TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO. CONTENT PAGE NO

i. ABOUT COMPANY 1

ii. ABSTRACT 4

iii. ABBREVIATIONS 5

iv. BASIC TERMINOLOGIES 7

1. INTRODUCTION TO DATA NETWORK 8

1.1. APPLICATION 8

1.2. TYPES OF NETWORKS 8

1.3. NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 8

1.3.1. BUS TOPOLOGY 9

1.3.2. MESH TOPOLOGY 10

1.3.3. RING TOPOLOGY 11

1.3.4. STAR TOPOLOGY 11

1.3.5 HYBRID TOPOLOGY 11

1.4. COMPONENTS OF DATA

COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 12

1.5. DATA FLOW

13
1.6. THE OSI MODEL
13
1.6.1. PHYSICAL LAYER
14

1
1.6.2. DATA LINK LAYER
14
1.6.3. NETWORK LAYER
14
1.6.4. TRANSPORT LAYER
14
1.6.5. SESSION LAYER
15
1.6.6. PRESENTATION LAYER
15
1.6.7. APPLICATION LAYER
15
1.7 TCP/IP MODEL
15
1.8 TRANSMISSION MODES
15
1.8.1. PARALLEL TRANSMISSION
16
1.8.2. SERIAL TRANSMISSION
16
1.9 TRANSMISSION MEDIA
16
1.9.1. GUIDED MEDIA
17
1.9.1.1. TWISTED PAIR CABLE
17
1.9.1.2. COAXIAL CABLE
18
1.9.1.3. FIBRE OPTIC CABLE
18
1.10. SWITCHING
18
1.10.1. CIRCUIT SWITCHING
19
1.10.2. PACKET SWITCHING
20
1.10.3. MESSAGE SWITCHING
20
1.11. IPv4
21

2
 1.12. IPv6
23
1.13. IPv4 VS IPv6
25
1.14. IP HEADER
25
1.15. DOMAIN NAME SYSTEM
25
1.16. ARP
27
1.17. RARP
27
1.18. FTTH
28
1.19. SUBNETTING
30
1.19.1. HOW TO CREATE A SUBNET
30
1.19.2. BENEFITS OF SUBNETTING
31
1.19.3. LIMITATIONS OF SUBNETTING
32
1.20. ETHERNET
32
1.21. ROUTING PROTOCOLS
33
1.21.1. TYPES OF ROUTING PROTOCOL
33
1.21.2. STATIC ROUTING PROTOCOL
33
1.21.3. DYNAMIC ROUTING PROTOCOL
34
1.21.4. DISTANCE VECTOR ROUTING
PROTOCOL 34

1.21.5. INTERNET ROUTING PROTOCOL

35
1.21.5.1. ROUTING INFORMATION PROTOCOL
35
1.21.5.2. INTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL
35

3
1.21.5.3. LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOL
35
1.21.5.4. EXTERIOR GATEWAY PROTOCOL
36
1.21.5.5. ENHANCED INTERIOR GATEWAY
ROUTING PROTOCOL 36

1.21.5.6. OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST

36
1.22. VLSM
37
1.23. MPLS
38
1.24 SDN
40
2. CASE STYDY
40
3. CONCLUSION
52
4. REFERENCES
52

4
 ABOUT COMPANY

INTRODUCTION

The overarching goal of higher education at large is to adequately

prepare students to achieve success in their future careers. While facing a
certain level of academic rigor and gaining important life skills can be
considered crucial aspects of career preparedness that students receive
while in college, more and more importance is being placed on the value
of experiential learning.

This is where things like internships, job shadowing opportunities

and even some full- or part-time jobs can play an important role. Many
colleges and universities prioritize this type of learning, requiring all
students to partake in some sort of internship experience. Others give
students options to either pursue internship opportunities or garner an
equal amount of credits some other way. It’s also true that some
internship opportunities offer monetary compensation while others don’t.

With all of these variables present, how should today’s college

students approach the internship conversation? In hopes of providing a bit
of clarity, we scoured a number of different research studies and spoke
with a panel of experienced professionals to learn the true value of
internships for college students and employers alike. Take a look at what
we found.

5
 COMPANY PROFILE

Quantanics was founded in 2018 by a group of young and

rejuvenated engineers who wanted to prove their stand in Industry 4.0 by
making this world a better place to live. Today, Quantanics has
established a distinguished reputation by successfully developing
intelligent devices and products for several industrial giants and MNCs.

