Department of Electrical Engineering, IIT Bombay

EE 238 Power Engineering II, 2022-23, Semester 2

Solutions to Assignment 2

1. A 3-phase, star-connected alternator is rated at 1600 kVA, 13.5 kV. The armature effective
resistance and synchronous reactance are 1.5 Ω and 30 Ω, respectively per phase. Calcu-
late the percentage regulation for a load of 1280 kW at power factor of (a) 0.8 leading, (b)
unity, (c) 0.8 leading.

(a)

√
P3−ph = 3VL IL cos ϕ

⇒IL = 68.43 A = Ia

√
cos ϕ = 0.8, sin ϕ = 0.6, Ra = 1.5 Ω, Xs = 30 Ω, Vp = 13500/ 3 = 7794.5 V
For leading power factor,

Ep2 = (Vp cos ϕ + Ia Ra )2 + (−Vp sin ϕ + Ia Xs )2

⇒Ep = 6859.6 V

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = × 100 = −11.99%
Vp
(b) Unity power factor
cos ϕ = 1, sin ϕ = 0 and from P3−ph equation, IL = Ia = 54.74 A

Ep2 = (Vp + Ia Ra )2 + (Ia Xs )2

⇒Ep = 8046 V

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = × 100 = 3.227%
Vp
(c) 0.8 lagging power factor

Ep2 = (Vp cos ϕ + Ia Ra )2 + (Vp sin ϕ + Ia Xs )2

⇒Ep = 9244.4 V

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = × 100 = 18.6%
Vp

1
2. A 3-phase, star-connected, round-rotor synchronous generator rated at 10 kVA, 230 V has
an armature resistance of 0.5 Ω per phase and a synchronous reactance of 1.2 Ω per phase.
Calculate the percentage voltage regulation at full load at power factor of (a) 0.8 leading,
(b) unity, (c) 0.8 leading. (d) Determine the power factor such that the voltage regulation
is zero on full load.

√
S3−ph = 3VL IL

⇒IL = 25.1 A = Ia
√
Rated phase voltage, Vp = VL / 3 = 132.8 V
Let Vp is reference phasor,
Ra = 0.5 Ω, Xs = 1.2 Ω
∴ Zs = Ra + jXs = 1.3∠67.38◦ Ω
(a) 0.8 lagging power factor
Ia = 25.1∠− cos−1 0.8 = 25.1∠−36.87◦ A

Ep = Vp + Ia Zs

⇒Ep = 161.75∠5.87◦ V

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = × 100 = 21.8%
Vp
(b) Unity power factor
Ia = 25.1∠cos−1 1 = 25.1∠0◦ A

Ep = Vp + Ia Zs

⇒Ep = 148.44∠11.71◦ V

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = × 100 = 11.78%
Vp
(c) 0.8 leading power factor
Ia = 25.1∠cos−1 0.8 = 25.1∠36.87◦ A

Ep = Vp + Ia Zs

⇒Ep = 128.74∠14.2◦ V

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = × 100 = −3.06%
Vp
(d) Let ϕ be the required power factor angle.

2
 Ia = 25.1∠ϕ

Ep = Vp + Ia Zs

⇒Ep = 132.8 + 25.1∠ϕ × 1.3∠67.38◦

⇒Ep = 132.8 + 32.63∠(ϕ + 67.38)◦

⇒Ep = 132.8 + 32.63 cos(ϕ + 67.38) + j32.63 sin(ϕ + 67.38)

⇒Ep2 = {132.8 + 32.63 cos(ϕ + 67.38)}2 + {32.63 sin(ϕ + 67.38)}2

Ep − Vp
Voltage regulation = PU
Vp
Therefore, for zero voltage regulation, Ep = Vp = 132.8 V.
Putting Ep = 132.8 in the equation of Ep2 above,

cos(ϕ + 67.38)◦ = −0.12285

⇒ϕ = 29.68◦

∴ cos ϕ = 0.87 leading

3. A 3-phase, 11 kV, star-connected turbo-alternator, having synchronous reactance of 6 Ω

per phase and negligible resistance has an armature current of 200 A at unity power factor
when operating on constant frequency and constant voltage busbars. If the steam admission
remains the same and the emf is raised by 25%, determine the new values of current and
power factor.

√
Vp = 11000/ 3 = 6350.85 V, Ia1 = 200 A, Xs = 6 Ω
At unity power factor,

2
Ep1 = Vp2 + (Ia Xs )2

⇒Ep1 = 6463.23 V

When the emf is increased by 25%, the new emf, Ep2 = 1.25 × Ep1 = 8079.04 V
Let the new armature current be Ia2 and the new power factor is ϕ2 . As Ep2 > Vp , the
power factor, cos ϕ2 is lagging.
2
∴ Ep2 = (Vp2 + Ia2 Ra2 cos ϕ2 + Ia2 Xs sin ϕ2 )2 + (Ia2 Xs cos ϕ2 − Ia2 Ra2 sin ϕ2 )2
At infinite bus, Vp2 = Vp1 = 6350.85 V

