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PUMPS Centrifugal pump

Chapter · October 2021

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

PUMPS
Centrifugal pump
The action of the centrifugal pump is the revers of the reaction turbine except that the
arrangements made to increase its efficiency. The pump consist of:
The impeller which contains the blades or vanes and rotates by means of an external
power, usually electric motors.

Impeller gives to the water a velocity head (centrifugal head) to overcome the elevation
head, since the rotation of impeller imposed the pump eye pressure to be almost vacuum,
so the water will be sucked from the sump to enter the pump and deliver it to some
elevation. Most type of centrifugal pumps work radially.
hd - delivery head; hs - suction head
Theory of Pumps
V – Absolute velocity of entering water.
D – Diameter of impeller (inner diameter).
υ – Tangential velocity of impeller at inlet.
Vr – Relative velocity of water at inlet.
Vf -flow velocity of water at inlet.
V1, D1, υ1, Vr1, Vf1 corresponding to outlet.
N – Speed of impeller.

Θ – Vane angle at inlet.

β – Angle at which water leave the impeller.

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

Ø – Vane angle at outlet.

W ork done by the impeller on the water

v 
per unit weight = w 1 1 − − − − − − − −(1)
g
per unit time
W
= Q
t
v w 11 v
= H + d − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
g 2g
vd
v d −water velocity in delivery pipe , somtime is neglected because its small
2g
N
1 =  r1 ;  =  r ;  =
60
 r D
= = − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(3)
1 r1 D1
If the flow at pump eye (impeller center) is not radial
1
work done by the impeller = (v w 11 −v w  )
g
(a) Static head (Hs)

H s = hs + hd − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(4)
(b) Manometric head (Hm)
Which is the head develops by the pump. Its equal the head given to water by the
impeller minus the losses in the impeller and casing.

v w 11
Hm = − hLi − hLc − − − − − − − − − − − − − (5)
g
hLi − head losses in impeller .
hLc − head losses in casing . Hm  Hs

 d2
H m = H s + head losses in pipes +
2g

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

 d2
H m = H s + hfs + hfd +
2g
hfs − friction losses in suction pipes .
hfd − friction losses in delivery pipes .
 d2
H m = hs + hd + hfs + hfd +
2g
(c) Mechanical efficiency (ηm)
Which is the ratio of power developed by the impeller and the power supplied to shaft.
o v w 11 / g o v w 11 o
m = w =w w = Q P =Watt
P gP
o
w v w 11
m =
g SHP  745.7
(d) Manometric efficiency (ηmano)
Which is the ratio of manometric power and the impeller power.
o
w Hm Hmg
mano = =
w v w 11 / g v w 11
o

Manometric power is power developed by the pump.

(e) Overall efficiency (η0)
The ratio of power developed by the pump to the power supplied to the shaft.

o o
H w Hmw
0 = m =
P SHP  745.7
0 = mmano
o
in pumps we have another type of power which static pressure Ps = w H s
Pexternal sorce  Pimpeller ; mechanical losses  Pmano ( hLi + hLc )  Ps (h fs + h f d )

Problem (1) A centrifugal pump delivers 250 L/s of water against a head of 20 m when
the impeller rotates at 1500 rpm. If the manometric efficiency is 75% and the loss of head

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

in the pump is (1/30) V21. Find the diameter of the impeller and the blade angle at the
exit. Take the width of at exit as 0.4 times the impeller diameter.

