ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

TOPICS

1. FUNCTION
2. QUADRATIC EQUATION
3. QUADRATIC FUNCTION
4. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
5. INDICES AND LOGARITHM
6. COORDINATE GEOMETRY
7. DIFFERENTIATION
8. PROGRESSION
9. LINEAR LAW
10. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION
11. PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION
12. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
13. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE
14. INDEX NUMBER

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

1. FUNCTION

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES AND EXAMPLES

Arrow Diagram Set of ordered pairs

f P = { 1, 2, 3}
x 3x Q = {2, 4, 6, 7, 10}
1 3
2 6 the relation between P and Q is defined by the set
3 9 of ordered pairs {(1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 7), (3, 10)}.
12
• the image of 1 = 4 and 6
• the object of 4 = 1
• domain = {1, 2, 3}
• domain = {1, 2, 3}
• codomain = {3, 6, 9, 12}
• codomain = {2, 4, 6, 7, 10}
• range = {3, 6, 9}
• range = {4, 6, 7, 10}
• 1 is object of 3, 2 is object of 6,
• type of relation = one to many
• 3 is image of 1, 6 is image of 2
• Type of relation = one to one
Graph

Set Y
s • the image of 2 = p and r
●
• the object of s = 3
r ● • domain = {1, 2, 3}
q • codomain = { p, q, r, s }
• range = { p, r, s }
p ● ● p● • type of relation = many to many
Set X
1 2 3

EXAMPLE EXAMPLE
1. Given the function f : x ® 2 x +1, 6 4
2. Given the function h : x ® , x¹ ,
find (i) f (3) (ii) f (-4) 3x - 4 3
find h (2).
Answer : f(x) = 2 x + 1
6
Answer : h ( x) =
(i) f (3) = 2(3) + 1 3x - 4
= 6+1
6
= 7 h (2) =
3( 2) - 4
(ii) f (-4) = 2(-4) + 1
6
= -8 + 1 =
= -7 2
= 3
3. Given f : x ® 3x -1, 4. Given f : x ® x - 2 ,
find the value of x if f(x) = 5. find the value of x if f(x) = 6.
Answer : f (x) = 5 Answer : f (x) = ± 6
3x – 1 = 5 x – 2 = 6, x – 2 = -6
3x = 6 x = 8 x = -4
\ x = 2

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 COMPOSITE FUNCTION

f g

x y z

gf

EXAMPLE 1 : EXAMPLE 2 :
Given f : x ® 3x - 4 and g : x ® 2 x , Given f : x ® 3 - 2 x and g : x ® x 2 ,
find fg(3). find gf(4).
Answer : Answer :
fg(x) = f (2x) gf(x) = g (3 – 2x)
= 3(2x) – 4 = (3 – 2x)2
= 6x – 4 gf(4) = (3 – 2(4))2
\ fg(3) = 6(3) – 4 = (-5)2
= 14 ATAU
OR
f(x) = 3x – 4 , g(x) = 2x f(x) = 3 – 2x , g(x) = x2.

g(3) = 2(3) f(4) = 3 – 2(4)

= 6 = -5

fg(3) = f [ g(3)] gf(4) = g[f(4)]

= f (6) = g (-5)
= 3(6) – 4 = (-5)2
= 14 = 25

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 INVERSE FUNCTION

If f (x) = y, then x = f –1(y) OR if f –1(x) = y, then x = f(y)

EXAMPLE 1 EXAMPLE 2
Given that f(x) = 2x – 3 , find f -1(x). Given that g(x) = 3x + 5 , find g-1(x).

Answer : Answer :
2x – 3 = y 3x + 5 = y
2x = y + 3 3x = y – 5
y+3 y -5
x = x =
2 3
y+3 y -5
f –1(y) = g –1(y) =
2 3
x +3 x-5
\ f –1(x) = \ g –1(x) =
2 3
EXAMPLE 3 EXAMPLE 4
Given that f(x) = 8 – 5x , find f -1(x). ® 2x + 1 ,
Given that f : x x ≠ 2, find f –1(x).
2-x
Answer : Answer :
8 – 5x = y
2x + 1
– 5x = y – 8 = y
y -8 2-x
x = 2x + 1 = y(2 – x)
-5 2x + 1 = 2y – xy
y -8 2x + xy = 2y – 1
f –1(y) =
-5 x(2 + y) = 2y – 1
y -8 - y +8 8- y 2 y -1
\ f –1(x) = // // x =
-5 5 5 2+ y
2 y -1
f –1(y) =
2+ y
2x -1
\ f –1(x) =
2+ x

FIND THE VALUE OF f –1 (a) WHEN GIVEN f(x)

Example : Given that f : x ® 2x + 1, find the value of f –1(7).

METHOD 1 [ Find f –1 first] METHOD 2 [without find f –1(x)]

f(x) = 2x + 1 f(x) = 2x + 1
x -1 2x + 1 = 7
f –1(x) =
2 2x = 6
7 -1 x =3 \ f –1(7) = 3
f –1(7) = = 3
2
( If you are not asked to find f –1( x ) but only want to have the value of f –1( a ), then use Method 2 )

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 EXTRA NOTES

https://youtu.be/3D36ibo7FKE

https://youtu.be/RrYIvD-uFOw

https://youtu.be/6HiWm9ZTW30

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 EXERCISES
1 Based on the below information, the relation between P and Q is defined by the set of ordered pairs {(1, 2),
(1, 4), (2, 6), (2, 8)}.

P = { 1, 2, 3 }
Q = { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 }
State
(a) the image of 1,
(b) the object of 2. [2 marks]

2 The diagram shows the relation between set P and set Q.

w State
d x (a) the range of the relation,
e y (b) the type of the relation.
f z [2 marks]

Set P Set Q

3 In the diagram, set B shows the images of certain elements of set A.

5
(a) State the type of relation between set A and set B.
4 25 (b) Using the function notation, write a relation between
-4 set A and set B.
16 [2 marks]
-5

Set A Set B

4 Diagram shows the relation between set X and set Y in the graph form.
s
State
r
Set Y q (a) the object of q.
p (b) the codomain of the relation. [2 marks]
2 4 6
Set X

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5 Diagram shows the relation between set X and set Y in the graph form.
Set Y
State
s (a) the relation in the form of ordered pairs,
r (b) the type of relation,
q (c) the range of the relation. [3 marks]
p
Set X
1 2 3 4

6 In the diagram shows below, the function h maps x to y and the function g maps y to z.
h g Determine
x y z
(a) h -1 (5),
5 8 (b) gh (2). [2 marks]
2

7 Diagram shows the linear function h.

x h (x)

0 1
1 2
m 4
5 6

(a) State the value of m.

(b) Using the function notation, express h in terms of x. [2 marks]

8 Given the function f (x) = x - 1 and g(x) = kx + 2, find

(a) f (5),
(b) the value of k such that gf (5) = 14. [3 marks]

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9 Given the function g : x ® 3x - 1, find
(a) g (2),
(b) the value of p when g -1 (p) = 11. [3 marks]

10 Given the function f : x ® │x - 3│, find the values of x such that f(x) = 5. [2 marks]

11 Given the function g(x) = 4x - 7 and h(x) = 2x. Find the value of gh (2). [2 marks]

12 Given the function g : x ® 2x - 3 and h : x ® 4x, find

(a) hg (x),
1
(b) the value of x if hg (x) = g (x). [4 marks]
2

13 Diagram shows the function h : x ® m - x , x ¹ 0, where m is a constant.

x
h m- x
x
x
8
1
-
2

Find the value of m. [2 marks]

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14 Given g : x ® 5x + 1 and h : x ® x2 - x + 3, find
(a) g-1 (3).
(b) hg (x). [4 marks]

15 Given the function g : x ® 5x + 2 and h : x ® x2 - 4x + 3, find

(a) g-1 (6),
(b) hg (x), [4 marks]

16 Given the function g : x ® 2x + 1 and h : x ® 3x +6, find

(a) g -1 (x),
(b) hg -1 (9), [3 marks]

17 The following information refer to the functions h and g.

h : x ® 2x - 3
g : x ® 4x - 1

Find gh-1 (x). [3 marks]

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 5
18 Given the function h-1 : x ® 4x + m and h : x ® 2kx + , where m and k are constants, find the
8
value of m and of k. [3 marks]

5
19 The function w is defined as w ( x ) = , x ¹ 2. Find
2-x
(a) w-1 (x),
(b) w-1 (4). [3 marks]

20 The following information is about the function h and the composite function h2.

h : x ® ax + b, where a and b are constants, and a > 0

h2 : x ® 36x + 35

Find the value of a and of b. [3 marks]

6
21 Given the function h (x) = , x ¹ 0 and composite function hg (x) = 3x, find
x
(a) g (x),
(b) the value of x when gh (x) = 5. [4 marks]

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 x 2
22 Given the function g : x ® x - 8 and h : x ® , x ¹ , find the value of hg(10).
3x - 2 3
[3 marks]

2
23 The inverse function h-1 is defined by h-1 : x ® , x ¹ 3. Find
3- x
(a) h (x).
(a) the value of x such that h (x) = -5. [4 marks]

24 Given that f (x) = 3x + 4 and fg (x) = 6x + 7, find

(a) fg (4),
(b) g (x). [4 marks]

25 Given that f : x ® x + 5, find

(a) f (3),
(b) the value of k such that 2 f -1 (k) = f (3). [3 marks]

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Answer

1. (a) 2 and 4 (b) 1

2. (a) {x, y} (b) banyak kepada satu
3. (a) banyak kepada satu (b) f : x ® x2 // f(x) = x2
4. (a) 2 and 6 (b) {p, q, r, s}
5. (a) {(1, p), (2, r), (3, s), (4, p)} (b) banyak kepada satu (c) {p, r, s}
6. (a) 2 (b) 8
7. (a) 3 (b) h : x ® x + 1 // h(x) = x + 1
8. (a) 4 (b) k=3
9. (a) 5 (b) p = 32
10. 8 atau -2
11. 9
3
12. 8x – 12 (b)
2
13. m = 4
2
14. (a) (b) 25x2 + 5x + 3
5
4
15. (a) (b) 25x2 – 1
5
x -1
16. (a) (b) 18
2
17. 2x + 5
5 1
18. m = - , k=
2 8
2x - 5 3
19. (a) (b)
x 4
20. a = 6, b = 5
2
21. (a) (b) 15
x
1
22.
2
3x - 2 1
23. (a) (b)
x 4
24. (a) 31 (b) 2x + 1
25. (a) 8 (b) 9

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

2. QUADRATIC EQUATION

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES AND EXAMPLES
2.1. Quadratic equations and their roots

General form : ax2 + bx + c = 0

Example : Example :

Express x(x + p) = 3x + 4 in general form and If 2 is the root of quadratic equation

state the values of a, b and c. x2 + 4kx – 12 = 0, find the value of k.

x2 + px – 3x – 4 = 0 (2)2 + 4k(2) – 12 = 0
x2 + (p – 3)x – 4 = 0 4 + 8k – 12 = 0
a = 1, b = p – 3, c = -4 8k = 8
k=1

2.2. Solving Quadratic Equations

2.2.1. Determine roots of a quadratic equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0

• Factorisation
b 2 - 4ac
- b±
• Formula : x=
2a
• Calculator : mode Þ mode Þ mode [1] Þ „[2] Þ a = ?, b = ?, c = ?, = (x1), = (x2)

Factorisation ~ Calculator Formula

Example : Example :
Solve the quadratic equation : Solve the quadratic equation :
3x2 + 5x - 2 = 0, x (2x - 5) = 2x - 1
2x2 -5x - 2x + 1 = 0
• 3x 2x2 -7x + 1 = 0
-1 -x
+ - (-7) ± (-7) 2 - 4(2)(1)
x 2 6x x =
2(2)
3x2 -2 5x
(3x - 1) (x + 2) = 0 x = 7 ± 41
4
1
x = , x = -2 x = 3.351, 0.149
3

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2.2.2. Forming quadratic equations from given roots

x2 - (SOR) x + POR = 0

▪ SOR (sum of roots) = a + b, POR(product of roots) = ab

b c
▪ ax2 + bx + c = 0 Þ SOR = - and POR =
a a

Example : Example :

Form a quadratic equation whose roots Given a and b are the roots for the quadratic
1 equation 2x2 + 3x + 4 = 0, find the quadratic
are - and 6.
2 equation whose roots are 2a and 2b.

1 11 3 4
SOR : - +6 = a+b =- , ab = =2
2 2 2 2
1 For the roots 2a and 2b,
POR : - ´ 6 = -3
2 SOR = 2a + 2 b POR = 2a ( 2 b )
= 2 (a + b) = 4ab
x2 - æç ö÷ x + (-3) = 0
11
= 2æç - ö÷
3
è2ø = 4(2)
è 2ø
2x2 - 11 x - 6 = 0 = -3 = 8

x2 - (- 3) x + (8) = 0
x2 + 3x + 8 = 0

2.3 Types of roots of quadratic equations

Two different roots Two equal roots No roots

b2 - 4ac > 0 b2 - 4ac = 0 b2 - 4ac < 0
Intersects the x-axis at
Tangen Does not touch x-axis
two different points

Example 1 : Example 2 :
hx2 + kx + 3 = 0 has equal roots, Given (x - 1)(x - 2) = k has two different roots.
express h in term of k. Find the range of value of k.

• b2 - 4ac = 0 x2 – 3x + 2 – k = 0
k2 - 4 (h) (3) = 0
b2 - 4ac > 0
k2 - 12h = 0
(-3) - 4(1)(2 – k) > 0
2
k2 = 12h
9 – 8 + 4k > 0
k2
h = 1
12 k > -
4

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 EXTRA NOTES

https://youtu.be/wfl-v9rilcc

https://youtu.be/C6ZiLheCnfM

https://youtu.be/hgML-Tb2SHY

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES

2.1. Quadratic equations and their roots

1. It is given that -1 is one of the roots of the quadratic equation x2 - 4x - p = 0. Find the value of p.
(Ans:5)[2 marks]
[SPM 2008]

2. It is given -7 is one of the roots of the quadratic equation (x + k)2 = 16, where k is a constant. Find the
values of k. (Ans : 3, 11) [2 marks]
[SPM 2015]

3. It is given that quadratic equation x (x - 5) = 4

(a) Express the equation in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(b) State the sum of roots of the equation (Ans : 5)
(c) Determine the type of roots of the equation. (Ans : two different roots)
[3 marks]
[SPM 2013]

4. Given the quadratic equation 2x2 + mx - 5 = 0, where m is a constant, find the value of m if
3
(a) one of the roots of the equation is 2, (Ans : )
2
(b) the sum of roots of the equation -4. (Ans : 8)
[4 marks]
[SPM 2014]

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2.2. Solving Quadratic equations
5. Solve the quadratic equation 2x(x - 4) = (1 - x) (x + 2).
Give your answers correct to four significant figures.
(Ans : -0.2573, 2.591) [3 marks]
[SPM 2003]

6. Solve the quadratic equation x (2x - 5) = 2x - 1. Give your answers correct to three decimal places.
(Ans : 0.149, 3.351) [3 marks]
[SPM 2005]

7. (a) Solve the following quadratic equation :

1
3x2 + 5x - 2 = 0 (Ans : , -2)
3
(b) The quadratic equation hx2 + kx + 3 = 0, where h and k are constants, has two equal roots. Express h
in terms of k.
(Ans: h = k2 ) [4 marks]
12
[SPM 2007]

1
8. Form a quadratic equation whose roots are -3 and .
2
Give your answer in the form ax2 + bx + c = 0, where a, b, and c are constants.
(Ans : 2x2 + 5x - 3 = 0) [2 marks]
[SPM 2004]

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 9. It is given that the quadratic equation 3x2 + 8x + 7 = 0 has roots a and b. Form a quadratic equation with
roots 3a and 3b.
(Ans : x2 + 8x + 21 = 0) [3 marks]
[SPM 2016]

10. It is given that 3 and m + 4 are the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + (n - 1) x + 6 = 0, where m and
n are constants. Find the values of m and of n.
(Ans : m = -2, n = -4) [3 marks]
[SPM 2012]

11. It is given that the quadratic equation hx2 - 3x + k = 0, where h and k are constants, has roots b and 2b.
Express h in terms of k.
2
(Ans : ) [3 marks]
k
[SPM 2018]

2.3 Types of roots of quadratic equations

12. The quadratic equation x(x + 1) = px - 4 has two different roots.

Find the range of values of p. (Ans: p < −3, p > 5) [3 marks]
[SPM 2003]

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 13. The straight line y = 5x - 1 does not intersect the curve y = 2x2 + x + p. Find the range of values of p.
(Ans : p > 1) [4 marks]
[SPM 2005]

14. A quadratic equation x2 + px + 9 = 2x has two equal roots. Find the possible values of p.
(Ans : −4, 8) [4 marks]
[SPM 2006]

15. The quadratic equation x2 + x = 2px - p2, where p is a constant, has two different roots. Find the range
of values of p. (Ans : p < 14 ) [3 marks]
[SPM 2009]

16. The quadratic equation (1 - p) x2 - 6x + 10 = 0, where p is a constant, has two different roots. Find the
range of values of p. (Ans : p > 1 ) [3 marks]
10
[SPM 2010]

17. The quadratic equation mx2 + (1 + 2m)x + m - 1 = 0 has two equal roots. Find the value of m.
(Ans : - 1 ) [3 marks]
8
[SPM 2011]

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 18. A quadratic equation x (x - 4) = h - 2k, where h and k are constants, has two equal roots. Express h in
terms of k. (Ans : h = 2k -4) [3 marks]
[SPM 2012]

19. Given the quadratic equation (1 - a) x2 - 2x + 5 = 0 has no roots, find the range of values of a.
(Ans : a < 4 ) [2 marks]
5
[SPM 2014]

20. (a)It is given that one of the roots of the quadratic equation x2 + (p + 3) x - p2 = 0, where p is a constant,
is negative of the other. Find the value of the product of roots.
(Ans : -9) [2 marks]
(b) It is given that the quadratic equation mx - 5nx + 4m = 0, where m and n are constants, has two
2

equal roots. Find m : n. (Ans : 5 : 4) [2 marks]

[SPM 2017]

21. It is given that the quadratic equation (px)2 + 5qx + 4 = 0 has two equl roots while the quadratic equation
hx2 - x + p = 0 has no roots, where p, q and h are constants. Express the range of q in terms of h.
(Ans : q > 1 , q < - 1 ) [3 marks]
5h 5h
[SPM 2019]

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

3. QUADRATIC FUNCTION

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

1 General Form of Quadratic Functions

f(x)=ax2 + bx + c, where a, b dan c are constants, a ≠ 0.

2 The Shape of the Graph of Quadratic Functions

3 The relations between the shapes of the graph of quadratic functions and the types of roots,
when f(x) = 0.
b 2 - 4ac > 0 b 2 - 4ac = 0 b 2 - 4ac < 0

a>0

a<0

Intercept Intercept x-axis at Intercept x-axis at Does not intercept the

x-axis two points one point x-axis
Types of
Two distinct roots Two equal roots No root
root

4 Maximum Values and Minimum Values of Quadratic Functions

f ( x) = a( x + p) 2 + q
If a > 0, If a < 0,
• Minimum value = q • Maximum value = q
• Corresponding value of x = –p • Corresponding value of x = –p
• Minimum point = (–p, q) • Maximum point = (–p, q)
• Axis of symmetry, x = –p • Axis of symmetry, x = –p

5 Quadratic Inequalities
( x - a )( x - b ) < 0 ( x - a )( x - b ) > 0

a <x<b x <a , x > b

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6. Find the maximum / minimum values, the corresponding values of x and the maximum / minimum
points by using completing the square (D2MS method)

Example 1: 1
minimum value = -
f ( x) = x + 5 x + 6
2 4
5
5 5 corresponding value of x = -
f ( x) = ( x + ) 2 + 6 - ( ) 2 2
2 2
æ 5 1ö
5 1 minimum point = ç - , - ÷
f ( x) = ( x + ) 2 - We can get è 2 4ø
2 4 these info
5
axis of symmetry, x = -
2
Example 2:
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 12

f ( x) 2 x 2 5 x 12
= + +
2 2 2 2
f ( x) 5 71
= x2 + x + 6 minimum value =
2 2 8
f ( x) 5 5 5
= ( x + )2 + 6 - ( )2 corresponding value of x = -
2 4 4 4
f ( x) 5 71 æ 5 71 ö
= ( x + )2 + minimum point = ç - , ÷
2 4 16 è 4 8ø
5
5 71 axis of symmetry, x = -
f ( x) = 2( x + ) 2 + 4
4 8

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7. Find the maximum / minimum values, the corresponding values of x and the maximum / minimum
-b
points by using formula, x =
2a

Example 1: If the question does not request to

f ( x) = x + 5 x + 6
2 use completing the square method,
you may use this formula.

-b -5 5
x= = =- 1
2a 2(1) 2 minimum value = -
f ( x) = x 2 + 5 x + 6 4
2 5
æ 5ö æ 5ö corresponding value of x = -
y = ç - ÷ + 5ç - ÷ + 6 2
è 2ø è 2ø æ 5 1ö
1 minimum value = ç - , - ÷
y=- è 2 4ø
4 5
axis of symmetry, x = -
2

Example 2:
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 12 71
minimum value=
-b -5 5 8
x= = =- 5
2a 2(2) 4 corresponding value of x = -
4
f ( x) = 2 x 2 + 5 x + 12
æ 5 71 ö
2 minimum point = ç - , ÷
æ 5ö æ 5ö è 4 8ø
y = 2 ç - ÷ + 5 ç - ÷ + 12
è 4ø è 4ø 5
axis of symmertry, x = -
71 4
y=
8

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 ADDITIONAL NOTE

QR CODE / LINK VIDEO

1. Completing The Square:

https://youtu.be/qS_y5AtK8y8

2. Sketch a quadratic function graph:

https://youtu.be/6bVDtyZItZg

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 Exercises
1. Which of the following are the quadratic function in general form? (ü)

(a) g ( x) = 2 x 2 - 3x + 5
(b) h( x) = 3( x - 2)( x + 3)
(c) f ( x) = 3x 2 + 2 x - 1
(d) f ( x) = 2( x - 5) 2 + 4

g ( x) = ( 2 x - 5 )
2
(e)
(f) h( x ) = - x 2 - 3 x + 4

2. Determine the types of root of the following quadratic curve. Give your reason.

(a)
Example:

Two equal roots, because the curve

touches the x-axis at one point.
(b) (c)

(d) (e)

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3. Determine the types of root of the following quadratic functions.
[Use b2 – 4ac to determine the types of root]

Contoh: (a) f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x + 5
f ( x) = 2 x 2 - 5 x - 12

b 2 - 4ac
= (-5) 2 - 4(2)(-12)
= 121

b 2 - 4ac > 0 .
thus, the function f(x) has two
distinct roots.

(b) f ( x) = -4 x 2 + 12 x - 9 (c) f ( x) = 2 x 2 - 3x + 6

(d) f ( x) = - x 2 + 4 x - 4 (e) f ( x) = x(5 - 2 x)

(f) f ( x) = ( x - 4)(2 x - 1) (g) f ( x) = -4 - x 2

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4. Given that the graph of the quadratic function f ( x) = mx 2 + 2mx - 6 + m intercept the x-axis at two
different points. Find the range of the values of m.

___________________________________________________________________________
5. Given that the graph of the quadratic function f ( x) = 2 px 2 - 6 px + 9 intercept the x-axis at one point.
Find the value of p.

___________________________________________________________________________
6. Given that the straight line y = -5 x + 1 intercept the curve y = h - x - 2 x 2 at two different points. Find
the range of values of h.

___________________________________________________________________________
-b
7. Determine the minimum point or maximum point of the following quadratic functions. [Use x = ].
2a

Example:
f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x + 7 y = (2) 2 - 4(2) + 7
-b -(-4) y=3
x= = =2
2a 2(1)
Thus, the minimum point is (2, 3).

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 (a) f ( x) = - x 2 + 4 x - 12

___________________________________________________________
(b) f ( x) = -4 x 2 - 8 x + 3

__________________________________________________________
(c) f ( x) = x(2 x + 4) - 3

___________________________________________________________
(d) f ( x) = (2 - x)( x + 6)

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8. Given f ( x) = 2 x 2 - mx + p . By using completing the square, determine the maximum point or the
minimum point in terms of m and p.

___________________________________________________________________________
9. Sketch the graph of the following quadratic functions.

Example:
f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x + 2

(1) a = 1 (> 0), shape U. (minimum point)

(2) Use calculator (EQN) to calculate the roots: x = 3.4142, 0.5858

(two answers, tounches x-axis at two points)

(3) Maksimum point / minimum point?

f ( x) = x 2 - 4 x + 2
Answer:
-b -(-4)
x= =
2a 2(1)
x=2
y = (2) 2 - 4(2) + 2
y = -2
Thus, minimum the point is (2, –2)
(at the right hand side of y-axis, below x-axis)

(4) y-intercept = 2

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 (a) f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x - 8

____________________________________________________________________
(b) f ( x) = x 2 - 2 x + 7

_____________________________________________________________________
(c) f ( x) = 16 + 6 x - x 2

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 (d) f ( x) = - x 2 + 4 x - 4

_____________________________________________________________________
3
(e) f ( x) = -( x + ) 2
2

_____________________________________________________________________
(f) f ( x) = - x 2 + 6 x - 10

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10. Determine the range of the values of x for the following quadratic inequality.

Example: (a) ( x - 5)(2 x - 1) > 0

( x - 1)( x - 3) < 0

Thus, 1 < x < 3

(b) x 2 - 3x - 10 £ 0 (c) 3x 2 + 14 x + 8 > 0

(d) -2 x 2 + 10 x - 12 ³ 0 (e) 4 + 11x - 3 x 2 < 0

(f) (2 x + 1)( x - 5) ³ 3(2 x + 1) (g) ( x + 4)(2 x - 3) < 5(2 x - 3)

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11. Given the quadratic equation x 2 + 2 x = -4 - px has two distinct roots.
Find the range of the values of p.

___________________________________________________________________________
12. Given the quadratic function f ( x) = x 2 + 2mx + n is always negative for 1 < x < 4.
Fine the values of m and n.

___________________________________________________________________________
13. Diagram shows the graph of a quadratic function y = f ( x) . The straight line y = -6 is the tangent to
the curve y = f ( x) . State
(a) the roots of equation f ( x) = 0.
(b) the equation of the axis of symmetry of the curve...

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14. Diagram shows the graph of quadratic function y = f ( x) . Given the tangent at the maximum point of the
curve is y = 8.
(a) State the equation of the axis of symmetry.
(b) Express f(x) in the form of f ( x) = -( x + m) 2 + p, if m and p are constants.

________________________________________________________________
15. Diagram shows the graph of quadratic function f ( x) = ( x - 7) 2 - 8.
State
(a) the coordinates of the minimum points of the curve.
(b) the equation of the axis of symmetry.
(c) the range of values of x when f(x) is positive.

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Answers:

1. (a), (c), (f)

2. (a) Two distinct roots, because the curve intercept the x-axis at two points.
(b) No root, because the curve does not intercept with the x-axis.
(c) Two distinct roots, because the curve intercept the x-axis at two points.
(d) No root, because the curve does not intercept with the x-axis.
(e) Two equal roots, because the curve touches the x-axis at one point.

3. (a) Since b 2 - 4ac < 0, thus f(x) has no root.

(b) Since b 2 - 4ac = 0, thus f(x) has two equal roots.
(c) Since b 2 - 4ac < 0, thus f(x) has no root.
(d) Since b 2 - 4ac = 0, thus f(x) has two equal roots.
(e) Since b 2 - 4ac > 0, thus f(x) has two distinct roots.
(f) Since b 2 - 4ac > 0, thus f(x) has two distinct roots.
(g) Since b 2 - 4ac < 0, thus f(x) has no root.

4. m>0
5. p=2
6. h > -1
7. (a) maximum point = (2, –8)
(b) maximum point = (–1, –9)
(c) minimum point = (–1, –5)
(d) minimum point = (–2, –8)

2
æ mö m2 æm m2 ö
8. f ( x) = 2 ç x - ÷ + p - ; minimum point = ç , p - ÷
è 4ø 8 è4 8 ø

9.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

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 (e) (f)

1
10. (a) x< , x>5
2
(b) -2 £ x £ 5
2
(c) x < -4, x > -
3
(d) 2£ x£3
1
(e) x<- , x>4
3
1
(f) x£- , x³8
2
3
(g) 1< x <
2

11. p < -6, p > 2

5
12. m=- , n=4
2

13. (a) x = -9, x = 1

(b) x = -4

3
14. (a) x=
2
2
æ 3ö
(b) f ( x) = - ç x - ÷ + 8
è 2ø

15. (a) (7, –8)

(b) x=7
(c) x < 3, x > 11

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

4. SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION

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 NOTES AND EXAMPLES

NOTES EXAMPLES

STEPS OF SOLUTION : TYPE 1 ~ using calculator / manually

(1) From the linear equation, express one of the
unknown as the subject. ~ sometime, also can Solve the simultaneous equations :
from the non-linear equation 2x - y - 3 = 0 and 2x2 + y = 10x - 9
(2) Suistituted (1) into the non-linear equation to
form a quadratic equation. • 2x - y - 3 = 0
2x - 3 = y
(3) Arranged the quadratic equation into general
form : ax2 + bx + c = 0 • 2x2 + y = 10x - 9
(4) Simplify and solve the quadratic equation by 2x2 + 2x - 3 - 10x + 9 = 0
using : 2x2 - 8x + 6 = 0
x2 - 4x + 3 = 0
(i) calculator fx-570MS (x - 1) (x - 3) = 0
x = 1, x = 3
3x2 - 5x - 12 = 0 MUST
( )( )=0 • x = 1, y = -1
x= x = x = 3, y = 3
from calculator : fx-570MS
mode mode mode [ SPM2007, Q1]
1 4 2
a? 3= b ? -5 = c ? -12 =
® x1 = 3
® x2 = -1.33 ... shift a b/c - 43 TYPE 2 ~ using formula

Note : if display x only ® x1 = x2 Solve the simultaneous equations :

2x + y = 1 and 2x2 + y2 + xy = 5
(ii) manually
Give your answer correct to three decimal
2
2x - 5x = 0 2
x - 16 = 0 places.
x ( 2x - 5) = 0 x2 = 16
x = 0 x = 52 • 2x + y = 1
x= ±4 y = 1 - 2x
(iii) formula • 2x2 + y2 + xy = 5
2x2 + (1 - 2x)2 + x (1 - 2x) - 5 = 0
-b ± b2 - 4ac 2x2 + 1 - 4x + 4x2 + x - 2x2 - 5 = 0
x = 4x2 - 3x - 4 = 0
2a
- (-3) ± (-3) 2 - 4 (4) (-4)
• x =
(5) Obtain the values of other unknows by 2 (4)
substituting the x1 and x2 into (1). 3 ± 73
x =
8
x = 1.443, -0.693
(a + b)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 • x = 1.443, y = -1.886
(a - b)2 = a2 - 2ab + b2 x = -0.693, y = 2.386

(a + b) (a - b) = a2 - b2 [ SPM2006, Q1 ]

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 EXERCISES PAPER 2
==========================================================================================================================================

Solve simultaneous equations involving one linear equation and one non-linear equation.
==========================================================================================================================================

Þ Type 1 ~ using factorisation / calculator

1) Solve the simultaneous equations 4x + y = -8 and x2 + x - y = 2.