We find ourselves in a dominating position among our competitors,

majorly because of the medley in our team with strengths in different
domains such as Block chain, Internet of Things, Robotics &
Automation, AI (Artificial Intelligence), XR (Extended Reality), Big
Data & many more. We also developing industrial 3D modules and we
providing technical workshops in and around TamilNadu for student,
teaching professions and industry professions.

So far they developed 100+ projects and products, 50+ MVP’s and
they were awarded for best MVP’s, Best ideology to product conversions
and all. So far 20+ teams were won various events under the mentoring
guidance of quantanics team. So far they have 80+ customers and clients
for their products and services

6
 ABSTRACT

The ever growing network of technologies connecting and

communicating via the internet to send and receive data in the absence of
human-to-human or human-to-computer interaction. IoT consists of a
network of smart devices, sensors, and actuators interconnecting with
each other over the internet. IoT is rapidly evolving throughout the
embedded industry. It is projected that there will be about 50 billion IoT
devices connected to the internet by 2030.

So in this internship,we learn about sensor programming on an

embedded device, IoT device provisioning, and the latest wireless
communication protocols including Wi-Fi and transport protocols such as
MQTT. You will also explore the IoT data processing life cycle which
includes capturing, cloud storage, and analyze data to various IoT
devices.

Here we learned the design of an IoT ecosystem which includes all

the components that enable businesses, governments, and consumers to
connect to their IoT devices. The IoT ecosystem consists of remotes,
dashboards, networks, gateways, data storage, analytics, and security.
Students will be using ESP IoT discovery node and cloud to demonstrate
IoT practical applications.

So here we use Tinkercad platform to do stuffs and tinkercad is a

free-of-charge, online 3D modeling program that runs in a web browser.
Since it became available in 2011 it has become a popular platform for
creating models for 3D printing as well as an entry-level introduction to
constructive solid geometry in schools.

7
 BASIC TERMINOLOGIES
&
ABBREVIATIONS
ADC Analog to Digital Convertor
A Ampere
AND Logical AND
b Base
BJT Bipolar Junction Transistor
c Collector
CA Common Anode
CAD Computer Aided Design
CC Common Cathode
CCCS Current Controlled Current Switch
d Drain
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
E Potential , Voltage, EMF
e Emitter
EV Electron Volt
F Farad (Capacitance)
FET Field Effect Transistor
Gb Giga Bits
GB Giga Bytes
GHz Giga Hertz
Gnd Ground
GPIO General Purpose Input Output
GPS Global Positioning System
GSM Global System for Mobile (Phones)
HV High Voltage
Hz Hertz (Frequency)
I Current
I2C Phillips protocol Serial Bus
IC Integrated Circuit
ICSP In Circuit Serial Programming
IDE Integrated Development Environment
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IO Input Output
Iot Internet of Things
IP Internet Protocol
IR Infra Red
JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor
K Kilo (Thousand)
K Cathode
Kb Kilo Bits
KB Kilo Bytes

8
KV Kilo Volt
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
mA Milli Amps
Mb Mega Bits
NC No Connection or No Conductor
NO Normally Open
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PROM Programable Read Only Memory
PUT Programable Unijunction Transistor
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
PZT Piezo Electric Transducer
R Resistance
RAM Random Access Memory
RC Resistive Capacitive
RF Radio Frequency
RGB Red Green Blue
Rx Receive
s Source
SCL I2C Serial Clock Line
SDA I2C Serial Data Line
Tx Transmit
USART Universal Sychronous Asynchronous Reciever Transmitter
USB Universal Serial Bus
V Voltage
VA Volt Ampere
VCC Plus Supply Voltage Collector, Positive rail

1. Introduction to Embedded System

1.1 System

9
A system is an arrangement in which all its unit assemble work together
according to a set of rules. It can also be defined as a way of working,
organizing or doing one or many tasks according to a fixed plan. For
example, a watch is a time displaying system. Its components follow a set
of rules to show time. If one of its parts fails, the watch will stop working.
So we can say, in a system, all its subcomponents depend on each other.

1.2 Embedded System

As its name suggests, Embedded means something that is attached to
another thing. An embedded system can be thought of as a computer
hardware system having software embedded in it. An embedded system
can be an independent system or it can be a part of a large system. An
embedded system is a microcontroller or microprocessor based system
which is designed to perform a specific task. For example, a fire alarm is
an embedded system; it will sense only smoke.

