" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction :-

India has taken a major initiative on developing the infrastructures such as express
highways etc., to meet the requirements of globalization, in the construction of buildings and
other structures concrete plays the rightful role and a large quantum of concrete is being utilized.
River sand, which is one of the constituents used in the production of conventional concrete, has
become highly expensive and also scarce. In the backdrop of such a bleak atmosphere, there is
large demand for alternative materials. Suggestions for various river sand alternatives, such as
marine sand, dune sand, quarry dust and washed soil have also been made.

Aggregates, i.e. sand and gravel, are among the most basic materials fulfilling human
needs. They are used for constructions of almost all types of housing. They are used for
infrastructures fundamental to human well-being, such as building roads, dams, bridges, dikes,
etc. It is one of the first domestic resources to be utilized in developing economies. Industrialized
economies continue to consume large quantities. Considering the very active infrastructure
projects blooming in the country and high-raising buildings being the mode of housing for
general citizens, this higher consumption of aggregates are understandable.

The undesirable factor is on the supply side of aggregates. Of the 160 million tons (100
million m3) of estimated annual need in South India, more than 90% are extracted from riverbeds
and banks. Unlicensed extraction or extraction in excess of authorized quantities have caused
severe erosion of river beds and consequently damages to bridges, dikes and power transmission
towers. Widespread threats to bridges and a case of collapse have been attributed to aggregate
extraction. Controlling extraction along rivers has caused the illegal activities to spread into
hillside and farmlands, creating public hazards such as landslide, deep ponds, and hanging cliffs.
Losses of lives have been reported due to these hazards. The current mode of aggregate
development is indeed unsustainable.

River, marine, as well land-based (hillside and farmland) aggregate sources coexist. Profile
of supply sources varies locally.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 1

" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

As an alternative to riverbed sources, land-based sand and gravel, although capable to

supply huge quantities, have a number of undesirable attributes. Unregulated excavation has
caused instability in the landscape, creating dangerous cliffs or deep ponds. There are concerns if
excavated sites will be used to dump hazardous wastes. It contains 10-20 % of mud, requiring 2-
3 m3 of water per m3 of sand and gravel to remove, resulting in million tons of hard-to-dispose
waste. Furthermore, it contains much less sand than gravel (approximately 1:6) a ratio
incompatible to what is needed to mix concrete.

Extracting marine sand is not, of course, without safety or environmental concerns. To

extract marine sand and utilize it in concrete mix, we will experience numerous encounters. The
most frequently raised ones are: 1) beach erosion, 2) marine habitat,, and 3) structural integrity of
concrete with marine sand. While careful planning and evaluation are needed to address these
concerns, they are fortunately, however, easier to solve in principle as compared to the land-
based aggregate.

To prevent beach erosion, restrictions on distance and depth of the site for marine sand
extraction are usually imposed. This appears to be a sufficient shore protection measure. As an
example we can quote the case of Taiwan. The Provincial Government of Taiwan has imposed a
minimum distance of 3 nautical miles from shorelines and minimum depth of 25 meters. Both
criteria must be qualified. EIA (Energy Information Administration) is required for commercial
marine sand exploitation in China.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 2

" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

Avoidance is the key to prevent impacts on sensitive marine habitat. The distribution of
usable sand resources in the seabed is widespread. Even with the area important to marine life or
ishery excluded, the remaining reserve will still contain sand in quantity far greater than the
actual demand.

Turbidity is caused by overflow of the dredging vessel operating at sea. This may be
solved by injection of turbid water back to the sea bottom to allow the suspended mud to settle
quickly.

Corrosion and destruction of concrete structure, caused by salt in illegally exploited

beach sand, have caught great public attention in the past. The salt, remains on the surface of the
sand grains only, which can be easily removed by rinsing with fresh water. Another concern
about marine sand is its fineness. By mixing with river sand which tend to be on the coarse side
of the spectrum, specifications of concrete can be met easily. The marine sand has greater
roundness as compared to river sand, which is a desirable property of aggregate material. Sand
mining from river beds has now been restricted due to various environmental problems a used by
incessant and ad-hoc sand mining. Due to this reason, those engaged in the construction industry
are finding it difficult today to get adequate quantities of sand, in time. As a solution for this
problem, the Srilanka Land Reclamation and Development Corporation has now commenced
marketing about three hundred thousand cubic meter of sea sand, pumped from the offshore
about five years ago.

According to research carried out by the Civil Engineering Department of the University
of Moratuwa, Srilanka and the National Building Research Organisation of Srilanka, it has been
confirmed that marine sand is suitable for use in construction Industry. In Srilanka, sea sand has
been used for the construction of Tsunami houses also. Sea sand is being used in construction
industry in many other countries of the world including United Kingdom, The Netherlands,
seashells Islands, Singapore, Japan, China, Korea etc. Washed sea sand is ideal for concrete lime
mortar and plastering activities.

There are further un fore told engineering or environmental benefits of marine sand. Pre-
mix concrete has been found difficult to be pumped to higher elevation as demanded by more and
more high-raising buildings, which can be improved by the use of finer marine sand.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 3

" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

1.2 Concept ofConcrete:

Concrete is derived from ‘concretus’ which signifies ‘growing together’- a concise

description of the ‘binding of loose particles’ into a single mass. Clay was probably used for
this purpose. The remains of Babylonian and Assyrian buildings indicate an appreciation of
the value of clay mortars.The important factors contributing to the advanced state of
civilization of ancient Egyptians was their discovery of lime and gypsum mortars as building
agents for building the structures likepyramids.