 DN   D 1500
1 = = = 78.54D m / s
60 60
Q 0.25 0.25
vf = = = = 0.198D 2 m / s
A  Db   0.4D 2

gH m gH m 9.81 20 3.32
mano = vw 1 = = =
v w 11 mano1 0.75  78.54D D
v w 11 v w 11 H m 20
Hm = − (h Li + h Lc ) = = = 26.6
g g mano 0.75
1 2
 20 = 26.6 − v 1  v 12 = 198  v 1 = 14.07m / s
30
2
 3.32 
 + ( 0.198D )
2 2
v = v + v  198 = 
2
1
2
w1
2
f1
 D 
198D − 11.03D − 0.039 = 0
4 2

−(−11.03) (−11.03) 2 − 4 198  0.039

D = 2
 D = 0.243 m
2 198
3.32 3.32
vw 1 = = = 13.66 m / s ; v f = 0.198D 2 = 0.198  0.2432 = 3.35 m / s
D 0.243
1 = 78.54D = 78.54  0.243 = 18.5m / s ;
vf 3.35
tan  = = = 0.692   = 340.6'
1 −v w 1 18.5 − 13.66

Problem (2) A centrifugal pump with radial inflow delivers 0.08 m3/s of water against a
head of 40 m. If the outer diameter of the impeller is 300 mm and its width at the outer
periphery is 12.5 mm, find the blade angle at the exit. The speed of the pump is 1500 rpm
and its manometric efficiency is 80%.

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

Q 0.08
Q =  Dbv f  v f = = 6.79 m / s = v f 1
 Db   0.3 1.25 10−2
 D1N   0.3 1500
1 = = = 23.5 m / s
60 60
gH m gH m 9.81 20
mano = vw 1 = = = 20.82 m / s
v w 11 mano1 0.8  23.5
vf 1 6.79
tan  ' = = = 2.5535   ' = 68o .46'
1 −v w 1 23.5 − 20.82
 = 180 − 68.46 = 111o .3'

Problem (3) A centrifugal pump runs at 90 rpm, and has vanes inclined 1200 to the
direction of motion at exit. If the manometric head is 20 m and the manometric efficiency
is 75%, determine:
a- The diameter of the impeller at exit.
b- The vane angle at inlet.
Take the velocity of flow as 2.5 m/s throughout and the diameter of impeller at exit as
twice that at inlet.

Hmg H g 120  9.81

mano =  v w 11 = m = = 261.6 m 2 / s 2
v w 11 mano 0.75
from velocity outlet triangle
vf 1 2.5
tan 60 =  1 −v w 1 = = 1.443
1 −v w 1 1.732
261.6
 1 − = 1.443  12 − 1.443 − 261.6 = 0
1
−(−1.443)
(−1.443) 2 − 4  1 261.6
1 = = 16.9 m / s
2 1
1  D D 1 16.9
=   = 1 = 1 = = = 8.45 m / s
D1 D D1 2D 2 2
vf 2.5
 = tan −1 ( ) = tan −1 ( ) = 16o .4'
 8.45

Pressure Change in a Centrifugal Pump

5
 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

A – Water level (sump).

B – Inlet to impeller.
C – Outlet of impeller.
D - Delivery valve.
E - Delivery to a tank.
Bernoulli equation
A −B
pa pb + p a v s2
= + + hs + hf − − − − − (1)
  2g
P = Pb – pressure at impeller inlet.

Vs – Velocity in suction pipe.

hs – Suction head.
hfs –head losses in suction pipe.
B −C
pb v s2 v w 11 p1 v 12
+ + = + + hLi − − − − − − − −(2)
 2g 2g  2g
P1 – pressure at impeller outlet.
V1 –velocity of water at impeller exit.
hLi – head losses in impeller.

C −D
p1 v 12 pd v d2
+ = + + h + hLc − − − − − − − − − − − −(3)
 2g  2g
Pd –pressure at D.
Vd –velocity of water at D.
hLc – head losses at casing.