An embedded system has three components −

 It has hardware.
 It has application software.
 It has Real Time Operating system (RTOS) that supervises the
application software and provide mechanism to let the processor run a
process as per scheduling by following a plan to control the latencies.
RTOS defines the way the system works. It sets the rules during the
execution of application program. A small scale embedded system
may not have RTOS.

So we can define an embedded system as a Microcontroller based,

software driven, reliable, real-time control system.

10
1.3 Characteristics of an Embedded System
Single-functioned − An embedded system usually performs a
specialized operation and does the same repeatedly. For example:
A pager always functions as a pager.

Tightly constrained − All computing systems have constraints on

design metrics, but those on an embedded system can be especially
tight. Design metrics is a measure of an implementation's features
such as its cost, size, power, and performance. It must be of a size
to fit on a single chip, must perform fast enough to process data in
real time and consume minimum power to extend battery life.

Reactive and Real time − Many embedded systems must

continually react to changes in the system's environment and must
compute certain results in real time without any delay. Consider an
example of a car cruise controller; it continually monitors and
reacts to speed and brake sensors. It must compute acceleration or
de-accelerations repeatedly within a limited time; a delayed
computation can result in failure to control of the car.

Microprocessors based − It must be microprocessor or

microcontroller based.

Memory − It must have a memory, as its software usually embeds

in ROM. It does not need any secondary memories in the
computer.

Connected − It must have connected peripherals to connect input

and output devices.

HW-SW systems − Software is used for more features and

flexibility. Hardware is used for performance and security.

1.3.1 Advantages
 Easily Customizable
 Low power consumption
 Low cost
 Enhanced performance

11
1.3.2 Disadvantages
 High development effort
 Larger time to market

1.4 Basic Structure of an Embedded System

The following illustration shows the basic structure of an embedded
system −

Sensor − It measures the physical quantity and converts it to an

electrical signal which can be read by an observer or by any
electronic instrument like an A2D converter. A sensor stores the
measured quantity to the memory.

A-D Converter − An analog-to-digital converter converts the

analog signal sent by the sensor into a digital signal.

Processor & ASICs − Processors process the data to measure the

output and store it to the memory.

12
 D-A Converter − A digital-to-analog converter converts the digital
data fed by the processor to analog data

Actuator − An actuator compares the output given by the D-A

Converter to the actual (expected) output stored in it and stores the
approved output.

Processor is the heart of an embedded system. It is the basic unit that

takes inputs and produces an output after processing the data. For an
embedded system designer, it is necessary to have the knowledge of both
microprocessors and microcontrollers.

1.5 Processors in a System

A processor has two essential units −

 Program Flow Control Unit (CU)

 Execution Unit (EU)

The CU includes a fetch unit for fetching instructions from the memory.
The EU has circuits that implement the instructions pertaining to data
transfer operation and data conversion from one form to another.

The EU includes the Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU) and also the
circuits that execute instructions for a program control task such as
interrupt, or jump to another set of instructions.

A processor runs the cycles of fetch and executes the instructions in the
same sequence as they are fetched from memory.

1.6 Types of Processors

Processors can be of the following categories −

General Purpose Processor (GPP)

o Microprocessor
o Microcontroller
o Embedded Processor
o Digital Signal Processor
o Media Processor

Application Specific System Processor (ASSP)

Application Specific Instruction Processors (ASIPs)

13
 GPP core(s) or ASIP core(s) on either an Application Specific
Integrated Circuit (ASIC) or a Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI)
circuit.

1.7 Microprocessor

A microprocessor is a single VLSI chip having a CPU. In addition, it may

also have other units such as coaches, floating point processing arithmetic
unit, and pipelining units that help in faster processing of instructions.

Earlier generation microprocessors’ fetch-and-execute cycle was guided

by a clock frequency of order of ~1 MHz. Processors now operate at a
clock frequency of 2GHz

1.8 Microcontroller

A microcontroller is a single-chip VLSI unit (also called

microcomputer) which, although having limited computational
capabilities, possesses enhanced input/output capability and a number of
on-chip functional
units. CPU RAM ROM
I/O Port Timer Serial COM Port

Microcontrollers are particularly used in embedded systems for real-time

control applications with on-chip program memory and devices.

2. Compilers and Assemblers

2.1 Compiler

14
A compiler is a computer program (or a set of programs) that transforms the source
code written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer
language (normally binary format). The most common reason for conversion is to
create an executable program. The name "compiler" is primarily used for programs
that translate the source code from a highlevel programming language to a low-level
language (e.g., assembly language or machine code).