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 As the steam supply is the same, power output will not change. Therefore,

Vp2 Ia2 cos ϕ2 = Vp1 Ia1 cos ϕ1

⇒Ia2 cos ϕ2 = 200

At lagging power factor, cos ϕ2 with Ra = 0,

2
Ep2 = (Vp2 + Ia2 Xs sin ϕ2 )2 + (Ia2 Xs cos ϕ2 )2

⇒8079.042 = (6350.85 + 6Ia2 sin ϕ2 )2 + (200 × 6)2

⇒Ia2 sin ϕ2 = 273.1 A

p
∴Ia2 = (Ia2 cos ϕ2 )2 + (Ia2 sin ϕ2 )2

⇒Ia2 = 338.5 A

200
∴ New power factor, cos ϕ2 = = 0.59 lagging
338.5
4. A 6.6 kV, 1200 kVA, 3-phase alternator is delivering full-load at 0.8 power factor lagging.
Its synchronous reactance is 9 Ω and resistance negligible. By changing the excitation, the
emf is increased by 30% at this load. Calculate the new values of current and power factor.
The machine is connected to infinite busbars.

√
VL = 6600 V, Vp = VL / 3 = 3810.6 V

√
S3−ph = 3VL Ia

⇒Ia = 105 A

Xs = 9 Ω, Ra = 0 Ω, cos ϕ1 = 0.8, sin ϕ1 = 0.6

2
Ep1 = (Vp + Ia1 Xs sin ϕ1 )2 + (Ia1 Xs cos ϕ1 )2

⇒Ep1 = 4448 V

When emf is increased by 30%, the new emf becomes, Ep2 = 1.3 × Ep1 = 5782.4 V
As Ep2 > Vp , the power factor is lagging.
Let the new armature current is Ia2 and the new power factor is cos ϕ2 .
As the steam supply or the power input is the same, power output will not change.

∴ Vp1 Ia1 cos ϕ1 = Vp2 Ia2 cos ϕ2

4
 At infinite bus, Vp1 = Vp2 = 3810.6 V

∴Ia2 cos ϕ2 = Ia1 cos ϕ1

⇒Ia2 cos ϕ2 = 84 A

At lagging power factor, cos ϕ2 and Ra = 0,

2
Ep2 = (Vp + Ia2 Xs sin ϕ2 )2 + (Ia2 Xs cos ϕ2 )2

⇒Ia2 sin ϕ2 = 211.7 A

p
∴Ia2 = (Ia2 cos ϕ2 )2 + (Ia2 sin ϕ2 )2

⇒Ia2 = 227.8 A

84
∴ New power factor, cos ϕ2 = = 0.37 lagging
227.8
5. A 3-phase, star connected alternator with R = 0.4 Ω and X = 6 Ω per phase delivers 300 A
at power factor 0.8 to constant frequency 10 kV busbars. If the steam supply is unchanged,
find the percentage change in the induced emf necessary to raise the power factor to unity.
Ignore the change in losses.

Ep = Vp + Ia1 Zs
10000
⇒Ep = √ + (300∠ − cos−1 0.8) · (0.4 + j6)
3
⇒Ep = 7081.8∠11.12◦ V

As the output is constant and the current is at unity power factor,

Ia1 cos ϕ1 = Ia2 cos ϕ2

⇒300 × 0.8 = Ia2

⇒Ia2 = 240 A

Ep1 = Vp + Ia2 Zs

⇒Ep1 = 5773.6 + (240∠0◦ ) × (6.01∠86.18◦ )

⇒Ep1 = 6043.6∠13.77◦ V

Ep − Ep1
∴ Percentage change in excitation = × 100 = 14.66%
Ep

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6. A 3000 V, 3-phase synchronous motor running at 1500 rpm has its excitation kept constant
corresponding to no-load terminal voltage of 3000 V. Determine the power input, power
factor and torque developed for an armature current of 250 A if the synchronous reactance
is 5 Ω per phase and armature resistance is neglected.

√ √
Vp = 3000/ 3 = 1732 V, Ep = 3000/ 3 = 1732 V, Zs = Ra + jXs = j5 Ω = 5∠90◦ Ω
Taking Vp as reference phasor, for lagging power factor,

Ep = Vp − Ia Zs

⇒Ep = Vp − (Ia ∠ − ϕ) × (5∠90◦ )

⇒Ep = Vp − 5 × 250∠(90 − ϕ)◦

⇒Ep = Vp − 1250{cos(90 − ϕ)◦ + j sin(90 − ϕ)◦ }

⇒Ep = Vp − 1250(sin ϕ + j cos ϕ)

⇒Ep = (V − 1250 sin ϕ) − j1250 cos ϕ

⇒Ep2 = (V − 1250 sin ϕ)2 + (1250 cos ϕ)2

⇒ sin ϕ = 0.3608

∴ cos ϕ = 0.9326 (lagging)

So, input power,

√
Pi = 3VL Ia cos ϕ

⇒Pi = 1211.483 kW

Again,

Pi = 2πns τ

⇒τ = 7712.5 Nm

Where ns = rotor speed in rps.