Cement concrete is one of the largest construction material used by mankind. In terms of
weight it stands second only to water. In terms of cost, generally it accounts for about 25 to
30 % of the national budget. Concrete is the main material used for the infrastructure
development of every country of the world. As far as India is concerned, our infrastructure
development is just started. In the years to come there will be a quantum jump in the
production and use of cement and concrete. .Concrete being such an important material for the
development of any country, it is necessary that engineers should have an in depth knowledge
of properties of this versatile and precious material. As said by Prof. Adam Neville, a
renowned international expert in the field of concrete technology quotes in one of his papers-
“a structure designed by a structural Engineer without an architect is horrifying, and a structure
designed by an architect without an Engineer is terrifying.” He then adds, “A design without
an intimate understanding of concrete is inexpert.” Cement being one of the most important
ingredient materials of concrete generally the Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC). The
responsibility of the construction industry is not only to provide quality construction but to
also provide a cleanenvironment.

1.2.1 Concrete - the most widely used engineeringmaterial

Concrete is neither as strong nor as tough as that of steel, but it possesses excellent
resistance of water. Its wide usage is because of the ease at which structural concrete elements
can be formed into a variety of shapes and size. This is because freshly made concrete has a
plastic consistency, which permits the material to flow into prefabricated formwork. The
popularity of concrete with engineering is that it is usually the cheapest and
mostreadilyavailablematerialonthejob.Thereforeinthefuture,considerationsofenergy and
resource conservation are likely to make the choice of concrete as a structural material even
moreattractive.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 4

" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

The structure of concrete has generally two phases. The two phases can be
distinguishedare:

Phase I: The aggregate particles of varying size and shape and the binding medium.
Phase II: The composition of an incoherent mass of the hydrated cement paste (hcp).
At the microscopic level, the complexities of the structure begin to show. The above two
phases are neither homogeneously distributed with respect to each other nor they themselves
are homogeneous. Many aspects of concrete behavior under stress can be explained only when
the cement paste and aggregate interface is treated in the third phase which is a unique feature
of concrete structure also called the transitionzone.

Phase III (transition zone):

This represents the interfacial region between particles of coarse aggregate and the hcp.
Thus the transition zone is generally weaker than either of the two components of concrete.

1.3 Concept ofCement

The word cement is derived from Latin ‘caementtum’ which was used by Romans to
denote the rough stone or chips of marbles from which mortar was made.
The raw materials for making Portland cement have the following principal component
Components Composition%
Calciumoxide(CaO) 60 to 65
Silicon oxide(SiO2) 20 to 25
Aluminum oxide (Al2O3) 4 to 8
Ferrousoxide(Fe2O 3) 2 to 4
Magnesiumoxide(MgO) 1 to 3

Ordinary Portland cements are of the grade 33, 43, 53 conforming to IS 269, IS 8112 and IS
12269 respectively.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 5

" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

From the research papers of Chandrakeerthy et al (1994), it has been established that
approximately 15 to 30 percent marine sand can be substituted for Natural River sand in low
grade Cement Concretes. As per Chapter 3 of “National practices and regulations in the
extraction of marine sand and gravel-of Srilanka” Although offshore sand is report edly used
in many countries such as the UK, Continental Europe, India, Seychelles and Singapore, most
of the documentation regarding its use was found mainly regarding UK practice, and to a
lesser extent regarding European practice. Further it recommends that a distinction should be
made between onshore beach sand and offshore sand, since it would tend to have very high
chloride contents resulting from salt spray and evaporation over long periods oftime.

P G Fouke’s et al (1980), shows in his studies that in particular, the use of marine
sand deposits for concrete construction in the Middle East has led to very early onset of
corrosion. As per Chandrakeerthy et al (1994) a study done on Sri Lankan beach sands has
shown fairly high chloride levels in some samples. Studies conducted by Rasheeduzzafar et al
(1985) sates that the use of sea water for batching or for curing would also promote corrosion;
such practices should not be resorted to. Research works of M J Kat wan (2001) also stresses
the samepoint.

W P S Dias et al (2008) states that “ In UK around 11% of its aggregate extraction

is from offshore sources.In South East England and South Wales, this figure is as high as 30%
and 90%, respectively.”

W Gutt et al (1987) states that “While much of this aggregate is processed

(inclusive of washing), it is largely unprocessed sand (together with land based coarse
aggregate) that is used on the West Coast and along the Bristol Channel. The use of such
aggregate in concrete has not caused any major durability problems in the UK during the past
60 or more years of its use. In fact, chloride related durability problems in the UK have largely
been due to the use of Calcium chloride as an accelerator (up to a dosage of 0.15% by weight
of cement), a practice that had been permitted up to 1977. The use of de-icing salts also causes
chloride related durability problems in many countries.”

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 6

" AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND " 2019-20

Lee-shing Fang Dr, Pro et al (1999) in this report on Sand Mining from Sea Bed gives
the following comments on the impact of sand mining from sea bed on marine ecology.

Mining area will have direct destruction of benthic habitat

 Increase turbidity will influence the water quality and habitats to where the water of
mining areaflows

 Bottom soil will collapse to the mining holes so that the surrounding area of the mining
site will have a very unstablehabitat

 Benthic fisheries such as mollusc, shrimp and crab catch will have directimpact

 Many benthic breeding organisms who have eggs adhesive to bottom objects, such as
squids, will be greatlydisturbed.

 The loss of benthos community will causes the biomass of higher food web level
organisms, such as fish, todecrease.

 The turbidity will cause the local decrease of primaryproductivity

 The suspension could influence the normal activity of zooplankton, fish egg and larva
fish.