2.2 Cross-Compiler

If the compiled program can run on a computer having different CPU or operating
system than the computer on which the compiler compiled the program, then that
compiler is known as a cross-compiler.

2.3 Decompiler

A program that can translate a program from a low-level language to a high-level

language is called a decompiler.

2.4 Language Converter

A program that translates programs written in different high-level languages is

normally called a language translator, source to source translator, or language
converter.

A compiler is likely to perform the following operations −

 Preprocessing
 Parsing
 Semantic Analysis (Syntax-directed translation)
 Code generation
 Code optimization

2.5 Assemblers

An assembler is a program that takes basic computer instructions (called as assembly

language) and converts them into a pattern of bits that the computer's processor can
use to perform its basic operations. An assembler creates object code by translating
assembly instruction mnemonics into opcodes, resolving symbolic names to memory
locations. Assembly language uses a mnemonic to represent each low-level machine
operation (opcode).

2.6 Debugging Tools in an Embedded System

Debugging is a methodical process to find and reduce the number of bugs in a

computer program or a piece of electronic hardware, so that it works as expected.
Debugging is difficult when subsystems are tightly coupled, because a small change
in one subsystem can create bugs in another. The debugging tools used in embedded
systems differ greatly in terms of their development time and debugging features. We
will discuss here the following debugging tools −

15
  Simulators
 Microcontroller starter kits
 Emulator

2.7 Simulators

Code is tested for the MCU / system by simulating it on the host computer used for
code development. Simulators try to model the behavior of the complete
microcontroller in software.

2.7.1 Functions of Simulators

A simulator performs the following functions −

 Defines the processor or processing device family as well as its various versions
for the target system.
 Monitors the detailed information of a source code part with labels and symbolic
arguments as the execution goes on for each single step.
 Provides the status of RAM and simulated ports of the target system for each
single step execution.
 Monitors system response and determines throughput.
 Provides trace of the output of contents of program counter versus the processor
registers.
 Provides the detailed meaning of the present command.
 Monitors the detailed information of the simulator commands as these are entered
from the keyboard or selected from the menu.
 Supports the conditions (up to 8 or 16 or 32 conditions) and unconditional
breakpoints.
 Provides breakpoints and the trace which are together the important testing and
debugging tool.
 Facilitates synchronizing the internal peripherals and delays.

3. Criteria for Choosing Microcontroller

While choosing a microcontroller, make sure it meets the task at hand and that
it is cost effective. We must see whether an 8-bit, 16-bit or 32-bit microcontroller can
best handle the computing needs of a task. In addition, the following points should be
kept in mind while choosing a microcontroller −

 Speed − What is the highest speed the microcontroller can support?

 Packaging − Is it 40-pin DIP (Dual-inline-package) or QFP (Quad flat package)?
This is important in terms of space, assembling, and prototyping the end-product.
 Power Consumption − This is an important criteria for battery-powered
products.
 Amount of RAM and ROM on the chip.
 Count of I/O pins and Timers on the chip.
 Cost per Unit − This is important in terms of final cost of the product in which
the microcontroller is to be used.

16
Further, make sure you have tools such as compilers, debuggers, and assemblers,
available with the microcontroller. The most important of all, you should purchase a
microcontroller from a reliable source.

4.Introduction to Internet of Things

IoT (Internet of Things) is an advanced automation and analytics
system which exploits networking, sensing, big data, and artificial
intelligence technology to deliver complete systems for a product or
service. These systems allow greater transparency, control, and
performance when applied to any industry or system.

IoT systems have applications across industries through their

unique flexibility and ability to be suitable in any environment. They
enhance data collection, automation, operations, and much more through
smart devices and powerful enabling technology.

IoT systems allow users to achieve deeper automation, analysis, and integration
within a system. They improve the reach of these areas and their accuracy. IoT
utilizes existing and emerging technology for sensing, networking, and robotics.

IoT exploits recent advances in software, falling hardware prices, and modern
attitudes towards technology. Its new and advanced elements bring major changes in
the delivery of products, goods, and services; and the social, economic, and political
impact of those changes.

4.1 IoT − Key Features

The most important features of IoT include artificial intelligence,

connectivity, sensors, active engagement, and small device use. A brief
review of these features is given below −

AI − IoT essentially makes virtually anything “smart”, meaning it

enhances every aspect of life with the power of data collection,
artificial intelligence algorithms, and networks. This can mean
something as simple as enhancing your refrigerator and cabinets to
detect when milk and your favorite cereal run low, and to then
place an order with your preferred grocer.

