Elementary Statistics Name: ________________________________

FALL 2020 Final Exam Instructor: Linn Caroleo

Directions: Always provide justification for your answers by showing your work and clearly labeling
your answers when appropriate. When responding to multiple choice questions, no justification is
necessary. When responding to short answer questions, please use complete sentences and appropriate
statistical vocabulary.

Select only the most appropriate answer for each of the following multiple-choice questions and record
your answer choice on the corresponding line.

1. The given pie chart shows the distribution of internet browser preference.
Approximately, what percent of the sample preferred to use Chrome? Other
A. 57% Safari
B. 23%
Chrome
C. 15% Firefox
D. 5%

2. The given pie chart shows the distribution of internet browser preference.
Which of the following browsers is used by approximately 15% of the
population? Figure for problems 1 and 2
A. Chrome
B. Firefox
C. Other
D. Safari Population Blood Type
45% 40%
3. Consider the bar graph that represents data for the blood type in a 40%
population. What percent of the population has blood type A+ or A-? 35% 30%
A. 30% 30%
B. 11% 25%
C. 41% 20%
D. 46% 15% 11%
10% 8%
6% 5%
4. Consider the bar graph that represents data for the blood type in a 5%
population. Which of the following is the most appropriate choice? 0%
A. The variable is qualitative, and the graph shows frequency. A+ A- B+ B- AB O
B. The variable is qualitative, and the graph shows relative frequency.
C. The variable is quantitative, and the graph shows frequency Figure for problems 3 and 4
D. The variable is quantitative, and the graph shows relative frequency.

5. Consider the histogram showing U.S. State Violent Crime data.

Which of the following is most likely true?
A. The distribution has no outliers
B. The mean is larger than the median.
C. The mean is smaller than the median.
D. The mean and median are approximately the same.

6. Consider the histogram showing U.S. State Violent Crime data.

Which of the following is most likely true?
A. The distribution is symmetric.
B. The distribution is left skewed.
C. The distribution is right skewed.
D. The distribution is bimodal.
Figure for problems 5 and 6

7. The stemplot here displays midterm exam scores for the 34 students
taking a Calculus course. The highest possible test score was 100.
Which of the following is true?

A. All test scores were between 38 and 99.

B. Eleven students scored 70 or above
C. The distribution of the scores is roughly symmetric
D. The distribution of the scores is skewed towards the high
score.

8. A sample of 50 households were surveyed and asked to disclose the number of children over the age
of five living in the household. The following data represents the data from the surveys. Calculate the
Relative Frequency for each of the response category. Also construct a relative frequency Histogram
of the data using the chart provided at the right. Make sure to label the axes with values and titles.

Number of Number of Relative

Children over 5 Households Frequency
0 12
1 18
2 12
3 7
<4 1

0 1 2 3 <4

9. Consider the following misleading graphic depicting the change in the highest marginal tax rate from
both 2016 and 2017. Use the axes on the right to redraw the graphic so that it is no longer misleading.
Label your graph.

Highest Marginal Income Tax

Rate
41%
39.80%
40%
39%
38%
37%
36% 35.32%
35%
34%
33%
2016 2017 2016 2017
10. The police commissioner in the previous problem told the 16 new officers to line up and then picked
every other officer to be in the group that experienced the real pepper spray. What kind of sampling
was this?
A. Simple Random Sample B. Stratified random sample
C. Convenience Sample D. Systematic Sample
E. Cluster Sample


11. A researcher is interested in college students’ attitudes towards the legalization of marijuana. The
researcher divides students into two groups: 21 and over, and Under 21. He then conducts his survey
after obtaining a simple random sample from each group. What kind of sample is this?
A. Simple Random Sample B. Stratified random sample
C. Convenience Sample D. Systematic Sample
E. Cluster Sample

Use the following information to answer questions 21-23. The number of new projects started each month at an
advertising agency for the last six months are

3, 4, 3, 7, 2, 6

12. What is the mean number of projects started per month over the last six months?
A. 4.17 B. 3 C. 3.5 D. 5

13. What is the median number of projects started per month over the last six months?
A. 4 B. 3 C. 3.5 D. 5

14. What is Q3 for the number of projects started per month over the last six months?
A. 2 B. 3 C. 3.5 D. 6

15. Which of the following sets of data has a standard deviation the same as the following data?
101, 102, 103, 104

A. 1, 2, 3, 4 B. 1, 5, 10, 15 C. 10, 20, 30, 40 D. 110, 110, 120, 120

16. “A numerical summary of data is said to be resistant if extreme values (very large or very small)
relative to the data do not affect its value substantially.” Which of the following is resistant?