 The sediment in the mining site, if contains toxic material due to long time
accumulation, will cause a second timepollution

 The water that used to wash the salt has to be treated carefully, especially when the
sand is washed inland, so that the inland aquatic ecology can also be taken cared.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 7

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH PLAN

3.1 Statement of the Problem:

The concrete construction industry is not sustainable, due to various reasons. First, it
consumes huge quantities of oirgin materials. Secondly, the principal binder in concrete is Portland
cement, the production of which is not only highly energy intensive but also a significant
contributor to greenhouse gas emissions that are implicated in global warming and climate change.
Third, many concrete structures suffer from lack of durability which has an adverse effect on the
resource productivity of the industry. The study reported here is on marine sand, which was be
considered as an alternative for river sand, with respect to availability, ease of extraction,
environmental impact and cost. For countries like Taiwan, China and India, this technology can
play an important role in meeting the huge demand for infrastructure in a sustainable manner.

3.2 Objectives and Strategy:

The main objective of the investigation is an attempt to compare the properties of fresh
concrete, strength and durability properties of hardened concrete, Capillary action and studies
relating to the concrete mixes produced with four different proportions of marine sand as partial
substitute to fine aggregate. Investigations are carried out on M30 grade of concrete using OPC 43
Grade Cement, with a water-cement ratio of 0.40. Secondly to measure the relevant properties of
marine sand namely grading, chlorine content etc and also various physical properties such as
specific gravity, water absorption rate etc. .

This study may help us to understand the limits and uses of use of marine sand o in making
concrete for suitable development, harmony and to maintain ecology without compromising with
the performance characteristics of concrete including workability, strength and durability.

3.3 Research Plan:

The physical properties of ingredient materials i.e. cement, fine aggregate (River sand and sea
sand) and coarse aggregates were determined. On fresh concrete the tests related to workability
measures such as Slump, Compaction factor and on hardened concrete tests related to strength such
as Compression, Split Tensile and Flexural tests were conducted. All the above tests are conducted
in accordance with BIS specifications.

The following properties were determined using the respective BIS procedures:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 8

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

 The physical properties of Cement, Coarse aggregate and Fine aggregate (River sand and
sea sand) used for the study.

 Fresh concrete properties such as slump, compaction factor.

 Hardened concrete properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and
flexural strength.

 Capillary measurement on concrete cylinders

The physical properties of ingredient materials i.e. cement, fine aggregate (River sand and sea sand)
and coarse aggregates were determined. On fresh concrete the tests related to workability measures
such as Slump, Compaction factor and on hardened concrete tests related to strength such as
Compression, Split Tensile and Flexural tests were conducted. All the above tests are conducted in
accordance with BIS specifications.

The following properties were determined using the respective BIS procedures:

 The physical properties of Cement, Coarse aggregate and Fine aggregate (River sand and
sea sand) used for the study.

 Fresh concrete properties such as slump, compaction factor.

 Hardened concrete properties such as compressive strength, split tensile strength, and
flexural strength.

 Capillary measurement on concrete cylinders.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 9

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

 MATERIALS TO BE USED :-

Materials Details

Cement OPC 43 grade, ACC cement

Fine aggregate Sea sand and river sand

Coarse aggregate 20mm down size, angular aggregate

Water Portable water

 Properties of Sea Sand:-

Physical properties of coastal soils are scarce in number. Usually, these properties are
studied together with the other soil characteristics.
 The texture of coastal soils may vary in a wide range from loose sandy deposits to
heavy soils.
 As a rule, sandy layers of coastal soils are structure less and loose, sometimes they are
somewhat compacted or rather even dense.
 Sandy horizons are characterized by a high water and air permeability.
 Therefore, the aeration of sandy soils is rather good;
 They are not so strongly affected by water logging as clayey soils.
 The bulk density of coastal soils generally decreases from sandy to clayey soils, from
mineral to organic soils.
 Simultaneously, increase in the water holding capacity is observed.
 The Physical and Chemical properties of sea sand are determined using granular
size, pH test, chloride

 Advantages of sea sand

 Abundantly available
 Cheapest form of aggregate.
 In contrast to crushed fine aggregate, it is more rounded or cubical like river sand
 Hence, demand for water and cement is low Price fluctuations are small
 It contains no organic contamination, silt or weak small gravel particles.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 10

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

 The latter is done on a larger scale with mechanized equipment and, hence, cost
can be lowered if chloride content is high,
 it can be reduced to acceptable limits by washing with even sea water Grading of
sea sand is finer than that of river sand
 since local crushed stone coarse aggregate is coarser, it does not show any
adverse effects when used in Concrete

 Disadvantages of sea sand:

 It may lead to efflorescence and corrosion of reinforcement.
 If washing is done, it may Increase the price further.
 if washing is necessary, it may be an additional burden

 Properties of River Sand

 The colour of the sand is Orange yellow and brown.
 Granular size of river sand is less than 4.75 mm.99.5 % of SiO2 is pure in
condition.
 Al2O3 and Fe2O3 are the Impurities present (0.5%).
 River sand is uniform in size and also offered in various particle sizes. It has the
property of reducing the shrinkage cracks

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 11

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

CHAPTER 4
BASIC TESTS ON MATERIALS USED, PROCEGURE AND RESULTS
4.1 Materials& tests to be conducted

The standard tests are conducted on cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and concrete.
The tests are conducted and then results are tabulated.