Connectivity − New enabling technologies for networking, and

specifically IoT networking, mean networks are no longer
exclusively tied to major providers. Networks can exist on a much
smaller and cheaper scale while still being practical. IoT creates
these small networks between its system devices.

17
 Sensors − IoT loses its distinction without sensors. They act as
defining instruments which transform IoT from a standard passive
network of devices into an active system capable of real-world
integration.

Active Engagement − Much of today's interaction with connected

technology happens through passive engagement. IoT introduces a
new paradigm for active content, product, or service engagement.

Small Devices − Devices, as predicted, have become smaller,

cheaper, and more powerful over time. IoT exploits purpose-built
small devices to deliver its precision, scalability, and versatility.

4.2 IoT − Advantages

The advantages of IoT span across every area of lifestyle and business.
Here is a list of some of the advantages that IoT has to offer −

Improved Customer Engagement − Current analytics suffer from

blind-spots and significant flaws in accuracy; and as noted,
engagement remains passive. IoT completely transforms this to
achieve richer and more effective engagement with audiences.

Technology Optimization − The same technologies and data

which improve the customer experience also improve device use,
and aid in more potent improvements to technology. IoT unlocks a
world of critical functional and field data.

Reduced Waste − IoT makes areas of improvement clear. Current

analytics give us superficial insight, but IoT provides real-world
information leading to more effective management of resources.

Enhanced Data Collection − Modern data collection suffers from

its limitations and its design for passive use. IoT breaks it out of
those spaces, and places it exactly where humans really want to go
to analyze our world. It allows an accurate picture of everything.

4.3 IoT − Disadvantages

Though IoT delivers an impressive set of benefits, it also presents a

significant set of challenges. Here is a list of some its major issues −

Security − IoT creates an ecosystem of constantly connected

devices communicating over networks. The system offers little

18
 control despite any security measures. This leaves users exposed to
various kinds of attackers.

Privacy − The sophistication of IoT provides substantial personal

data in extreme detail without the user's active participation.

Complexity − Some find IoT systems complicated in terms of

design, deployment, and maintenance given their use of multiple
technologies and a large set of new enabling technologies.

Flexibility − Many are concerned about the flexibility of an IoT

system to integrate easily with another. They worry about finding
themselves with several conflicting or locked systems.

Compliance − IoT, like any other technology in the realm of

business, must comply with regulations. Its complexity makes the
issue of compliance seem incredibly challenging when many
consider standard software compliance a battle.

5 Introduction to Tinkercad
Tinkercad Circuits is the easiest way to get your students started
with learning electronics. Using our interactive circuit editor, students can
explore, connect, and code virtual projects with a bottomless toolbox of
simulated components.

Available in 16 languages, on any computer with an internet

connection, Tinkercad Circuits is an unmatched resource for electronics
education.

 Exploring Circuits
 Learning Basic Circuits
 Arduino in Tinkercad

Exploring Circuits

After signing in to Tinkercad, you’ll find a dashboard of your recent

designs. You'll find the Circuits section under 3D Designs. If you are a
teacher, your dashboard will default to Classes. You can find Circuits, by
clicking Designs in the left side.

19
While on your dashboard, you can scroll through your existing 3D,
Codeblocks or Circuits designs. You can also create a new design by
clicking the blue + New button in the upper right hand corner of the
dashboard and selecting the editor you'd like to open.

Tinkercad’s Circuits editor has a similar layout to its 3D design editor.

You’ll find a large window on the left for creating your design. On the
right side you’ll see a panel filled with components you can drag and
drop into the workspace to create your circuit. 

Unlike Tinkercad’s 3D design editor, the workspace in Circuits is two-

dimensional. You can move your components around by selecting and
dragging them, or pan the view around your design by clicking and
dragging the empty space around it.

You can also zoom in and out of your design by using the scroll wheel on
your mouse, a two-finger gesture on your trackpad, or a key combination
of Command + and Command -. 

20
A “Zoom to fit” button is located in the top left corner of the workspace,
which will center and zoom your design to fill the window. Pressing the
letter F on your keyboard works as a handy shortcut for this same
command.

If this is your first time using the Circuits editor, we encourage you to
explore the different buttons and options available to you in the menu bar
across the top. Hovering your mouse over any of the buttons should
reveal an explanation for what it does, as well as any keyboard shortcuts
that accomplish the same command.