D −E

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

pd v d2 p v2 pe
+ = e + d + (h d − h) + h fd pe = p a =0
 2g  2g 
pd
= h d + h fd − h − − − − − − − − − − − − − (4)

All pressures are gauge pressure i.e. the atmospheric pressure must be added to get the
absolute pressure.

from equ .(3) int o equ .(2)

ps v s2 v w 11 pd v d2
+ + = + + h + hLc + hLi
 2g g  2g
v w 11 pd v d2 p s v s2
− (hLc + hLi ) = + −( + )+h
g  2g  2g
v d2
pd p s v s2
Hm = ( + )−( + ) + h − − − − − − − − − − − − − (5)
 2g  2g
if there is novalve h = 0
and if the suction and delivery pipe are of the same size v s = v d
1
Hm = (p d − ps ) − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(6)

H m − pressure rise in pump .
pd , p s − delivery and suction pressure .
Problem (1) The axis of centrifugal pump is 2.5 m above the water level in the sump and
the static lift from the pump center is 35 m. The friction losses in the suction and the
delivery pipes are 1 m and 8 m respectively. The delivery and suction pipes are of 150 mm
diameter. The impeller is 300 mm diameter and 20 m wide at outlet and its speed is 1800
rpm. The blade angle at exit is 30o. Evaluate the shaft horse power to be supplied and
discharge delivered. Take the manometric and overall efficiencies as 75% and 70%
respectively. If a Burdon gauges are connected to the suction and delivery sides of the
pump, determine the pressure indicated by these gauges.

 DN   0.3  800
1 = = = 28.26 m / s
60 60
Q Q
Q =  Dbv f 1  v f 1 = = = 53Q − − − − − (1)
 Db   0.3  0.02
 4Q 4Q
Q = D p2 d   d = = = 56.58Q − − − − − − − (2)
4  D p   0.152
2

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

vf 1 v
tan 30 =  v w 1 = 1 − f 1
1 −v w 1 tan 30
vf 1
v w 1 = 28.26 −
0.5773
v w 1 = 28.26 − 1.732v f 1 − − − − − − − (3)
gH m gH m
mano = vw 1 =
v w 11 mano1
9.81 H m
vw 1 = = 0.46H m − − − −(4)
0.75  28.26
from equations (3) and (4)
0.46 H m = 28.26 − 1.732v f 1  H m = 61.43 − 3.76v f 1from equation (1)
H m = 61.43 − 3.76  (53Q) = 61.43 − 199.5Q− − − − − −(5)
v d2 (56.58Q ) 2
H m = hs + hd + hfs + hfd + = 2.5 + 35 + 1 + 8 +
29 2g
H m = 46.5 + 163.2Q 2 since equations 5 = 6
Q 2 + 1.22Q − 0.0888 = 0
−1.22 1.222 − 4 1 (−0.0888)
Q= = 68.8 L / s
2 1
from equation (5)
H m = 61.4 − 199.5  0.0688 = 47.2 m
 QH m  QH m 9810  0.06888  47.2
0 =  SHP = = = 61.2 hp
SHP  745.7 0  745.7 0.7  745.7
pa + p s v s2 pa
+ hs + hfs + =
 2g 
since the suction and delivery pipes diameter are equal v s = v d
ps v s2 (56.58  0.06888) 2
= −(hs + hfs + ) = −(2.5 + 1 + ) = −4.2
 2g 2  9.81
N
p s = −4.2  9810 = −41202 2 = −41.202kPa
m

8
 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

The sign ( − ) means that the pressure in the suction pipe less than
atmpspheric pressure = vakum .
p − ps
Hm = d  pd = p s +  H m = −41.2 + 9.81 47.2 = 422 kPa (gauge)

Problem (2) A centrifugal pump lift water against a static head of 40 m. The suction and
delivery pipes are 150 mm diameter. The head losses in the suction and delivery pipes are
2.2 m and 7.5 m. The impeller is 400 mm in diameter and 25 mm wide at the mouth and it
revolve at 1200 rpm and its vane angle at exit is 300. If the manometric efficiency is 80%,
calculate the discharge.

 d2  d2
H m = Hs + losses in pipe + = 40 + 2.2 + 7.5 +
2g 2g
 d2
H m = 49.7 + − − − − − −(a )
2g
4Q 4Q
d = = = 56.58Q − − − − − − − (1)
 Dd   0.152
2