The different tests are:

 CEMENT
o Specific gravity of cement
o Standard consistency test
o Initial & final setting time test
 FINE AGGREGATE
o Specific gravity test
o Sieve analysis
 COARSE AGGREGATE
o Specific gravity test
o Sieve analysis
o Bulk density of coarse aggregate
 Slump cone test
 Chemical analysis of freash water and sea water

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 12

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.1 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF CEMENT

REQUIRED MATERIALS AND APPARATUS:-

Cement, kerosene, weighing balance, specific gravity bottle.

SIGNIFICANCE:-
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of cement and
weight of an equal volume of water.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-

Table 4.2.1 specific gravity of cement
Sl.
Observation Weight in grams
No.
1. Weight of empty bottle (W1) 25
2. Weight of bottle +cement (W2) 45.20
3. Weight of bottle +cement +kerosene (W3) 88

4. Weight of bottle +full kerosene (W4) 73

5. Weight of bottle + full water (W 5) 85

Specific gravity of kerosene (Sk) = W4 – W1/ W5 – W1= 48/60=0.8

Specific gravity of cement = W2 – W1 / ((W4 -W1) – (W3 -W2)) × Sk

= 20.2/ (48-42.8) ×0.8= 3.10

RESULT:- Specific gravity of cement is 3.10

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 13

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.2 STANDARD CONSISTENCY OF CEMENT

APPARATUS:-
Vicat apparatus with vicat plunger, vicat needle, trowel, measuring jar, weighing balance,
stop watch.
SIGNIFICANCE:-
The standard consistency of a cement paste is defined as that consistency which will permit
a vicat plunger to penetrate to point 5 to 7mm from the bottom of the vicat mould.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-

Table 4.2.2 standard consistency of cement
Weight of Penetration of Penetration of
Sl. % of
Cement taken Total water needle (mm) needle (mm)
No. Water
(gm) (top) (bottom)
1. 400 27% 108ml 50-25=25 25

2. 400 28% 112ml 50-16=34 16

3. 400 29% 116ml 50-7=44 7

RESULT:-Standard consistency of cement is 29% (116ml)

Initial setting time of cement - 45 min
Final setting time- 10 hrs.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 14

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.3 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE FINE AGGREGATE

APPARATUS:-
Pycnometer bottle, weighing balance, water, sand

SIGNIFICANCE:-
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of aggregate
and weight of an equal volume of water.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-

Table 4.2.3 specific gravity of fine aggregate
Sl. Weight in
Observation
No. grams

1. Weight of empty pycnometer (W1 ) 0.666

2. Weight of pycnometer + sand (W2) 1.107

3. Weight of pycnometer + sand + water (W3) 1.814

4. Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) 1.539

Specific gravity, G = (W2 -W1 ) / (W4 -W1) -(W3 -W2) = 0.441/(0.873-0.707) = 2.65
RESULT: - Specific gravity of fine aggregate is 2.6

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 15

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.4 SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE COARSE AGGREGATE

APPARATUS:-
Pycnometer bottle, weighing balance, water, coarse aggregate

SIGNIFICANCE:-
Specific gravity is defined as the ratio between the weight of a given volume of aggregate
and weight of an equal volume of water.

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-

Table 4.2.4 specific gravity of coarse aggregate

Sl. Weight
Observation
No. in grams

1. Weight of empty pycnometer (W1 ) 0.635

2. Weight of pycnometer + sand (W2) 1.177

3. Weight of pycnometer + sand + water (W3) 1.851

4. Weight of pycnometer + water (W4) 1.515

Specific gravity, G = (W2 -W1 ) / (W4 -W1) -(W3 -W2).

= 0.542/0.206
= 2.63
RESULT: -Specific gravity of coarse aggregate is 2.63

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 16

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.5 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATE

APPARATUS:-
Set of IS sieves ranging from 4.75mm to 150 microns, weighing balance

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-

Weight of sample taken = 1000 gms (River sand)

Table 4.2.5 sieve analysis of fine aggregate( river sand )

Weight Cum. Wt. Cum.

Sl. No IS Sieve Size Retained Retained % % Passing
(gm) (gm) Retained

1 4.75 0 0 0 100

2 2.36 87 87 8.7 91.3

3 1.18 377 464 46.4 53.6

4 600 128 592 59.2 40.8

5 300 114 706 70.6 29.4

6 150 125 831 83.1 16.9

7 Pan 169 1000 100 0

Zone 1 ( as per IS 383-1970) 368

Fineness modulus = 368/100 =3.6
RESULT: Fineness modulus of fine aggregate (river sand) is 3.6

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 17

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.6 SIEVE ANALYSIS OF FINE AGGREGATES (100% SEA SAND)

Weight of sample taken = 1000 gms

OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-
4.2.6 sieve analysis of fine aggregate ( sea sand )
Weight Cum. Wt. Cum.
IS Sieve %
Sl. No Retained Retained %
Size Passing
(gm) (gm) Retained

1 4.75 mm 0 0 0 100

2 2.36 mm 24 24 2.4 97.6

3 1.18 mm 225 249 24.9 75.1

4 600 micron 147 396 39.6 60.4

5 300 micron 473 869 86.9 13.1

6 150 micron 107 976 97.6 2.4

7 Pan 24 1000 100 0

Zone 1 ( as per IS 383-1970 ) 351.4

Fineness modulus = 351.4/100 =3.51

RESULT: Fineness modulus of fine aggregate (sea sand) is 3.51

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 18

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.7 SIEVE ANALYSIS FOR COARSE AGGREGATE

APPARATUS
Set of IS sieves ranging from 40mm to 4.75 mm, weighing balance
OBSERVATION AND CALCULATION:-
Weight of sample taken = 1000 gms