(Ans : x = -3, y = 4 and x = −2, y = 0) [5 marks]
[2003, No.1]

Answer :

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 1
2) Solve the simultaneous equations x + y = 1 and y2 - 10 = 2 x.
2
(Ans : x = 3, y = -4 and x = − 12 , y = 3) [5 marks]
[2005, No.1]

Answer :

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 3) Solve the following simultaneous equations :

2x - y - 3 = 0 , 2x2 - 10x + y + 9 = 0.

(Ans : x = 1, y = -1 and x = 3, y = 3) [5 marks]

[2007, No.1]

Answer :

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 4) Solve the following simultaneous equations :

x - 3y + 4 = 0 , x2 + xy - 40 = 0.

(Ans : x = -6, y = - 23 and x = 5, y = 3) [5 marks]

[2008, No.1]

Answer :

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 5) Solve the simultaneous equations :

3x + y = 1 , 5x2 + y2 + 4xy - 5 = 0

(Ans : x = -1, y = 4 and x = 2, y = -5) [5 marks]

[2012, No.1]

Answer :

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 Þ forecast

6) Solve the simultaneous equations 4x + y = x2 + x - y = -3.

(Ans : x = -3, y = 9 and x = -2, y = 5) [5 marks]

Answer :

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 x y 4 3 4
7) Solve the simultaneous equations - + 2 = 0 and + - = 0.
4 3 x y 3
(Ans : x = -6, y = 3
2
and x = 4, y = 9) [5 marks]

Answer :

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 2 3 1
8) Given that (2k, 3p) is a solution of the simultaneous equations x - 2y = 8 and + = . Find the value of k and the
x 2y 2
value of p.
(Ans : k = 1, p = −1 and k = 8, p = 43 ) [5 marks]

Answer :

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 é b 2 - 4ac ù
Þ Type 2 ~ using formula ê x = -b ± ú
ê 2a ú
ë û

9) Solve the simultaneous equations p - m = 2 and p2 + 2m = 8.

Give your answers correct to three decimal places.
(Ans : m = 0.606, p = 2.606 and m = −6.606, p = -4.606) [5 marks]
[2004, No.1]

Answer :

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 10) Solve the simultaneous equations 2x + y = 1 and 2x2 + y2 + xy = 5.
Give your answer correct to three decimal places.
(Ans : x = 1.443 , y = -1.886 and x = -0.693 , y = 2.386) [5 marks]
[2006, No.1]

Answer :

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 11) Solve the simultaneous equations k - 3p = -1 and p + pk - 2k = 0.
Give your answers correct to three decimal places.
(Ans : k = 3.731, p = 1.577 and k = 0.269, p = 0.423) [5 marks]
[2009, No.1]

Answer :

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 12) Solve the simultaneous equations x - 2y = 7 and xy - x = 9y.
Give your answers correct to two decimal places.
(Ans : x = 4.76, y = -1.12 and x = 13.24 , y = 3.12) [5 marks]
[2010, No.1]

Answer :

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 13) Solve the simultaneous equations y - 2x + 1 = 0 and 4x2 + 3y2 - 2xy = 7.
Give your answers correct to three decimal places.
(Ans : x = 1.129 , y = 1.258 and x = -0.295, y =-1.590) [5 marks]
[2011, No.1]

Answer :

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 3 2
14) Solve the simultaneous equation x + 2y = 1 and - = 5 . Give your answer correct to three decimal places.
x y
(Ans : x = 0.284, y = 0.358 dan x = 2.116, y = -0.558) [5 marks]
[2019, No.1]

Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
 Þ forecast

x
15) Solve the simultaneous equations x - 4y = 9 and 3y2 = 7 - . Give your answers correct to two decimal places.
2
(Ans : x = 11.56, y = 0.64 and x = 3.76, y = -1.31)
[5 marks]

Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
==========================================================================================================================================

Solve problems involving simultaneous equations ; one linear equation and one non-linear equation.
==========================================================================================================================================

Þ HOTS

16) Adam planted vegetables on a piece of land. The shape of the land is a right angled triangle. Given the longest side of the
land is y metre. The other two sides of the land are x metre and (2x - 1) metre respectively. He fenced the land with 40
metre of barbed wire.
Find the length, in metre, of each side of the land. (Ans : 8, 15, 17)
[7 marks]
[2016, No.3]
Answer :

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 17) The diagram shows the plan of a rectangular garden PQRS. The garden consists of a semicircular pond PTS and grassy area
PQRST.

P Q

S R

It is given that SR = 6y metre and QR = 7x metre, x ¹ y. The area of the rectangular garden PQRS is 168 metre2 and the
perimeter of the grassy area is 60 metre. The pond with uniform depth contains 15.4 metre3 of water. By using
22
p= , find the depth, in metre, of water in the pond. (Ans : 0.45)
7
[7 marks]
[2018, No.4]
Answer :

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 Þ forecast

18) The sum of two numbers is 9 and the sum of the squares of the numbers is 53. Find the product of the numbers.
(Ans : 14)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 19) Fernandez bought x number of chickens and y number of ducks for RM208. Given that the total number of chickens and
ducks are 20, and the price for each chicken and duck are RMx and RMy respectively, where y > x. Find the value of x
and the value of y. (Ans : x = 8, y = 12)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 20) A piece of wire, 50 cm in length is cut into two different lengths. Each part of the wire is bent to form a rectangle as shown in
the diagram.

x cm
y cm

If the sum of the area for the both squares is 89 cm 2, find the values of x and of y. (Ans : x = 5, y = 8)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 21) Given that the different of the circumferences of the two circles is 4p cm and the sum of their areas is 52p cm2. Find the
radius of each circle. (Ans : 4, 6)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 22) A piece of wire in shape of a circle with radius 14 cm is bent to form a rectangle with sides (2y + 20) cm long (x + 10) cm
wide. Given that the area of rectangle is 420 cm2, find the values of x and the value of y. (Ans : x =4, y = 5 and x =
20, y = −3) [6 marks]

Answer :

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 23) The perimeter of a rectangle is 36 cm and the square of its diagonal is 170 cm2. Find the length and width of the rectangle.
(Ans : 7, 11)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 24) The diagram shows a rectangular plank.

3x cm

y cm

A worker wants to cut the plank into two triangular planks. The perimeter of each triangular plank is 24 cm and the measurement
of the longest side of the triangle is (x + y) cm. Calculate the area, in cm2, of the plank.
(Ans : 48)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 25) The diagram shows a mirror in the shape of a rectangle placed on a table in the shape of a circle.

If the perimeter of the rectangle and the diameter of the circle are 44 cm and 340 cm respectively, find the length
and width of the rectangle. (Ans : length = 18, width = 4)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 26) A piece of wire, 32 cm in length is bent to form a trapezium PQRS as shown in the diagram, where ÐPQR =
ÐSRQ = 90°, PQ = y cm, QR = 2x cm, RS = 12 cm and PS = 10 cm .

Q y cm P

10 cm
2x cm

R 12 cm S

Find the value of x and of y. (Ans : x = 3, y = 4)

[6 marks]

Answer :

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 27) Hafizie has a rectangle plot of land. He planted paddy and yam in the area such as the diagram shown below.

ym

Yam
xm

Paddy 5m

15 m

The plantation of yam is in the shape of rectangle. Given that the area of land planted with paddy is 115 m2 and the
perimeter of land planted with yam is 24 m. Find the area of land planted with yam. (Ans : 35 m2)
[6 marks]

Answer :

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 28) The diagram shows a prism with a uniform cross section in the shape of right-angled triangle.

x cm 5 cm

2x cm

y cm

Given that the height of the prism is 2x cm. If the total length of the its sides and the total surface area of the prism
are 42 cm and 84 cm2 respectively, find
(a) the values of x and y, where both are not whole numbers, (Ans : x = 2 54 , y = 4 54 )
(b) the volume of the prism. (Ans : 37 125
79 )

[7 marks]

Answer :

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 29) A closed rectangular box has a square base. Given that the total length of its sides is 76 cm and the total surfaces area of the
box is 238 cm2. Find the length of the base and the height of the box.
(Ans : x = 17
3
, y= 23
3
and x = 7, y = 5) [6 marks]

Answer :

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 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

5. INDICES AND LOGARITHM

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 NOTES

an asasindeks / index
/ base
a n = a ´ a ´ a ´ ... ´ a
n factors
5 =5´5´5´5
4

p7 = p ´ p ´ p ´ p ´ p ´ p ´ p
Laws Of Indices Example
a) 43 ´ 45 = 43+5 = 48
a m ´ a n = a m+n b) x3 ´ x 7 = x3+ 7 = x10
c) d 6 ´ d -5 = d 6+ ( -5) = d 1 = d
a) 94 ÷ 92 = 94- 2 = 92
a m ÷ a n = a m-n
x7
am b) = x 7-4 = x3
n
= a m-n x 4

a c) d 6 ÷ d -5 = d 6-( -5) = d 11
a) (42 )5 = 410
(a m ) n = a mn b) ( g 2 )3 = g 6
1 1 1
2´ 6´
c) ( a 2b 6 ) 2 = ( a 2
)(b 2
) = a1b3 = ab3
a) 52 ´ 42 = (5 ´ 4) 2 = 202
b) x3 y 3 = ( xy )3
a n ´ b n = (ab) n , 2
æ5ö
an æaö
n c) 52 ÷ 4 2 = ç ÷
n
=ç ÷ è4ø
b èbø
5
x5 æ x ö
d) =ç ÷
y5 è y ø
1 1

an = a n a) 4 3 = 3 4
3 1 1
m 1 1
an = m n
(a ) = (a n ) m b) x 4 = ( x 3 ) 4 = ( x 4 )3
5

( d)
m 5
n m m c) d = 6 d5 =
6 6
an = a = ( a) n

1
a) 7 -4 =
74
1 1
a-n = b) = x -4 =
an x4
1
c) d - x = x
d
a) 8 = 1
0

b) g 0 = 1
a0 = 1
1 1 1
2´ 6´
c) ( a 2b 6 ) 2 = ( a 2
)(b 2
) = a1b3 = ab3

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Relation between indices to solve indices equation.

am = an Û m = n .
a m = bm Û a = b .

Logarithms and Laws of Logarithms

Relationship between indices and logarithmes

y = a x Û log a y = x

Laws of Logarithms

Laws of Logarithms Example

a) log x 1 = 0
log a 1 = 0
b) log 5 1 = 0
a) log 4 4 = 1
log a a = 1 b) log x x = 1
c) log ab ab = 1
a) log10 4 = lg 4
lg y = log10 y
b) lg ab = log10 ab
a) log 3 12 = log 3 (4 ´ 3) = log 3 4 + log 3 3
log a xy = log a x + log a y
b) log x ab = log x a + log x b
3
a) log10 1.5 = log10 = log10 3 - log10 2
x 2
log a = log a x - log a y
y x
b) log a ( ) = log a x - log a y
y
a) log x 25 = log x 52 = 2 log x 5
log a x n = n log a x 1
1
b) log a y = log a y
2
2
log 2 8
a) log 4 8 =
log c b log 2 4
log a b =
log c a log 3 14
b) log a 14 =
log 3 a

Relation between logarithms to solve logarithm equations.

log b x = log b y Û x = y

y = a x Û log a y = x
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 ADDITIONAL NOTES

Indices law Logarithm law

Part 1 Part 1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BUJKEDqGp1U https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Bu5NG1KIL4
QR-code QR-code

Part 2
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7GI8L5Vn-
Part 2 2E&t=12s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z4Lzi1gFndM QR-code
QR-code

Part 3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fh75jrgcl5A

QR-code

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES (Indices)
n +1 n +1 2 n -1
1. Simplify 4 ´2 ÷8

Solution:
4n +1 ´ 2n +1 ÷ 82 n -1
= 22( n +1) ´ 2n +1 ÷ 23(2 n -1) ® (a m ) n = a mn
= 22( n +1) + n +1-3(2 n -1) ® a m ´ a n = a m+n
= 22 n + 2+ n +1-6 n +3
= 2-3n + 6

63n + 2 ´ 21-3n
2. Simplify
32+3n
Solution:
63n + 2 ´ 21-3n (2 ´ 3)3n + 2 ´ 21-3n
=
32+3n 32+3n
23n + 2 ´ 33n + 2 ´ 21-3n
= ® (ab) n = a n ´ b n : (6)3n + 2 = (2 ´ 3)3n + 2 = 23n + 2 ´ 33n + 2
32+3n
am
= 23n + 2+1-3n ´ 33n + 2-(2+3n ) ® a m ´ a n = a m + n , n
= a m-n
a
= 23 ´ 33n + 2- 2-3n
= 23 ´ 30
=8

3. Show that 3n + 2 - 3n + 15(3n -1 ) is divisible by 13.

Solution:
3n + 2 - 3n + 15(3n -1 )
(3n ) am (3n )
= 3n (32 ) - 3n + 15 ® a m+ n = a m ´ a n : 3n + 2 = 3n (32 ) , n = a m - n : 3n -1 =
3 a 3
= 3 (3 ) - 3 + 5(3 )
n 2 n n

= 3n éë32 - 1 + 5ùû ® factorise 3n

= 3n (13)

\Since 13 is a multiple of 13, therefore 3n + 2 - 3n + 15(3n -1 ) is divisible by 13

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 2x

4. Show that 3 ÷ (4 - 2 ) = æç ö÷ .
2 x +1 x +1 2x 3
è2ø
Solution: (L.H.S = Left hand side)
L.H.S = 32 x +1 ÷ (4 x +1 - 22 x )
= 32 x +1 ÷ (22 x + 2 - 22 x ) ® (a m ) n = a mn : 22( x +1) = 22 x + 2
= 32 x ´ 3 ÷ (22 x ´ 22 - 22 x ) ® a m+ n = a m ´ a n : 32 x +1 = 32 x ´ 3, 22 x + 2 = 22 x ´ 22
= 32 x (3) ÷ [22 x (22 - 1)] ® factorise 22x
= 32 x (3) ÷ 22 x (3)
32 x (3)
=
22 x (3)
2x n 2x
an 32 x
= æç ö÷ ® n = æç ö÷ : 2 x = æç ö÷
3 a 3
è2ø b èbø 2 è2ø
=R.H.S (shown)

5. Solve the equation 2434 x = 98 x+ 6 .

Solution:
2434 x = 98 x+ 6
35(4 x ) = 32(8 x+6) ® (ab) n = a n ´ b n
5(4 x) = 2(8 x + 6) ® am = an Û m = n
20 x = 16 x + 12
4 x = 12
x=3
6. Solve the equation 25 x ´ 42 x = 400 .

Solution:
25 x ´ 42 x = 400
52 x ´ 42 x = 400
(5 ´ 4) 2 x = 202 ® a n ´ b n = (ab) n
202 x = 202
2x = 2 ® am = an Û m = n
x =1

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 2
7. Solve the equation 5 x - 256- 2 x = 0

Solution:
2
5 x - 256- 2 x = 0
® (a m ) n = a mn
2
5 x = 52(6- 2 x )
x 2 = 2(6 - 2 x) ® am = an Û m = n
x 2 = 12 - 4 x
x 2 + 4 x - 12 = 0
( x + 6)( x - 2) = 0
x = -6 or x = 2

8. Solve the equation 3x + 2 - 3x = 24

Solution:
3x + 2 - 3x = 24
3x (32 ) - 3x = 24 ® a m+ n = a m ´ a n
3x (32 - 1) = 24 ® factorise 3x
3x (8) = 24
3x = 3
x =1 ® am = an Û m = n
9. Given that 5a = 11b = 55c , express c in terms of a and b.

Solution:
1
Let 5a = k , 5 = k a
1
11 = k ,
b
11 = k b

1
55 = k , 55 = k c
c

55 = 11 Í 5
1 1 1
k = k ´k
c a b

1 1 1
+
k =k
c a b ® a m ´ a n = a m+n
1 1 1
= + ® am = an Û m = n
c a b
1 1 b 1 a
= ´ + ´ ® Same denominator
c a b b a
1 b a
= +
c ab ab
1 b+a
=
c ab
ab
c=
b+a

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES (Logarithms)
1
1. Without using a calculator, find the value of log 4 128 + log m - 2
m-2
Solution:
1
log 4 128 + log m - 2
m-2
log 2 128 1 log c b log 2 128
= + log m - 2 1
® log a b = : log 4 128 =
log 2 4 log c a log 2 4
(m - 2) 2

7 1 1
log 2 2 - 1 1 -
= + log m - 2 (m - 2) 2 ® n = a-n : = (m - 2) 2
log 2 22 a 1
(m - 2) 2
7 log 2 2 1
= - log m - 2 (m - 2) ® log a x n = n log a x : log 2 27 = 7 log 2 2
2 log 2 2 2
7 1
= - ® log a a = 1: log 2 2 = 1, log m - 2 ( m - 2) = 1
2 2
=3
2. Given that log 5 x = 3 . Find the value of x.
Solution:
log 5 x = 3
x = 53 ® log a y = x Û y = a x

( x ) = (5 )
2
3 2
® square both to cancel square root
x = 15625
3. Solve the equation log 3 ( y + 1) = 1 + log 3 ( y - 5)

Solution:
log 3 ( y + 1) = 1 + log 3 ( y - 5)
log 3 ( y + 1) = log 3 3 + log 3 ( y - 5) ® log a a = 1: 1 = log 3 3
log 3 ( y + 1) = log 3 3( y - 5) ® log a x + log a y = log a xy : log 3 3 + log 3 ( y - 5) = log 3 3( y - 5)
( y + 1) = 3( y - 5) ® logb x = log b y Û x = y
y + 1 = 3 y - 15

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 16 = 2 y
y =8
4. Find the value of 32 log 4 . 3

Solution:
Let 32 log3 4 = y
2 log 3 4 = log 3 y ® y = a x Û log a y = x
log 3 42 = log 3 y ® n log a x = log a x n : 2 log 3 4 = log 3 4 2
42 = y ® logb x = log b y Û x = y
y = 16
32 log3 4 = 16
5. Without using a calculator find the value of 2 log 4 8 + 2 log 2 5 - 2 - log 2 50
Solution:
2 log 4 8 + 2 log 2 5 - 2 - log 2 50
log 2 8 log c b
=2 + log 2 52 - 2 log 2 2 - log 2 50 ® log a b = , n log a x = log a x n , 1 = log a a
log 2 4 log c a
log 2 23
=2 2
+ log 2 52 - log 2 22 - log 2 50 ® n log a x = log a x n
log 2 2
log 2 23
=2 + log 2 52 - log 2 22 - log 2 50 ,
2 log 2 2
= log 2 23 + log 2 52 - log 2 22 - log 2 50
8 ´ 25 ö
= log 2 æç
x
÷ ® log a x + log a y = log a xy , log a x - log a y = log a
è 4 ´ 50 ø y
= log 2 1
=0 ® log a 1 = 0

1
6. Simplify log 9 x - 4 log 9 y+ .
2
Solution:
1
log 9 x - 4 log 9 y +
2
2
æ 1ö 1
= log 9 x - log 9 ç y 2 ÷ + log 9 9 ® n log a x = log a x n , 1 = log a a
ç ÷ 2
è ø
1
= log 9 x - log 9 y + log 9 9 2 ® n log a x = log a x n
æ 3x ö x
= log 9 ç ÷ ® log a x + log a y = log a xy , log a x - log a y = log a
è y ø y

3472/SPM 2020
 7. Given that 2 log 4 x - 4 log16 y = 3 , express x in terms of y.
Solution:
2 log 4 x - 4 log16 y = 3
log 4 y log c b
log 4 x 2 - 4 2
=3 ® n log a x = log a x n , log a b =
log 4 4 log c a
log y
log 4 x 2 - 4 4 = 3 ® log a x n = n log a x , log a a = 1
2
log 4 x 2 - 2 log 4 y = 3
log 4 x 2 - log 4 y 2 = 3 ® n log a x = log a x n
x2 x
log 4 =3 ® log a x - log a y = log a
y2 y
x2
2
= 43 ® log a y = x Û y = a x
y
2 n
æxö an æ a ö
ç ÷ =8
2
® =ç ÷
è yø bn è b ø
x
=8 ® a m = bm Û a = b
y

Given that log 2 3 = 1.585 and log 2 5 = 2.322 , without using calculator, evaluate log8 æç ö÷ .
5
8.
è9ø
Solution:
æ5ö x
® log a = log a x - log a y
log8 ç ÷ = log8 5 - log8 9
è9ø y
log 2 5 log 2 9 log c b
= - ® log a b =
log 2 8 log 2 8 log c a
log 2 5 log 2 32
= -
log 2 23 log 2 23
log 2 5 2 log 2 3
= - ® log a x n = n log a x
3 3

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 2.322 - 2(1.585)
=
3
=-0.2827

Given that log10 a = p , log10 b = q and log10 c = r , express log a æç ö÷ in terms of p, q and r.
1
9.
è bc ø

Solution:
æ 1 ö ® log a
x
log a ç ÷ = log a 1 - log a bc = log a x - log a y
è bc ø y
= - ( log a b + log a c ) ® log a xy = log a x + log a y
æ log b log10 c ö log c b
= - ç 10 + ÷ ® log a b =
è log10 a log10 a ø log c a
æq rö
= -ç + ÷
è p pø
æq+r ö
= -ç ÷
è p ø
q+r
=-
p

10. Solve the equation log 3[log 2 (2 x - 1)] = log 2 4

Solution:
log 3 [log 2 (2 x - 1)] = log 2 4
log 3[log 2 (2 x - 1)] = log 2 22
log 3 [log 2 (2 x - 1)] = 2 ® log a x n = n log a x , log a a = 1
log 2 (2 x - 1) = 32 ® log a y = x Û y = a x
(2 x - 1) = 29 ® log a y = x Û y = a x
2 x = 29 + 1
513
x= = 256.5
2
11. Solve the equation 42 x -3 = 5 x .
Solution:
3472/SPM 2020
 4 2 x -3 = 5 x
log10 42 x -3 = log10 5 x ® x = y Û logb x = log b y
(2 x - 3) log10 4 = x log10 5 ® log a x n = n log a x
2 x log10 4 - 3log10 4 = x log10 5 ®Expand
2 x log10 4 - x log10 5 = 3log10 4
x(2 log10 4 - log10 5) = 3log10 4
3log10 4
x=
2 log10 4 - log10 5
x = 3.576

EXERCISES
Basic Exercise

1. Simplify the following algebraic expressions.

53 x ´ 5
(a) -x
(b) c 4 d 3 ´ c3d 5 (c) ( xy 2 )3 ´ x3 y 5
5
(d) ( pq 5 ) 4 ´ p 3 (e) (7 x -1 ) 2 ´ (49-2 xy )3 (f) (49-2 xy )3 ÷ (7 xy ) -2

2. Simplify the following algebraic expressions.

1 1
- 4a 3
(a) a ´ 2a3 2 (b) 3
-
a 5

3 1 3 5
- - -
(c) 5
a 7 ´ 4 a -9 (d) a 2 (a 2 + 3a 2
- 3a 2 )

3. Convert the following to logarithmic form.

(a) 34 = 81 (b) 128 = 27 (c) b3 = 125
(d) 6 x = 216 (e) 3x = y

4. Convert the following to index form.

(a) log10 10000 = 4 (b) log 2 128 = 7 (c) log x 3 = 4
(d) 6 = log k h (e) log 2 y = x

5. Find the value of each of the following by using calculator.

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 2
(b) log10 æç ö÷
5
(a) log10 9 (c) log 2 20 (d) log 4 18
è6ø

6. Find the value of each of the following without using calculator.

(a) log 2 64 (b) log10 1000 (c) log 4 256 (d) log 3 81

7. Solve the following equation.

(a) log 2 x = 4 (b) log 5 y = 3 (c) log 2 h = 8 (d) 2 log 3 x = log 3 4

8. Find the value of each of the following without using a calculator.

(a) log 5 750 - log 5 6 (b) log 3 21 + log 3 18 - log 3 14
96 1
(c) log 3 8 + 2 log 3 6 - log 3 (d) 2 log 4 2 - log 4 9 + log 4 12
9 2
(e) log 2 7 + log 2 12 - log 2 21

9. Write the following expressions as single logarithms.

(a) log 2 x + log 2 y 2 (b) log b x - 3log b y
1
(c) log 3 x + 3log 3 y (d) log 4 x + 2 - 3log 4 y
2
(e) log 3 m 4 + 2 log 3 n - log 3 m

10. Given log 2 3 = p and log 2 5 = q , express each of the following in terms of p and q
(a) log 2 10 (b) log 2 45 (c) log 2 15

11. Given log 3 2 = p , express each of the following in terms of p.

9
(a) log 2 9 (b) log 9 8 (c) log 2 18 (d) log 2
4

12. Given log 2 m = a and log 2 n = b , express each of the following in terms of a and b
m
(a) log 4 m 2 n3 (b) log8 2 (c) log mn 8n
n

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES SPM Format
2 3 2
1. Simplify 2n +1 ´ 4n ÷ 8 3
n æ 2x2 ö æ 9 y 2 ö
2. Simplify ç ÷ ç 3÷
è 3y ø è 4x ø

3. Simplify 2n +3 - 2n + 2 - 2n in the form k (2n ) , 4. Simplify 3n +1 + 3n + 9(3n - 2 ) in the form k (3n ) ,

where k is a constant. where k is a constant.

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 1
6. Solve the equation 3x + 2 - 3x = 24 .
t5 9
5. Solve the equation = 4 .
3 -
t 5

7. Solve the equation 25(5 x -1 ) - 5 x = 100 . 8. Given that 9 ( 3n -1 ) = 27 n , find the value of n.

3472/SPM 2020
9. Solve the equation: 23 x = 8 + 23 x-1 . 25h +3
10. Given = 1 , express p in terms of h.
125 p -1

11. Given 3 p = 5q = 15r , express r in terms of p 12. Given that m = 3a and n = 3b , express
and q. æ mn 4 ö
log 3 ç ÷ in terms of a and b.
è 27 ø

13. Solve the equation 5 x = 32 x-1 , giving your 14. Given that log 5 2 = m and log 5 7 = p ,
answer correct to two decimal places. express log 5 2.45 in terms of m and p.

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15. Without using calculator, find the value of 16. Solve the equation
log 4 5 ´ log 5 6 ´ log 6 7 log 3 ( y + 2) = 1 + log 3 ( y - 4) .
log8 7

17. (a) Given h = 3 p and k = 2q , express (b) Solve the following equation:
log8 k 2 - log 9 3 h in terms of p and q. log 3[log 3 (80 x + 3)] = log 4 16

18. Given log 27 ( x + 2) = log 3 6 , find the value 19. Solve the equation:
of x. 1
log x 8 + log x 8 = 5
3

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 20. Given log a 5 = p , express in terms of p: 21. Given that log 3 2 = 0.631 and log 3 5 = 1.465 ,
(a) log a 25 calculate each of the following without using
(b) log 5 125a 4 scientific calculator.
(a) log 3 1.5
(b) log 5 50

Answer:
1
1. 2(n+1), 2. 3 y , 3. 3(2n ) , 4. 5(3n ) , 5. , 6) x = 1 , 7. 2,
2 243
2h + 9 pq
8. ½, 9. 4/3 10. p = , 11. r = 12. a + 4b - 3 13. 1.87, 14. 2p-2m-1 15. 1.5,
3 p+q
2 1
16. y = 7, 17.(a) q - p (b) x = 246, 18. x = 214, 19. x = 2,
3 6
3p + 4
20. (a) 2p (b) 21. (a) 0.369 (b) 2.431
p

ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

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 6. COORDINATE GEOMETRY

NOTE AND EXAMPLES

6.1: DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS 6.2: DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT

(a) Mid-point

atau

(b) Division of a line segment with ratio m:n

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EXAMPLES AND EXCERCISES:
1. (x1, y1) (x2, y2) 2 Given two points X( –4, –1) and Y(–2, 1 Find the
Example :
distance between the two points.
Given two points A(2, 3) and B(4, 7). Find the
distance between the two points.

Distance AB = (4 - 2) 2 + (7 - 3) 2
= 4 + 16
= 20 unit.