Q Q
vf 1 = = = 31.8Q − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
 Db   0.4  0.025
vf 1 v  DN v
tan 30 =  v w1 = 1 − f 1 = − f1
1 − v w1 tan 30 60 tan 30
  0.4 1200 vf1
v w1 = − = 25.13 − 1.732v f 1 − − − − − − − (3)
60 tan 30
gH m gH m 9.81 H m
mano = vw 1 = = = 0.48H m − − − (4)
v w 11 mano1 0.7  25.13
from equations ( 3) and ( 4 )
H m = 52 − 3.6v f 1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (5)
from equations (1) and ( 2 )
d 56.58Q
= = 1.77   d = 1.77v f 1 − − − − − − − − − −(6)
vf 1 31.8Q
from equation (a)
(1.77v f 1 ) 2
H m = 49.7 + = 49.7 + 0.159v f21 − − − − − − − − − −(7)
2g

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 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

equating equation (5) and (7)

52 − 3.6v f 1 = 49.7 + 0.159v f21
v f21 + 22.6v f 1 − 14.4 = 0
−22.6 22.62 − 4 1 (−14.4)
vf 1 = = 0.62m / s
2 1
0.62
Q= = 0.0195 m 3 / s ;  d = 56.58  0.0195 = 2.2 m / s
31.8
v w 1 = 25.13 − 17.32  0.62 = 3.65 m / s
H m = 49.7 + 0.159  0.622 = 49.94 m
Problem (3) A centrifugal pump has a static head of 15 m. The velocity of water in the
delivery pipe is 2 m/s. If the radial velocity of flow through the wheel is 3 m/s, and the exit
vane angle is 600, find tangential velocity at outlet. Neglect all the losses in the pump and
pipes.

 d2 22
Hm = H s + loses in pipes + = 15 + 0 + = 15.2m
2g 2g
v  gH m 15.2  9.81 149.1
Hm = w 1 1  1 = = = − − − (1)
g vw 1 vw 1 vw 1
vf 1 3
tan 60 =  1.732 =  1.7321 − 1.732v w 1 = 3
1 −v w 1 1 −v w 1
149.1
1.7321 − 1.732 = 3  12 − 1.73 − 149.1
1
−(−1.73) −1.732 − 4 1 (−149.1)
1 = = 11.37 m / s
2 1
Problem (4) The horse power of a centrifugal pump is 7.6 hp, and is used to lift a mixture
of sand and water. The mixture specific weight is 1.08, if the quantity of mixture to be
pumped is 250 L/s, find the pressure developed by the pump, taking overall efficiency as
70%.

mixture = water = 1.08 1000 = 1080 kg / m 3

o
H w H Q P0 7.6  745.7  0.7
0 = m = m  Hm = = = 1.49m
P P mix gQ 1080  9.81 0.25
p =  mix gH m = 1080  9.811.49 = kPa

10
 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

Problem (5) A centrifugal pump wheel is 580 mm external and 254 mm internal diameters.
It runs at 950 rpm. The vanes are back at an angle of 350 to the wheel rim. If the radial
velocity of water throughout the wheel is constant and has the value of 1.83 m/s, find the
angle of vanes at the inlet, the velocity and direction of water at outlet and the work done
by the wheel per water weight.
 DN   0.254  950
= = = 12.63 m / s
60 60
v 1.83
tan  = f = = 0.144   = 80.24'
 12.63
 D1N   0.508  950
1 = = = 25.26 m / s
60 60
vf 1 v 1.83
tan 35 =  v w 1 = 1 − f 1 = 25.26 − = 22.64m / s
1 −v w 1 tan 35 0.7
v f 1 1.83
tan  = =   = 40.62'
v w 1 22.64
vf 1 1.83
sin  = v1 = = 22.7 m / s
v1 0.8
Problem (6) A centrifugal pump discharges 7950 L/s against a total head from all causes
of 26.5 m, when running at 600 rpm. The outer diameter of the impeller is 609.6 mm and
the ratio of the outer to inner diameter is 2, the area of flow through the wheel is 613. 44
cm2. The vanes are set back at an angle of 450. Water enters the impeller radially and
without shock. Calculate the manometric efficiency and the vane angle at inlet.