Table 4.2.7 sieve analysis for coarse aggregate

Weight of
Cumulative % of
sand
weight cumulative
Sl.no. Sieve sizes retained in % finer
retained in weight
sieve in
grams retained
grams
1 40mm 0 0 0 100
2 20mm 550 55 55 45
3 10mm 440 44 99 1

4 4.75mm 10 1 100 0

5 Pan 0 0 0 0

Total 2.54

Fineness modulus =254/100 = 2.54

RESULT: Fineness modulus of coarse aggregate is 2.54

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 19

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.8 BULK DENSITY OF COARSE AGGREGATE:-

OBSERVATION:-

 Diameter of the container (D)= 10cm=0.1m

 Height of the container (H)=13 cm=0.13m
 Volume of container (V)=1.02×10 -3 m3
1. Empty weight of container W1(kg)= 4.121
2. Weight of container +aggregate in loose state (W 2)= 5.433
3. Bulk density in ploose =(W2-W1) /V = 1.28 ×103 kg/m3
4. Weight of container + aggregate in compacted state (W3)=5.592
5. Bulk density pcompacted=(W3–W1) / V = 1.44×103 kg/m3

RESULT:- 1. Bulk density in ploose =(W2-W1) /V = 1.28 ×10 3 kg/m3

2. Bulk density pcompacted =(W3–W1) / V = 1.44×103 kg/m3

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 20

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.2.9 SLUMP CONE TEST:

The concrete slump test measures the consistency of fresh concrete before it sets. It is performed
to workability of freshly made concrete, and therefore the ease with which concrete flows.

Table 4.2.9 slump cone

WATER
SL NO CEMANT IR IN CM FR IN CM H IN CM
RATIO
1. 0.45 30 30 0
2. 0.50 30 28 2
3. 0.55 30 27 3

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 21

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.3. WATER:
Water is an important constituent of concrete, it should receive due attention in preparation
and for quality control of concrete. Strength and other properties of concrete are developed as a
result of reaction of cement and water (hydration) and thus water plays a critical role. Quality of
mixing and curing water sometimes leads to distress and disintegration of concrete reducing the
useful life of the concrete structure.

Water used or concrete mixture should not contain substances which can have harmful effect
on strength (i.e., on hydration process of cement) or durability of the concrete in service. Certain
substances if present, in sufficient quantities in water may have an injurious effect upon concrete.
Water used for mixing and curing shall be clean and free from injurious amounts of oils, acid,
alkalis, salts, organic matter, sewage, and other substances which are deleterious to concrete or steel
reinforcement. Portable water is generally considered satisfactory for mixing and curing of concrete.
In our Project work, for preparation of Concrete and Curing purpose; we used Potable Water.

4.4 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FRESH WATER AND SEA WATER

Table 4.4lab tests on sea water

TEST FRESH WATER SEA WATER

PH 7.0 7.8

Chloride 220mg/l 6000 mg/l

Acidity _ _

Alkalinity _ 0.8mg/l

Hardness 246mg/l _

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 22

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.5 CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

4.5.1 INTRODUCTION
Concrete mix design is a process of proportioning various ingredients such as cements,
aggregates, water and admixture, if used in the most optimal manner so as to produce a concrete at
minimum cost having specified properties of workability and homogeneity in the green state and
strength and durability in the hardened state.

4.5.2 REQUIREMENTS OF CONCRETE MIX DESIGN

The requirements which form the basis of selection and proportioning of mix ingredients
are:

a. The minimum compressive strength required from structural consideration.

b. The adequate workability necessary for full compaction with the compacting equipment
available.
c. Maximum water-cement ratio and maximum cement content to give adequate durability for
the particular site conditions.
d. Maximum cement content to avoid shrinkage cracking due to temperature cycle in mass
concrete.
4.5.3 TYPES OF MIXES

NOMINAL MIXES

STANDARD MIXES

DESIGN MIXES

4.5.4 MIX PROPORTION DESIGNATIONS

The common method of expressing the proportions of ingredients of concrete mix is in the
terms of parts or ratio of cement, fine and coarse aggregate for e.g. a concrete mix of proportions
1:2:4 means that one part of cement, two parts of fine aggregate and four parts of coarse aggregate.
The proportions are either by volume or by mass. The water cement ratio is usually in mass.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 23

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.5.5 FACTORS TO BE COSIDERED FOR MIX DESIGN

 The grade designation giving the characteristic strength requirement of concrete.

 The type of cement influences the rate of development of compressive strength of concrete.
 Maximum nominal size of aggregate to be used in concrete may be as large as possible
within the limits prescribed by IS 456:2000.
 The cement is to be limited from shrinkage, cracking and creep.
 The workability of concrete for satisfactory placing and compaction is related to the size and
shape of section, quantity and spacing and of reinforcement and technique used for
transportation, placing and compaction

4.5.6 Mix design for M25Grade concrete:

The mix design for all the mixes were done in accordance to the Indian standard
specification, as that of Normal Concrete. The below mix design was followed as such to obtain the
control mix, which was made with 100% River Sand (0% Sea Sand). Then four different mixes
were also done with the percentage of River sand being partially replaced by Sea Sand in the order
of 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20%.