[ 8]
3 4
Example : Given two points P(–1, 3) and Q(5, k) is
10 units. Find the values of k.
Given two points A(1, 3) and B(4, k) is
5 units. Find the values of k.

(4 - 1) 2 + (k - 3) 2 = 5
9 + k2 - 6k + 9 = 25
k2 - 6k – 7 = 0
(k – 7)(k + 1) = 0
k = 7 atau k = –1 [11, -5]

5 6
3. P(0,-1), and Q(-1, -5)
Example : P(3, 2) dan Q(5, 7)

Midpoint, M = æ 3+5 2+ 7 ö
ç 2 , 2 ÷
è ø
9
= (4 , )
2
(- ½ , -3)
7 8
Example : Point P devides the straight line that joins M(4, 5) and
Point P devides the straight line that joins M(3, 7) and N(-8,-5) in the ratio 1 : 3. Find the coordinate of P.
N(6, 2) in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the coordinate of point
P.

2 1
●
M(3, 7) P(x, y) N(6, 2)
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 æ 1(3) + 2(6) 1(7) + 2(2) ö
P = ç , ÷
è 2 +1 2 +1 ø

= æç , ö÷
15 11
è3 3ø
= æç 5, 11 ö÷
è 3ø
æ 5ö
ç1, ÷
è 2ø

6.3: AREA OF POLYGONS

EXAMPLES AND EXCERCISES

1 Excercise : 2 Find the area of the following triangle:

Find the area of the following triangle: P(2, 6), Q(6, 1) dan R(-1, -7)

P(0, 1), Q(1, –3) dan R(2,5)

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 Area ∆ PQR

1 0 1 2 0
=
2 1 -3 5 1
=
1
(0 ´ -3) + (1 ´ 5) + (2 ´ 1) - (1 ´ 1) - (2 ´ -3) - (0 ´ 5)
2
1
= 0 + 5 + 2 -1+ 6 - 0
2
1
= 12
2
= 6 unit 2
é 1 2ù
ê33 2 unit ú
ë û
3 Exampls : 4 The points of (0, 3), (2, t) dan (-2, -1) is a vertices
The area of triangle with the vertices A(5, 2), of a triangle. Given the area of triangle is 4 unit2. Find
B(4, 6) and C(p, –2) is 30 unit2. Find the values of p. the values of t.

15 4 p 5
= ± 30
2 2 6 -2 2
1
30 + (-8) + 2 p - 8 - 6 p - (-10) = ± 30
2
24 - 4 p = ± 60

24 – 4p = 60 or 24 – 4p = -60
– 4p = 36 – 4p = -84
p = -9 p = 21

[t = 11, 3]

6.4: EQUATION OF A STRAIGHT LINE

1 Gradient formula: 2 The equation of a straight line can be state as below :
i)
Gradient i) General Form:

ii) Gradient Form: ;

ii) m = gradient , c =y- intercept

Gradient = __ y-intercept x y
iii) Intercept Form : + =1,
a b
x-intercept a =x- intercept , b =y- intercept

3. The equation of a straight line can be get by used two methods:

i) Method 1:

3472/SPM 2020
 ii) Method 2:

i) Method 1: Example :
Find the equation of a straight line which has a gradient
If gradient and one point are given. of 4 and passes through a point (2, -3).

y - y1 = m( x - x1 )
● y – (-3) = 4(x – 2)
P(x1, y1)
y + 3 = 4x – 8
Gradient = m y = 4x – 8 – 3
y = 4x – 11
1 Find the equation of a straight line which has a 2 Find the equation of a straight line which has a gradient
gradient of 4 and passes through a point (5, 2) 3
of and passes through a point (-8, 3)
4

[4y = 3x + 36]
[y = -2x + 12]

ii) Method 2: Example :

If a straight line has gradient of and y-intercept, Find the equation of a straight line which has a gradient
of 4 and passes through a (2, -3).
;
;
then the equation of a straight line as below:

y = 4x – 11

3472/SPM 2020
1 Find the equation of a straight line which has a 2 Find the equation of a straight line which has a gradient
gradient of -2 and passes through a(5, 2) 3
of . and passes through a (-8, 3)
4

[4y = 3x + 36]
[y = -2x + 12]

4. THE STRAIGHT LINE EQUATION HAS 3 (a) Gradient Form;

FORMS;
(a) Gradient Form, Example:
Find the equation of a straight line which passes through
point A(2, 3) and B(-1, 6).
which is gradient, y-intercept

(b) General Form

; A(2, 3)

which is , and is a constant.

y – (3) = -1(x – 2)
(c) Interccept Form,
which is
x-intercept; y- intercept

(b) General Form; (c) Intercept Form;

Example: Example:
Find the equation of a straight line which passes Find the equation of a straight line which passes through
through point A(2, 3) and B(-1, 6). point A(2, 3) and B(-1, 6).

; A(2, 3) ; A(2, 3)

y – (3) = -1(x – 2) y – (3) = -1(x – 2)

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1 Questions: 2 (b) General Form;
(a) Gradient Form; Find the equation of a straight line which passes through
point T(3, 4) and U(7, 12).
Find the equation of a straight line which passes
through point T(3, 4) and U(7, 12).

[ ] [ ]
3 (c) Intercept Form;
Find the equation of a straight line which passes through point T(3, 4) and U(7, 12).

[ ]

6.5 PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR LINES

(a) Parallel Line Example :

Determine whether the two straight lines below parallel
or not.
y = 3x – 2 dan 3x – y = 4

y = 3x – 2 ,
m1 = 3
Two lines are parallel if
3x – y = 4
y = 3x – 4 ,
m2 = 3

3472/SPM 2020
 Hence, m1 = m2 ,
\ the two straight lines are parallel
1) Determine whether the pair straight lines below 2) Determine whether the pair straight lines below
parallel or not. parallel or not

y = 2x + 5 and 4x + 2y = 9 x y
6y = 2 - 3x and - = 4
3 6

[N]
[Y]
(b) Perpendicular Line Example :
Determine whether the pair straight lines below
perpendicular or not.
y = 3x – 2 and x + 3y = 4

y = 3x – 2 , x + 3y = 4
m1 = 3 3y = – x + 4
1 4
Two straight lines are y=- x+ ,
perpendicular if;
3 3
1
m2 = -
3

1
m1× m2 = 3 ´ - = -1 ,
3
\ the pair straight lines are perpendicular.

1) Determine whether the pair straight lines below 2) Determine whether the pair straight lines below
perpendicular or not.
perpendicular or not.
x y
6y = 2 - 3x and - = 4
y = 2x + 5 and 4x + 2y = 9 3 6

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 [T] [Y]
Example : 1 Diagram 2 shows a straight line of PQ with an equation
Diagram 1 shows a straight line of PQ with an equation x y
+ = 1 . Find the equation of a straight line which is
x y 6 2
+ = 1 . Find the equation of a straight line which is perpendicular to the PQ and passes through point P.
2 3
perpendicular to the PQ and passes through point Q. y
(SPM 2004)

y
Q Diagram 2
Q
Diagram 1
P
O x
P
x Answer:
O
Answer :
x y
+ =1
2 3
3 2
Gradient PQ, m1 = - , so m2 =
2 3
Coordinat Q (0, 3)
\ The equation of a straight line which is perpendicular
to the PQ and passes through point Q:
2
y–3= (x – 0)
3
2
y= x+3
3

[y = 3x – 18]

2 Diagram 3 shows a straight line of RS with an equation

3 Diagram 4 shows a straight line of AB with an equation

x + 2y = 6. Find the equation of a straight line which is 2x – 3y = 6. Find the equation of a straight line which is
perpendicular to the RS and passes through point S. perpendicular to the AB and passes through point B.
y
y
O B
R x
Diagram 3
A
Diagram 4
S
O x
Answer :
Answer :

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 [y = - 3 x – 2]
[y = 2x + 3] 2

6.6 THE EQUATION OF LOCUS

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i) Formula:
Case 1:

Example:
and are the coordinate point.
Find the equation of locus P such that its distance from
point A(-4, 9) is always 5 units.
ii) There are have 2 cases;
Case 1: Let point P(x, y)

A locus of a moving point from a fixed point.. PA = 5

( x + 4)
2
+ ( y - 9) = 5
2

Squared the both side of LHS and RHS equation to

Kes 2:
eliminate the square root.
A locus of a moving point such that its distance
(x + 4)2 + (y – 9)2 = 25
from two fixed points.
x2 + 8x + 16 + y2 – 18y + 81 – 25 = 0
x2 + y2 + 8x - 18y + 72 = 0
Kes 3:
A locus of a moving point such that its distance
from A to B are in the ratio

Questions: 2 Find the equation of locus P such that its distance from
A(-3, 2) is always 3 unit.
1
Find the equation of locus P such that its distance from
A (2,3) is always 5 units.

[ x2 + y2 + 6x - 4y + 4 = 0]
[ x2 + y2 - 4x - 6y – 12 = 0]

Case 2:

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 Example:
Find the equation of point P such that its distance from point Q(6, -5) R(1, 9)
●
and R(1, 9) are same.
Q(6, -5)
●
Let P = (x, y),
PQ = PR ●P(x, y)
Locus of P
( x - 6) + ( y - (-5) =
2 2
( x - 1) + ( y - 9)
2 2

Squared the both side of LHS and RHS equation to eliminate the square root.
(x - 6) ) (
2
+ ( y + 5 = x - 1) 2 + ( y - 9
2
) 2

x 2 - 12 x + 36 + y 2 + 10 y + 25 = x 2 - 2 x + 1 + y 2 - 18 y + 81
10 x - 28 y + 21 = 0
Question: 2 Find the equation of point P such that its distance from point
1 Find the equation of point P such that its distance from Q(2, -3) and R(4, 2) are same.
point Q(2, 5) and R(4, 2) are same.

[3x – 4y + 7 = 0]

[4x – 6y+ 9 =0]

Case 3:

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 (Note: Sketch diagram to help you to use the distance formula correctly.)

Example :

A point P is moving such that its distance from point A(-2, 3) and B(4, 8) are in the ratio 1 : 2. Find the equation
of locus point P.
A(-2, 3), B(4, 8) dan m : n = 1: 2 B(4, 8)
Let P = (x, y)
PA 1
=
PB 2
2PA = PB A(-2, 3) 2
2 ( x - (-2)) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 = ( x - 4) 2 + ( y - 8) 2

( ) = ( x - 4) + ( y - 8)
2 1
( 2 )2 ( x + 2) 2 + ( y - 3) 2 2
2
●P(x, y)
4 é( x + 2)2 + ( y - 3) 2 ù = ( x - 4 )2 + ( y - 8) 2
ë û
4 x 2 + 16 x + 16 + 4 y 2 - 24 y + 36 = x 2 - 8 x + 16 + y 2 - 16 y + 64
3x 2 + 3 y 2 + 24 x - 8 y - 28 = 0

Questions: 2 A point is moving such that its distance from point A

(1,3) and B(-2, 6) are in the ratio 1 : 2. Find the
1 A point is moving such that its distance from point A
equation of locus point P.
(1, 5) and B(4, 2) are in the ratio 2 : 1. Find the
equation of locus point P. A(1, 3), B(-2, 6) and m : n = 1 : 2
A(1, 5), B(4, 2) and m : n = 2 : 1

[x2+y2 – 10x – 2y + 19 = 0] [x2+ y2 – 4x – 4y = 0]

QR CODE / LINK VIDEO

3472/SPM 2020
 https://youtu.be/IryKqz_85ys

https://youtu.be/NJKYFfeT40E

https://youtu.be/mvkpmuSJ4Q8

PRACTISE: SPM Format (Kertas 1)

3472/SPM 2020
 y x x y
1 The equation of two straight lines are + = 1 and 2 The equation of two straight lines are - = 4 and
5 3 3 2
5y = 3x + 24. Determine whether both straight lines 3y = 2x + 6. Determine whether both straight lines are
are perpendicular with each other or not. perpendicular with each other or not.

(2003)

[N]

[Y]
The following information is about two equation of
3 The following information is about two equation of 4 straight lines, PQ and RS, which is perpendicular with
straight lines, JK and RT, which is perpendicular
each other.
with each other. (2005)
PQ : px + y = k
JK : y = px + k RS : y = (2k –1)x + p
RT : y = (k – 2)x + p with condition p and k are constant.
with condition p and k are constant.
Express p in terms of k.
Express p in terms of k.

é 1 ù
é 1 ù ê p = 2k - 1 ú
ë û
êp = - 2-k ú
ë û

3472/SPM 2020
 Given point A(-1, 2) and B(4, 6). Point P moves Given point R(3, -5) and S(0, 1). Point P moves such
5 6
such that PA : PB = 2 : 3. Find the equation of the that PR : PS = 2 : 1. Find the equation of the locus of
locus of P. P.
(2004)

[5x2+5y2+50x+12y – 163=0]

[x2+y2+2x – 6 y – 10 = 0]

Given point A(8, -2) and B(4, 6). Find the equation Given point R(2, -3) and S(4, 5). Point P moves such
7 8
of the perpendicular bisector of AB. that its distance from point R and point S is same. Find
the equation of the locus of P

2y = x – 2 x+4y = 7

PRACTISE : SPM FORMAT (Kertas 2)

3472/SPM 2020
 SPM 2005
Example:
On diagram, ÐABC = 90° and the equation of straight line BC is 2y + x + 6 = 0
y
A(-4, 9)

B
x
O
2y + x + 6 = 0 C

(a) Find

(i) the equation of AB, [2 marks]

(ii) coordinate B. [3
marks]
(b) The straight line of AB was drawn to be more longer to a point D such that AB : BD = 2 : 3. Find coordinate D. [2
marks]
(c) A point P moves such that its distance from point A is 5 units. Find the equation of locus P. [3
marks]

Answer:
(a) (i) 2y = -x – 6
( x - 9)
2
1 (c) + ( y + 4) 2 = 5
y =- x-3
2 x2 – 18x + 81 + y2 + 8y + 16 – 25 = 0
1 x2 + y2 – 18x + 8y + 72 = 0
m1 = -
2
m2 = 2
Equation AB : y – 9 = 2(x + 4)
y = 2x + 8 + 9
y = 2x + 17
(ii) y = 2x + 17 ……..(1)
2y + x + 6 = 0 …………(2)
Replace (1) into (2);
2(2x + 17) + x + 6 = 0
5x = -40
x = -8
Replace x = -8 into (1);
y = 2(-8) + 17
y = 1 \ coordinate B = (-8, 1)
2( x) + 3( -4) 2( y ) + 3(9)
(b) = -8 , =1
5 5
2x - 12 = -40 2y + 27 = 5
x = -14 y = -11
\ coordinate D = (-14, -11)

1 On diagram 1, straight lines PQ and QR are perpendicular to each other. The equation of straight line QR is y + 3 x - 22 = 0 .
y
3472/SPM 2020
 Q

y + 3x – 22 = 0
P (-3, 1)
x
O
R
Diagram 1
(a) Find
(i) The equation of straight line PQ.
(ii) coordinate point Q. [6 marks]
(b) The straight line of PQ was drawn to be more longer to a point S such that PQ : QS = 3 : 2. Find coordinate point S.

[2 marks]

(c) A point T moves such that its distance from point P is 3 units. Find the equation of locus T.
[2
marks]

Answer :

1
(a) (i) y= x+2
3
(ii) Q(6, 4)
(b) S =( 12, 6)
x2+ y2 + 6x – 2y + 1 = 0

3472/SPM 2020
2

Diagram 2
Diagram 2 shows a triangle OEF which is O is origin point. Point G on the line of OF.
(a) Calculate the area of triangle OEF, in unit2.
(b) Given OG : GF = 3 : 2, find the coordinate of G.
(c) Point W moves such that its distance from F is always 2 times from E.
(i) Find the equation of locus for point W.
(ii) Determine whether the locus passes through the y-axis.
[10 marks]

Answer :

(a) 23 units

æ 36 ö
(b) ç ,3 ÷
è 5 ø
(c) (i) 3x2 + 3y2 + 40x – 14y – 117 = 0
(ii) lokus bagi titik w bersilang paksi-y.

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

7. DIFFERENTIATION

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 NOTES

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

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 NOTES

MAXIMUM/ MINIMUM POINT

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 NOTES

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

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 EXAMPLES
1. Find the limit: 2. SPM 2018 Paper 1 Question 5:

3. SPM 2017 Paper 1 Question 1: Solutions:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
!
4. Given a curve 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − " 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 11.

5. SPM 2013 Paper 1 Question 19:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
!
6. Given a curve 𝑦 = 𝑥3 − " 𝑥2 − 6𝑥 + 11, has a turning point (2, 1).

7. SPM 2019 Paper 1 Question 17:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
8. SPM 2018 Paper 2 Question 6: Solution:

9. SPM 2014 Paper 1 Question 17:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
10. SPM 2016 Paper 2 Question 6:

11. SPM 2015 Paper 1 Question 23:

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 EXAMPLES
12. SPM 2015 Paper 2 Question 2:

13. SPM 2016 Paper 1 Question 7: Solution:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
14. SPM 2014 Paper 1 Question 18:

15. SPM 2016 Paper 1 Question 6:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
16. SPM 2018 Paper 1 Question 6:

17. SPM 2017 Paper 2 Question 2:

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 EXAMPLES
18. SPM 2019 Paper 2 Question 7:

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 EXAMPLES
18. SPM 2019 Paper 2 Question 7:

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 EXERCISES
PAPER 1:

Cloned SPM 2018

5 Find the value of

(a)
æ 4 + 3x ö ,
lim ç ÷
x ®¥ 5 - 2 x
è ø
f '' ( 2) if f ' ( x ) = ( 2 x3 - 4 x + 3)
2
(b)
[4 marks]
[Answers: (a) -1.5; (b) 440]

Cloned SPM 2017

1 Diagram shows a cubic graph y = f (x) and a linear graph y = g(x).

Points A, B and C lie on the curve. Point D lies on the straight line.
The tangents to the curve at point A and B are parallel to the x-axis.
State which point(s) that satisfies the following conditions:
dy
(a) = 0.
dx
dy
(b) >0
dx
d2y
(c) <0
dx 2
[2 marks]
[Answers: (a) B, C; (b) D; (c) C]

Cloned SPM 2019

17 The curve y = px – qx4 has turning point at ç -1, -
æ 3ö
÷ , where p and q are constants.
è 2ø
Find the value of p and of q. [4 marks]
1
[Answer: p = 2, q = - ]
2

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
Cloned SPM 2016
2x - 6
7 Diagram shows a part of curve y = and a straight line.
x+ p

2
y= x
q

It is given that the straight line is parallel to the tangent of the curve at point P.

Express p in terms of q. [4 marks]

[Answer: p = q – 3]

Cloned SPM 2016

6 The surface area of a cube increases at a constant rate of 15 cm2 s-1.

Find the rate of change of volume, in cm3 s-1, when the volume of the cube is 125 cm3
[4 marks]
75 3
[Answer: or 18 or 18.75 ]
4 4

Cloned SPM 2018

1 1
6 It is given that L = 4t – t2 and t = - x.
2 6

dL
(a) Express in terms of t.
dx
(b) Find the small change in x, when L changes from 3 to 2.9 at the instant x = –3.
[4 marks]
dL 2 1
[Answers: (a) = - + t ; (b) δx = 0.3]
dx 3 3

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
PAPER 2:

Cloned SPM 2017

5
2 It is given that the equation of a curve is y = .
x3

dy
(a) Find the value of when x = 3. [3 marks]
dx

5
(b) Hence, estimate the value of . [4 marks]
( 2.98 )
3

dy 5 17
[Answers: (a) = - ; (b) ]
dx 27 90

Cloned SPM 2016

6 Diagram shows a front view of a window.

The arc of the window is a semicircle. The perimeter of the window is 5 metre.

(a) Express the front surface area of the window in terms of x and π. [3 marks]

(b) By using π = 3.142, find the width, in metre, of the window when the front surface area is maximum.
[3 marks]
1
[Answers: (a) A = 5 x - 2 x 2 - p x 2 ; (b) 1.4]
2

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
Cloned SPM 2018
6 Diagram shows the front view of a part of a roller coaster track in a miniature park.

8m

1 3 7 2
The curve part of the track of the roller coaster is represented by an equation y = x - x , with point P as
64 32
the origin.

Find the shortest vertical distance, in m, from the track to ground level. [6 marks]
35
[Answer: 1 m]
54

Cloned SPM 2019

7 A metal solid is formed by combining a cone and a cylinder with common radius, r cm.
2 æ 128 2 ö
The total surface area of the solid, A cm2, is given by A = pç + r ÷.
3 è r ø

(a) (i) The solid expands when heated. It is given that the surface area of the solid changes at the rate of
1.4π cm2 s-1. Find the rate of change of its radius, in cm s-1, when its radius is 6 cm.

(ii) Find the approximate change in the surface area of the solid, in terms of π, when its radius increases
from 6 cm to 6.02 cm.
[6 marks]

(b) If a solid of a same shape is to be formed in such that the total surface area is minimum, find the minimum
total surface area of the solid, in terms of π.
[4 marks]
76
[Answers: (a) 0.2487 cm s-1; (b) p cm2 s -1 ]
675

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

8. PROGRESSION

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTE

Chapter: Progression
Arithmetic Progression (A.P.)
(A) Characteristics of Arithmetic Progression
1. A sequence is a set of numbers that follow a specific pattern.
For example: 4, 7, 10, 13,… is a sequence.
2. Each number in a sequence is known as a term.
3. An arithmetic progression is a progression in which the difference between any term and the
immediate term before is a constant. The constant is called the common difference, d

𝑑 = 𝑇! − 𝑇!"# atau 𝑑 = 𝑇!$# − 𝑇!

(B) The steps to prove whether a given number sequence is an arithmetic progression
Step 1: List down any three consecutive terms. [Example: T1 , T2 , T3 .]
Step 2: Calculate the values of T3 − T2 and T2 − T1 .
Step 3: If T3 − T2 = T2 − T1 = d, then the number sequence is an arithmetic progression.
Example:
Prove whether the following number sequence is an arithmetic progression
(a) 7, 10, 13, …
(b) –20, –15, –9, …
Solution:
(a)
7, 10, 13 ← (Step 1: List down T1 , T2 , T3 )
T3 – T2 = 13 – 10 = 3 ← (Step 2: Find T3 – T2 dan T2 – T1)
T2 – T1 = 10 – 7 = 3 ← (Step 3: Find T3 – T2 dan T2 – T1)
T3 – T2 = T2 – T1
Therefore, 7, 10, 13, … is an A.P.

(b)
–20, –15, –9
T3 – T2 = –9 – (–15) = 6
T2 – T1 = –15 – (–20) = 5
T3 – T2 ≠ T2 – T1
Therefore, –20, –15, –9, … is not an A.P.

3472/SPM 2020
The 𝒏th term of an Arithmetic Progression
(C) The nth term of an Arithmetic Progression
𝑇! = 𝒂 + (𝒏 − 𝟏) 𝒅
where
𝑎 = first term
𝑑 = common difference
𝑛 = the number of term
𝑇! = the 𝑛th term

(D) The Number of Terms in an Arithmetic Progression

Smart TIPS: You can find the number of term in an arithmetic progression if you know the last term
Example:
Find the number of terms for each of the following arithmetic progressions.
(a) 5, 9, 13, 17… , 121
(b) 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75,…, 8
Solution:
(a) 5, 9, 13, 17… , 121 (b) 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75,..., 8
AP, AP,
𝑎 = 5, 𝑑 = 9 – 5 = 4 𝑎 = 1, 𝑑 = 1.25 – 1 = 0.25
𝑆𝑒𝑏𝑢𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑘ℎ𝑖𝑟, 𝑇𝑛 = 121 𝑇𝑛 = 8
𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1) 𝑑 = 121 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1) 𝑑 = 8
5 + (𝑛 – 1) (4) = 121 1 + (𝑛 – 1) (0.25) = 8
(𝑛 – 1) (4) = 116 (𝑛 – 1) (0.25) = 7
(𝑛 – 1) = 11641164 = 29 (𝑛 – 1) = 28
𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒏 = 𝟐𝟗

(E) The Consecutive Terms of an Arithmetic Progression

If a, b, c are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic
progression, then
c–b=b–a
Example:
If 𝑥 + 1, 2𝑥 + 3 dan 6 are three consecutive terms of an arithmetic progression, find the value of 𝑥 and its
common difference.
Solution:
! !
JA: 𝑥 + 1, 2𝑥 + 3, 6 JA: (") + 1, 2(") + 3, 6
𝒄 – 𝒃 = 𝒃– 𝒂 # !!
6 – (2𝑥 + 3) = (2𝑥 + 3) – (𝑥 + 1) "
, " , 6
6 – 2𝑥 – 3 = 2𝑥 + 3 – 𝑥 – 1 𝑑=
!! #
−"="
$
3 – 2𝑥 = 𝑥 + 2 "
!
𝑥 = "

3472/SPM 2020
(F) Sum of the First n terms of an Arithmetic Progressions

The sum of first n term, 𝑆( of an Arithmetic Progressions

[2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 ]
𝑛
𝑆( = (𝑎 + 𝑙)
2
𝑎 = first term
𝑑 = common difference
𝑛 = the number of term
𝑆( = the sum of first terms

Example:
Calculate the sum of each of the following arithmetic progressions:
(a) –11, –8, –5, … up to the first 15 terms.
(b) 8,   10½,   13, … up to the first 13 terms.
(c) 5, 7, 9,… 75

[Smart TIPS: The last term is given, you can find the number of term, n]

Solution:
(a) 𝑎 = – 11 (b) 𝑎 = 8 (c) 𝑎 = 5 dan 𝑙 = 75
𝑑 = – 8 – (– 11) = 3 ! %
𝑑 = 10 & − 8 = & 𝑑 = 7 – 5 = 2
𝑇𝑛 = 75
15 13 𝑎 + (𝑛 – 1)𝑑 = 75
𝑆!% = [2𝑎 + 14𝑑 ] [2𝑎 + 12𝑑 ]
2 𝑆!" = 5 + (𝑛 – 1)(2) = 75
15 2
𝑆!% = [2(−11) + 14(30)] 13 5 (𝑛 – 1)(2) = 70
2 𝑆!% = ]2(8) + 14( )^
= 15 2 2 𝑛 − 1 = 35
= 299 𝑛 = 36

36
𝑆"' = [𝑎 + 𝑙 ]
2
36
𝑆"' = [5 + 7] = 1440
2

3472/SPM 2020
Geometry Progression

(A) Characteristics of Geometric Progressions (G.P.)

Geometric progression is a progression in which the ratio of any term to the immediate term before is a
constant. The constant is called common ratio, r.

Example:
Determine whether or not each of the following number sequences is a geometric progression (GP). (a) 1, 4,
16, 64, …..
(b) 10, –5, 2.5, –1.25, …..
(c) 2, 4, 12, 48, …..
[Smart Tips: For GP, times a fixed number every time to get the next time.]
Solution:
(a) (b)

%#
Common ratio, 𝑟 =
%#$% Common ratio,
Common ratio, % (.* # % "* #
%& #& %' ' 𝑟 = %& = = − (, 𝑟 = %' = = −(
𝑟= %'
= '
= 4, 𝑟 = %%
= =4
#
' "* % #+
𝑇" 𝑇&
𝑇" 𝑇& =
= 𝑇& 𝑇!
𝑇& 𝑇! !
10, –5, 2.5, –1.25, … is a GP, 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎, 𝒓 = − &
1, 4, 16, 64, …. is a GP, 𝒂 = 𝟏, 𝒓 = 𝟒.

(c)

Common ratio,
%& #( %' '
𝑟= %'
= '
= 3, 𝑟 = %%
=(=2
𝑇" 𝑇&
≠
𝑇& 𝑇!
2, 4, 12, 48, …. Is not GP
because the ratio of each term to its preceding term is not a similar constant.

3472/SPM 2020
(B) The steps to prove whether a given number sequence is a geometric progression.
Step 1: List down any three consecutive terms. [Example: T1, T2, T3.]
%& %'
Step 2: Calculate the values of and .
%' %%
%& %
Step 3: If = %' = 𝑟 then the number sequence is a geometric.
%' %
%& %'
Step 4: If ≠ , then the number sequence is not a geometric progression.
%' %%

The nth Term of Geometric Progressions

(C) The nth Term of Geometric Progressions

𝑇! = 𝑎𝑟 !"#
𝑎 = first term
𝑟 = common ratio
s
𝑛 = the number of term
𝑇( = the-𝑛th term
Example:
Find the given term for each of the following geometric progressions..
(a) 8 ,4 ,24 ,… T8
!' ) #
(b) &$ , * , " , … 𝑇'

Solution:
Tn = arn-1
T1 = ar1-1 = ar0 = a ← (first term)
2-1 1
T2 = ar = ar = ar ← (second term)
T3 = ar3-1 = ar2 ← (third term)
T4 = ar4-1 = ar3 ← (fourth term)

(a) 8, 4, 2,… #& - '

(b) , , ,…
4 1 (, . /
𝑎 = 8, 𝑟= =
8 2 8
16 2
𝑇) = 𝑎𝑟 $ 𝑎= , 𝑟= 9 =
27 16 3
1 $ 1 27
𝑇) = 8 d e =
2 16 𝑇( = 𝑎𝑟 )
16 2 ) 512
𝑇* = 1 2 =
27 3 6561

3472/SPM 2020
(D) The Number of Term of a Geometric Progression
Smart TIPS: You can find the number of term in an arithmetic progression if you know the last term

Example:
Find the number of terms for each of the following geometric progressions.
(a) 2, 4, 8, … , 8192
!'
(b) 14,16,19,…$&*
(c) –½, 1, –2, …, 64
Solution:
!'
(a) 2, 4, 8, ….., 8192 ← (last term is given) (b) 14,16,19, …, $&*
𝑎 = 2
𝑇& 4
𝑟= = =2
𝑇! 2
𝑇( = 8192
𝑎𝑟 (+! =8192 ← 𝑻𝒏 = 𝒂𝒓𝒏+𝟏
(2)(2)(+! = 8192
(2)(+! = 8192
(2)(+! = 2!&
Therefore , 𝑛 − 1 = 12
𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑

Therefore , 𝑛 − 1 = 6
𝒏=𝟕
(c) –½, 1, –2, …, 64

3472/SPM 2020
(E) Three consecutive terms of a geometric progression (J.G.)