7. A 3-phase, 400 V synchronous motor takes 52.5 A at a power factor of 0.8 lagging.
Determine the induced emf and the power supplied. The motor impedance per phase is
(0.25 + j 3.2) Ω.

6
 For lagging power factor,

Ep2 = (Vp cos ϕ − Ia Ra )2 + (Vp sin ϕ − Ia Xs )2

⇒Ep = 174.13 V

√
∴ Line emf, EL = 3 × Ep = 301.6 V
√
Power supplied, Pi = 3VL Ia cos ϕ = 29098 W

8. The synchronous reactance per phase of a 3-phase, star-connected, 6600 V synchronous

motor is 20 Ω. For a certain load the input is 900 kW at nominal voltage and the induced
line emf is 8500 V. Determine the current and power factor.

√ √
Vp = 6600/ 3 = 3810.5 V, Ep = 8500/ 3 = 4907.5 V, Xs = 20 Ω, Ra = 0 Ω

√
Pi = 3VL Ia cos ϕ

⇒Ia cos ϕ = 78.73 A

As, EL > VL , the power factor is leading.

Ep = Vp − Ia Zs

⇒Ep = Vp − 20Ia {cos(90 + ϕ)◦ + j sin(90 + ϕ)◦ }

⇒Ep = (Vp + 20Ia sin ϕ) − j(20Ia cos ϕ)

⇒Ep2 = (Vp + 20Ia sin ϕ)2 + (20Ia cos ϕ)2

⇒Ia sin ϕ = 41.876 A

Ia = Ia cos ϕ + jIa sin ϕ

⇒Ia = 89.17∠28◦ A

∴ cos ϕ = cos 28◦ = 0.8829 (lead)

9. A 400 V, 6-pole, 3-phase, 50 Hz, star-connected synchronous motor has a resistance and
synchronous impedance of 0.5 Ω and 4 Ω per phase, respectively. It take a current of 15
A at unity power factor when operating with a certain field current. If the load torque is
increased until the line current is increased to 60 A, the field current remaining unchanged,
calculate the gross torque developed at the new power factor.

√ p
Vp = 400/ 3 = 231 V, Ra = 0.5 Ω, Zs = 4 Ω, ∴ Xs = Zs2 − Ra2 = 3.968 Ω

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At unity power factor, cos ϕ = 1 and sin ϕ = 0

Ep = Vp − Ia Ra − jIa Xs

⇒Ep = 231.29∠ − 14.9◦

With increased load torque, the field current remains the same and therefore, Ep remains
the same.

For lagging power factor cos ϕ using phasor diagram,

Ep2 = (Vp cos ϕ + Ia Ra )2 + (Vp sin ϕ + Ia Xs )2

⇒Ep2 = Vp2 + Ia2 Zs2 + 2Vp Ia (Ra cos ϕ + Xs sin ϕ)

⇒Ep2 = Vp2 + Ia2 Zs2 + 2Vp Ia (Zs cos θ cos ϕ + Zs sin θ sin ϕ)

⇒Ep2 = Vp2 + Ia2 Zs2 + 2Vp Ia Zs cos(θ − ϕ)

⇒ cos(θ − ϕ) = 0.51827

⇒θ − ϕ = 58.78◦

Now,

Xs
θ = tan−1
Ra
⇒θ = 82.82◦

∴ϕ = 24.04◦

∴ cos ϕ = 0.9133 (lagging)

√
Input power, Pi = 3VL Ia cos ϕ = 37965 W
Armature copper loss, PCu = 3Ia2 Ra = 5400 W
Mechanical power output, Pm = Pi − PCu = 32565 W
120 × f 50
Synchronous speed, ns = = rps
60 × P 3

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 Pm
∴ Output torque, τ = = 310.97 Nm
2πns
10. A 6600 V, 3-phase, star-connected synchronous motor draws a full-load current of 80 A at
0.8 power factor leading. The armature resistance is 2.2 Ω and synchronous reactance is
22 Ω per phase. if stray loss of the machine are 3200 W, determine (a) the emf induced,
(b) the output power, (c) the efficiency.

√
Vp = 6600/ 3 = 3810.6 V, Ia = 80 A, cos ϕ = 0.8, sin ϕ = 0.6, Ra = 2.2 Ω, Xs = 22 Ω
For leading power factor,

Ep = (Vp − Ia Ra cos ϕ + Ia Xs sin ϕ) − j(Ia Xs cos ϕ + Ia Ra sin ϕ)

⇒Ep = 4962∠ − 17.76◦ V

√
Induced line emf, El = 3Ep = 8594 V
√
Power input, Pi = 3VL Ia cos ϕ = 731618 W
Total copper loss, PCu = 3Ia2 Ra = 42240 W
Stray loss. Pstray = 3200 W
∴ Power output, Po = Pi − PCu − Pstray = 686178 W
Po
∴ Efficiency, η = × 100 = 93.79%
Pi