Q 7.950
Q = Av f  v f = = = 2.16 m / s
A 613.44 10−4
 DN   0.5  609.6  600
= = = 9.57 m / s
60 60
v 2.16
tan  = f = = 0.225   = 120.7 '
 9.57
 D1N   609.6  600
1 = = = 19.15 m / s
60 60
v 2.16
v w 1 = 1 − f = 19.15 − = 17 m / s
tan 45 1
gH m 9.81 26.5
mano = = = 80%
v w 1 17 19.15

11
 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

Problem (6) A centrifugal pump has an impeller 500 mm outer diameter and is running at
500 rpm and discharging 125 L/s against a head of 9 m. If the flow area is constant from
inlet to outlet equal to 0.06 m2 and the vane angles are set back at 450, determine the
manometric efficiency and the vane angle at inlet. Assuming that the water enters the
impeller without shock and the inner diameter of the impeller is 250 mm.
Q 0.125
Q = Av f  v f = = = 2.08 m / s
A 0.06
 DN   0.25  500
= = = 6.54 m / s
60 60
v 2.08
tan  = f = = 0.318   = 17 0.6'
 6.54
 D1N   0.5  500
1 = = = 13.08 m / s
60 60
v 2.08
v w 1 = 1 − f 1 = 13.08 − = 11 m / s
tan 45 1
gH m 9.81 9
mano = = = 61.3%
v w 1 1113.08
Specific Speed of Centrifugal Pump
It is defined an imaginary pump speed identical to actual pump which delivers one cubic
meter per second of water against one meter head.

υ - Peripheral or tangential velocity.

H – Developed head.
Vf – flow velocity.
Q – Discharge water.
1 =  2 gH m =  2 g H m ;  2 g = const . 1  H m − − − − − −(1)
 D1N 
1 = ; = const . 1  D1N − − − − − − − − − − − − − −(2)
60 60
from equations (1) and (2)
Hm
D1  − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (3)
N
b1
B1 =  b1  D1 − − − − − − − − − − − − − (4)
D1

12
 Dr Taha Ahmed Abdullah Mechanical department Mosul University 2020

Q =  D1b1v f 1  Q  D1b1v f 1 − − − − − − − −(5)

v f =  2 g H m  v f  H m − − − − − − − −(6)
Q  D1b1 H m from equ .4
Q  D12 H m − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − − (7)
from equations (3) and (7)
2
 Hm  H m3/2 H m3/4
Q   H m Q  OR N 
 N  N 2
Q
 
H m3/4
N =Ns where N s = cons .
Q
N Q
Ns = all quantites in N s depend on the outlet condition .
H m3/4

Problem (1) Calculate the specific speed of centrifugal pump running at 1000 rpm. The
diameter of the impeller is 300 mm and its width is 60 mm. The pump delivers 120 L/s
with a manometric efficiency of 85%. The effective outlet blade angle is 300.Neglect the
thickness of the blades.

Q gH m
Ns =N ; mano =
H 3/4
v w 11
 D1N   0.5 1000
1 = = = 26.17 m / s
60 60
Q 0.12
vf 1 = = = 1.26 m / s
 b1D1   0.06  0.5
v 1.26
v w 1 = 1 − f 1 = 26.17 − = 23.97 m / s
tan 30 0.5773
 0.85
H m = mano (v w 11 ) =  23.97  26.17 = 54.3m
g 9.81
Q 0.12
Ns =N 3/4
= 1000  = 17.3
H 54.33/4

13

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