If e, f and g are 3 consecutive terms of GP, then

𝒈 𝒇
=
𝒇 𝒆
Example:
If p + 20,   p − 4, p −20 are three consecutive terms of a geometric progression, find the value of p..

Solution:

Sum of the First n Terms of Geometric Progressions

(F) Sum of the First n Terms of Geometric Progressions

a = first term
r = common ratio
n = number of term
Sn = sum of the first n terms

Example 1:
Find the sum of each of the following geometric progressions.
(a) 1, 2, 4, … up to the first 7 terms
"
(b) 12, 3, … , '#
[Smart TIPS: You can find n if you know the last term]

Solution:
(a) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, …
2
𝑇! , 𝑇& , 𝑇" , 𝑇# , 𝑇% , 𝑇' , 𝑇$ , … 𝐽𝐺 ∶ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟= =2
1
𝑆$ = 1 + 2 + 4 + 8 + 16 + 32 + 64 = 127
Using formula
&
𝐽𝐺 ∶ 𝑎 = 1, 𝑟 = ! = 2 (𝑟 > 1)
𝑎(𝑟 ( − 1)
𝑆( =
𝑟−1
#((+ "#) #(-"#
= ("#
= #
=127

3472/SPM 2020
Solution:
"
(b) 12, 3, … , '# 𝑎(1 − 𝑟 ( )
𝑆( =
" ! 1−𝑟
𝐺𝑃 ∶ 𝑎 = 12, 𝑟 = !& = # (𝑟 < 1)
% -
" #(#"2,3 )
𝑇( = '# = %
"
#"2,3
(+!
𝑎𝑟 = '#
%.'&
1 (+! 3 #(2%.',3
(12) d e = = &
4 64 ,
(+!
1 1 &/
d e = =15 &'
4 256
(+!
1 1 #
d e =d e
4 4
∴ 𝑛 − 1 = 4
𝑛=5

Sum to Infinity of Geometric Progressions

(G) Sum to Infinity of Geometric Progressions

a = first term
r = common ratio
S∞ = sum to infinity

Example:
Find the sum to infinity of each of the following geometric progressions.

Solution:
(a)

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 (b) (c)

(H) Recurring Decimal

Example of recurring decimal:

2
= 0.2222222222222 …
9
8
= 0.242424242424 …
33
41
= 0.123123123123 … ..
333

Recurring decimal can be changed to fraction using the sum to infinity formula

Example (Change recurring decimal to fraction)

Express each of the following recurring decimals as a fraction in its lowest terms.
(a) 0.8888 …
(b) 0.171717…
(c) 0.513513513 …

Solution:
(a)

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 (b)

(c)

Progression

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP) GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION (GP)

A sequence of numbers with A sequence of numbers with
each term is obtained by adding each term is obtained by
one constant to the multiplying one constant to the
previous term previous term.

• 𝑛 th first term: • 𝑛 th first term:

𝑎, 𝑎 + 𝑑, 𝑎 + 2𝑑, … , 𝑇( 𝑎, 𝑎𝑟, 𝑎𝑟 & , … , 𝑇(
• Common difference: • Common ratio:
𝑑 = 𝑇& − 𝑇! 𝑇&
𝑟=
= 𝑇" − 𝑇& 𝑇!
⋮ 𝑇"
=
= 𝑇( − 𝑇(+! 𝑇&
⋮
• The 𝑛th term : 𝑇(
𝑇( = 𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑 =
𝑇(+!
• Sum of the first 𝑛-term of AP: • The 𝑛th term:
(
(a) 𝑆( = & [2𝑎 + (𝑛 − 1)𝑑] 𝑇( = 𝑎𝑟 (+!
( (
(b) 𝑆( = & [𝑎 + 𝑇( ] atau 𝑆( = & [𝑎 + 𝑙] • Sum of the first 𝑛-term of GP:
• 𝑇( = 𝑆( − 𝑆(+! 4(5"6 # )
(a) 𝑆! = 5"6
, |𝑟| < 1
#
4(6 "#)
(b) 𝑆! = , |𝑟| > 1
6"#
• Sum to infinity of GP
4
𝑆7 = #"6
, −1 < 𝑟 < 1
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• 𝑇( = 𝑆( − 𝑆(+!
 EXTRA NOTES
LINK VIDEO (QR CODE)

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION (AP)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YpE7dOXgzm8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wZPWgASaZtY

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HhLOFJgYhAo

Progression ( Solving Problems )

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrNu1qbBjpo https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ulueuJ_i9CE

3472/SPM 2020
 SPM Qustion Discussion (Paper 1) :

5.1 Arithmetic Progression 5.2 Geometric Progression

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3LHCjDIGszI&t=390s https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jNAejWApCw

SPM Qustion Discussion (Paper 2):

PROGRESSION

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
Progression
PAPER 1

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSSION & GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

Question 1 Question 2
Given 11, 𝑝 + 1, 19 are three consecutive terms in Given 13, 𝑚 + 6 and 3𝑚 − 𝑛 are three consecutive
an arithmetic progression and (p+1) is the third terms in an arithmetic progression.
term, find the value of (a) Express m in term of 𝑛.
(a) 𝑝 (b) Find common difference if 𝑛 = 6.
(b) the first term.

Solution 1 Solution 2

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Question 3 Question 4
The 𝑛th term of an arithmetic progression is given Given the second term of a geometric progression is
" %
by 𝑇( = & (𝑛& − 5𝑛). Find the sum of the first 13th 5 and the fifth term is ).
term in the progression. Find : (a) common ratio
(b) Sum of first four term.
Solution 3
Solution 4

Question 5 Question 6
#
Three first term of a geometric progression is Given 𝑦, 2, . , 𝑝, … is a geometric progression.
ℎ, 11, 𝑘. Find the value of ℎ dan 𝑘.
Express 𝑝 in term of 𝑦.
Solution 5
Solution 6

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Question 7 Question 8
Given the third term of a geometric progression is Given the first term and the eighth term of an
16. The sum of the third term and the fourth term is arithmetic progression is -3 and 25 respectively.
8. Find the Find
(a) first term and the common ratio (a) common difference
(b) sum to infinity of the progressions. (b) the sum of first ten term of the progression.

Solution 7 Solution 8

Question 9
The sum to infinity for a geometric progression is 8.
Given the first term is 2. Find
(a) Common ratio
(b) The second term of the progression.

Solution 9
(a) 𝑎 = 2
𝑎
𝑆7 = =8
1−𝑟
2
=8
1−𝑟
3
𝑟 =
4

(b) 𝑇( = 𝑎𝑟 ("#
/ #
= (2) 7'8
/
= 7( 8

3472/SPM 2020
Progression
PAPER 2

ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION AND GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

Question 1
Diagram 1 shows part of a set of 509 tiles on the wall of a room.

Diagram 1
Find
(a) the number of rows that can be sorted.
(b) the number of tiles in the bottom row.

Solution 1

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Question 2
Diagram 2 below shows part of an arrangement of bricks of equal size.

Rajah 2

The number of bricks in the lowest row is 100. For each of the other rows, the number of bricks is 2 less than
in the row below. The height of each brick is 7 cm.

Rahman builds a wall by arranging bricks in this way. The number of bricks in the highest row is 4. Calculate
(a) the height, in cm, of the wall.
(b) the total price of the bricks used if the price of one brick is 50 sen.

Solution 2
100, 98, 96, …, 4 is an arithmetic progression
a = 100 and d = –2

(a)
Tn = 4
a + (n – 1) d = 4
100 + (n – 1)(–2) = 4
100 – 2n + 2 = 4
2n = 98
n = 49
Height of the wall = 49 × 7 = 343 cm

(b)
Total number of bricks used,
#*
𝑆#* = & (100 + 4)
= 2548
Total price = 2548 × RM0.50
= RM1,274

3472/SPM 2020
Question 3
A circle with the radius of 10cm is divided into 4 sectors with the area of the sectors being in geometric
progression. Given that the largest sector is 8 times the smallest sector. Find the largest sector

Solution 3
Let the area of the smallest sector
1 1
= (10)& 𝜃 ← (𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = 𝑗 & 𝜃)
2 2
= 50 𝜃
Common ration = 𝑟
Geometric Progressio is 50 𝜃, 50 𝜃𝑟, 50 𝜃𝑟 & , 50 𝜃𝑟 " .

Given that the largest sector is 8 times the smallest sector,

50 𝜃𝑟3 = 8 (50 𝜃)
𝑟3 = 8
𝑟 = 2

Total area of the sectors

= area of a circle
= 𝜋𝑗2
= 𝜋 (10)&
= 100𝜋

S4 = 100π
50𝜃(𝑟 # − 1)
= 100𝜋
𝑟−1
50𝜃(2# − 1)
= 100𝜋
2−1
50𝜃(15) = 100𝜋
2𝜋
𝜃=
15

𝑇# = 50𝜃𝑟 "
2𝜋
𝑇# = 50 d e (2)"
15
𝑇# = 167.6 (𝜋 = 3.142)
Area of the largest sector = 167.6 cm2

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 PRACTISE
ARITHMETIC PROGRESSION

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 PRACTISE

GEOMETRIC PROGRESSION

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COLLECTION OF TRIAL QUESTIONS
Paper 1
1. During Merdeka Day Celebration, Some of form four students from MRSM Putrajaya are invited to
perform a choir. The students will be arranged in the performance such that there will be 21 participant
in the fifth row and the number of participant of each subsequent row is 3 more than the preceding row.
If there are 140 form four students, find the maximum number of students that perform in the choir.
Semasa Sambutan Hari Kemerdekaan, sebilangan pelajar tingkatan empat dari MRSM putrajaya
dijemput untuk membuat persembahan koir. Pelajar-pelajar akan disusun dalam persembahan tersebut
dengan keadaan 21 orang peserta akan berada di baris kelima dan bilangan peserta pada baris yang
seterusnya adalah lebih 3 orang daripada baris sebelumnya.
Jika terdapat 140 orang pelajar tingkatan empat, cari bilangan maksimum pelajar yang dapat
membuat persembahan koir itu.
PPC MRSM 2019
Jwp: 126
[4 marks/ markah]
2. The first term of the geometric progression is 16 and all the terms are positive. The product of the first
term and the eight term is equal to the fourth term.
Find the sum to infinity of this progression.
Sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 16 dan semua sebutan sebelumnya adalah positif.
Hasil darab sebutan pertama dengan sebutan kelapan adalah sama dengan sebutan keempat.
Cari hasil tambah ketakterhinggaan bagi janjang ini.
PPC MRSM 2019
Jwp: 32
[4 marks/ markah]
3. Determine whether the sequence of 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥, 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 " , 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 % , … is an arithmetic progression or
geometric progression. Give your reason.
Tentukan sama ada jujukan 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥, 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 " , 𝑙𝑜𝑔& 𝑥 % , … adalah janjang aritmetik atau janjang geometri.
Berikan alasan anda.
PPC MPP3 2019
Jwp: Janjang Aritmetik, 𝒅 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈𝟐 𝒙𝟐
[2 marks/ markah]
*
4. Given 4𝑚. 0 , 3𝑘 are three consecutive terms of a geometric progression. Express k in terms of m.
*
Diberi 4𝑚. 0 , 3𝑘 adalah tiga sebutan berturutan suatu janjang geometri. Ungkapkan k dalam sebutan
m.
PPC MPP3 2019
𝟐𝟕
Jwp: 𝒌 =
𝟒𝒎𝟑
[3 marks/ markah]
5. Every year, the price of a house increases 10% from the price of the previous year. At the beginning, the
house price was RM70 000.
Pada setiap tahun, harga sebuah rumah bertambah sebanyak 10% daripada harga pada tahun
sebelumnya. Pada mulanya, harga sebuah rumah ialah RM70 000.
(a) Express the price of the house in the nth year in terms of n.
Ungkapkan harga rumah itu pada tahun ke-n dalam sebutan n.
(b) Hence, find the price of the house in the tenth year, correct to the nearest RM.
Seterusnya, cari harga rumah itu pada tahun kesepuluh, betul kepada RM terdekat.
3472/SPM 2020
 PPC Batu Pahat 2019
Jwp: (a) 𝑻𝒏 = 𝟕𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟏)𝒏+𝟏
(a) 𝑻𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕𝟎 𝟎𝟎𝟎(𝟏. 𝟏)𝟏𝟎+𝟏
= 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟎𝟓𝟔
[3 marks/ markah]
(
6. Sum of the first 𝑛 term for arithmetic progression is 𝑆( = & (4𝑛 + 5). Find the sixth term.
(
Hasil tambah 𝑛 sebutan pertama bagi suatu janjang aritmetik ialah 𝑆( = & (4𝑛 + 5). Cari sebutan
keenam.
PPC MPPSM (PP) 2019
Jwp: 24.5
[2 marks/ markah]

7. The height of a plant increases by 7% every month. Given that the height of the plant was initially ℎ𝑐𝑚.
After 𝑛 months, the height of the plant exceeds 3 times its height. What is the minimum value for 𝑛?
Tinggi sejenis tumbuhan bertambah 7% setiap bulan. Diberi bahawa tinggi tumbuhan itu pada awalnya
ialah ℎ𝑐𝑚. Selepas 𝑛 bulan, tinggi tumbuhan itu melebihi 3 kali ganda daripada tinggi awalnya. Apakah
nilai minimum bagi 𝑛?
PPC MPPSM (PP) 2019
Jwp: 18
[3 marks/ markah]

8. Sarah’s monthly saving form an arithmetic progression 𝑝 + 9, 2𝑝 + 10 and 7𝑝 − 1. Find

Tabung bulanan Sarah membentuk suatu janjang aritmetik 𝑝 + 9, 2𝑝 + 10 dan 7𝑝 − 1. Cari
(a) the value of 𝑝,
nilai bagi 𝑝,
(b) the sum of Sarah’s saving at first quarter of the year.
Jumlah tabungan Sarah pada suku tahun pertama.
PPC Selangor 2019
Jwp: 𝒑 = 𝟑, Jumlah = 𝟒𝟖
[4 marks/ markah]

# #
9. The third term and the fifth term of a geometric progression is and , where value of the common
/( (+'-
ratio is positive. Find
# #
Sebutan ketiga dan kelima suatu janjang geometri ialah dan , dengan keadaan nilai nisbah
/( (+'-
sepunya adalah positif. Cari
(a) the first term,
sebutan pertama,
(b) the common ratio
nisbah sepunya.
PPC Selangor 2019
𝟏
Jwp: 𝒂 = 𝟐, 𝒓 = 𝟖
[4 marks/ markah]
3472/SPM 2020
 10. Diagram 10 shows the situation of bouncing ball.
Rajah 10 menunjukkan keadaan sebiji bola yang melantun.

Diagram/ Rajah 10

/
The ball is dropped from a table that is 24cm high. The ball always rebounds of the distance dropped.
'
Find the total distance travelled by the ball when it finally comes to rest.
/
Bola itu dilepaskan dari sebuah meja yang tingginya 24cm. Bola itu sentiasa melantun balik daripada
'
tingginya semasa jatuh. Cari jumlah jarak yang dilalui oleh bola itu apabila berhenti melantun.
PPC Johor 2019
Jwp: 168
[4 marks/ markah]

11. The sixth term of an arithmetic progression is 47 and the sum of the first 10 terms is 410. Find the first
term and common difference of the progression.
Sebutan keenam suatu janjang aritmetik ialah 47 dan hasil tambah 10 sebutan pertama ialah 410. Cari
sebutan pertama dan beza sepunya bagi janjang itu.
PPC Johor 2019
Jwp: 𝒂 = −𝟏𝟑, 𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐
[3 marks/ markah]
12. The following information refers to the sum of terms of a geometric progression.
Maklumat berikut merujuk kepada hasil tambah sebutan-sebutan suatu janjang geometri.
0.216216216 … = 0.216 + 𝑝 + 𝑞 + ⋯
Where 𝑝 and 𝑞 are constants.
Dengan keadaan 𝑝 dan 𝑞 ialah pemalar.
Determine
Tentukan
(a) the value of 𝑝 and 𝑞
nilai 𝑝 dan 𝑞
(b) the common ratio of the progression
nisbah sepunya janjang itu
PPC Johor 2019
Jwp: (a) 𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔, 𝒒 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟏𝟔
(b) 0.001
[1 mark/ markah]

3472/SPM 2020
 13. The 2nd term of a geometric progression is 12 and the sum of the first 2 terms is 34. Find the common
ratio of the progression.
Sebutan ke-2 bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 12 dan hasil tambah 2 sebutan pertama ialah 34. Cari
nisbah sepunya bagi janjang itu.
PPC Kelantan 2019
Jwp: 𝒓 = 𝟐
[3 marks/ markah]

14. The 2nd term of a geometric progression is 12 and the sum of the first 2 terms is 34. Find the common
ratio of the progression.
Sebutan ke-2 bagi suatu janjang geometri ialah 12 dan hasil tambah 2 sebutan pertama ialah 34. Cari
nisbah sepunya bagi janjang itu.
PPC Kelantan 2019
Jwp: 𝒂 = 𝟕, 𝒅 = 𝟓
[3 marks/ markah]

15. For a geometric progression, the sum of first two terms is 60 and the third term exceeds the first term
by 30. Find the common ratio and the first term of the geometric progression.
Untuk janjang geometri, di mana jumlah 2 sebutan pertamanya ialah 60 dan sebutan ketiga melebihi
sebutan pertama sebanyak 30. Cari nisbah sepunya dan sebutan pertama untuk janjang geometri ini.
𝟑
Jwp: 𝒓 = 𝟐
[4 marks/ markah]

16. An arithmetic progression has 9 terms. The sum of the first four terms is 48 and the sum of all the odd
number terms is 110. Find the first term and the common difference.
Suatu janjang aritmetik mempunyai 9 sebutan. Jumlah empat sebutan pertamanya ialah 48 dan jumlah
semua sebutan ganjilnya ialah 110. Cari sebutan yang pertama dan beza sepunya.
Jwp: 𝒂 = 𝟔, 𝒅 = 𝟒
[4 marks/ markah]

17. Razid had just finished his SPM examination. He applied for a job from a company. The company offered
him an initial salary of RM 66 000 per annum with 10% yearly increment from the basic salary. Razid
planned to save 35% of his salary to further his studies after working for 6 years. Calculate his total
savings for his studies after working 6 years. Give your answer correct to the nearest RM.
Razid baru saja selesai menduduki peperiksaan SPM. Dia memohon pekerjaan daripada sebuah syarikat.
Syarikat tersebut menawarkan gaji tahunan permulaan sebanyak RM 66000 dengan 10% kenaikan gaji
tahunan daripada gaji pokok. Razid bercadang untuk menyimpan 35% daripada gajinya untuk
melanjutkan pelajaran selepas bekerja selama 6 tahun. Hitung jumlah simpanan untuk pengajiannya
selepas bekerja selama 6 tahun. Berikan jawapan anda betul kepada RM terhampir.
Jwp: 𝑺𝟔 = 𝟓𝟎𝟗𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟐𝟔
Simpanan = 178230.59

3472/SPM 2020
 [4 marks/ markah]

18. Aisy Rafhanah saved RM 100 000 in the fixed deposit at Maybank. After n years her savings become
$ (
100000 Œ%• . Find total of years where her saving turn to be more than 3 million for the first time.
Aisy Rafhanah menyimpan RM 100 000 di dalam simpanan tetap di Maybank. Selepas n tahun wang
$ (
simpanannya menjadi 100000 Œ%• . Cari bilangan tahun di mana wang simpanannya buat pertama kali
melebihi 3 juta.
Jwp: 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏
[4 marks/ markah]

PAPER 2

1. Diagram 3 shows a spiral pattern obtained when a piece of wire is bent into several semicircles with the
condition the radius are increased by 4 cm from the previous semicircles.
Rajah 3 menunjukkan suatu corak spiral yang terhasil apabila seutas dawai dibengkokkan kepada
beberapa semibulatan berterusan dengan syarat jejari separuh bulatan bertambah 4 cm dari
semibulatan yang sebelumnya.

Diagram/ Rajah 1
Given the radius of the first semicircle is 5 cm with centre O and AOBC is a straight line.
Diberi jejari semibulatan yang pertama ialah 5 cm dan berpusat O. AOBC ialah garis lurus.
(a) Determine which semicircle with the arc length 121𝜋.
Tentukan semibulatan yang keberapa mempunyai panjang lengkok 121 𝜋.
(b) If OC = 145 cm, find the length of the wire needed, in term of 𝜋, so that the end of the wire will touch
the point C.
Jika OC = 145 cm, cari jumlah panjang dawai yang diperlukan, dalam sebutan 𝜋 supaya hujung dawai
spiral itu menyentuh titik C.
PPC Batu Pahat 2019
Jwp: (a) 𝟓𝝅, 𝟗𝝅, 𝟏𝟑𝝅, … ; 𝒅 = 𝟒𝝅, 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟎
(b) 𝒏 = 𝟑𝟔, 𝑺𝟑𝟔 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟎𝝅
[7 marks/ markah]

3472/SPM 2020
 2. A rectangular piece of paper can be folded in half by 12 times. Given the thickness of the paper is
0.0075cm.
Sekeping kertas berbentuk segiempat tepat boleh dilipat separuh sebanyak 12 kali. Diberi ketebalan
kertas itu ialah 0.0075cm.
(a) Show that the thickness of the paper fold when the paper folds half into a geometric progression
and state the common ratio.
Tunjukkan bahawa ketebalan lipatan kertas itu apabila kertas itu dilipat separuh membentuk suatu
janjang geometri dan seterusnya nyatakan nisbah sepunyanya.
(b) Find the thickness of the paper when the paper folds half by 10 times.
Cari ketebalan lipatan kertas itu apabila kertas itu dilipat separuh sebanyak 10 kali.
(c) Determine the minimum number of times the paper is folded in half so that the thickness of fold is
more than 15cm.
Tentukan bilangan kali minimum kertas itu dilipat separuh supaya ketebalan lipatan kertas itu
melebihi 15cm.
PPC PP 2019
Jwp: (a) 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏𝟓. 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑, 𝟎. 𝟎𝟔, … 𝒓 = 𝟐
(b) 𝑻𝟏𝟎 = 𝟕. 𝟔𝟖 ; (c) 𝒏 = 𝟏𝟏
[7 marks/ markah]

3. Iskandar buys a used car. At the end of the first year, the cost of maintaining the car is RM1000. At the
end of the next year the maintenance cost increased by 10% from the previous year.
Iskandar membeli sebuah kereta terpakai. Pada akhir tahun pertama kos penyelenggaraan keretanya
adalah RM1000. Setiap akhir tahun berikutnya kos penyelenggaraan keretanya akan bertambah 10%
daripada tahun sebelumnya.
Calculate
Hitungkan
(a) The car maintenance costs at the end of the sixth year.
Kos penyelenggaraan kereta pada akhir tahun ke enam.
(b) At the end of which year the cost of maintenance exceeds RM2000.
Pada akhir tahun ke berapakah kos penyelenggaraannya melebihi RM2000.
(c) The total cost of car maintenance from the end of the fifth year to the end of the tenth year in
nearest ringgit.
Jumlah kos penyelenggaraan kereta daripada akhir tahun ke lima hingga akhir tahun ke sepuluh
dalam ringgit terhampir.
PPC Johor 2019
Jwp: (a) 𝒂 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎 , 𝒓 = 𝟏. 𝟏, 𝑻𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟏
(b) 𝒏 = 𝟗 ;
(c) 𝑺𝟏𝟎+ 𝑺𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏𝟑𝟎𝟎
[8 marks/ markah]

3472/SPM 2020
 4. A tennis ball is released from a height of 800 cm above the floor. The ball will bounce back and reaches
a height of 60% of the previous height after it hits on the floor. The ball continue bouncing in this way
until it stops. Calculate
Sebiji bola tenis dilepaskan dari ketinggian 800 cm daripada lantai. Bola itu akan melantun balik dan
mencapai 60% daripada ketinggian sebelumnya selepas menyentuh lantai. Bola itu terus melantun
sehingga ia berhenti. Kira :
(a) the number of bounces when the maximum height of the ball from the floor is less than 100 cm for
the first time.
Bilangan lantunan apabila ketinggian maximum lantunan bola itu adalah kurang dari 100cm
selepas menyentuh lantai
(b) the total distance , in cm, travelled by the ball until it stops.
Jumlah jarak pergerakan bola itu dalam cm sehingga ia berhenti.
Jwp: (a) 𝒏 = 𝟓
(b) 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟐𝟎𝟎𝒄𝒎
[8 marks/ markah]

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

9. LINEAR LAW

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES
==========================================================================================================================================

STEPS OF SOLUTION ® PAPER 2

▪ construct table, based on the given X-axis and Y-axis.
▪ plot graph Y against X, based on given scalei.
▪ draw the line of best fit. ! (a)
Þ find m ~ choose two points on the line of best fit refer
Þ find c ~ y-intercept of the line of best fit
▪ reduce non linear equation to linear equation. ! (b)
Þ determine m
Þ determine c
▪ compare the m and c for (a) and (b) & solve. STEPS OF SOLUTION ® PAPER 1
reduce non linear equation
▪ from the graph : to linear equation Y = mX + c
Þ given value of x ~ find the value of y
Þ given value of y ~ find the value of x
compare compare
Þ cari nilai x, diberi nilai y point
determine m determine c
( given / formula ) ( given / Y = mX + c )

reduce point non-linear to linear

==========================================================================================================================================

MIND think :

Equation of Straight Line, y = mx + c ; where m = gradient, c = y-intercept

y1 - y 2 y - y1 æ y - intercept ö
m = = 2 m = -ç ÷
x1 - x 2 x 2 - x1 è x - intercept ø

vertical distance
m = horizontal distance
vertical vertical m= - ( horizontal distance )
vertical distance
distance distance

horizontal distance horizontal distance

Laws of Logarithms

log a a = 1 log a 1 = 0 log a x n = n log a x

æxö
log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y log a ç ÷ = log a x - log a y
è yø

Line of Best Fit

passes 3 points passes 2 points passes 4 points passes 4 points passes 2 points

extreme point
(wrongly recoreded)
SPM 2010 SPM 2016 SPM 2018 SPM 2019
SPM 2017

3472/SPM 2020
==========================================================================================================================================

** MAIN SKILL ** : reduce non-linear equation to linear equation

==========================================================================================================================================

Reduce the following no-linear relations to the linear form, Y = mX + c

Þ type 1 ~ USING MULTIPLICATION @ DIVISION

y y q
(1) y = ax2 + bx ® Y= , X=x (2) = px + ® Y = y, X = x2
x x x

p hk
(3) y= + q x ® Y= y x, X=x (4) y - h = ® Y = xy, X = x
x x

x+3 y2 p q 1 1
(5) + =1 ® Y = y2, X = x + 3 (6) = -1 ® Y= , X=
a b y x2 y x2

3472/SPM 2020
 1 1
a 1 (8) nx = py + xy ® Y= , X=
(7) y= ® Y= , X=x y x
x -b y

3472/SPM 2020
 L
(9) T=2p ® Y=T2, X=L
g (10) 4kx = (y - h)2 ® Y=y , X= x

Þ type 2 ~ USING LAW OF LOGARITHMS

2
(1) y = abx ® Y = log10 y , X = x (2) y = 10 a + bx ® Y = log10 y , X = x2

(3) y = hk2x ® Y = log10 y , X = x k

(4) y= ® Y = log10 y , X = x
hx

(5) y = pqx - 2 ® Y = log10 y , X = x - 2 p

(6) y= ® Y = log10 y , X = x + 1
x +1
k

3472/SPM 2020
 h a
(8) y= ® Y = log10 y , X = log10 x
(7) y = (1 + k) x 2 ® Y = log10 y , X = log10 x b
x

PAPER 1
[ 0 – 1 question ® 0 – 4 marks ]
==========================================================================================================================================
Apply linear law to non-linear relations .
==========================================================================================================================================

Þ apply 1
1) Diagram (a) shows the curve y = -3x2 + 5. Diagram (b) shows the straight line graph obtained when y = -3x2 + 5 is
expressed in the linear form Y = 5X + c.

y Y
2
y = -3x + 5
X
x O
O
-3

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

y
Express X and Y in terms of x and / or y. (Ans : Y = , X= 1 )
x2 x2
[3 marks] [2006, No.11]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
 x p x p
2) The variables x and y are related by the equation = + 5 x , where p is a constant. When the equation = + 5x
y x y x
q
is express in linear form, the straight line obtained is Y = pX + .
2
(a) Express X and Y in term of x and / or y. (Ans : Y = 1
y
, X= 1 )
x2

(b) Find the value of q. (Ans : 10)

[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
 Þ apply 2
y
3) The diagram shows a straight line graph of against x.
x

y
x
(2, k)
(h, 3)

x
O

Given that y = 6x - x2, calculate the values of k and h. (Ans : h = 3, k = 4)

[4 marks] [2004, No.13]
Answer :

y2
4) The variables x and y are related by the equation y2 = 2x (10 - x). A straight line graph is obtained by plotting against x,
x
as shows in diagram.

y2
x
(3, q)

x
O (p, 0)

Find the value of p and of q. (Ans : p = 10, q = 14)

[3 marks] [2007, No.12]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
 Þ apply 3 ~ 1

5) The variables x and y are related by the equation hy = kx2 + hk. A straight line graph is obtained by plotting y against x2 as
shown in the diagram.