A. Variance B. Mean C. Median D. Standard Deviation

17. For the distribution drawn here, identify the mean, median, and mode.

A. 1 = median, 2 = mode, 3 = mean

B. 1 = mean, 2 = median, 3 = mode
C. 1 = mode, 2 = median, 3 = mean
D. 1 = mode, 2 = mean, 3 = median
1 2 3
18. Great White sharks have an average mass of 1,900 lbs. with standard deviation of 230 lbs. Tiger
sharks weigh 1,200 lbs. on average with a standard deviation of 178 lbs. A Great White shark was
recently discovered to weigh 2,400 lbs. while a Tiger shark was recently measured at 1,580 lbs.

Determine which shark relatively weighs more.

a. Calculate the z-score for the Great White shark: ____________

b. Calculate the z-score for the Tiger shark: _____________

 c. Which shark weighs relatively more? Explain.

19. A phone company estimates the daily time spent texting by customers follows a normal distribution
with mean 41 minutes and a standard deviation of 6 minutes. Use the 68-95-99.7 empirical rule to
answer the following:

a. What percent of customers spend between 35 and 47 minutes texting daily? ____________

b. What percent of customers spend less than 35 minutes texting daily? ____________

c. What percent of customers spend more than 53 minutes texting daily? ______________

20. In 235 locations throughout the world, the hottest temperatures were recorded. The following
statistics describe the data.

Variable N Mean St. Dev. Minimum Q1 Median Q3 Maximum

Hot Temp 235 84.4 14.83 42 82 88 92 110

a. Sketch a horizontal boxplot of the five number summary. Make sure to label the axis and use an
appropriate scale.

b. Determine the upper and lower fences for outliers using the 1.5 x IQR Criterion. Make sure to show
all work.

Lower Fence: ______ Upper Fence: ______

c. Are there any low outliers (what are they)? _____________________________

Are there any high outliers (if yes, list them)? ___________________________


21. Consider the following scatterplots

A) 10 B) 10 C) 10
8 8 8
6 6 6
4 4 4
2 2 2
0 0 0
0 5 10 0 5 10 0 5 10

a. Which of the three scatterplots above has the correlation coefficient closest to r = -1? ______

b. Which of the three scatterplots above has the correlation coefficient closest to r = 0? ______

22. The following scatterplot shows the serving size (in grams) for 126 fast food items from popular fast
food restaurants with the corresponding number of calories for each item. The line of best fit between
the variables Serving Size and Calories is given by

Calories = 82.56 + 2.01 Serving Size (g)

The correlation coefficient is r = 0.864. Use this

information to answer the following:

a. What is the explanatory variable and what is the

response variable?

Explanatory: __________________

Response: ____________________

b. Use the equation of the best fit line to predict the

calories for an item that weighs 250 grams.

c. Compute the coefficient of determination, R2: ____________

d. What percent of the total variation in calories is explained by the size of the fast food item? _____

e. The y-intercept for the line of best fit is given by 82.56. Does it make sense to interpret the y-
intercept for this problem? Why or why not?

23. Suppose E and F are events with P(E) = 0.6, P(F) = 0.3, and P(E and F) = 0.2. Find the following:

a. P(E or F)=________

b. P(FC)=_________

c. P(EC and F)=_________

24. The information given in the following Venn diagram is about the lifestyle of students at Norwich
and whether they participate in athletics. For example, all students are either civilian or in the CORPS
of Cadets, and each student participates in athletics or not. The information is given as percentages.
Use the information in the Venn diagram to answer the following questions:

Students in Students in
CORPS Athletics
35% 25% 12%

a. What percent of all students are in the CORPS? _________

b. What percent of all students are in the CORPS and participate in Athletics? _________

c. What percent of all students are not in the CORPS and not in athletics? _________

d. What percent of all students are not in athletics? _________

25. Which of the following is not a necessary condition of a binomial probability experiment

A. must have exactly two outcomes

B. the probability of a success is the same for all trials
C. the experiment is performed a fixed number of times
D. the mean of the outcomes must be known

26. Jude is a player on the basketball team. Jude makes 75% of his free-throws. He takes 12 free-throws
in a game. If the throws are independent of each other, how many free-throws do you expect Jude to
make in the game?

