KGM x PG) (Table 1).
(Konjac glucomannan);PG (placebo group).
When we evaluated the questionnaires with reports of hunger/

Table 1
Anthropometric measurements of the participants.
KGM (n = 21) PG (n = 21) KGMxPG

Day 0 Day 15 p Day 0 Day 15 p p

Weight (Kg) 80.11 ± 13.46 80.05 ± 13.66 0.709 83.08 ± 12.90 82.83 ± 12.71 0.187 0.538
BMI (Kg/m2) 29,41 ± 7,68 30,52 ± 4,46 0.351 32,39 ± 5,36 32,21 ± 5,40 0.370 0.318
WC (cm) 83.60 ± 15.95 79.60 ± 15.36 0.014 100.67 ± 22.50 101.67 ± 22.28 0.762 0.049

Legend: The results are represented as mean ± standard deviation of the mean. KGM (Konjac glucomannan); PG (placebo group); BMI (body mass index); WC (waist
circumference).

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A.C.S. Fernandes et al. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 226 (2023) 72–76

Table 3
Biochemical and oxidative stress biomarkers of the participants.
KGM (n = 21) PG (n = 21) KGMxPG

Day 0 Day 15 p Day 0 Day 15 p p

Glucose (mg/dL) 92.99 ± 10.58 88.38 ± 10.85 0.098 92.23 ± 8.34 91.80 ± 8.99 0.843 0.272
Triglycerides (mg/dL) 168.51 ± 21.96 172.41 ± 23.36 0.381 169.66 ± 20.67 169.41 ± 26.03 0.960 0.672
Cholesterol (mg/dL) 192.21 ± 22.26 183.03 ± 19.96 0.068 202.74 ± 18.62 191.32 ± 23.79 0.055 0.256
HDL (mg/dL) 39.08 ± 3.89 39.75 ± 3.51 0.744 40.73 ± 3.15 40.24 ± 4.47 0.736 0.115
LDL (mg/dL) 119.76 ± 21.92 109.80 ± 17.75 0.079 128.06 ± 20.95 117.14 ± 26.35 0.107 0.308
VLDL (mg/dL) 33.70 ± 4.39 34.48 ± 4.67 0.381 33.93 ± 4.13 42.26 ± 20.31 0.085 0.080
TBARS (μmol/mL) 9.31 ± 6.0 6.42 ± 3.35 0.487 8.23 ± 4.77 7.67 ± 4.48 0.562 0.508
GSH (μmol/mL) 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.1 0.489 0.4 ± 0.1 0.4 ± 0.2 0.562 0.770
NPSH (μmol/mL) 0.3 ± 0.0 0.2 ± 0.0 0.303 0.3 ± 0.0 0.3 ± 0.0 0.951 0.639
Vitamin C (μmol/mL) 30.46 ± 17.88 29.30 ± 15.48 0.735 35.11 ± 15.34 34.13 ± 18.91 0.796 0.172

Legend: The results are shown as mean ± standard deviation of the mean. KGM (Konjac glucomannan); PG (placebo group); HDL (high-density lipoprotein); LDL (low-
density lipoprotein); VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein); TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances); GSH (Reduced glutathione); NPSH (non-protein thiol).

Authorship statement
10 9.43
9.1
8.48 8.71
9
7.86
8.29 8.24 8.1 I declare that the aforementioned authors collaborated with the
8
study methodology in all its stages and that the first author carried out
the practical and theoretical part of the research in question.
7
6

Declaration of conflict of interest

5 KGM Candy
4 Placebo Candy
3
2
The authors declare no conflict of interest. There is a patent appli­
1
cation related to the present study.
0
Flavor Color Texture Overall CRediT authorship contribution statement
Appearance

Fig. 3. Evaluation of sensory aspects of the gummy candy containing 250 mg of Ana Carolina Santos Fernandes: Conceptualization, Methodology,
KGM or 250 mg of placebo (PG) by the overweight individuals after consuming Investigation, Resources, Writing – original draft. Luana Muxfeldt:
2 units of candy/day over a period of 14 days. KGM: Konjac glucomannan. Investigation, Visualization. Neli Gehlen Motta: Investigation, Visual­
ization. Calinca Skonieski: Investigation, Visualization. Karina
study. Raquel Fagundes: Investigation, Visualization. Gabriela Sandri:
In terms of the lipid and glycemic profile of the participants of our Investigation, Resources, Visualization. Daniel Barbosa de Chaves:
study, the relationship of change was not observed, as also evidenced in Investigation, Visualization. Gabriela Suthovski: Validation, Formal
the study of Keithley et al., [19], a total of 53 participants (18–65 years analysis, Resources, Data curation, Supervision. André Lazarin Gal­
of age; BMI 25–35 kg/m2) were recruited and randomized. Participants lina: Validation, Data curation, Writing – review & editing. Stífani
were randomly selected to consume 1.33 g of KGM capsules or placebo Machado Araujo: Visualization, Supervision, Writing – review & edit­
for 8 weeks, the supplements were well tolerated but did not promote ing. Dalila Moter Benvegnú: Conceptualization, Methodology, Vali­
weight loss or significantly alter body composition, hunger/satisfaction, dation, Project administration, Supervision, Writing – review & editing.
or lipid and glucose parameters.
Finally, few participants had adverse symptoms after consumption of Data availability
the candies, corroborating previous studies [15,23]. Furthermore,
apparently there was no bias caused by participants’ behavior. However, Data will be made available on request.
it is important to point the limitation of our study, such as a small size
sample, low dose of KGM and short time of gummy candy consumption. Acknowledgements
We conclude that after fourteen days of consumption of the KGM-
enriched gummy candy, there was a significant reduction in the WC of We thank nurse Iria, nursing technician Márcia, Tainara Ferronato
the participants, as well as a reduction in the intensity of hunger, thus (translator), and Rádio Clube do Município de Realeza for their support
preventing the development of cardiovascular diseases and aggravation and services during the execution of this study.
in cases of overweight and obesity found. It is also worth mentioning
that the KGM form of administration in gummy candy is innovative and References
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