(0, 6)
x
O

Given the gradient of the straight line is 3, find the value of h and of k. (Ans : h = 2, k = 6)
[3 marks] [2010, No.12]
Answer :

12
6) The variables x and y are related by the equation 3 y = ( p - 1) x + , where p is a constant. The diagram shows the straight line
x
QR obtained by plotting xy against x2.

xy

R (0, 6t)

x2
O Q

12
(a) Express the equation 3 y = ( p - 1) x + in its linear form, which is used ot obtain the straight line graph shown in
x
diagram.
3
( )
[Ans : xy = p -1 x 2 + 4 ]

(b) Given that the gradient of QR is -2, find the value of p and of t. (Ans : p = -5, t = 2 )
3
[4 marks] [2011, No.12]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
7) Given the variable x and y are related by the equation x - py = qxy, where p and q are constants. If the vertical-axis is
1
represented by . Explain, how the p and q can be obtained.
y
[3 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

Þ apply 4
y
8) The variables x and y are related by the equation = px2 - qx where p and q are constants. Diagram (i) and Diagram (ii)
x
show the straight line graphs obtained by plotting the relations from the equation.

y
Y
x3
x
O k+3

-6k
X
O
(i) (ii)

Express p in terms of q. (Ans : p = q + 18 )

6
[3 marks] [2019, No.11]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
Þ apply 5
y
9) x and y are related by the equation y = px2 + qx, where p and q are constants. A straight line is obtained by plotting against
x
x, as shown in diagram below.

y
x
(2, 9)
(6, 1)

x
O

Find the values of p and q. (Ans : p = -2, q = 13)

[4 marks] [2003, No.10]
Answer :

p q
10) The variables x and y are related by the equation =1- . The diagram shows shows the straight line graph obtained by
y x2
1 1
plotting against .
y x2

1
y

(5, 6)
2
1
O x2

Find the value of

(a) p, (Ans : 1 )
2

(b) q. (Ans : - 2 )
5
[4 marks] [2012, No.12]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
 q
11) The variable x and y are related by the equation y = 2x2 - , where q is a constant. A straight line is obtained by plotting xy
x
aginst x3, as shown in Diagram.

xy

(h, 13)
3

x3
O

Find the value of h and of q. (Ans : h = 5, q = -3)

[3 marks] [2016, No.16]
Answer :

r
12) The variables x and y are related by the equation y = x + , where r is a constant. The diagram shows a straight line graph
x2
1
obtained by plotting (y - x) against .
x2

(y - x)

æh ö
ç , 5p÷
è2 ø
1
O x2

Express h in terms of p and r. (Ans : h = 10 p )

r
[3 marks] [2017, No.19]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
 æm ö y
13) The variables x and y are related by the equation y = (x + 2) ç + 3 ÷ , where m is a constant. When the graph of is
è x ø x + 2
1
plotted against , a straight line passing through the points A and B is obtained.
x

y
x+2

A (4, 11)
B
1
O x

Find
(a) the coordinates of point B,
(b) the value of m. (Ans : 2)
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

y b
14) x and y are related by the equation
2
= ax + , where a and b are constants. A straight line passes throught point (4, 6) with
x x
1 y
a gradient of is obtained by plotting against x2. Calculate the values of a and b.
2 x
(Ans : a = 1 , b = 4) [4 marks]
2
[Forecast]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
 Þ apply 3 ~ 2
k
15) The variables x and y are related by the equation y = , where k is a constant. Diagram below shows the straight line graph
5x
obtained by plotting log10 y against x.

log10 y

x
O

(0, -2)

k
(a) Express the equation y = in its linear form used to obtain the straight line graph shown in diagram.
5x
(b) Find the value of k. ( Ans : 1
100
)
[4 marks] [2008, No.12]
Answer :

(a) (b)

16) The variables x and y are related by y = 1 px, where p is a constant. A straight line with a gradient of 3 is obtained by plotting
2
log2y against x. Find
(a) the value of p, (Ans : 8)
(b) the y-intercept of the straight line. (Ans : -1)
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
Þ apply 5 ~ 2
17) The variables x and y are related by the equation y = kx4, where k is a constant.
(a) Convert the equation y = kx4 to linear form.
(b) The diagram shows the straight line obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x.

log10 y

(2, h)
(0, 3)
log10 x
O

Find the value of

(i) log10 k, (Ans : 3)
(ii) h. (Ans : 11)
[4 marks] [2005, No.13]
Answer :

(a) (b) (i)

(ii)

18) The variables x and y are related by the equation y = 1000px, where p is a constant. The diagram shows the straight line grapah
obtained by plotting log10y against x.

log10 y

(0, h)

(1, 1)
x
O

(a) Express the equation y = 1000px in linear form used to obtain the straight line graph shown above.
[ Ans : y = (log 10 p)(x) + 3 ]
(b) Find the value of h and of p. (Ans : h = 3, p = 1 )
100
[4 marks] [2013, No.12]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
19) x and y are related by the equation y = axn, where a and n are constants. When the graph of log 2 y is plotted against log 2 x
, a straight passing through the points (1, 5) and (3, 11) is obtained. Find the value of a and of n.
(Ans : a = 4, n = 3)
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

Þ apply 6
20) Diagram (a) shows the graph of a non linear equation. Diagram (b) shows the straight line graph obtained when the non linear
equation is expressed in linear form.

y y
x
x y
O (1, -4) = px + c
c x
(2, -18) x
O q

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

Calculate the value of c, p and q. (Ans : p = -5, q = 1

5
, c = 1)

[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

21) The diagram (a) shows part of the curve y = ax2 + bx, where a and b are positive constants

y y
x
(6, 54)
(p, 3)
(3, 9) (6, q)
x x
O O

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

The graph of the curve y = ax2 + bx is converted to its linear form , a straight line is obtainted as shown in diagram
(b). Find
(a) the values of p and q, (Ans : p = 3, q = 9)
(b) the values of a and b. (Ans : a = 2, b = -3)
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
22) Diagram (a) shows the curve y = abx, where a and b are constants. Diagram (b) shows the straight line graph obtained when
y = abx is expressed in the linear form.

y lg y

(3, 54)
(1, q)

(1, 6) (1, p)
x x
O O

Diagram (a) Diagram (b)

Find
(a) the values of p and q, (Ans : p = 0.7782, q = 1.7324)
(b) the values of a and b. (Ans : a = 2, b = 3)
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

Þ apply 7
3
23) The diagram shows part of the graph y = + 5 which passes points P (1, 8) and Q (3, 6).
x

y 3
y= +5
x
P (1, 8)
Q (3, 6)
x
O

Sketch the graph xy against x that shows the coordinates of point P and point Q.
[Ans : P (1, 8), Q (3, 18) ]
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
24) The diagram shows a curve. The variables x and y are related by the linear equation y2 = Ax + B, where A and B are constants.

Q (11, 4)

P (5, 2)
x
O

(a) Calculate the value of A and B. (Ans : A = 2, B = -6)

(b) Sketch the graph linear of y2 against x.
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

bx
25) The diagram shows a curve. The variables x and y are related by the equation y = , where a and b are constants.
x + ab

æ 3ö
ç 6, ÷
(3, 1) è 2ø
x
O

1 1
(a) Sketch the graph linear of against .
y x

(b) Calculate the values of a and b. (Ans : a = 2, b = 3)

[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

3472/SPM 2020
 ==========================================================================================================================================

Form equations of lines of best fit.

==========================================================================================================================================

Þ type 1
26) The diagram shows the straight line graph obtained by plotting (y - x) against x2.

(y-x)

x2
-2 O

Express y in terms of x. (Ans : y = 3x2 + x + 6)

[3 marks] [2015, No.10]
Answer :

x2 1
27) The diagram shows the graph of a straight line against .
y x

x2
y
(6, 4)

1
O x
-5

Based on the diagram, express y in terms of x. (Ans : y = 2 x3 )

3 - 10 x
[3 marks] [2018, No.13]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
 y
28) The diagram shows a straight line graph of against x.
x

y
x
(4, 6)

2
x
O

3
Express y in term of x. (Ans : y = x 2 + 2 x )
[3 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

Þ type 2
29) A straight line is obtained by plotting log10 y against log10 x, as shown in diagram below.

log10 y
æ1 1ö
A ç , ÷
è 4 3ø
log10 x
O
B (2, -2)

(Ans : y 3 = 1004 )
x

[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
30) The diagram shows a straight line graph lg y against x2.

lg y

P Q (4, 9)

x2
T O

Given the gradient of the straight line PQ is 2, and P lies on lg y -axis.

(a) Find the coordinates of point P.
2
(b) Express y in term of x. (Ans : y = y = 102 x +1 )
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

(a) (b)

31) The diagram shows the graf lg y against x. Given the length of AB is 4 5 unit and point A lies on x-axis

lg y

B (6, 8)

x
O A

Express y in term of x. Ans : y = 102 x - 4 )

[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

3472/SPM 2020
32) The diagram shows a straight line graph y against log10 x.

(0, 2)

log10 x
(-3, 0) O

Given the straight line passes thtough points (-3, 0) and (0, 2).
Find the value of y when x = 1000. (Ans : 4)
[4 marks] [Forecast]
Answer :

PAPER 2
[ Part B ® 10 marks ]
==========================================================================================================================================

Draw lines of best fit for graph of linear relations.

Interpret information based on lines of best fit.
Solve problems involving linear law.
==========================================================================================================================================

Þ type 1a ~ apply linear law to non-linear relations

33) Use graph paper to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y
r
= px + , where p and r are contants.
px

x 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 5.5

y 5.5 4.7 5.0 6.5 7.7 8.4

(a) Plot xy against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 5 unit on both axes.

Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p, (Ans : 1.373)
(ii) r. (Ans : 5.488)
[5 marks]
[2005, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
34) Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation y
p
= 2kx2 + x , where p and k are contants.
k

x 2 3 4 5 6 7

y 8 13.2 20 27.5 36.6 45.5

y
(a) Plot against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on both axes.
x
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p, (Ans : 0.75)
(ii) k, (Ans : 0.25)
(iii) y when x = 1.2. (Ans : 4.32)
[6 marks]
[2007, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
35) Use graph paper to answer this question.
k
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation
y
p
= + 1, where k and p are contants.
x

x 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

y 2.502 0.770 0.465 0.385 0.351 0.328

1 1
(a) Based on the table, construct a table for the values of and . [2 marks]
x y

1 1 1 1
(b) Plot against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the -axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the -axis.
y x x y
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Use the graph from (b) to find the value of
(i) k, (Ans : 0.2564)
(ii) p, (Ans : -1.333)
[5 marks]
[2009, No.8]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

36) Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
n
equation = px + 1 , where n and p are contants.
y
x 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

y 0.303 0.364 0.465 0.588 0.909 1.818

1
(a) Based on the table, construct a table for the values of . [1 mark]
y

1 1
(b) Plot against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the -axis.
y y
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Use the graph from (b) to find the value of
(i) y when x = 0.38, (Ans : 0.5714)
(ii) n, (Ans : 0.2597)
(iii) p, (Ans : -1.428)
[6 marks]
[2011, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
37) Use graph paper to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
h 1
equation y = + , where h and k are contants.
kx kx 2

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 2.601 0.551 0.194 0.089 0.040 0.017

(a) Based on the above table, construct a table for the values of x2y. [ 1 mark]
2
(b) Plot x y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the x2y -axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Use the graph from (b) to find the value of
(i) y when x = 2.5, (Ans : 0.32)

(ii) k, (Ans : 1)
3

(iii) h, (Ans : -0.1333)

[6 marks]
[2012, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

38) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
equation nx = py + xy, where n and p are constants.

x 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0

y 2.020 0.770 0.465 0.385 0.351 0.339

1 1
(a) Based on the table above, construct a table for the values of and . [2 marks]
y x

1 1 1 1
(b) Plot against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on -axis and 2 cm to 0.5 unit on -axis. Hence, draw
y x x y
the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Using the graph in (b), find the value of
(i) n, (Ans : 0.2632)
(ii) p, (Ans : -1.316)
[5 marks]
[2015, No.11]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
39) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained by an experiment. The variables x and y are related by the
hk
equation y - h = , where h and k are constants.
x

x 1.5 2.0 3.5 4.5 5.0 6.0

y 4.5 5.25 5.5 6.3 6.34 6.5

(a) Plot xy against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 5 units on the xy-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Using the graph in (a), find
(i) the value of h and of k, (Ans : h = 50 49 / 50.766, k = - 256 / -0.079)
64 3249

(ii) the correct value of y if one of the values of y has been wrongly recoreded during the experiment
(Ans : 6)
[6 marks]
[2017, No.9]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
 Þ type 1b ~ form equations of lines of best fit

40) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. A straight line will be obtained when a
y2 1
graph of against is plotted.
x x

x 1.25 1.43 2.00 2.50 4.00 5.00

y 4.47 4.38 4.18 3.87 2.83 2.24

1 y2
(a) Based on the table, construct a table for the values of and . [2 marks]
x x

y2 1 1 y2
(b) Plot graph against , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the - axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the -
x x x x
axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Using the graph in (b),
(i) find the value of y when x =2.7, (Ans : 3.747)

(ii) express y in terms of x. (Ans : y = 25 - 4 x )

[5 marks]
[2018, No.11]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

41) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment

x 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8

y 79 56 36.5 18.4 0.9

(a) Plot xy aginst x3, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x3-axis and 2 cm to 10 units on the xy-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a),
(i) determine the linear equation connecting x and y, (Ans : xy = -15.89x3 + 94.5)
50
(ii) find the value of x, when y = . (Ans : 1.409)
x
[6 marks]
[forecast]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
 Þ type 2 ~ USING LAW OF LOGARITHMS

42) Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. It is knows that x and y are related by the
2
equation y = pk x , where p and k are contants.

x 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0

y 1.59 1.86 2.40 3.17 4.36 6.76

(a) Plot log y against x2, by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x2-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph in (a) to find the value of
(i) p, (Ans : 1.259)
(ii) k. (Ans : 1.109)
[5 marks]
[2003, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

43) Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
equation y = pkx, where p and k are contants.

x 2 4 6 8 10 12

y 3.16 5.50 9.12 16.22 28.84 46.77

(a) Plot log10 y against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p, (Ans : 1.820)
(ii) k. (Ans : 1.309)
[6 marks]
[2004, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
44) Use graph paper to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
equation y = pkx + 1, where p and k are contants.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 4.0 5.7 8.7 13.2 20.0 28.8

(a) Plot log y against (x + 1), using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x + 1)-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) p, (Ans : 1.778)
(ii) k. (Ans : 1.483)
[5 marks]
[2006, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

45) Use graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
equation y = hk2x, where h and k are contants.

x 1.5 3.0 4.5 6.0 7.5 9.0

y 2.51 3.24 4.37 5.75 7.76 10.00

(a) Based on the table, construct a table for the values of log10 y. [1 mark]
(b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(c) Use the graph from (b) to find the value of
(i) x when y = 4.8, (Ans : 5)
(ii) h, (Ans : 1.905)
(iii) k, (Ans : 1.096)
[5 marks]
[2008, No.8]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
46) Use graph paper to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
hx
equation y = , where h and k are contants.
k

x 3 4 5 6 7 8

y 2.57 3.31 4.07 4.90 6.31 7.94

(a) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y -axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) h, (Ans : 1.252)
(ii) k, (Ans : 0.7586)
(iii) y when x = 2.7. (Ans : 2.40)
[6 marks]
[2010, No.7]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

47) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
h
equation y = , where h and k are constants.
kx
x 4 6 8 10 12 14

y 2.82 2.05 1.58 1.23 0.89 0.66

(a) Based on the table above, construct a table for the values of log10 y. [1 mark]
(b) Plot log10 y against x, using a scale of 2 cm to 2 units on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the log10 y-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Using the graph in (b), find the value of
(i) y when x = 2, (Ans : 3.758)
(ii) h, (Ans : 5.012)
(iii) k, (Ans : 1.155)
[6 marks]
[2014, No.9]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
48) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. The variables x and y are related by the
a
equation y = , where a and b are constants.
b
x

x 0.34 0.43 0.55 0.85 1.08 1.42

y 47.68 25.12 12.58 4.17 2.51 1.38

(a) Based on the table, construct a table for the values of log10 x and log10 y . [2 marks]

(b) Plot log10 y against log10 x , using a scale of 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the X-axis and 2 cm to 0.2
unit on the Y-axis.
Hence, Draw the line of best fit. [3 marks]
(c) Using the graph in (b), find the value of
(i) a, (Ans : -3.020)
(ii) b. (Ans : 0.400)
[5 marks]
[2019, No.11]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
 FORECAST

Þ type 1a ~ apply linear law to non-linear relations

49) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
b
equation y = a x + , where a and b are constants.
x

x 1 2 3 4 5

y 0.64 4.79 9.67 14.82 19.89

(a) Plot xy against x, by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the both axes.

Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]

(b) Use the graph in (a), find
(i) the values of a and b, (Ans : a = 2.3, b = -1.5)
(ii) the value of y, when x = 3.6. (Ans : 12.66)
[6 marks]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

50) Use the graph paper provided to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
equation 4k2x = (y - c)2, where k and c are constants.

x 0 100 400 900 1600 2500

y 20 30 40 50 60 70

(a) Plot y against x , by using a scale of 2 cm to 10 unit on the both axes.

Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]

(b) Use the graph in (a), find
(i) the value of k and c, (Ans : k = 1
2
, c = 20)

(ii) the value of x, when y = 55, (Ans : 1225)

(iii) the value of y, when x = 500. (Ans : 42)
[6 marks]
Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
51) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
x+3 y2
linear equation + = 1, where a and b are constants.
a b

x 1 2 3 4 5

y 1.31 1.39 1.47 1.55 1.62

(a) Plot a linear graph to represent the data. [5 marks]

x y
[ HINT : + = 1 ~ equation of straight line in intercept form ]
a b
(b) Use the graph from (a), find
(i) the value of a and b, (Ans : a = -3.5, b = 0.8)
(ii) the corresponding value of x, when y = 1.5. (Ans : 3.4)
[5 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

52) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
equation y2 = m (x2 + 2x) + n, where m and n are constants.

x 1 2 3 4 5

y 2.18 2.65 3.24 3.84 4.53

.
(a) Plot y2 against (x + 1)2, using a scale of 2 cm to 4 units on the (x + 1)-axis and 2 cm to 2 units on the
y2-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [5 marks]
(b) Use the graph from (a), to find the value of
(i) m, (Ans : 0.4792 ~ 0.4971)
(ii) n. (Ans : 3.1971 ~ 3.2792)
[5 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
53) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of displacement, s meter and time, t seconds of a moving particle, obtained from an experiment.
1
Given s and t are related by the equation s = ut + at 2 , where u and a are the initial velocity and acceleration of the
2
particle respectively. A pair of data is misrecorded because of a mistake.

Time, t seconds 20 50 80 110 140 180

Displacement, s meter 6 22.5 48 x 119 198

s s
(a) Plot against t, using a scale of 2 cm to 40 units on the t-axis and 2 cm to 0.1 unit on the -axis.
t t
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Marks Ä on the graph to represent the exactly point of the misrecorded data. [1 mark]
(c) Use the graph from (a) to find the value of
(i) initial velocity, (Ans : 0.2)
(ii) acceleration, (Ans : 0.01)
(iii) x. (Ans : 82.5)
[5 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

54) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The swing time of a pendulum with a length of l, is known to satisfy the non linear relation T = 2p l , where g is a
g
constant. The table shows the corresponding values of l and T obtained from an experiment.

L 20 40 60 80 100

T 0.95 1.28 1.58 1.81 2.04

(a) Plot T 2 against l, by using a scale of 2 cm to 20 units on the l-axis and 2 cm to 1 unit on the T 2-axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use the graph in (a), find
(i) the value of g, (Ans : 947.7 ~ 995.7)
(ii) the value of T, when l = 50cm, (Ans : 1.449)
(iii) the value of l, when T = 1.79s. (Ans : 77 ~ 78)
[6 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
55) Use the graph paper to answer this question.
Some load with a mass of m kg is hung at the end of a spring and swung vertically. The swing rate, f swings per second, for
each load is determined. The table shows the results of the experiment.

Mass of load, m kg 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08

Swing rate, f swing per second 20 14 10 8 7

It is known that the rate of swing, f swings per second, and mass of load, m kg, is related by the equation
f 2 km = 1 , whete k is a contant.

1 1
(a) Plot f 2 against , by using a scale of 2 cm to 20 units on the -axis and 2 cm to 50 units on the f 2 -axis.
m m
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use the graph in (a), find
(i) the swing rate for a load with a mass of 0.05kg, (Ans : 8.944)
(ii) the mass of the load that makes 15 swings per second, (Ans : 18)
(Give your answer correct to nearest gram)
(iii) the value of k. (Ans : 0.2558)
[5 marks]
(c) When the spring is replaced by another spring, it is found that the relation between f and m becomes
1
f2 = . Draw the graph that is formed on the same axis. [1 mark]
2m

Answer : REFER GRAPH

Þ type 2a ~ apply linear law to non-linear relations

56) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation
y = ab-x, where a and b are constants.

x 1 2 3 4 5 6

y 41.7 34.7 28.9 27.5 20.1 16.7

(a) Plot log10 y against x by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the x-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the log10
y -axis. Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) Use your graph from (a) to find
(i) and mark Ä on the graph to represent the exactly point of the misrecorded data, then estimate a more
accurate value for the data, (Ans : 23.99)
(ii) the value of a and of b, (Ans : a = 50.12, b = 1.202)
(iii) the value of y when x = 3.5. (Ans : 26.3)
[6 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
57) Use the graph paper to answer this question.
The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the equation
y = pqx - 1, where p and q are constants.

x 3 4 5 6 7 8

y 12.1 6.46 3.47 1.89 0.95 0.53

(a) Plot log10 y against (x - 1), by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the (x - 1)-axis and 2 cm to 0.2
unit on the log10 y -axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(b) From the graph paper in (a), find the value of
(i) p and q, (Ans : p = 42.66, q = 0.5346)
(ii) x when y = 5.0. (Ans : 4.4)
[6 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

58) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the values of two variables, x and y, obtained from an experiment. Variables x and y are related by the
c
equation y = (1 + k) x 2 , where k and c are constants.

x 3.2 6.3 10 30 50 80 100

y 17.8 25 31.6 54.7 70.1 89.4 100

(a) Express the non linear equation to linear form. [2 marks]

(b) Plot a linear graph to represent the data. [4 marks]
(c) Use the graph from (a), to find the value of
(i) k, (Ans : k = 9)
(ii) c. (Ans : 1)
[4 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
59) Use the graph paper to answer this question.
At time t = 0, a bacteria colony has 1000 bakteria. The bacteria population of the colony, y at any time t hours is given
by the formula y = y0 ent. The bacteria population of the colony at certain times t are recorded in the table.

t 0×5 1 1.5 2 2.5

y 2718 7389 20086 54598 148410

(a) Show that y0 = 1000. [1 mark]

(b) Plot log10 y against t by using a scale of 2 cm to 0.5 unit on the both axes.

Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]

(c) Use the graph from (b), find [ Use log10 e = 0.4343 ]

(i) the value of n, (Ans : 1.996)

(ii) the minimum time taken for the bacteria population to exceed 100000. (Ans : 2.3)
[5 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

60) Use the graph paper to answer this question.

The table shows the data obtained by Lea and Rowena in a Chemical experiment. The data show the relationship between the reaction
rate of a chemical of X mol s-1 and the temperature of T °C.

Reaction rate of chemical, X mol s –1 0×5 2×2 4×0 5×9 7×8

Temperature, T° C – 7×5 – 4×4 3×21 21×4 68×2

It is known that the temperature T and the reaction X are related by the equation T + 10 = Ab X , where A and b are constants.
(a) Write T + 10 = AbX in the form of linear equation.
[ Ans : log10 (T + 10) = log10 A + ( log10 b ) X ] [1 mark]
(b) Plot log10 (T + 10) against X by using a scale of 2 cm to 1 unit on the X-axis and 2 cm to 0.2 unit on the
log10 (T + 10) -axis.
Hence, draw the line of best fit. [4 marks]
(c) Use the graph from (b), find
(i) the value of A and of b, (Ans : A = 2.0895, b = 1×585)
(ii) the value of X when T = 0° C. (Ans : 3.45)
[5 marks]

Answer : REFER GRAPH

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

10. TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

Trigonometry Ratio Special Angles

opposite (𝑜)
sin 𝜃 =
hypotenuse (ℎ)
adjacent (𝑎)
cos 𝜃 =
hypotenuse (ℎ)
opposite (𝑜) sin 𝜃
tan 𝜃 = =
adjacent (𝑎) cos 𝜃
1
cosec 𝜃 = Angles 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
sin 𝜃 (in degree/ radian)
0°/0 30°/
6
45°/
4
60°/
3
90°/
2
1 1
sec 𝜃 = sin 0
1 √3 1
cos 𝜃 2 √2 2
1 cos 𝜃 √3 1 1
tan 𝜃 = = cos 1
2 √2 2
0
cot 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
tan 0 1 √3 Not defined
√3

Quadrants & Quadrantal Angles

2nd Quadrant ~ Obtuse Angle 1st Quadrant ~ Acute Angle

(90º < θ < 180º) (0º < θ < 90º)

S A
sin θ +ve sin θ +ve
cos θ –ve cos θ +ve
tan θ –ve tan θ +ve
rd th
3 Quadrant ~ Reflex Angle 4 Quadrant ~ Reflex Angle
(180º < θ < 270º) (270º < θ < 360º)

T C
sin θ –ve sin θ –ve
cos θ –ve cos θ +ve
tan θ +ve tan θ –ve

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

Trigonometric Identities
Opposite Angle Identities Cofuntion Identities
sin(−𝜃) = − sin 𝜃 sin 𝜃 = cos(90° − 𝜃 )
cos(−𝜃) = cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 = sin(90° − 𝜃 )
tan(−𝜃) = − tan 𝜃 tan 𝜃 = cot(90° − 𝜃)
cosec 𝜃 = sec(90° − 𝜃)
sec 𝜃 = cosec(90° − 𝜃)
cot 𝜃 = tan(90° − 𝜃)

Basic/Pythagorean Identities Compound Angle Identities

sin! 𝜃 + cos! 𝜃 = 1 sin(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = sin 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ± cos 𝐴 sin 𝐵
tan! 𝜃 + 1 = sec ! 𝜃 cos(𝐴 ± 𝐵) = cos 𝐴 cos 𝐵 ∓ sin 𝐴 sin 𝐵
1 + cot ! 𝜃 = cosec ! 𝜃 tan 𝐴 ± tan 𝐵
tan(𝐴 ± 𝐵) =
1 ∓ tan 𝐴 tan 𝐵

Double Angle Identities Half Angle Identities

sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 sin 2𝜃 = 2 sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃
cos 2𝜃 = cos! 𝜃 − sin! 𝜃 cos 2𝜃 = cos! 𝜃 − sin! 𝜃
= 2cos! 𝜃 − 1 = 2cos! 𝜃 − 1
= 1 − 2sin! 𝜃 = 1 − 2sin! 𝜃
2 tan 𝜃 2 tan 𝜃
tan 2𝜃 = tan 2𝜃 =
1 − tan! 𝜃 1 − tan! 𝜃

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

Graph of Trigonometry Functions

f(x) = a TRI (px) + q

1) TRI à sin/cos/tan graph

2) p à cycle (label 2π or 360º at the end)
3) a à amplitude (maximum & minimum value)
4) q à shift up/down vertically
5) Negative sign à the whole graph is inverted
6) Modulus à the negative side turns to positive
7) Range à erase the unneeded part

Basic
y = sin x y = cos x y = tan x

Cycle
y = sin 2x y = cos 2x "
y = tan x
!

Amplitude
y = 2sin x y = 3cos x y = 4tan x

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

Graph of Trigonometry Functions

f(x) = a TRI (px) + q

1) TRI à sin/cos/tan graph

2) p à cycle (label 2π or 360º at the end)
3) a à amplitude (maximum & minimum value)
4) q à shift up/down vertically
5) Negative sign à the whole graph is inverted
6) Modulus à the negative side turns to positive
7) Range à erase the unneeded part

Shift
y = sin x + 1 y = cos x – 1 y = tan x + 1

Negative Sign
y = –sin x y = –cos x y = –tan x

Modulus
y = |sin x| y = |cos x| y = |tan x|

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
! !
1. Solve sin 𝑥 = &, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°. 2. Solve sin 𝑥 = − &, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.

!
3. Solve sin 𝑥 = 0, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°. 4. Solve sin 𝑥 = &, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 720°.

! !
5. Solve sin 2𝑥 = &, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360° 6. Solve sin 𝑥 = &, for -360° ≤ x ≤ 360°
0° ≤ 2x ≤ 720°

! ! " !
7. Solve cos & 𝑥 = &, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 900°. 8. Solve tan & 𝑥 = − &, for -180° ≤ x ≤ 450°.
!
0° ≤ &x ≤ 450° "
-270° ≤ &x ≤ 675°

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

9. Solve 3 cos2 x – 10 sin x + 5 = 0, for 0o £ x £ 360o. 10. Solve 3 cos 2x = 8 sin x – 5, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°.