A. 6 B. 8 C. 10 D. 12 E. none of the above

27. The following table shows the number of children living in U.S. households along x P(x)
with the corresponding probability. If this is to be a probability model, then 0 0.23
A. P(x=2) = 0.12 1 0.34
B. P(x=2) = 0.21
2 ?
C. P(x=2) = 0.28
D. P(x=2) = 0.32 3 or more 0.15

B(n=10,p=0.7)


28. American Airline flights from Dallas to Chicago are on time 70% of the time. x P(X=x)
Suppose that 10 flights are randomly selected, and the number of on-time flights is 0 0.0000
recorded. Use the binomial distribution to answer the following: 1 0.0001
a. Find the probability that exactly 7 flights are on time. 2 0.0014
3 0.0090
4 0.0368
5 0.1029
6 0.2001
b. Find the probability that fewer than 5 flights are on time. 7 0.2668
8 0.2335
9 0.1211
c. Find the probability that at least 8 flights are on time. 10 0.0282

29. A company produces 1000g bags of sugar. The weight of the bags is normally distributed with mean
of μ=1012 g and standard deviation σ = 15 g. Use properties of the Normal Distribution to answer the
following. Make sure to provide your answers as a percent where appropriate.

a. Sketch and label the corresponding normal curve including the first +/- 3 standard deviations.

b. Notice that the bags are advertised as weighing 1000g. Calculate the z-score for a bag that weighs 1000g.
What percent of bags produced weight less than advertised?

z=________ Percent: ________

c. Calculate the z-score for a bag that weighs 1020g. What percent of bags produced will weigh more than
1020g?

z=________ Percent: ________

30. A recent study of 75 students at Norwich University found that 20 of these students spent time studying
each day. Find a 90% confidence interval of the proportion of all Norwich students who spend time
studying each day.

a. Calculate the critical value needed for this problem.

b. Construct a 90% confidence interval for the proportion of all Norwich students who spend time
studying each day.

( ___________ , ___________ )

31. A consumer activist group wants to determine the mean lifetime of iPhones. The consumer activist
groups randomly selects 22 iPhones and finds that the average lifespan was 45 months with standard
deviation 12 months. Find a 95% confidence interval for the population mean lifetime of the iPhone.

a. Calculate the critical value needed for this problem.

b. Construct a 95% confidence interval for the population mean lifetime of the iPhone.

( ___________ , ___________ )

32. In the late 1980s, 70% of high school graduates went to college. Suppose we take a random sample
of 200 high school graduates and find that 150 of the high school graduates went to college.
Determine whether there is sufficient evidence at the a=0.01 level of significance to suggest that the
percentage of HS graduates that go to college has increased from 70%?

a. State the null hypothesis: H0: _______ and alternative hypothesis: H1: ________

b. Write the formula (from the formula sheet) you need to calculate the test statistic for this problem
and calculate the test statistic.

c. What is the corresponding P-value for this test statistic?



d. Based on the P-value, write the conclusion (i.e., do you reject or fail to reject the null
hypothesis?). Explain.

33. A company manufactures large rocket engines to project satellites into space. The government buys
the rockets, and the contract specifies these need to use an average of 5500 lbs. of fuel in the first 15
seconds. 18 engines are fired, and they use an average of 5690 lbs. of fuel with a standard deviation
of 250 lbs. Determine whether there is sufficient evidence at the a=0.05 level of significance to
suggest that the company has not met the government standard of using 5500 lbs?

a. State the null hypothesis: H0: _______ and alternative hypothesis: H1: ________

b. Write the formula (from the formula sheet) you need to calculate the test statistic for this problem
and calculate the test statistic.

c. What is the corresponding P-value for this test statistic?

d. Based on the P-value, write the conclusion (i.e., do you reject or fail to reject the null
hypothesis?). Explain.