MIX DESIGN:-

The mix design procedure adopted to obtain a M25 grade concrete is in accordance with IS
10262:2009.Grade designation – M25

i. Type of cement – OPC 43 grade

ii. Maximum nominal size of aggregate – 20mm
iii. Minimum cement content – 360 kg/m3
iv. Maximum water cement ratio – 0.45
v. Workability – 75mm (slump)
vi. Exposure condition – Extreme (for reinforced concrete)
vii. Degree of supervision – good
viii. Type of aggregate – crushed angular aggregate
ix. Maximum cement content – 450 kg/m3
x. Specific gravity of cement – 3.10
xi. Specific gravity of coarse aggregate – 2.63
xii. Specific gravity of fine aggregate – 2.65

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 24

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

xiii. Sieve analysis

Fine aggregate – Confirming to grading zone 1 of table 4 of IS 383

Step 1: Determination of the target strength for mix proportioning

f 'ck = fck+ 1.65 s
Where,
f 'ck = target mean compressive strength at 28 days.
fck = characteristics compressive strength at 28 days.
s = standard deviation
From IS, standard deviation s = 4N/mm2
Therefore, target strength = 25 + (1.65X4)
f 'ck = 31.6 N/mm2

Step 2: selection of water-cement ratio

From table number 5 of IS 456, maximum water cement ratio = 0.45
Based on experience adopt water-cement ratio as = 0.4
0.40 < 0.45, Hence OK

Step 3: selection of water content

From table 5, maximum water content =186 liter(for 25to 50mm slump range )
for 20mm aggregate
Estimated water content for 75mm slump =186 +3/100×186
= 191.58 liter

Step 4: calculation of cement content

Water- cement ratio = 0.40
Cement content = 191.58/0.4 = 478.95 kg/m3
From table number 5 of IS 456, minimum cement = 360 kg/m3
Content for ‘Extreme’ exposure condition
478.95 kg/m3>360 kg/m3

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 25

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

Step 5: Proportion of volume of coarse aggregate and fine aggregate content.

Referring IS 10262: 2009 table number 3 volume of coarse aggregate corresponding to

20mm size aggregate and fine aggregate for water-cement ratio = 0.40 is 0.62.
For pumpable concert these values should be reduced by 10%
Therefore, volume of CA = 0.62×0.9 = 0.56
Volume of fine aggregate content =1-0.56=0.44

Step 6: Mix calculation

 Volume of concrete = 1 m3
 Volume of cement = mass of cement/sp. gravity of cement ×1/1000
= 478.95/3.24 X (1/1000)
= 0.147 m3
 Volume of water = mass of water / sp. gravity × 1/1000
= 191.58/1 X 1/1000
= 0.191 m3
 Volume of all in aggregates = 1 – (0.147+ 0.191)
= 0.662 m3
 Mass of coarse aggregate = volume of all in aggregate ×volume of
Coarse aggregate × specific gravity of
coarse aggregate ×1000
= 0.622 × 0.56 × 2.63 × 1000
= 967.57 kg/m3
 Mass of fine aggregate = volume of all in aggregate × volume of
Fine aggregate ×specific gravity of fine
aggregate ×1000
= 0.662 X 0.44 X 2.65X 1000
= 771.892 kg/m3

Step 7: Mix proportions

Water –cement
Cement Fine aggregate Coarse aggregate
ratio
771.892 kg/m3
478.95kg/m3 967.57 kg/m3 0.4

Cement: FA: CA: W/C= 1: 1.61: 2.02:0.4

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 26

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

Table 4.5.7 Mix proportion for different %

Mix sea Cement Total fine Coarse Water
designation sand (kg) River Sea sand aggregate Aggregate (litre)
(%) sand (kg) (kg) (kg)
(kg)

M1 0% 9.72 15.64 _ 15.64 19.63 3.88

M2 5% 9.72 14.858 0.782 15.64 19.63 3.88
M3 10% 9.72 14.076 1.564 15.64 19.63 3.88
M4 15% 9.72 13.294 2.346 15.46 19.63 3.88
M5 20% 9.72 12.512 3.128 15.64 19.63 3.88

4.6 CONCRETE MIX DESIGNATION

Table 4.6 Concrete mix designation

Mix designation Description

M1 concrete of grade M25(nominal mix)

M2 5% sea sand +95% river sand

M3 10% sea sand +90% river sand

M4 15% sea sand +85% river sand

M5 20% sea sand + 80% river sand

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 27

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

4.7 MIXING
CASTING OF SPECIMENS AND TESTING PROCEDURE
Cement, sand and aggregate were taken in mix proportion 1: 1.61: 2.02 which corresponding
to M25 grade of concrete. 0%, 10%, 15%, 20% of river sand is replaced sea sand by and concrete
was produced by dry mixing all the ingredients homogeneously. To this dry mix, required quantity
of water was added (W/C = 0.40) and the entire mix was again homogenously mixed. This wet
concrete was poured into the moulds which was compacted by hand compaction in three layers or
vibration machine may also be used. The specimens were given smooth finishes. After 24 hours, the
specimens were demoulded and transferred to curing tanks wherethey were allowed to cure for 7 &
28days.

MIXING

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 28

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

COMPRESSION TEST

A compression test is a method for determining the behavior of materials under a

compression tests are conducted by loading the test specimen between two plates, and then applying
a force to the specimen by moving the crossheads together. During the test, the specimen is
compressed, and deformation versus the applied load is recorded.
For evaluating the compressive strength, specimens of dimensions 150x150x150mm were
prepared. They were tested on compression testing machine as per IS 516:1959. The compressive
strength is calculated by using the formula,

F=P/A
Where, F= compressive strength of the specimen (in MPa).
P= Maximum load applied to the specimen (in N).
A= Cross sectional area of the specimen (in mm2).

COMPRESSION TESTING MACHINE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 29

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

CHAPTER 5
TEST ON HARDENED CONCRETE

5.1 Test on hardened concrete:

The specimens were cast in cube (rigid steel) and cured properly and tested at the end of 7
&28 days to study the properties of hardened concrete. Compression test was conducted on
these specimens. All concrete specimens were cast and tested as per Indian standard
specification. Three specimens were made for each age testing and for each mix made with
partial substitution of marine sand in the order (0%, 05%, 10%, 15%, and 20%). M25 grade of
concrete was used for the investigation.