3 cos2 x – 10 sin x + 5 = 0 3 cos 2x = 8 sin x – 5

3(1 – sin2 x) – 10 sin x + 5 = 0 3(1 – 2 sin2 x) = 8 sin x – 5
3 sin2 x + 10 sin x – 8 = 0 3 sin2 x + 4 sin x + 4 = 0
(3 sin x – 2)(sin x + 4) = 0 (3 sin x – 2)(sin x + 2) = 0
& &
sin x = ", sin x = –4 (rejected) sin x = ", sin x = -2 (rejected)
x = 41.81°, 138.19° x = 41.81°, 138.19°

11. Solve cot x + 2cos x = 0, for 0° ≤ x ≤ 360°. 12. SPM 2016 Paper 1 Question 20:

cot x + 2cos x = 0 1
678 9 tan 𝛼 = 4 − 3 d e
8:; 9
+ 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 tan 𝛼
cos x + 2 cos x sin x = 0 (tan 𝛼)& = 4 tan 𝛼 − 3
cos x (1 + 2sin x) = 0 (tan 𝛼)& − 4 tan 𝛼 + 3 = 0
! (tan 𝛼 − 1)(tan 𝛼 − 3) = 0
cos x = 0, sin x = − &
tan 𝛼 = 1, tan 𝛼 = 3
x = 90°, 210°, 270°, 330° 𝛼 = 45°, 71.57°

13. SPM 2014 Paper 1 Question 14: 14. SPM 2013 Paper 2 Question 4(b):

!
tan x sin 2x = # 0° ≤ 2x ≤ 720°
!
tan x (2 sin x cos x) = #
8:; 9 !
Œ678 9 • (2 sin x cos x) = #
!
2sin2 x = #
!
1 – cos 2x = #
"
cos 2x = #
2x = 41.41°, 318.59°, 401.41°, 678.59°
x = 20.71°, 159.30°, 200.71°, 339.30°

15. SPM 2015 Paper 2 Question 7(a)(ii): 16. Solve 2 cos 4𝑥 + cos 2𝑥 − 1 = 0,
0° ≤ 2x ≤ 720° for 0° ≤ x ≤ 270°.
0° ≤ θ ≤ 540°
2 cos(𝑥 + 45°) cos(𝑥 − 45°) Let 2x = θ,
= 2(cos 𝑥 cos 45° − sin 𝑥 sin 45°)(cos 𝑥 cos 45° + sin 𝑥 sin 45°) 2 cos 2𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0
= 2(cos! 𝑥 cos! 45° − sin! 𝑥 sin! 45°)
2(2cos & 𝜃 − 1) + cos 𝜃 − 1 = 0
= 2Icos! 𝑥 (0.5) − sin! 𝑥(0.5)K
= 2(0.5)(cos! 𝑥 − sin! 𝑥)
4cos & 𝜃 + cos 𝜃 − 3 = 0
= cos! 𝑥 − sin! 𝑥 (4cos 𝜃 − 3)(cos 𝜃 + 1) = 0
"
= cos 2𝑥 cos 𝜃 = # , cos 𝜃 = −1
1
cos 2𝑥 =
2 𝜃 = 41.41°, 180°, 318.59°, 401.41°, 540°
2𝑥 = 60°, 300°, 420°, 660° 𝑥 = 20.705°, 90°, 159.295°, 200.705°, 270°
𝑥 = 30°, 150°, 210°, 330°

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
!
17. Given sin 𝑥 = &, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 90°. Find cos x and tan x.
Method 1: Method 2:

1 o
sin 𝑥 =
2
h

18. Given tan 𝑥 = −√3, where 0° ≤ x ≤ 180°. Find sin x and cos x.
Method 1: Method 2:

o
√3
tan 𝑥 = −
1
a

19. Given cos 𝑥 = −𝑝, where 180° ≤ x ≤ 270°. Find sin x and tan x, in terms of p.

𝑝 a
cos 𝑥 = −
1
h

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
! !
20. Given sin θ = &, and 90° ≤ θ ≤ 180°. Find: (a) tan θ, (b) sin 2θ, (c) sin & 𝜃.
Method 1: Method 2:

o
1
< sin 𝜃 =
(c) cos 𝜃 = 1 − 2sin& Œ &• 2
h
! !+678 <
sin & 𝜃 = • &

√#
!+=+ >
=–
$
&
= 0.9659

21. Given sin θ = –p, and 180° ≤ θ ≤ 270°. 22. SPM 2013 Paper 1 Question 18:
!
Find in terms of p: (a) tan θ, (b) cos 2θ, (c) cos & 𝜃.

(c) cos 2𝜃 = 2cos & 𝜃 − 1 o

< < 𝑝
cos 2 Œ& • = 2cos & Œ& • − 1 sin 𝜃 = −
1
<
cos 𝜃 = 2cos & Œ& • − 1 h

! 678 <?!
cos & 𝜃 = −• &

+@!+A $ ?!
= −• &

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

23. SPM 2018 Paper 1 Question 11(a) 24. SPM 2017 Paper 1 Question 15

25. SPM 2015 Paper 1 Question 13:

Method 1: Method 2:

% #
26. Given sin 𝐴 = !" and cos 𝐵 = %, where A is an obtuse angle and B is an acute angle.
Find: (a) tan A, (b) cos (A – B)
Method 1: Method 2:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

27. SPM 2013 Paper 2 Question 4: 28. SPM 2015 Paper 2 Question 7(a):

29. SPM 2019 Paper 2 Question 10(a)(i): 9 9 9

30. Prove that tan # Œ1 + cos &• = sin &.

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
" " %
31. Sketch y = 2cos &x. 32. Sketch y = − &sin &x.

" % ! $
33. Sketch y = − &sin &x − &. 34. Sketch y = 2tan #x + 1.

" % ! " % !
35. Sketch y = ™− & sin & x − &™. 36. Sketch y = ™− & sin & x™ − &.

$ $
37. Sketch y = ™–2tan # x + 1™. 38. Sketch y = ™–2tan # x™+ 1.

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

39. Given 𝑦 = 𝑎 sin 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞,

find the values of a, p and q.

40. Given 𝑦 = 𝑎 cos 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞,

find the values of a, p and q.

41. Given 𝑦 = tan 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞,

find the values of p and q.

42. Given 𝑦 = 𝑎|sin 𝑝𝑥| + 𝑞,

find the values of a, p and q.

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

43. SPM 2018 Paper 1 Question 11(b): Solution:

44. SPM 2017 Paper 1 Question 14: Solution:

45. SPM 2019 Paper 1 Question 21 Solution:

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES
#
46. (a) Sketch y = 1 – cos 2x, for 0 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ π.
!
(b) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable graph to find the number
of solutions for the equation πcos 2x = π – x. State the number of solutions.

(a)

(b) 𝜋 cos 2𝑥 = 𝜋 − 𝑥
$ %&' !( $)(
=
$ $
(
cos 2𝑥 = 1 −
$
(
− cos 2𝑥 = −1 +
$
(
− cos 2𝑥 + 1 = −1 + + 1
$
(
𝑦=
$

*
(c) When x=0, 𝑦 = =0
$
#
# $
$ #
When x= 𝜋, 𝑦 = =
! $ !
Number of solutions = 3

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

47. SPM 2014 Paper 2 Question 2:

(a)

(b) 𝑥 + 𝜋 tan 2𝑥 = 0
𝜋 tan 2𝑥 = −𝑥
$ +,- !( )(
=
$ $
(
tan 2𝑥 = −
$
(
tan 2𝑥 + 1 = − + 1
$
(
𝑦 =− +1
$
*
(c) When 𝑥 = 0, 𝑦 = − + 1 = 1
$
$
When 𝑥 = 𝜋, 𝑦 = − + 1 = 0
$
No. of solutions = 3

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
PAPER 1:

Cloned SPM 2016

20 Solve the equation 3cot 2a = 4 - tan 2a for 0° ≤ θ ≤ 180°. [4 marks]
[Answer: 22.50º, 35.78º, 112.5º, 125.78º]

Cloned SPM 2017

15 It is given that cos a = t where t is a constant and 0° £ a £ 90° .

Express in terms of t

(a) sin (180° + a ) ,

(b) sec 2α.

[4 marks]
1
[Answers: (a) - 1 - t 2 ; (b) ]
2t - 1
2

Cloned SPM 2018

11 (a) Given sin q = h , state sin (180° - q ) in terms of h. [1 mark]

3 15
(b) Diagram shows part of the graph y = sin a .
5 4

State the value of p and of q. [3 marks]

4
[Answers: (a) h; (b) p or 48° ]
15

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
Cloned SPM 2017
14 Diagram shows the graph of y = m cos px - 1 for 0 £ x £ p .

State

(a) the value of

(i) m,
(ii) p,

(b) the number of solutions for m cos px = 3 .

[3 marks]
[Answers: (a)(i) m = –3, (ii) p = 2; (b) 1]

Cloned SPM 2019

21 Diagram shows the graph of y = n sin a cos a for 0 £ a £ 2p.

α x
O p 2p

(a) Express n in terms of m.

(b) There are 8 solutions when y = k, where k is a constant.

State the range of k in terms of m.
[3 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
 [Answers: (a) n = 2m; (b) 0 < k < m]
EXERCISES

PAPER 2:

Cloned SPM 2016

sin 2 x
4 (a) Prove = tan 2 x . [2 marks]
tan x + 2cos 2 x - sec2 x
2

(b) Sketch the graph of y = tan 2 x -1 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π. [3 marks]

(c) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions for the equation
sin 2 x x
+ = 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.
tan x + 2 cos x - sec x p
2 2 2

State the number of solutions. [3 marks]

[Answers: (a) Prove; (b) ; (c) 8]

Cloned SPM 2017

10 (a) Prove that 2 tan q cos 2 q = sin 2q . [2 marks]

(b) Hence, solve the equation 4 tan q cos 2 q - 1 = 0 for 0 £ q £ 2p . [2 marks]

(c) (i) Sketch the graph of y = 3sin 2q for 0 £ q £ 2p .

(ii) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions for the
equation 4p tan q cos 2 q = x - 2p for 0 £ q £ 2p . State the number of solutions.
[6 marks]

[Answers: (a) Prove; (b) 15º, 75º, 195º, 255º; (c)(i) , (ii) 4]

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
Cloned SPM 2018
æ pö æ pö
7 (a) Prove sin ç 4 x + ÷ - sin ç 4 x - ÷ = cos 4 x . [3 marks]
è 6ø è 6ø

(b) Hence,
æ 7x p ö æ 7x p ö 1
(i) solve the equation sin ç + ÷ - sin ç - ÷ = for 0 £ x £ p and give your answer in the
è 2 6ø è 2 6ø 2
simplest fraction form in terms of π rad,

æ 7x p ö æ 7x p ö 1
(ii) sketch the graph of y = sin ç + ÷ - sin ç - ÷ - for 0 £ x £ p .
è 2 6ø è 2 6ø 2
[7 marks]

2 10 2
[Answers: (a) Prove; (b)(i) p, p , p , (ii) ]
21 21 3

Cloned SPM 2019

A 1 - cos A
10 (a) (i) Prove that tan = .
2 sin A
(ii) Hence, without using a calculator, find the value of tan 22.5º.
[4 marks]

3 1
(b) (i) Sketch the graph of y = - sin A + for 0 £ A £ 2p .
2 2
(ii) Hence, using the same axes, sketch a suitable straight line to find the number of solutions for the
æ Aö A
equation ç cot ÷ (1 - cos A ) = - for 0 £ A £ 2p . State the number of solutions.
è 2ø 2p
[6 marks]

[Answers: (a) Prove, (ii) 2 - 1; (b)(i) , (ii) 2]

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

11. PERMUTATION AND COMBINATION

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

Permutation is a method that used to arrange any possible event with an order or
arrangement factor.

• Different n object has to be arranged in a row with r object at the taken time, then the
number of ways or permutation that can be done is:
= nPr
*Reminder:
n
Pn = n! 𝑛!
=
(𝑛 − 𝑟)!

= 𝑛 × (𝑛 − 1) × (𝑛 − 2) … × (𝑛 − 𝑟 + 1)

Combination is a selection of r objects from a particular group of n objects

WITHOUT any order or the arrangement factor.

• Bilangan gabungan r objek dipilih daripada n objek:

*Reminder:
= nCr n
C0 =1
n
𝑛! Cn =1
= n
Cr = nCn-r
𝑟! (𝑛 − 𝑟)!

PERMUTATION COMBINATION
Number of ways to choose r object from n.
No repetition
Arrangement IMPORTANT Arangement NOT IMPORTANT
n n
Pr Cr
Keywords: Keywords:
Arrangement, tablized, order Group, example, choose,

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL NOTES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RA-3XGjB3UM
Source:
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/lqmkim_
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/lqmkim
Twitter: https://www.twitter.com/LqmKim

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XJnIdRXUi7A

Source:
https://www.video-tutor.net
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/MathScienceTutor
Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/theorgani...

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

Example 1:
15 runners join a marathon, but only 4 lanes provided. How many ways 4 out of 15 runners can be arranged at
that lanes?
Notes:
Answer: 1) Determine the concept Permutation (nPr) or
n
Combination (nCr) Refer keywords.
Pr = 15P4. (Use calculator) • Order for arrange (nPr)
• Combination of places (nCr)
Press: 2) Determine n and r from question.
3) Solve using formula.
15 SHIFT n =
Pr 4

ANS: 32760

n
Pr = 15P4 = 32760

Example 2:
A group of 6 members is chosen randomly from 5 teachers and 5 students. Find the number of ways that group
can be formed.

Answer:

Choose 6 from 10 (5 teachers + 5 students)

n
Cr = 10C6 (Use calculator)

Press:

10 SHIFT n =
Cr 6

ANS: 210

n
Cr = 10C6 = 210

Example 3:
Diagram shows five different alphabet cards.
T E A C H
a) Find the number of possible arrangements, in a row, for all the cards.
b) Find the number of arrangements with E and H are side by side.

3472/SPM 2020
Answer Example 3:
a) Number of ways arranging 5 cards in a row
5
P5 = 5! = 120

b) If E and H are arranged side by side, EH considered 1 unit.

T A C EH

Number of ways = 4P4 = 4! = 24

E and H arranged between them, number of ways

= 2P2 = 2! = 2

Thus, the total number of ways

= 24 x 2 = 48

Example 4:
a) How many ways the committee can be formed if 5 members are chosen from 8 boys and 4 girls?
b) How many ways the committee can be made up with at least 3 girls in that committee?

Answer:

a) Formed 5 from 12 members (8 boys + 4 girls)

n
Cr = 12C5 = 792

b) Formed 5 members with at least 3 girls

= (3 of 4 girls and 2 of 8 boys) OR (4 of 4 girls and 1 of 8 boys)

= (4C3 X 8C2 ) + (4C4 X 8C1 ) (Use calculator)

= 112 + 8

= 120

Example 5:
A college student can choose from 5 Computer subjects and 4 Science subjects. How many ways can he choose
3 Computer subjects and 2 Science subjects?
n
Cr
= Choose 3 of 5 Computer subjects and 2 of 4 Science subjects

= 5C3 X 4C2 (Use calculator)

= 10 X 6
3472/SPM 2020
= 60
Example 6:
a) How many ways a four digits number can be formed from digits 2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 if each digit only use once?

b) How many from that four digits numbers are more than 4000?

Answer:

a) Formed 4 of 7 digits
7
P4 = 840 (Use calculator)

b)

4,5,6,7,8 (1 digit Only 6 digit left (1 chosen) to

choose to be form another 3 places.
larger than 4000)

= 5P1 X 6P3 = 600

Notes:
Question on password, digit numbers are in term of ordered (Use nPr).

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES

1. How many ways can seats 6 students on 3 chairs in a row? Berapa banyak cara boleh menempatkan 6 pelajar pada
3 kerusi yang disusun sebaris? [120]

2. There are 8 contestants in a competition. How many ways the third grand price can be win by contestants? Terdapat
8 peserta dalam suatu pertandingan. Berapa banyak carakah tiga tempat utama boleh dimenangi oleh peserta?
[336]

3. An examination questions have six questions. Students only need to answer four of them. How many ways that the
students can answer four questions? Suatu soalan peperiksaan mempunyai enam soalan. Pelajar hanya perlu
menjawab empat daripadanya. Berapa banyak carakah pelajar boleh menjawab empat soalan? [360]

4. A group of 5 players will be chosen from 12 players. How many ways that the group can be formed? Sekumpulan 5
pemain akan dipilih daripada 12 pemain. Berapa banyak carakah kumpulan tersebut boleh dibentuk? [792]

5. Diagram shows 4 alphabet and 3 digits. A code with 3 alphabets and 2 digits. Find the number of ways the code can
be formed? Rajah menunjukkan 4 huruf dan 3 digit. Satu kod yang mengandungi 3 huruf dan 2 digit. Cari bilangan
cara kod tersebut boleh dibentuk? [72]

A B C D 1 2 3

6. How many ways out of alphabets in “COMPUTER” can be arranged without repetition? Berapa banyak cara 4
daripada huruf “COMPUTER” boleh disusun tanpa pengulangan? [1680]

3472/SPM 2020
7. How many ways that all the alphabets in a word “SECTION” can be arranged without repetition and the first
alphabet is a vowel? Berapa banyak carakah semua huruf di dalam perkataan “SECTION” boleh disusun tanpa
ulangan dan huruf pertama ialah huruf vocal? [2160]

8. How many ways that all the alphabets in a word “SECTION” can be arranged without repetition and the vowels are
placed side by side? Berapa banyak carakah semua huruf di dalam perkataan “SECTION” boleh disusun tanpa
ulangan dan huruf vocal adalah bersebelahan? [720]

9. Parent and Teacher Association in a school has members made up from 3 teacher and 5 parents. Find the number of
ways the member can be formed from 10 teachers and 15 parents? Persatuan Ibu Bapa dan Guru sebuah sekolah
mempunyai ahli yang terdiri daripada 3 guru dan 5 ibu bapa. Cari bilangan cara yang boleh membentuk ahli
daripada 10 guru dan 15 ibu bapa. [360360]

10. How many ways that half the alphabets in a word “MODULE” can be arranged without repetition? Berapa banyak
carakah separuh huruf daripada perkataan “MODULE” boleh disusun tanpa pengulangan? [120]

3472/SPM 2020
 11. A debate team consist of 5 students. These team are chosen from 4 class monitor; 2 deputy class monitor and 6
prefects. Calculate the number of ways the team can be formed if / Satu pasukan bahas terdiri daripada 5 orang
pelajar. Pasukan ini dipilih daripada 4 ketua tingkatan, 2 penolong ketua tingkatan dan 6 pengawas. Kira bilangan
cara yang berlainan pasukan itu boleh dibentuk jika
a) no rules / tiada syarat dikenakan [792]
b) the team has 1 class monitor and exactly 3 prefects / pasukan itu mempunyai hanya 1 ketua tingkatan dan tepat
3 pengawas. [160]

12. Diagram shows five different alphabet cards.

Rajah menunjukkan lima keping kad huruf yang berlainan.

H E B A T

a) Find the number of possible arrangements, in a row, all of the cards. Carikan bilangan cara susunan yang mungkin,
dalam satu baris, semua kad itu. [120]
b) Find the number of arrangements with the consonants alphabet is place at last. Carikan bilangan cara susunan itu
dengan keadaan huruf konsonan berada di akhir. [72]

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

12. PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION

3472/SPM 2020
 BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION FORMULAE NORMAL DISTRIBUTION FORMULA
1. P ( X = r ) = nCr p r q n-r X -µ
1. Z =
2. Mean / Min, μ = np s
3. σ = npq

BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION

A. Solve the following problems.

Example Solutions
1. The probability that it will rain in a Let X be the number of days it will rain
3 3 2
particular day is . Find the probability n = 7, p = , q =
5 5 5
that in a particular week, it will rain for 4 3
(a) P ( X = 4) = 7C4 æç ö÷ æç ö÷
3 2
(a) exactly 4 days,
(b) more than 5 days. è5ø è5ø
= 0.2903
(b) P( X > 5) = P( X = 6) + P( X = 7)
6 1 7 0
æ3ö æ 2ö æ3ö æ 2ö
= C6 ç ÷ ç ÷ + 7C7 ç ÷ ç ÷
7

è5ø è5ø è5ø è5ø

= 0.1586

2. The probability of getting a bad orange from Let X represents the number of bad oranges.
a box is 0.2. Christina has chosen 6 oranges. n = 6, p = 0.2, q = 0.8
Calculate the probability that (a) P( X = 1) = 6C1 ( 0.2)1 ( 0.8)5
(a) only one orange is bad. = 0.3932
(b) all the oranges are good. (b) P(all good oranges) = P(no bad oranges)
P( X = 0) = 6C0 ( 0.2) ( 0.8)
0 6

= 0.2621

3. The probability that Amirul will reach final

in a badminton tournament is 0.8. Find the
probability that in 5 badminton tournaments,
Amirul will reach final for

(a) exactly 2 times,

(b) more than 2 times.

[(a) 0.0512; (b) 0.73728]

3472/SPM 2020
4. In a housing estate, 7 out of 10 families own
a car. If a sample of 8 families is selected,
find the probability that the number of
family owning a car is
(a) exactly 5 families,
(b) at least 2 families.

[(a) 0.2541; (b) 0.9987]

5. In a survey, it is found that 25% of the bulbs
in a particular shop are spoilt. Find the
probability that out of 10 bulbs,

(a) exactly 3 bulbs are spoilt,

(b) more than 8 bulbs are in good condition.

[(a) 0.2503; (b) 0.2440]

6. Probability that Bob will win in a chess
3
competition is . If he plays seven games,
4
calculate the probability that he will win
(a) exactly four games.
(b) more than five times.

[(a) 0.1730 ; (b) 0.4449]

7. The probability that a shooter hits the target
is 0.8. If he fires 9 shots, find the probability
that he will hit the target
(a) exactly 8 times.
(b) at least 8 times.

[(a) 0.3020; (b) 0.4362]

3472/SPM 2020
 B. Find the mean, variance and standard deviation of the following.
Sisihan
Min Varians piawai
Contoh µ = np s 2 = npq
s = npq
1. 80% of durians in a basket are in good condition. µ = 12(0.8) s 2 = 12(0.8)(0.2) s = 1.92
Ali takes a sample of 12 durians. = 9.6 = 1.92 =1.386
ð n = 12, p = 0.8, q = 0.2
2. In a survey, it is found that 75% of the households
in a residential area own a mobile phone. 40
households are chosen for survey.

[30] [7.5] [2.739]

3. In a test, the probability that a candidate passes the
test is 0.6. In a particular day, there are 60
candidates taking the test.

[36] [14.4] [3.795]

4. 3 out of 7 batteries sold in a night market are
defective. Dina buys 126 batteries in a week.

[54] [30.86] [5.555]

5. A test consists of 28 questions. Each question is
followed by 4 choices of answer, where only one of
them is correct.

[7] [5.25] [2.29]

6. A fair dice is rolled 15 times consecutively. The
1
probability of obtaining the number 3 is .
6

[2.5] [2.083] [1.443]

7. A class consists of 48 students and 85% of them
pass in a Maths test.

[40.8] [6.12] [2.474]

8. A jet fighter releases 30 bombs and the probability
that a bomb will hit its target is 0.7.

[21] [6.3] 2.510]

3472/SPM 2020
 NORMAL DISTRIBUTION

INOVATION OF TAB 4Y

NO. VIDEO LINK QR CODE

1.

Link : https://youtu.be/uclV0zqj-04

3472/SPM 2020
 2. How to use calculator fx 570ES

Link : https://youtu.be/L-AFeE9E5Ts

3. Understanding Binomial Probability Distribution (1)

Link : https://youtu.be/gAkyLGuUbh0

4. Understanding Binomial Probability Distribution (2)

Link : https://youtu.be/t9A11e7xNc8

5. Understanding Normal Probability Distribution (1)

3472/SPM 2020
 Link : https://youtu.be/c11d3vVM5v8
6. Determine Probability of Standard Normal Distribution

Link : https://youtu.be/zZWd56VlN7w

7. Determine Probability of Standard Normal Distribution (2)

Link : https://youtu.be/ER-e1wwhjXY

8.

Link : https://youtu.be/odwfM7LjCVY

3472/SPM 2020
 C. Solve the following problems.
2. Example Solution
1. The marks obtained by the students in a test Given µ = 72, s = 15
are normally distributed with a mean of 72 Let X represents the marks obtained by a student.
and a standard deviation of 15. 68 - 72 ö
A student is selected randomly, find the (a) P( X < 68) = P æç Z < ÷
probability that the marks obtained by the è 15 ø
student are = P ( Z < -0.267)
= 0.3947
(a) less than 68. 69 - 72 78 - 72 ö
(b) between 69 and 78. (b) P(69 < X < 78) = P æç <Z< ÷
è 15 15 ø
= P (-0.2 < Z < 0.4)
= 0.2347

2. The ages of 80 000 residents in a town are

normally distributed with a mean of 45 years
and variance of 36 years2.

(a) Calculate the probability that the age of

resident, selected randomły, is more than
48 years.
(b) Estimate the number of residents who are
above 40 years.

[(a) 0.3085 ; (b) 63800]

3. The lifespans of a type of batteries are
normally distributed with a mean of 150
hours and a variance of 25 hours.

(a) Find the probability that a battery

selected at random has a lifespan
between 140 hours and 148 hours.
(b) Given 10% of the batteries have a
lifespan of more than x hours. Find the
value of x.

[(a) 0.3218 ; (b) 156.4]

4. The mass of a group of students is normally
distributed with a mean of 56 kg and a
standard deviation of 8 kg.

(a) Find the mass of a student if the

standard score of his mass is 1.75.
(b) If a student is chosen at random, find
the probability that the student has a
mass of more than 63 kg.
[(a) X = 70 ; (b) 0.1908]

3472/SPM 2020
5. The lifespan of bulbs produced by a factory
in a day is normally distributed with a mean
60 hours and a standard deviation of 12
hours.

(a) Find the percentage of bulbs which have

lifespan of more than 75 hours.
(b) If 85 bulbs have the lifespan of more than
75 hours, find the total number of bulbs
produced by the factory in that day (to the
nearest integer).
[(a) 10.56% ; (b) 805]
6. The marks obtained by a group of students
are normally distributed with a mean of 45
marks and a variance of 36 marks.

(a) If a student is chosen at random, calculate

the probability that his mark is less than
48.
(b) Given that 35% of the students obtain
more than k marks, find the value of k.

[(a) 0.6915 ; (b) k = 47.31]

7. The scores of 14 500 candidates in an
examination are normally distributed with a
mean of 58 and a standard deviation of 16.

(a) If the minimum score to get distinctions

is 70, estimate the number of candidates
who score distinction in the examination.
(b) If 5 800 candidates have scores more than
h, find the value of h.

[(a) 3286 ; (b) h = 62.05]

3472/SPM 2020
 SPM QUESTIONS
PAPER 1
1. SPM 2010 P1Q25
The discrete random variable X has a binomial probability
distribution with n = 4, where n is the number of trials.
Diagram 25 shows the probability distribution of X.
Find
(a) the value of k,
(b) P( X ³ 3) [4 marks]

Diagram 25

3 5
[(a) ; (b) ]
8 16

2. SPM 2011 K1Q25

Diagram 25 shows graph of binomial distribution X.
Find
(a) P( X ³ 1)
(b) The value of m.
[3 marks]

Diagram 25

[(a) [ 19 ] ; (b) [ 8 ] ]
27 27

3. SPM 2012 K1Q25

Dalam satu ujian, 60% daripada pelajar telah lulus. Satu sampel yang terdiri daripada 8 pelajar dipilih
secara rawak.
Cari kebarangkalian bahawa lebih daripada 6 pelajar daripada sampel itu lulus ujian tersebut.
[3 markah]

[0.1064]

3472/SPM 2020
4. SPM 2013 K1 Q25
Pembolehubah rawak X mewakili taburan Binomial dengan 10 percubaan dan kebarangkalian
1
berjaya ialah . Cari
3
(a) sisihan piawai taburan itu,
(b) kebarangkalian bahawa sekurang-kurangnya satu percubaan adalah berjaya.
[4 markah]

[(a) 1.4907 ; (b) 0.9827]

5. SPM 2016 K1 Q2
Dua keping syiling adil dilambung serentak. H mewakili peristiwa mendapat kepala dan T mewakili
peristiwa mendapat ekor.

(a) Senaraikan ruang sampel menggunakan tatanda set.

(b) Diberi X ialah pemboleh ubah rawak diskret mewakili bilangan kepala diperoleh, senaraikan
nilai-nilai X yang mungkin.
[2 markah]

[(a) S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} ; (b) X = 0, 1, 2]

6. SPM 2016 K1 Q24
Persatuan pengguna ABC menjalankan tinjauan tentang jangka
hayat bagi jenama mentol lampu tertentu. Didapati bahawa
kebarangkalian jangka hayat mentol lampu itu kurang daripada
enam bulan ialah p.

Sampel 3 biji mentol lampu dipilih secara rawak.

Rajah 24 menunjukkan keputusan tinjauan itu, dengan keadaan X
mewakili bilangan mentol lampu yang mempunyai jangka hayat
kurang daripada enam bulan.
Rajah 24
(a) Cari nilai p.
(b) Hitung bilangan mentol lampu yang masih berfungsi selepas 6 bulan, jika 20 mentol lampu dari
jenama yang sama digunakan.

3
[(a) ; (b) 5]
4
3472/SPM 2020
7. SPM 2017 P1 Q24

Diagram 9 shows the graph of binomial distribution 𝑋~𝐵(3, 𝑝).

(a) Express P( X = 0) + P( X > 2) in terms of a and b
(b) Find the value of p.

Diagram 9

[3 marks]

4
[(a) 1 − 𝑎 − 𝑏 ; (b) p = ]
7
8. SPM 2018 P1 Q24
A voluntary body organizes a first aid course 4 times per month, every Saturday from March until
September.
[Assume there are four Saturdays in every month]
Sueraya intends to join the course but she might need to spare a Saturday per month to accompany her
mother to the hospital. The probability that Sueraya will attend the course each Saturday is 0.8. Sueraya
will be given a certificate of monthly attendance if she can attend the course at least 3times a month.