Likewise, spend a minute browsing some of the other options and menus
available in the component panel. By default, the Circuits editor presents
you with a selection of the most popular basic components for learning
electronics. To access more components, use the dropdown menu to
select the All Components view, or search for specific components using
the search bar beneath the menu.

21
You’ll also notice that we have more than just components in this menu.
Further down, you’ll find a selection of Starters. These are pre-made
circuit examples that students can drag into the workspace, simulate, edit,
and remix. 

These Starters fall into four main categories: Basic, Arduino, Micro:bit,
and Circuit Assemblies. Every one of our Starters comes to life in some
way when the Start Simulation button is pressed.

Basic Starters are made from the kind of common electronic components
typically used to introduce students to electronics (LEDs, batteries, hobby
motors, resistors, and switches). These examples use no microcontrollers,
and no code.

With Arduino Starters, students can see the kind of advanced interactions
that are possible with programmable microcontrollers. Each of the
Arduino Starters include a code view, which students can directly edit
using either a built-in blocks-style interface, a text-based editor, or a
combined view.

22
Our most recent addition are the micro:bit Starters. Similar to the Arduino
starters, these are microcontroller projects that use the popular micro:bit
educational electronics board. They also include an editable code view.

Finally, we have the Circuit Assemblies Starters. There are only a handful of these
and they’re directly linked to projects that tie-in both 3D design and basic electronics.
These projects include the Glow Circuit, Move Circuit, and Spin Circuit. 

23
If you’ve exhausted our Starters and you’re still hungry for more our
Gallery page includes a selection of community contributed designs to
spark your inspiration. Alternatively, you can use the Circuits view of our
search tool to locate specific designs that may be useful to you.

Learning Basic Circuits

Tinkercad is more than just a platform for exploring electronics. We

include a selection of interactive lessons that students can use to learn
electronics at their own pace. 

The hub for all Tinkercad Circuits instructional content can be found on
our Tinker > Circuits page, accessible from the top navigation bar of your
design dashboard.

Scrolling down on the Circuits page allows you to dive into lessons with
varying degrees of difficulty.

Arduino Starters

One of the fastest ways to explore the possibilities of Arduino in

Tinkercad is to simply drag one of our sample Starter circuits into your
workspace.

We have nearly two dozen Arduino Starter circuits to choose from. Each
example includes sample code that you can view, simulate, and modify.

24
Coding Arduino in Tinkercad

Tinkercad allows you to code your Arduino using two different

approaches. 

Our Blocks code editor offers beginners a visual system of functions that
they can drag and rearrange. All of our Arduino Starters, and most of our
interactive Arduino lessons will include or refer to Blocks code.

Part of the magic of learning to code Arduino in Tinkercad is that our

editor will automatically generate text-based code (C++) from students’
blocks code. By switching the code view to Blocks + Text, students can
see the logic of their blocks code translated to C++ code. 

25
Modifications made to their blocks code will instantly update in the text
view, providing insight into the logic and syntax of C++.

Of course, once students are ready to create their code directly in the text
editor, they can switch to a pure text view. This view offers an experience
similar to programming with Arduino’s IDE editor.

Using Arduino Code Libraries

Tinkercad’s Arduino text editor includes eleven built-in libraries. You

can view and add these libraries to your project by selecting the file box
icon above your code (show below).

26
The included libraries represent some of the most popular and common
libraries used in Arduino. It is possible, though, to run code that requires
Arduino libraries beyond the included examples.

When you open an Arduino library source file (.c or .cpp) you’ll find that
it is simply a clipping of C++ Arduino code. By copying and pasting this
library clipping into the appropriate sections of your Arduino code, you
may be able to effectively make it work. 

Your mileage may vary. Libraries are oftentimes made to adapt Arduino
to specialized hardware or shields. If these hardware components aren’t
included in Tinkercad, no amount of code editing will make the project
work.

Debugging Arduino Code

One of the biggest challenges in learning to code is learning how to

troubleshoot problems when the code isn’t working as planned. When a
student’s code doesn’t work, Tinkercad’s error console will automatically
pop into view. Similar to how errors are reported in the Arduino IDE, this
error console will report and highlight the suspected issues that need
fixing.

Tinkercad’s Arduino debugger also includes a unique and useful code

break feature. By selecting lines of code, you can define moments within
your code where you’d like the simulation to pause. These pauses will
happen automatically during simulation, allowing students to read values

27
and troubleshoot problems. A button above their code (shown below)
resumes the simulation or advances to the next break.

28