Compression testing is a very common testing method that is used to establish the
compressive force or crush resistance of a material and the ability of the material to recover after
a specified compressive force is applied and even held over a defined period of time.
Compressive strength or compression strength is the capacity of a material or structure to
withstand loads tending to reduce size. In other words, compressive strength resists
compression (being pushed together), In the study of strength of materials, compressive strength
can be analyzedindependently.

Some materials fracture at their compressive strength limit others deform irreversibly, so a
given amount of deformation may be considered as the limit for compressive load. Compressive
strength is a key value for design of structures.

For designers, compressive strength is one of the most important engineering properties of
concrete. It is a standard industrial practice that the concrete is classified based on grades. This
grade is nothing but the Compressive Strength of concrete cube.

5.2 Curing
The specimens were removed from the mould after 24 hours form the time of adding the
water to the other ingredients. They were marked for later identification and were stored in clean
water for 7& 28 days. The specimens was taken out of water after 7& 28 days and kept for air
curing

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 30

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

5.3 Compression Test:-

Object: - To determine the compressive strength of a concrete mix cubes

Apparatus: - Compression testing machine

Calculations: -
The compressive strength of concrete cube is calculated as: -
Compressive strength (MPa) = P/A
Where, p = Failure load.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 31

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

Table 5.3.1 compression test for cubes of 7days & 28 days

Compressive strength Avg. compressive
Mix Designation Curing period 2
(N/mm ) strength (N/mm2)

28.48

26.04
M1 (Nominal 7 days 29.38
33.64
concrete)
37.58

38.37
28 days 38.53
39.64

28.97

M2(5% sea 29.06

7 days 30.23
sand +95% 32.66
32.49
river sand)
31.7
28 days 32.29
32.7

34.88
M3(10% sea 34.06
7 days 34.63
sand +90% 34.96
37.63
river sand)
38.42
28 days 38.58
39.69

30.83
M4(15% sea 31.91
7 days 31.73
sand +85% 32.45

river sand) 35.16

34.38
28 days 34.60
34.26
26.68

M5(20% sea 7 days 27.08

27.71
26.37
sand + 80%
30.35
river sand)
28 days 29.96
30.31
30.64

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 32

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

Table 5.3.2Overall Results of Compressive Strength

Compressive strength (N/mm2 )

Mix Designation
7 days 28 days
curing curing

M1 (Nominal concrete) 29.38 38.53

M2(5% sea sand +95%

30.23 32.29
river sand)

M3(10% sea sand +90%

34.63 38.58
river sand)

M4 (15% sea sand +85%

31.73 34.60
river sand)

M5 (20% sea sand + 80%

27.7 30.31
river sand)

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 33

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT FOR

7 DAYS (N/mm²)

40

35
34.63
31.73
30 30.23
29.38 27.7
25

20
7 days
15

10

0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH RESULT FOR

28 DAYS (N/mm²)
45

40 38.53 38.58
35 34.6

30 32.29 30.31

25

20 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH
RESULT FOR 28 DAYS
15

10

0
M1 M2 M3 M4 M5

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 34

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

CHAPTER-6

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

6.1 Conclusion

Based on the limited experimental study carried out on partial replacement of river sand
with sea sand in concrete, the following conclusions are drawn:

 According to the results of the compressive strength results shows that partial
replacement of river sand with sea sand at 10% gives better results for M25 grade of
concrete.
 Workability of Concrete:-
All the five mixes, i.e. concrete mixes made with marine sand as partial substitutes in
the order 05%, 10%, 15% & 20% were easily workable. However the workability
performance of control mix concrete is better than marine sand substitute concretes.
 The optimum strength is obtained at the level of 10% of partial substitution of river
sand by sea sand
 Compressive Strength:-

Compressive strength of the cement concrete made with partial substitution of

marine sand is less than the concrete made with ordinary river sand. But the change in
compressive strength is small compared to the control mix; the reduction in strength is
seen minimal at 20% mix.

6.2 Recommendations for further research:

 The property of cement pastes with marine sands should be studied for improving the
setting time.

 Mix design specifications IS: 10262 – 1982 is more inclined towards conventional
cement concretes. In this regard more study is required to generate new curves for the
selection of water-cement ratio in order to design the mixes for cement concretes with
marine sand substitutes for fine aggregates.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 35

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

 The effect of the absorption coefficients, stiffness, and specific gravity of aggregates
on the performance of concrete. A concrete model has to be developed involving all
these factors on selecting the amount of coarse aggregates to be used in various
applications.

 Strength properties should be studied beyond 180 days to at least for 2 years period.

 Alternatives to fine aggregates should be explored and the effect of manufactured

sand on the four types of cement concretes should be studied.

 The effect of corrosion properties on rebars must be studied; and the effect of chloride
variation in various shores in Karnataka can also be added in the study.

 The feasibility to implement this method in very large scale needs to be checked with
respect to environmental, economical and various other constraints

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 36

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

CHAPTER -7
REFERENCES

1. A. Shayan, et al., Effects of seawater on AAR expansion of concrete, Cement and

Concrete Research (2009), URL:10.1016/j.cemconres.2009.09.008
2. BS 882: 1992. Specifications for aggregate from natural sources for concrete.
London: British Standards Institution;1992.

3. Chandrakeerthy, S.R.De S., " Suitability of Sea Sand as a Fine Aggregate for
Concrete Production", p93-114, Transactions of the Institution of Engineers, Sri
Lanka, Vol.1, October1994.