(a) Find the probability that Sueraya will be given the certificate of monthly attendance.
(b) Sueraya will qualify to sit for the first aid test if she obtains more than 5 certificates of monthly
attendance.
(c)
Find the probability that Sueraya qualifies to take the first aid test.

[4 marks]
[(a) 0.8192 ; (b) 0.6301]
9. SPM 2005 K1Q25
Jisim murid di sebuah sekolah mempunyai taburan normal dengan min 54 kg dan sisihan piawai 12
kg.
Carikan
(a) jisim murid apabila skor piawai ialah 0.5.
(b) peratus murid yang jisimnya lebih daripada 48 kg.

[4 markah]
[(a) 60 kg ; (b) 0.69146]
3472/SPM 2020
10. SPM 2006 K1Q25
Rajah di bawah menunjukkan satu graf taburan normal piawai.

Kebarangkalian yang diwakili oleh luas kawasan berlorek ialah

0.3485.
(a) Cari nilai k.
(b) X ialah pemboleh ubah rawak selanjar bertaburan secara
normal dengan min 79 dan sisihan piawai 3. Rajah 25
Cari nilai X apabila skor-z ialah k.
[4 markah]

[(a) 1.03 ; (b) 82.09]

11. SPM 2008 K1Q25

Jisim sekumpulan murid sebuah sekolah mempunyai taburan normal dengan min 40 kg dan sisihan
piawai 5 kg.
Hitung kebarangkalian bahawa seorang murid yang dipilih secara rawak daripada kumpulan ini
mempunyai jisim
(a) melebihi 45 kg.
(b) antara 35 kg dan 47.8 kg.
[4 markah]

[(a) 0.1587] ; (b) 0.78196]

12. SPM 2009 K1Q25
Jisim epal di sebuah gerai mempunyai taburan normal dengan min 200 g dan sisihan piawai 30 g.
(a) Cari jisim, dalam g, sebiji epal yang mempunyai skor-z bernilai 0.5.
(b) Jika sebiji epal dipilih secara rawak, cari kebarangkalian bahawa epal itu mempunyai jisim
sekurang-kurangnya 194 g.
[4 markah]

[(a) 215 ; (b) 0.57926]

3472/SPM 2020
13. SPM 2014 K1 Q 25
Diagram 25 shows the standard normal distribution graph with
mean, µ, and standard deviation, σ.

(a) State
(i) the value of µ,
(ii) the value of σ
(b) Find the area of the shaded region. Diagram 25
[4 marks]

[(a) 0, 1 ; (b) 0.3413]

14. SPM 2015 K1 Q25
Pemboleh ubah X mempunyai taburan normal dengan min 25 dan sisihan piawai 𝜎. Diberi skor-z
ialah 2 apabila 𝑋 = 26.4. Cari
(a) nilai 𝜎
(b) nilai k dengan keadaan P( X > k ) = 0.3085
[4 markah]

[(a) 0.7 ; (b) 25.35]

15. SPM 2017 K1 Q25

Rajah 10 menunjukkan satu graf taburan normal
piawai.
Kebarangkalian yang diwakili oleh luas kawasan
berlorek ialah 0.2881.
(a) Cari nilai h.
(b) X ialah pemboleh ubah rawak selanjar bertaburan
secara normal dengan min, µ dan varians 16.
Cari nilai µ jika skor-z bagi X =58.8 ialah h.. Rajah 10









[4 markah]
[(a) −0.8 ; (b) 62]
3472/SPM 2020
16. SPM 2017 K1 Q25
Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf taburan kebarangkalian bagi suatu pemboleh ubah rawak X,
𝑋~𝑁(µ, σ& ).
Diberi bahawa AB adalah paksi simetri bagi graf itu.
Nyatakan nilai μ.
Jika luas kawasan berlorek ialah 0.38, nyatakan nilai bagi
𝑃(5 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 15). [2 markah]
Rajah 26










[2 markah]
[(a) 10; (b) 0.24]
17. SPM 2019 K1 Q25
Rajah 11 menunjukkan graf taburan normal bagi
masa sebuah bas sekolah untuk sampai ke sekolah.

(a) Cari sisihan piawai.

(b) Diberi bahawa min masa untuk bas itu sampai
ke sekolah ialah 7.15 pagi. Murid-murid
dianggap lewat sekiranya mereka sampai
selepas 1.200 pagi. Rajah 11
Lea menaiki bas itu ke sekolah.
Hitung kebarangkalian bahawa Lea akan sampai lewat. Beri jawapan anda betul kepada tiga angka
bererti.

[4 markah]
[(a) 2.9647 ; (b) 0.046]

3472/SPM 2020
 PAPER 2
18. SPM 2010 P2 Q11
(a) A random variable, X, has a binomial distribution with 10 trials where the probability of success
in each trial is p. The mean number of success is 4. Calculate
(i) the value of p, [0.4]
(ii) P ( X £ 2) . [0.1673]
[5 marks]

(b) The diameter of limes from a farm has a normal distribution with a mean of 3.2 cm and a standard
deviation of 1.5 cm.
Calculate
(i) the probability that a lime chosen at random from this farm has a diameter more than 3.9
cm, [0.22663]
(ii) the value of d if 33% of the limes have diameters less than d cm. [2,54]

[5 marks]

19. SPM 2012 P2 B11

(a) In a survey carried out in a particular district, it is found that three out of five families own a
national car. If 10 families are chosen at random from the district, calculate the probability that
at least 8 family own a national car. [0.1673]
[4 marks]

(b) In a school, 300 students sat for a test. The marks obtained follow a normal distribution with a
mean of 56 and a standard deviation of 8.
(i) Find the number of students who pass the test if the passing mark is 40. [0.9773]
(ii) If 12% of the students pass the test with grade A, find the minimum mark to obtain grade
A. [66]
[6 marks]
20. SPM 2013 P2 B11
(a) It is found that 70% of the students from a certain class obtained grade A in Geography in SPM
trial examination.
If 10 students from the class are selected at random, find the probability that
(i) exactly 8 students obtained grade A, [0.2335]
(ii) not more than 8 students obtained grade A. [0.8507]
[4 marks]

(b) The Cumulative Grade Point Average (CGPA) of the final year students in a university follows
a normal distribution with a mean of 2.6 and a standard deviation of 0.25.
(i) If one student is randomly selected, find the probability that the CGPA of the student is more
than 3.0. [0.0548]
(ii) A degree will be given to the final year students who obtained CGPA more than k. If 89.5%
of the students manage to get a degree, find the value of k. [2.287]
[6 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
21. SPM 2014 P2 B7
A Survey is carried out about a scout in a school.
(a) It is found that the mean of the number of scouts is 315, the variance is 126 and the probability that
a student participate in scout is p.
(i) Find the value of p. [0.6]
(ii) If 8 students from the school are chosen at random, find the probability that more than 5 students
participate in scout. [0.3154]

(b) The mass of the scout members in the school follows a normal distribution with a mean of 48 kg and
a standard deviation of 5.8 kg.
Find
(i) the probability that a member chosen at random from the group has a mass less than 45 kg.
[0.3026]
(ii) the value of m, if 25% of the scout members have mass more than m kg. [51.91]
[5 marks]

22. SPM 2015 P2 B10

(a) The probability of a student cycles to school is p. A sample of 5 students is selected at random.
(i) If the probability of all the 5 students cycle to school is 0.16807, find the value of p.
[0.7]
(ii) Find the probability that more than 3 students cycle to school [0.52822]
[5 marks]

(b) Diagram 10 shows a standard normal distribution graph

representing the volume of chili sauce in bottles produced by
a factory.
It is given that the mean is 950 cm3 and the variance is 256
cm6. If the percentage of the volume more than V is 30.5%,
find
(i) the value of V, [958.16] Diagram 10
(ii) the probability that the volume between 930 cm3 and
960 cm3. [0.6284]
[5 marks]

23. SPM 2016 P2 B9

(a) It is found that 20% of the students from Kampung Aman walk to school. If 8 students from
Kampung Aman are chosen at random, find the probability that exactly 3 of them walk to school.
[0.1468]
[2 marks]

(b) The mass of pineapples harvested from a farm follows a normal distribution with a mean of 2 kg
and a standard deviation of m kg. It is given that 15.87% of the pineapples have a mass more
than 2.5 kg.
(i) Calculate the value of m. [0.5]
(ii) Given the number of pineapples harvested from the farm is 1 320, find the number of
pineapples that have the mass between, 1.0 kg and 2.5 kg. [1080]

[8 marks]
3472/SPM 2020
24. SPM 2017 P2 B9
(a) The mass of honeydews produced in a plantation is normally distributed with a mean of 0.8 kg
and a standard deviation of 0.25 kg. The honeydews are being classified into three grades A, B
and C according to their masses:
Grade A > Grade B > Grade C

(i) The minimum mass of a grade A honeydew is 1.2 kg . If a honeydew is picked at random from
the plantation, find the probability that the honeydew is of grade A. [0.0548]
(ii) Find the minimum mass, in kg, of grade B honeydew if 20% of the honeydews are of grade
C. [0.5895 kg]
[5 marks]

(b) At the Shoot the Duck game booth at an amusement park, the probability of winning is 25%.
Jason bought tickets to play n games. The probability for Jason to win once is 10 times the
probability of losing all games.
(i) Find the value of n, [30]
(ii) Calculate the standard deviation of the number of wins. [2.732]
[5 marks]

25. SPM 2018 P2 Q9

A study shows that the credit card balance of the
customers is normally distributed as shown in
Diagram 6.

(a) (i) Find the standard deviation. [900]

(ii) If 30 customers are chosen at random,
find the number of customers who have
the credit card balance between RM1800
and RM3000. [14] Diagram 6
[7 marks]
(b) It is found that 25% of the customers have the credit card balance less than RMy. Find the value of
y. [RM2263.40]
[3 marks]
26. SPM 2019 P2 Q8

Diagram 4 shows a dart's target board at a dart game booth in a funfair.

The booth offers 3 darts per game. The customers have to pay RM5 to play
a game. A toy bear will be given to customers who are able to hit the
bullseye for the three darts throws in a game. Bob is a dart player. By
average, he hits the bullseye 7 times out of 10 darts thrown.
Diagram 4
(a) Bob would play the game if he had at least 90% chance to win at
least one toy bear by spending RM30. By mathematical calculation, suggest to Bob whether he
should play the game or otherwise. [0.9196]
[7 marks]

(b) What is the minimum number of games that Bob needed so that he can get 4 toy bears? [12]
[3 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

13. SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES

Sine Rule
A°
a b c
= =
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine Rule c cm b cm

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 - 2bc kosA
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 - 2ac kosB
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 - 2ab kosC
B° C°
a cm

Area of a triangle can be found using formulae

1
Luas = ab sin C
2
1
Luas = bc sin A
2
1
Luas = ac sin B
2

*Sine Rule used when there is ONE pair of angle and opposite side for the given value
(there is b and B, a and A or c and C)

*When there is no pair, Cosine Rule will be used. If only given two values, then area will
be given.

*Area of triangle can be determined when TWO sides and ONE angle between the two
sides that we know.

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL NOTES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1E404FmM4UY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD_ATyuSYRQ

Source:
Youtube Channel Addmath Cikgu Ummu

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kq5ng9Cq-eA

Source:
My Website: https://www.video-tutor.net
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/MathScienceTutor
Amazon Store: https://www.amazon.com/shop/theorgani...

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

Example 1:
Diagram shows triangle ABC. Find the value of x.
Notes:
B 1) Label sides and angles (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° )
2) Determine either using Sine Rule or Cosine
c 12 cm 𝐵° Rule (No area given)
a • Got pair of angle and opposite sides
5 cm (Sine Rule)
130°
• No pair (Cosine Rule)
x 𝐴 ° 𝐶° 3) Solve using formula.
A
b C

Answer:
% E !&
BC( 9
= BC( F = BC( !"G (substitute information from question)

% !&
BC( 9
= BC( !"G (use given information only)

8:; 9 8:; !"G

%
= !&

8:; !"G
sin 𝑥 = !&
×5

sin 𝑥 = 0.3192 (at least 4 decimal places)

𝑥 = 18.6° (final answer for angle at least 1 decimal place)

Example 2:
C
Diagram shows triangle ABC. Find the value of x.
a
Notes: b 80°
8 cm
1) Label sides and angles (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° ) 4 cm 𝐶°
2) Determine either using Sine Rule or Cosine
Rule (No area given)
• Got pair of angle and opposite sides 𝐴° 𝐵°
(Sine Rule) A B
x cm c
• No pair (Cosine Rule)
3) Solve using formula.

Answer:
𝑐 & = 𝑎& + 𝑏 & − 2𝑎𝑏 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝐶 (substitute information from question)
𝑐 & = 8& + 4& − 2(8)(4)𝐶𝑜𝑠 80°
𝑐 & = 68.8865 (at least 4 decimal places)
𝑐 = 8.30 𝑐𝑚 (final answer for sides at least 2 decimal places)

3472/SPM 2020
 P
Example 3:
Diagram shows triangle PQR. QSR is a straight line. Find
a) length QR b
b) ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅
𝐴°
o
8 cm 100 10.5 cm

Notes: c
1) Label sides and angles (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° ) 6.8 cm
2) Determine either using Sine Rule or Cosine
Rule (No area given)
𝐵° 𝐶°
Q R
• Got pair of angle and opposite sides S a
(Sine Rule)
• No pair (Cosine Rule)
3) Solve using formula.

Answer:

a) 𝑎& = 𝑏 & + 𝑐 & − 2𝑏𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐴 (substitute information from question)

𝑎& = 10.5& + 8& − 2(10.5)(8)𝑐𝑜𝑠100
𝑎& = 203.4229 (at least 4 decimal places)
𝑎 = 14.26 𝑐𝑚 (final answer for sides at least 2 decimal places)

b) ∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 𝐵

Use answer from (a), Sine Rule is used.

!#.&' !G.%
BC( !GG = BC( JKL (substitute information from question)

8:; JKL 8:; !GG

!G.%
= !#.&'

8:; !GG
sin 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = !#.&'
× 10.5

sin 𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 0.7251 (at least 4 decimal places)

∠𝑃𝑄𝑅 = 45.5° (final answer for angle at least 1 decimal place)

3472/SPM 2020
Example 4:
Diagram shows quadrilateral EFGH. ∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 is obtuse angle and area of triangle HEF is 20 cm2. Calculate
a) ∠𝐻𝐸𝐹
b) length HF Notes:
c) ∠𝐹𝐻𝐺 1) Label sides and angles (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° ) for triangle that
has information on area (HEF).
21 cm G 2) Use formula of area to find angle.
H
3) Use the answer, length HF is found using Cosine Rule
because no pair of angles and opposite sides.
4) Question (c), label (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° ) for triangle FHG.
7 cm 5) Identify which Rule is used to find angle FHG (Sine Rule
100° because there is a pair of angle and opposite sides).
6) Solve using formulae.
E
9 cm F
Answer:
0
a) H 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑐𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵 (use formula area of triangle HEF)
"
0
20 = " (9)(7)𝑆𝑖𝑛∠𝐻𝐸𝐹
𝐴°
"1(")
b 𝑆𝑖𝑛∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 =
(4((5)
7 cm
𝑆𝑖𝑛∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 = 0.6349
c
°
𝐶° ∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 = 39.4°
𝐵 F Since ∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 is obtuse angle (180° < 𝜃 < 90° ),
a
E 9 cm ∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 = 180° − 39.4°
∠𝐻𝐸𝐹 = 140.6°
H
b) 𝐻𝐹 = 𝑏, use Cosine rule (no pair of angle and opposite side)
𝑏 & = 𝑎& + 𝑐 & − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵 𝐴°
𝑏 & = 9& + 7& − 2(9)(7)𝑐𝑜𝑠140.6 b
7 cm
𝑏 & = 227.3644
c 𝐵° 𝐶°
𝑏 = 15.08 𝑐𝑚 °
140.6
F
a a
c) E 9 cm
21 cm G Sine Rule of Cosine Rule cannot be use to find ∠𝐹𝐻𝐺 = 𝐵° directly. But,
H
𝐵° 𝐶° we can use Sine Rule to find 𝐶 ° .
&! !%.G)
𝐴° BC( !GG =
c b BC( M
8:; M 8:; !GG 𝐶 ° = 45.0°
15.08 cm 100° !%.G)
= &!
8:; !GG
sin 𝐶 = × 15.08 Then,
&!
F 8:; !GG ∠𝐹𝐻𝐺 = 180° − 45.0° − 100°
sin 𝐶 = × 15.08 °
&! ∠𝐹𝐻𝐺 = 35°
sin 𝐶 = 0.7072

3472/SPM 2020
Example 5:
Diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD with Ð ABC is acute angle.
a) Calculate
i) Ð ABC
ii) Ð ADC
iii) area, in cm2, quadrilateral ABCD Notes:
5.2 cm 1) Label (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° ) for triangle ABC (for “i”)
D C 2) Use Sine Rule (have pair of angle and opposite side)
3) For “ii”, label (a,b,c, 𝐴° , 𝐵° , 𝐶 ° ) for triangle ADC.
4) Use Cosine Rule (All sides were given and no pair of
9.8 cm 9.5 cm angle and opposite side)
12.3 cm 5) Find area of triangle ABC and triangle ADC to find
the area of quadrilateral ABCD using the formulae.
°
40.5
A
B

Jawapan:
a) i) Sine Rule:
C
..* #(./
Q5! '+.* = Q5! ∠STU 𝐶° a
VWX ∠STU VWX '+.* b
= 12.3 cm 9.5 cm
#(./ ..*
8:; #G.%
sin ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = × 12.3
*.% 40.5° 𝐴°
sin ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 0.8406 A 𝐵°
c B
∠𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 57.2°
*Acute angle (90° < 𝜃 < 0° )

a a) ii) Cosine Rule:

D 5.2 cm 𝑏 & = 𝑎& + 𝑐 & − 2𝑎𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐵
C
12.3& = 5.2& + 9.8& − 2(5.2)(9.8)𝑐𝑜𝑠∠𝐴𝐷𝐶
𝐵° 𝐶 °
c 2(5.2)(9.8)𝑐𝑜𝑠∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 5.2& + 9.8& − 12.3&
9.8 cm "*."0
𝑐𝑜𝑠∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = − 010.4" (Negative value shows the angle ADC on
12.3 cm
second quadrant, 180° < 𝜃 < 0° ).
𝐴° b
∠𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 106.1° (But when you press calculator, the answer already in
A second quadrant)

3472/SPM 2020
Answer Example 5 a(iii):
- Area of triangle can be determined when two sides and
C an angle between both lines.
𝐶° a
- Two sides as in question is a and b, then to find area,
b angle C must be determined.
12.3 cm 9.5 cm ∠𝐶 = 180° − 40.5° − 57.2° = 82.3°

40.5° 𝐴° 𝐵°
!
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆= & 𝑎𝑏 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐶
A 57.2°
!
c B 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = & (9.5)(12.3)𝑆𝑖𝑛82.3

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 = 57.898 𝑐𝑚&

a
D 5.2 cm
C Two sides that are known are a and c, and angle B. Then area
°
𝐵 𝐶° of triangle:
c 106.1 °
!
9.8 cm 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆= & 𝑎𝑐 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝐵
12.3 cm
!
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 = & (5.2)(9.8)𝑆𝑖𝑛106.1
𝐴° b
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 24.481 𝑐𝑚&
A
Then area of quadrilateral ABCD is:

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 + 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐶 = 57.898 + 24.481

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 82.379 𝑐𝑚&

Extra:
b) A triangle A’B’C’ that has same measurement as triangle ABC, A’C = 12.3 cm, C’B’=9.5 cm, and ∠𝐵N 𝐴N 𝐶 N =
40.5° , but has different shape as triangle ABC.
i) Sketch triangle A’B’C’,
ii) State the size of ∠𝐴N 𝐵′𝐶 N .
i) A’C’ and B’C’ and angle B’A’C’ same as before
C’ Then, line that have to sketch is B’C’ (if you choose A’C’ or
C A’B’ the angle B’A’C’ will be change)

∠𝐴N 𝐵′𝐶 N = 180° − 57.2°

12.3 cm 9.5 cm
9.5 cm
∠𝐴N 𝐵′𝐶 N = 122.8°
A’ 40.5°
A 57.2°
B’ B

3472/SPM 2020
 EXERCISES
1.Rajah menunjukkan segi empat ABCD dengan keadaan Ð ABC adalah tirus.
Diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD such that Ð ABC is acute.

5.2 cm

42.5° D
10.8 cm
6.5 cm

A
8.5 cm
B

(a) Hitung
Calculate

(i) Ð ABC,

(ii) Ð ADC,

(iii) luas, dalam cm2, bagi segiempat ABCD.

the area, in cm2, of the quadrilateral ABCD.
[8 m]

(b) Segi tiga A¢B¢C¢ mempunyai ukuran yang sama dengan segi tiga ABC tetapi
berlainan bentuk dari segitiga ABC. Lakarkan segitiga A¢B¢C¢.
A triangle A¢B¢C¢ has the same measurements as those given for triangle ABC but
it is different in shape to triangle ABC. Sketch the triangle A¢B¢C¢.
[2 m]

[𝑎)𝑖)59.1° , 𝑖𝑖)134.6° , 𝑖𝑖𝑖)57.01𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 2.Rajah menunjukkan segitiga PQR.
Diagram shows a triangle PQR.

12 cm
10 cm
65°

Q
(a) Hitung panjang, dalam cm, bagi PR.
Calculate the length, in cm, of PR.
[2 m]

(b) Segi empat PQRS kemudiannya dibina dengan PR sebagai pepenjuru, Ð PRS = 30° dan PS = 8.2 cm.
Hitungkan dua nilai yang mungkin bagi Ð PSR.
A quadrilateral PQRS is then formed so that PR is a diagonal, Ð PRS = 30 ° and PS = 8.2 cm. Calculate
the two possible values of Ð PSR.
[2 m]

(c) Dengan menggunakan sudut tirus bagi PSR dari (b), hitung
Using the acute angle PSR from (b), calculate

(i) panjang, dalam cm, bagi RS,

the length, in cm, of RS,

(ii) luas, dalam cm2, bagi segiempat PQRS.

the area, in cm2, of quadrilateral PQRS.
[6 m]

[𝑎)11.94𝑐𝑚, 𝑏)46.7° 𝑜𝑟 133.3° , 𝑐)𝑖)15.96 𝑐𝑚 𝑖𝑖)99.60𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 3.Rajah menunjukkan segi empat ABCD.
Diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD.

B
6 cm
53°
C

47.86° A
7 cm
10 cm

D
Hitung
Calculate

(a) Ð BCD, [2 m]

(b) panjang, dalam cm, bagi BD,

the length, in cm, of BD,
[2 m]

(c) Ð ADB, [3 m]

(d) luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi empat ABCD.

the area, in cm2 , of quadrilateral ABCD.
[3 m]

[𝑎)72.25° , 𝑏)7.71 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐)89° , 𝑑)58.54𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 4.Rajah menunjukkan segi empat ABCD.
Diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD.

A
5 cm
5 cm D
80°48¢

B 120°
10 cm

C
(a) Hitung
Calculate

(i) panjang, dalam cm, bagi AC,

the length, in cm. of AC,

(ii) Ð ACB.
[4 m]

(b) Titik A¢ berada pada AC dengan keadaan A¢B = AB.

Point A¢ lies on AC such that A¢B = AB.

(i) Lakarkan ∆A¢BC.

Sketch ∆A¢BC.

(ii) Hitungkan luas, dalam cm2, bagi ∆A¢BC.

Calculate the area, in cm2, of ∆A¢BC.
[6 m]

[𝑎)𝑖)10.44 𝑐𝑚, 𝑖𝑖)24.5° , 𝑏)𝑖𝑖)11.82 𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 5.Rajah menunjukkan segitiga ABC dengan titik A terletak pada KC. Diberi BC = 12 cm, BK = 16 cm,
sin Ð AKB = 3 bersudut cakah, dan luas segitiga ABK = 24 cm2.
5
Diagram shows a triangle ABC with point A lies on KC. Given BC = 12 cm, BK = 16 cm, sin Ð AKB = 3 obtuse
5
angle, and the area of triangle ABK = 24 cm2. B

12 cm
16 cm

A C
K

(a) Hitung panjang, dalam cm, bagi

Calculate the length, in cm, for

(i) AK,
(ii) AB.
[5 m]

(b) Dalam segitiga BCK ,panjang CK ialah x cm. Dengan menggunakan hukum kosinus, tunjukkan bahawa x
memuaskan persamaan kuadratik 5 x 2 - 128 x + 560 = 0 .
In the triangle BCK, the length CK is x cm. By using cosine rule, show that x satisfies the quadratic equation
5 x 2 - 128 x + 560 = 0 .
[2 m]

(c) Segitiga B¢C¢K¢ mempunyai bentuk yang berlainan daripada segitiga BCK dengan keadaan BC = B¢C¢,
B¢K¢ = BK dan Ð BKC = Ð B¢K¢C¢.
A triangle B¢C¢K¢ has a different shape from triangle BCK such that BC = B¢C¢, B¢K¢ = BK and
Ð BKC = Ð B¢K¢C¢.

(i) Lakarkan segi tiga B¢C¢K¢.

Sketch triangle B¢C¢K¢.

(ii) Cari Ð K¢C¢B¢.

Find Ð K¢C¢B¢.
[3 m]

[𝑎)𝑖)5.02 𝑐𝑚, 𝑖𝑖)20.25 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐)𝑖𝑖)123.4° ]

3472/SPM 2020
 6.Rajah menunjukkan segiempat ABCD.
Diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD.
A

42° 15 cm

17 cm
D

12 cm

C
B 14 cm

Hitung
Calculate

(a) Ð ABC, [2 m]

(b) panjang, dalam cm, bagi AB,

the length, in cm, of AB,
[3 m]

(c) Ð CAD, [2 m]

(d) luas, dalam cm2, segi empat ABCD.

the area, in cm2, of quadrilateral ABCD.
[3 m]

[𝑎)54.3° , 𝑏)20.80 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐)24.5° , 𝑑)206.1 𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 7.Rajah menunjukkan segi tiga ABC.
Diagram shows a triangle ABC.
B

62°
18 cm
13 cm

A
(a) Hitung panjang, dalam cm, bagi AC.
Calculate the length, in cm, of AC.
[2 m]

(b) Segi empat ABCD dibina dengan keadaan AC adalah pepenjuru, Ð ACD = 35o dan AD = 14 cm. Hitung dua
nilai yang mungkin bagi Ð ADC.
A quadrilateral ABCD is now form so that AC is the diagonal, Ð ACD = 35o and AD = 14 cm. Calculate the
two possible values of ÐADC.
[3 m]

(c) Dengan menggunakan sudut dari (b), hitung

By using the angles from (b), calculate

(i) panjang, dalam cm, bagi CD,

the length, in cm, of CD,

(ii) luas, dalam cm2, bagi segi empat ABCD.

the area, in cm2, of the quadrilateral ABCD.
[5 m]

𝑎)16.53 𝑐𝑚 , 𝑏)42.6° 𝑜𝑟 137.4° , 𝑐)𝑖) 23.88 𝑐𝑚 𝑜𝑟 3.24 𝑐𝑚 𝑖𝑖)118.6 𝑜𝑟 216.22𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 8.Rajah menunjukkan segitiga ABC dengan keadaan ADB dan AEC adalah garis lurus.
Diagram shows a triangle ABC where ADB and AEC are straight lines.

D
E

A
Diberi bahawa AD = 7.2 cm, AE = 4.6 cm, BC = 10.7 cm, DE = 6.3 cm dan Ð ACB = 46°.
It is given that AD = 7.2 cm, AE = 4.6 cm, BC = 10.7 cm, DE = 6.3 cm and Ð ACB = 46°.

(a) Hitung
Calculate

(i) Ð BAC,

(ii) panjang, dalam cm, bagi AC.

the length, in cm, of AC.
[4 m]

(b) Titik A¢ berada pada AC dengan keadaan AB = A¢B.

Point A¢ lies on AC such that AB = A¢B.

(i) Lakarkan D A¢BC.

Sketch D A¢BC.

(ii) Hitungkan luas, dalam cm2, D A¢BC.

Calculate the area, in cm2, of D A¢BC.
[6 m]

𝑎)𝑖)59.1° , 𝑖𝑖) 9.41 𝑐𝑚, 𝑏)𝑖𝑖) 35.46 𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 9.Rajah menunjukkan segi empat ABCD dengan keadaan Ð ABC ialah sudut tirus.
Diagram shows a quadrilateral ABCD where Ð ABC is an acute angle.

D
5.2 cm
C
9.6 cm
12.6 cm
8.7 cm

38.5o B
A

(a) Hitung
Calculate

(i) Ð ABC,

(ii) Ð ADC,

(iii) luas, dalam cm2, segi empat ABCD.

the area, in cm2, of quadrilateral ABCD.
[7 m]

(b) Segi tiga A¢B¢C¢ mempunyai ukuran yang sama dengan segi tiga ABC, di mana, A¢C¢ = 12.6 cm, C¢B¢ = 8.7
cm dan Ð C¢A¢B¢ = 38.5° tetapi mempunyai bentuk yang berbeza berbanding dengan segi tiga ABC dengan
keadaan A¢C¢ = 12.6 cm.
A triangle A¢B¢C¢ has the same measurements as those given for triangle ABC, that is, A¢C¢ = 12.6 cm.

(i) Lakarkan segitiga A¢B¢C¢.

Sketch the triangle A¢B¢C¢.

(ii) Hitung panjang, dalam cm, A¢B¢.