4. Cy C. Chen, “Marine Sand for Sustainable Aggregate Supply”, Energy and

Resources Laboratories Industrial Technology Research Institute, Annual
Issue,2000

5. Chapman GP, Roeder AR. The effect of sea shells in concrete aggregates. Concrete
1970;4(2):71–79
6. D. S. R. Murthy, A.V.V. Chowdary, S. Vijaya Kumar, D.L. Narasimha Rao,”
Contribution of concrete technology to the process of sustainable development”,
proc. On Eco- Friendly Blended Cements for Economical and Durable concrete in
the new Millennium, Mumbai, 18&19 February 2000, (pp161-164)
7. Fookes PG, Higginbottom IE. Some problems of construction aggregates in desert
areas, with particular reference to the Arabian Peninsula: part 1 – occurrence and
special characteristics. In: Proc. institution of civil engineers, Part 1, February
1980, p. 39–67

8. Forster Stephen., “Concrete Materials and Mix Design for Assuring Durable
Pavements”, Sixth International Conference on Concrete Pavement Design and
Materials for High Performance, Purdue University, Nov.18-21,1997.

9. French, Catherine; Mokhtarzadeh, Alireza; Ahlborn, Tess; Leon, Roberto, “High-

strength concrete applications to prestressed bridge girders”, Construction and
Building Materials v 12 n 2-3 Mar-Apr 1998 (pp 105-113).
10. Gutt W, Collins RJ. Sea dredged aggregates in concrete, Information Paper.
Building Research Establishment, Watford, UK,1987
11. Hughes B.P “The optimum Coarse Aggregate Content of Concrete” Magazine of
Concrete Research, Vol.17, No.2, March/April,1990

12. IS: 10262-1982, “Recommended guidelines for concrete mix design”, BIS, New
Delhi.
13. IS: 456-2000, “Plain and reinforced concrete-Code of practice”, BIS, NewDelhi.

14. IS: 2386 (Part I to VI) – 1963, Methods of test for aggregate for concrete”, BIS,
New Delhi.

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 37

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

15. IS: 383-1970, “Specification for coarse and fine aggregate from natural source of
concrete”, BIS, NewDelhi.
16. IS: 516-1956, “Method for test of strength of concrete”, BIS, NewDelhi.

17. IS: 12269-1978, “Chemical and physical properties of cement”, BIS, NewDelhi.

18. James M. Shilstone, Sr., “Engineering Normal Strength, High-Performance

Concrete for Bridges”, 79th Annual Meeting, Transportation Research Board,
Washington D.C., Jan 2000
19. Katwan MJ. Corrosion of steel reinforcement in hot countries, an acute case study.
Mater Struct2001;34(July):360–6

20. Muthanna K.M ,”An experimental investigation on different type of blended and
OPC Concrete- A comparison on “, a M.tech dissertation work submitted to MU,
MIT, Manipal,2005

21. M.L.Gambhir, “A laboratory manual for quality control of concrete”, Dhanpat rai
& sons, third edition,1987
22. National practices and regulations in the extraction of marine sand and gravel, Ch.
3 in Sandpit Book.http://sandpit.wldelft.nl/reportpage/reportpage.htm

23. National sand study for Sri Lanka, vols. 1 and 2. Final Report, Phase 1, Delft
Hydraulics;1992.

24. Prof. M.S. Shetty,“ A brief survey of advancement made in concrete technology”,
Proceedings of international conference on advancement in concrete and
construction, ICACC- 2004, 16-18 December 2004, Hyderabad, (pp99-124).

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 38

“AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND” 2019-20

PROJECT TITLE: - AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT

OF RIVER SAND WITH SEA SAND IN CONCRETE

PROJECT GUIDE: - Ms.SHRUTHI.BG

COMMENTS ON THE PROJECTS:-

1. The project is conducted by the students under my guidance’s “AN

EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF RIVER SAND
WITH SEA SAND IN CONCRETE”.

2. Before the starting of the project, as students were interested on concrete so, students
selected the project on “An experimental study on partial replacement of river sand
with sea sand”.

3. For the project the students collected the available materials and sea sand. They
conducted tests on materials and later the mix design was prepared for the project.

4. And they conducted an experiment to study the strength of concrete while partial
replacement of river sand with sea sand.

5. The students referred some journals and text books and code books

6. The students are well planned and had schedule for the completion of project.

7. And the students have completed the project work obediently& punctually.

8. The students ANUSHA.MB, ARPITHA.DH, BHAVANA.M, ONKARSWAMY.KM,

SPOORTHI.BG, SRIHARI.N. Has completed project work obediently and punctually.

They have submitted all requirements in time. They worked almost ______ for the project
I congratulate all the students for the successful completion of the project work.

HOD SIGNATURE GUIDE SIGNATURE

ANAND.SM SHRUTHI.BG
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANAGERE Page 39

 SRI SUPARSHWANTH EDUCATIONAL TRUST (Regd)

JAIN POLYTECHNIC, DAVANGERE -577004

Approved by AICTE, NEW DELHI, Recognised by government of Karnataka, DTE, Bangalore

DEAPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

SL.NO DATE TASK PROGRESS INITIAL OF EVALUATION

OF TASK STAFF
INCHARGE
1. INTRODUCTION

2. LITERATURE
REVIEW

3. RESEARCH PLAN

4. MATERIALS USED
AND
METHODOLOGY

5. MIX DESIGN

6. EXPERIMENTAL
DETAILS

7. RESULT AND
DISCUSSION

8. CONCLUSION

Signature of guide signature of HOD