Calculate the length, in cm, of A¢B¢.
[3 m]

𝑎)𝑖)64.4° , 𝑖𝑖)113.3° , 𝑖𝑖𝑖)76.35 𝑐𝑚" , 𝑏)𝑖𝑖)13.62 𝑐𝑚]

3472/SPM 2020
 10. Rajah menunjukkan segitiga PQR dengan keadaan QR dan T berada pada QP.
Diagram shows triangle PQR such that S lies on QR and T lies on QP.

S
Q R
60°

P
Diberi bahawa SQ = 13 cm, QT = 10 cm, SR = 17 cm, TP = 18 cm dan Ð QRP = 60°.
It is given that SQ =13 cm, QT =10 cm , SR = 17 cm, TP = 18 cm and Ð QRP = 60°.

(a) Cari
Find

(i) Ð QPR,

(ii) panjang, dalam cm, bagi ST.

the length, in cm, of ST.
[5 m]

(b) Cari luas, dalam cm2, segiempat SRPT.

Find the area, in cm2, of the quadrilateral SRPT.

(c) Titik P¢ berada pada PQ dengan keadaan P¢R = PR. Cari panjang, dalam cm, bagi P¢Q.
A point P¢ lies on PQ such that P¢R = PR. Find the length, in cm, of P¢Q.
[2 m]

𝑎)𝑖)68.1° , 𝑖𝑖)10.42 𝑐𝑚, 𝑏)279.36𝑐𝑚, 𝑐) 9.02 𝑐𝑚]

3472/SPM 2020
 11. Rajah menunjukkan segi empat ABCD.
Diagram shows quadrilateral ABCD.

B C

9 cm

40°

D
A 8 cm

Diberi bahawa BC dan AD adalah selari. Luas bagi segi tiga ACD ialah 30.18 cm2.
Given that BC and AD are parallel. The area of triangle ACD is 30.18 cm2.

Cari
Find

(a) Ð CDA, [2 m]

(b) panjang, dalam cm, bagi AC,

the length, in cm, of AC,
[2 m]

(c) Ð ABC, [3 m]

(d) luas, dalam cm2, segi tiga ABC.

the area, in cm2, of the triangle ABC.
[3 m]

𝑎)𝑖)57.0° , 𝑏)8.12 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐)71.6° , 𝑑) 5.5𝑐𝑚]

3472/SPM 2020
 12. Rajah menunjukkan segi tiga ABD. Titik C berada pada garis lurus BD dengan keadaan BC = 3.5 cm and
AC = AD. Diberi bahawa AB = 8 cm dan Ð ABC = 40°.
Diagram shows a triangle ABD. Point C lies on the straight line BD such that BC = 3.5 cm and AC = AD. It is
given AB = 8 cm and Ð ABC = 40°.

8 cm

40°
B 3.5 cm C D

Hitung
Calculate

(a) panjang AD,

the length of AD,
[3 m]

(b) Ð ACB, [4 m]

(c) luas segi tiga ABD.

the area of triangle ABD.
[3 m]

𝑎)𝑖)5.76 𝑐𝑚, 𝑏)117.4° , 𝑐)22.49𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 13. Rajah menunjukkan trapezium ABCD dengan keadaan AB dan DC adalah selari.
Diagram shows a trapezium ABCD in which AB and DC are parallel.

D 9.8 cm C

118°
6.4 cm

A 5 cm B

Diberi bahawa AB = 5 cm, AD = 6.4 cm, DC = 9.8 cm dan Ð ADC = 118°.

Given that AB = 5 cm, AD = 6.4 cm, DC = 9.8 cm and Ð ADC = 118°.

Cari
Find

(a) panjang, dalam cm, bagi

the length, in cm, for

(i) AC,
(ii) BD,
[4 m]

(b) Ð ABD, [2 m]

(c) luas, dalam cm2, segi tiga BCD.

the area, in cm2, of triangle BCD.
[3 m]

𝑎)𝑖)14.0 𝑐𝑚, 𝑖𝑖) 6.0 𝑐𝑚 𝑏)70.4° , 𝑐)27.70 𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 14. Rajah menunjukkan sisiempat PQST. QRS ialah garis lurus dan Ð PRQ adalah cakah.
Diagram shows quadrilateral PQST. QRS is a straight line and Ð PRQ is obtuse.

12 cm

10 cm T
6 cm

30°
Q R 5 cm S

Diberi bahawa luas D PST = 30 cm2.

It is given that the area of the D PST = 30 cm2.

Hitung
Calculate

(a) Ð PRQ, [2 m]

(b) panjang, dalam cm, bagi PS,

the length, in cm, of PS,
[3 m]

(c) Ð SPT, [2 m]

(d) luas, dalam cm2, bagi sisi empat PRST.

the area, in cm2, of quadrilateral PRST.
[3 m]

𝑎)123.6° , 𝑏)5.27 𝑐𝑚, 𝑐) 71.6° 𝑑)42.49𝑐𝑚" ]

3472/SPM 2020
 ADDITIONAL MATHEMATICS MODULE

SPM YEAR 2020

14. INDEX NUMBER

3472/SPM 2020
 NOTES & FORMULA

What is Index Number?

Index number is a measure to indicate the change of a given quantity for a given period of time by selecting a period
as the base year.

Quantity at a given
time

Index number of
𝑄!
year 𝑏 based on
year 𝑎 𝐼!/# = × 100
𝑄#
Quantity at a
base time

Index numbers are calculated by dividing the quantity at a given time by the quantity at the base time then
multipling by 100.

For example, the number of tourists visiting Tenom in the year 2019 is 32000 while 29000 people visited Tenom for
the same period in the year 2018. The index number of tourists visiting Tenom in the year 2019 based on the year
2018 can be calculated as follows:

Informations: :
32000
𝑄"104 = 32000 𝐼#./#- = × 100
29000
𝑄"10* = 29000
= 110.34

From the index number calculated above, the number of tourists increased by 10.34% from the year 2018 to the
year 2019.

3472/SPM 2020
What is Price Index?
Price index is a measure used to indicate price changes for a given item at a given time.

Price index is a type of Index For price index, 𝑄8 𝑜𝑟 𝑄9

number commonly used can also can be represented
by 𝑃8 𝑜𝑟 𝑃9
(P for price)

𝑄! 𝐼 = price index
𝐼!/# = 𝑄/ = price of item at a given time
𝑄# 𝑄0 = price of item at a base time

× 100
Price index for the year 2020 % of Change from
Price in the year Price in the year
Flour based on the year 2018 the year 2018 to the
2018 2020
(2018=100) year 2020
2.40
Brand A RM 2.20 RM 2.40 × 100 = 109.9 Increases 9.9%
2.20
2.10
Brand B RM 2.50 RM 2.10 × 100 = 84 Decreases 16%
2.50
2.30
Brand C RM 2.30 RM 2.30 × 100 = 100 No change
2.30

From the price index in the table above, it is found that the price of Brand A flour increased by 9.9% (109.9 − 100 = 9.9)
from the year 2018 to the year 2020. The price of Brand B flour decresed by 16% (84 − 100 = −16) from the year 2018
to the year 2020. Meanwhile price of Brand C flour does not change, so the price index stays at 100.

Therefore, by looking at the index number of price index of an item, we can determine the change in percentage of a quantity
or price of an item from one base year to another.

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 = (𝐼Z/4 − 100)%

If the answer is +% = increase / rise
If the answer is −% = decrease / drop / decline

3472/SPM 2020
What is Composite Index?
Composite index ( 𝑰K ) is the weighted mean for all items in a given situation. The weightage (𝑾) ia a numerical value
representing the importance of each item.

𝐼4 𝑊4 + 𝐼5 𝑊5 + 𝐼6 𝑊6 + ⋯ + 𝐼7 𝑊7 Σ𝐼8 𝑊8
𝐼̅ = =
𝑊4 + 𝑊5 + 𝑊6 + ⋯ + 𝑊7 𝑊8
sum of (index number × weightage)
𝐼̅ =
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒

Types of Weightage (W)

Ratio Percentage Bar Chart Pie Chart

Component Price index for the year 2020 based on Weightage

the year 2018
P 110 3
Q 120 1
R 95 4
S 105 2

By referring to the table above, P, Q, R and S are components required to build an electronic device. The price indices for
the year 2020 base on the year 2018 and the weightages for each component is given in the table. Composite index for the
construction of a unit of the electronic device can be calculated as follows:

110(3) + 120(1) + 95(4) + 105(2)

𝐼̅ =
3+1+4+2
1040
𝐼̅ = = 104
10

ADDITIONAL NOTES

3472/SPM 2020
How to represent the information in mathematical representation?
To make it easy for you to organize information from the question, master the skills of writing information in
mathematical representations. Some examples are shown in the table below:
Example of information Mathematical representation

The number of hand sanitizer sold in the year 2015 was 87000 bottles 𝑄0) = 87000

The price of a 3-D printer in the year 2019 is RM980 𝑄04 = 980

Index number for the production of face mask by a factory in the year 2020
𝐼"1/0* = 220
based on the year 2018 is 220

Price index for a house in the year 2020 based on the year 2017 is 180 𝐼"1/05 = 180

Price of a smartphone increased 10% from the year 2019 to the year 2020 𝐼"1/04 = (100 + 10) = 110

Price of a pair of shoes dropped 14% from the year 2018 to the year 2019 𝐼"4/0* = (100 − 14) = 86

Ezzy’s cake sales are down 8% from the year 2019 to the year 2020 𝐼"1/04 = (100 − 9) = 92

How to find 𝑸𝒂 or 𝑸𝒃 ?

Quantities or prices at a particular time can be represented by the letter 𝑄 or 𝑃 . The quantity or price can be calculated if
one of the value 𝑄9 or 𝑄8 and index number is provided. To help your answering the question, firstly write down the index
number formula. Then, list all the information you can get from the question using mathematical representation for your
convenience.

[
𝐼
Basic formula : Z/4 = [= × 100
>

=/> \
To find 𝑄Z = 𝑄4 × #++

#++
To find 𝑄4 = 𝑄Z × \
=/>

Example 1 : Given index number / price index and the value of either 𝑸𝒂 or 𝑸𝒃

The price index per kilogram of rice in the year 2020 is 120, taking the year 2010 as the base year. The price of rice in the
year 2020 is RM1.20 per kg. Calculate the price of a kilogram of rice in the year 2010.

3472/SPM 2020
List all information in mathematical representation : 𝑄"1 = 1.20 , 𝐼"1/01 = 120, 𝑄01 =? ? ?

?
𝐼"1/01 = ?!" × 100 = 120
#"

100
𝑄01 = 𝑄"1 ×
𝐼"1/01
100
𝑄01 = 1.20 ×
120
𝑄01 = 1.00

The price of a kilo of rice in the year 2010 is RM1.00.

Example 2 : Given index number / price index and the value of either 𝑸𝒂 or 𝑸𝒃

The index number for bicycle production of a factory is 140 in the year 2018 based on the year 2016. Given that the factory
produces 250 bicycles in the year 2016. Calculate the number of bicycles produced in the year 2018.

List all information in mathematical representation: 𝑄0( = 250 , 𝐼0*/0( = 140, 𝑄0* =? ? ?

?
𝐼0*/0( = ?#$ × 100 = 140
#%

𝐼0*/0(
𝑄0* = 𝑄0( ×
100
140
𝑄0* = 250 ×
100
𝑄0* = 350

The number of bicycles produced in the year 2018 is 350.

3472/SPM 2020
Simple method: YIQ Table (Year, Index, Quantity)
For students who are having difficulty finding the value of Q@ , QA or index number, the YIQ Table method can be used.
The table is as below. Students have to fill in the Year column with the two years involved, and the index column is filled
with 100 for the year that act as the base year. Then fill in either the value of Q@ , QA or the index provided. The value you
want to search for can represented by any constant (usually 𝑥 will be used). Once all the values have been filled in, students
use the concept of proportion where the ratio of the values in the index column is proportional to the ratio of the values
in the quantity column.

Year (Y) Index (I) Quantity (Q)

𝒂 (base year) 100 (100 because it is the base) 𝑄9
𝒃 (given year) 𝐼8/9 𝑄8
YIQ table
The ratio of the values in the index column is proportional to the ratio of the values in the quantity column, therefore the
following formulas can be used:

100 𝑄;
=
𝐼9/; 𝑄9

Once all the values have been identified and written down, students can use the calculator to solve this proportion by using
the SHIFT + CALC feature in the Casio fx-570MS/991MS calculator or other equivalent calculator.

Example 3 : Using YIQ table and SHIFT + CALC feature in Casio fx-570MS calculator.
Given the quantity of an item in the year 2019 is 130 while in the year 2020 its quantity is 105. Calculate the index
number of the item in the year 2020 by using the year 2019 as the base year.
Year Index Quantity
2019 (base) 100 130
2020 𝑥 105

𝑄8 Using SHIFT + SOLVE feature on Casio fx570MS

𝐼"1"1/"104 = × 100 = 𝑥
𝑄9 100 → → → →
100 130
=
𝑥 105
→ 130 → → 105 → →
130𝑥 = 10500
(repeat twice)
𝑥 = 80.77
Use calculator

3472/SPM 2020
Simple method: Sid diagram for index number involving 3 years
The Sid diagram below can help students find index numbers or price indices involving 3 years with different year
as the base. To know more about Sid diagram method, scan the QR code to access the explanation video in the QR
code and Video Link page.

x a,b,c are years and are written in ascending

order from left to right
x – 𝑰𝒄/𝒂 : index of year c based on a
a c
y – 𝑰𝒃/𝒂 : index of year b based on a
b 3
z – 𝑰𝒄/𝒃 : index of year c based on b
y z
Find x To find the value of x (𝑰𝒄/𝒂 )
x 1. ~ Cover x with your finger.
2. ~ y and z remain.
3. ~ If the position of y and z are
a c adjacent, then use the following
3 multiplication formula:
b
𝑰𝒄/𝒂 =𝒙=
𝒚 × 𝒛
y z 𝟏𝟎𝟎

x
To find the value of y (𝑰𝒃/𝒂 )
1. ~ Cover y with your finger
a c
2. ~ x and z remain x
3. ~ if the position of x and z b
are top and bottom, then use y z
the following division formula: a c

𝑰𝒃/𝒂 =𝒚=𝒙
𝒛 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎 Find y y
b
z
**the same method is used to
find the value of z: Find z
𝑰𝒄/𝒃
𝒙 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
=𝒛=𝒚 “Sid diagram”
because it’s shaped
like my face..
(Sid, Ice Age)

3472/SPM 2020
Examples of Using Sid Digram
Example 1
The price index for a book in the year 2015 based on the year 2012 is 110. The price index for the year 2017 based on the
year 2015 is 120. Calculate the price index for the book in the year 2017 based on the year 2012.

Information : 𝐼0)/0" = 110, 𝐼05/0) = 120, 𝐼05/0" =?

x 1. Arrange the year 12, 15, 17 from left

to right
2. Cover x, 110 and 120 lies next to
12 17 each other, use multiplication
3 formula:
15
110 × 120
𝐼34/3! = = 132
110 120 100

Example 2
The price index for a Tesla model X car in the year 2020 is 105 when the year 2016 is taken as the base year and 110 if
the year 2018 is taken as the base year. Find the Tesla model X car price index in the year 2018 when the year 2016 is
taken as the base.

Information : 𝐼"1/0( = 105, 𝐼"1/0* = 110, 𝐼0*/0( =?

105 3. Arrange the year 16, 18, 20 from left

to right
4. Cover y, 105 and 110 located top and
16 20 bottom, use division formula:

18 105
𝐼36/37 = × 100 = 95.45
y 110
110

3472/SPM 2020
 QR CODE / LINK VIDEO

To help you understand better the concept of Index Number, you may want to check out
the videos linked below. Just press the image OR scan the QR Code below using your
smartphone and you can learn at your own pace!

Sid diagram method

Credit : Teacher Intan |

3472/SPM 2020
 EXAMPLES

1. The table below shows the price and price index of five components, P, Q, R, S and T, used to produce
a type of toy. The diagram on the right shows a pie chart representing the relative quantities of the
components used.
Q04 Q06 I 06, 04 W
Harga
Price(RM) pada
(RM) in tahun
the year Harga indeks
Price index pada
in the yeartahun
2006
Component
Komponen
2004 2006 2006based
berasaskan tahun
on the year 20042004
S
P 1.20 1.50 125 72° R
T
Q x 2.20 110
36°
R 4.00 6.00 150 144° Q

S 3.00 2.70 y P

T 2.00 2.80 140 ( 18 )

(a) Find the value of x and value of y.
(b) Calculate the composite index for the cost of the toy production in the year 2006 based on the year 2004.
(c) Price for each component increased 20% from the year 2006 to the year 2008. Given the production cost of a
toy in the year 2004 was RM55, calculate the corresponding cost in the year 2008.

a) 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑄, 𝐼1(/1C = 110 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑆, 𝐼1(/1C = 𝑦, 𝑄1( = 2.70, 𝑄1C =

3.00
Year Index Quantity
Year Index Quantity
2004 100 𝑥
2004 100 3.00
2006 110 2.20
100 𝑥 2006 y 2.70
=
110 2.20 100 3.00
=
110𝑥 = 220 𝑦 2.70

𝑥=2 3.00𝑦 = 270

𝑦 = 90

(𝟏𝟎𝟎?𝟐𝟎)
b) 𝐼 0̅ 6/04 = c) I 08/ 04 = 𝟏𝟐𝟑. 𝟓 ´ 𝟏𝟎𝟎
125D144E+110D36E+150D90E+140D18E
360 = 148.2
44460
Q08 = 148.2
Q04 100
=
360
Q08
= 1.482
= 123.5 55

Q08 = 81.51

3472/SPM 2020
 2. (a) The price index of a particular item in the year 2005 based on the year 2000 and the year 1995 are 120
and 135 respectively. The price of the item was RM45 in the year 2000, calculate the price in the year
1995.
(b) A machine is made using four components, P, Q, R and S. The table below shows the price indices
for that components in the year 2005 based on the year 2000, the changes of price from the year 2005 to
the year 2008 and their respective weightages.

𝑰𝟎𝟓/𝟎𝟎 W
Component Price index in the Changes in price Weightage 𝑰𝟎𝟖/𝟎𝟎
year 2005 based on from the year 2005
the year 2000 to the year 2008
P 120 5% Decrease 5 114
Q 130 No change 4 130
R 105 20% Increase 𝒌 126
S 115 No change 3 115

Calculate
(i) value of k, if the composite index for the year 2005 based on the year 2000 is 118 2 ,
3
(ii) composite index for the year 2008 based on the year 2000,
(iii) cost to produce the machine in the year 2008 if the corresponding cost in the year 2000 is RM1080.

(a) I 05, 00 = 120 , I 05, 95 = 135 I 05, = 120 , I 05, = 135

00 95
I 05, 95
\ I 00, 95 = ´ 100 I 05, 95 Q00
I 05, 00 \ =
I 05, 00 Q95
135
= ´ 100
120 @ 135
=
45
= 112.5 120 Q95
Q95 = 40
Q00 112.5
Q95
= 100
45 = 1.125
Q95
40 = Q95

Sid diagram method

135
0!)
𝑦 → 𝐼11/4) = × 100
0"1

1995 2005 𝐼11/4) = 112.5 = ?"" × 100

?
*+

00".) ?""
=?
2000 011 *+

00".) C)

y 120
011
=
?*+
→ use calculator

𝑄4) = 40

3472/SPM 2020
 120 (5) + 130 (4) + 105 (k ) + 115 (3) 2
(b) (i) = 118
k + 12 3
105k + 1465 356
=
k + 12 3
315k + 4395 = 356k + 4272
123 = 41k
3 = k

sum of (index number × weightage)

114 (5) + 130 (4) + 126 (3) + 115 (3) 𝐼̅ =
(ii) I 08, 00 = (iii) 𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒
08, 00 = 120.87
15
=
1813
=
15 = 1.2087
= 120.87
Q08 = 1305.396

(iii) I 08, 00 = 120.87

Q08 120.87 Year Index Quantity
=
Q00 100 2000 100 1080
Q08 or 2008 120.87 𝑄1*
1080
= 1.2087
Q08 = 1305.396 3** 3*6*
=
3!*.64 C%&
𝑄1* = 1305.396

Use SHIFT + SOLVE feature on Casio fx570MS

100 → →120.87 → →

1080 → → → → →

(repeat twice)

3472/SPM 2020
 EXCERCISES
This section is divided into TWO main parts, the basic concept exercise and the selected past year SPM questions
exercise. To ensure that you master this topic better, answer all the questions provided. Good luck!!

BASIC CONCEPT EXCERCISE

1. Calculate the index number for each of the following:
(a)The number of students enrolled in an IPTA in (b) The price for a pair of shoes is
the year 2018 is 2950 and a total of 3300 RM220 in the year 2019 and RM210 in the
students enrolled in the year 2020. Calculate year 2020. Calculate the price index of a pair
the index number of students enrolled in the of shoes in the year 2020 by taking the year
IPTA in the year 2020 using the year 2018 as 2018 as the base year. Hence, state the
the base year. percentage of price change of the shoe from the
year 2019 to the year 2020.

(c)A piece of salted egg cost 80 cents in the year 2010 (d) A motorcycle company sold 1800
and RM1.20 in the year 2020. By taking the year motorcycles in the year 2015. In the year 2018,
2010 as the base year, calculate the salted egg price the company sold 2200 motorcycles. Calculate
index in the year 2020. the index number for the company’s
motorcycles sales in the year 2018 based on the
year 2015.

(e)Price index for petrol in the year 2020 is given (f) The price of a terrace house in the year 2016 is
by 𝑘 when compared to the year 2019 as base RM260000, however the price increased to
year. It is given that the price of petrol is RM320000 in the year 2020. Find the price
RM2.20 a liter in the year 2019 and RM1.70 a index of the house in the year 2020 taking the
liter in the year 2020. Find the value of 𝑘. year 2016 as the baseline.

3472/SPM 2020
 2. Find the value of 𝑸𝒂 or 𝑸𝒃 in each of the following:
(a) Price index for a pack of rice in the year 2020 (b) The number of car involved in accident for the
based on the year 2012 is 125. Given that the year 2017 is 3500. The index number for
price for a pack of rice in the year 2020 is number of car involved in accident for the year
RM18.50. Find the price for a pack of rice in the 2019 based on the year 2017 is 118. Calculate
year 2012. the number of cars involved in accident in the
year 2019.

(c) Price index for an item in the year 2011 based (d) Price index for a calculator increased 15% from
on the year 2008 is 165. The price of the item in the year 2017 to the year 2019. If the price of
the year 2008 is RM600. Calculate the price of the calculator in the year 2019 is RM65,
the item in the year 2011. calculate the price in the year 2017.

(e) Price and the number of unit sold for a model of smart phone in the year 2018 and the year 2019
are given in the table below.
Number of
Year Price (RM)
unit sold
2018 𝑝 420
2019 1250 𝑞
i. Given that the price for the smartphone in the year 2019 based on the year 2018 is 125. Find the
value of 𝑝.
ii. Find the value of 𝑞 if the index number for the number of unit sold is 95 for the year 2019 based on
the year 2018.

3472/SPM 2020
 3. Calculate the composite index in each of the following:
(a) The table below shows the price index for the spending of Qhuzairy’s family in the year 2017 based
on the year 2015.
Price index of spending (the
Spending Weightage
year 2015 as base)
Foods 130 5
House rent 120 3
Transportation 100 2
Electric, internet and
125 1
water
Clothing 95 1
Calculate the composite index for the total spending for Qhuzairy’s family in the 2017 based on the
year 2015.

(b) The table below shows the price indices and weightages for four types of foods in the year 2019 by
using the year 2015 as the base year.
Price Index in the year 2019
Foods Weightage
based on the year 2015
Chicken 123 7
Beef 115 𝑘
Prawn 148 3
Fish 138 5
Given the composite index for the year 2019 based on the year 2015 is 𝑘. Calculate the value of 𝑘.

3472/SPM 2020
 (c) The table below shows the ingredients use by Pretty to bake a loaf of bread. The second column
shows the percentages of price increase for each of the ingredient in the year 2019 compared to the
year 2015. The third column shows the content of each ingredient in a loaf of bread produced.
Percentage
Ingredient Percentage of price increase of content in
each loaf
Flour 25% 70%
Sugar 15% 10%
Oil 10% 5%
Yeast 30% 15%

Write the price index for each ingredient in the year 2019 based on the year 2015. Hence, calculate
the composite index for the cost of bread production in the year 2019 based on the year 2015.

4. Find the index number for each of the following: (Tips : use Sid Diagram)
(a) Given that the composite index for Michelle’s (b) Composite index for the Bevieani’s business
school expenses in the year 2019 based on the profit in the year 2017 based on the year 2016
year 2018 is 120 and 110 if based on the year is 120 and 118 on the year 2016 based on the
2017. Calculate the composite index for year 2015. Calculate her business profit’s
Michelle’s school expenses in the year 2018 composite index for the year 2017 based on the
based on the year 2017. year 2015.

3472/SPM 2020
SPM PAST YEAR QUESTIONS
SPM 2003 Question no. 13 (Weightage : Bar Chart)
1. The diagram below is a bar chart indicating the weekly cost of the items P, Q, R, S and T for the year 1990.
The table below shows the prices and the price indices for the items.

Weekly Cost
Perbelanjaan (RM) (RM)
Mingguan

33
30
24

15
12

0 Barangan
Items
P Q R S T

Items Price in 1990 Price in 1995 Price index in 1995 based on 1990
P x RM 0.70 175
Q RM 2.00 RM 2.50 125
R RM 4.00 RM 5.50 y
S RM 6.00 RM 9.90 150
T RM 2.50 z 120

(a) Find the value of x, y and z.

[3 marks]
(b) Calculate the composite index for the ítems in the year 1995 based on the year 1990.
[2 marks]
(c) The total monthly cost of the ítems in the year 1990 is RM456. Calculate the corresponding total monthly
cost for the year 1995.
[2 marks]
(d) The cost of the ítems increases by 20% from the year 1995 to the year 2000. Find the composite index
for the year 2000 base on the year 1990.
[3 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
SPM 2005 Question no. 13 (Weightage : Pie chart)
2. The table below shows the price indices for the four ingredients, P, Q, R and S, used in making biscuits
of a particular kind. The diagram on the right is a pie chart which represents the relative amount of the
ingredients P, Q, R and S, used in making these biscuits.

Price per kg (RM) Price index for the

Ingredients year 2004 based on
Year 2001 Year 2004 the year 2001 P
Q
P 0.80 1.00 x 120°
60° S
Q 2.00 y 140 100°
R 0.40 0.60 150 R

S z 0.40 80

(a) Find the value of 𝑥, 𝑦 and 𝑧.

[3 marks]
(b) (i) Calculate the composite index for the cost of making these biscuits in the year 2004 based on the
year 2001.
(ii) Hence, calculate the corresponding cost of making these biscuits in the year 2001 if the cost in
the year 2004 was RM2985.
[5 marks]
(c) The cost of making there biscuits is expected to increase by 50% from the year 2004 to the year 2007.
Find the expected composite index for the year 2007 based on the year 2001.
[2 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
SPM 2015 Questions no. 15 (Weightage : Ratio)
3. The table below shows the price indices for the year 2013 and 2015 based on the year 2011 of three
materials A, B and C used in making a type of shoe.

Price index in the year 2013 based Price index in the year 2015
Material
on the year 2011 based on the year 2011
A 106 120
B 105 125
C 110 m

(a) The Price of material C in the year 2011 is RM12.)) and its Price in the year 2015 is RM15.60. Find
(i) the value of m,
(ii) the price of material C in the year 2013.
[3 marks]
(b) The composite index for the production cost of the shoe in the year 2013 based on the year 2011 is 106.7. The
ratio of the materials A, B and C used are 2 : h : 3.
Find
(i) the value of h,
(ii) the corresponding price of the shoe in the year 2011 if the price of the shoe in the year 2013 is RM58.20.
[5 marks]
(c) Find the price index of material B in the year 2015 based on the year 2013.
[3 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
SPM 2018 Question no. 13 (Weightage : Percentage)
4. The table below shows the information related to four ingredients, P, Q, R and S, used in the production
of a type of noodle.

Ingredient Change in price indes from the year 2013 Percentage of usage
to the year 2017 (%)

P 40% increase 10

Q 20% increase 10

R 60% increase

S 10% decrease 50

The production cost for this noodle is RM47600 in the year 2017.

(a) If the price of the ingredient Q in the year 2013 is RM4.20, fing its price in the year 2017.
[2 marks]
(b) Percentage of usage for several ingredients were given in the table above. Calculate the corresponding
production cost in the year 2013.
[5 marks]
(c) The production cost is expected to increase by 50% from the year 2017 to the year 2019. Calculate the
percentage of changes in production cost from the year 2013 to the year 2019.
[3 marks]

3472/SPM 2020
 ANSWERS
Basic Concept Excercise
1. a) 111.86
b) 95.45, price decreased by 4.55%
c) 150
d) 122.22
e) 77.27
f) 123.08

2. a) RM14.80
b) 4130
c) RM990
d) RM56.52
e) i) p=1000
ii) q=399

3. a) 119.17
b) 5
c) Flour = 125, Sugar = 115, Oil = 110, Yeast = 130. Composite index = 124

4. a) 91.67
b) 141.6

SPM Past Year Questions

Question 1 (SPM 2003)
a) x=0.40, y=137.5, z=3.00
b) 140.92
c) RM642.60
d) 169.14

Question 2 (SPM 2005)

a) x = 125, y = 2.80, z = 0.50
b) i) 129.44
ii) RM2306.09
c) 194.16

Question 3 (SPM 2015)

a) i) 130
ii) RM13.20
b) i) 5
ii) RM54.55
c) 119.05

Question 4 (SPM 2018)

a) RM5.04
b) RM40000
c) 78.5

3472/SPM 2020