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MAT211 Matrices Notes

Notes on matrices

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Sine Ngambu
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89 views45 pages

MAT211 Matrices Notes

Notes on matrices

Uploaded by

Sine Ngambu
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MAT 211 MATRICES Dn wes set f hoteg we cover the Pllowng topics : - systems of Imear eqpachons = memées Yow Yeduchdn af matmces Solving systems of linear eapahons vsing mamces - Deteyminants the wverse OF a motive low All , Serve All Qyetems of Linear Bqpachons Let vs consider the follaomg 3 cases of systems of Q lmear equachons : fase) aA Oy =2 ‘these are lott Th this case we see fiom the Pichwe that there Is only one powt (oy) that eatisfies both eqyuahons —> hence we have a umuque I (whith i easily seen to be G-')) [ser ' [axct ay =} Sxtay =3 these are alco x- w= 3 Stout dures lout ax-4y= 6 we Vote the Second on ba Olotatined We note thet for a system ¢falinear eqpatons tin Quntenordsns, e are & the Be Sposcibches fy the Bluhons: Shuts eunaqnre 2 rows ¢ 2 columne The Side of B is axa Cabys)> arows 2 Bcolumne ee Tn qenerst if A ia an mxn matrix (ie. Mm vows and n columns) then the enty wh the i yow ond 4” column is denoted by ay So A an pga Ain ~ [Qa Aaa --+ Aan i 5 "7 Amy Amz + Fann Th the example above , for the mane B bs = G and bj, = Deft] A matrix 1 Said tp be a qyare maby 4 the nun bers rows and Columns ave the same The diagona| Pa cmare matiy consiéts of the wmmres a, , tel,2,. Tf Ais sqnaez- (Ai. Q2 As - A=/ 35-5 CN er : ‘ \ i Hu SOA : X An Ama Ang - NADY Suppose we have a cystem of linear ins having m equahous and un vanabes qren as plows Oy Aye, Fon + Any = b, i i i i i eee mele (Ce) Oy) + Oma et -- = - + Onn xy = be, A shortherd noteten of the system@® i cated the Qugmented matrix and is qves by Or aA, ---- ay b, co Mugmented $4 ; | Mamy. Gy mz - — ~ Gan | by denoted by (A |b) whee Aw the coefficient maiix .--. A has been augmented by the Column vector (:) bm Even % you we anatle or unwuli to serve Oers — at lea & you avord dong harm this is @ fOrm of good service . Gavssian Eliminahon The following are what are called elemerteny rod ous. We wUl gee later how we vee these to Solve a system of liner eqpacions . Elementany Row Operations, 1. Tnterchangwig rows R; 4 R; RE R mately 2, Roo R, is reblaced by &R, R, > &R, (chere Q is a scalar — veal number) 3 Row Ri is wblaced by RRR | RORFER: Tf we apply a sevies of elementary row Opershone to an augmented matrix, the vesulting matrix is called @ yow equivatert matrix te the mented motrix (also calléd rew veduced from the Qugmented mouvix a All woull become clear When we do come examples. © Treorem: If (Alb) is row reduced to (tle) the, the linear custensc AX =b and Hxe=c have exactly the same solwhons . From the above theorem ,we solve Ax =b @lvung Hx =e. Cwe usualy write Ax=b and Hxee) = [DR] A matrix is sard to be in row echebn fon if the fellowing 2 condrhons ore saticfied ¢ 1. All rows eentaining only zeros are at the bottom of the matrix . 2. The first nonzero entry of a row Called the pivot) appears ina Column that is +o the night of the first non-zero entry m any Preceding vow . Example The following matrices are not WA rowedhelow frmt row consist: zeros chad be at the lodttoin of the mabnre . of. n= Zero entry 2 5S ja— the eo inte 46 the same oo Column as the Fist non-tee enty Wi the row above: The. forcing mainces ave tin row echelon forrn 3 {23 [2 3 4 2254 oo 8 oo 6 2 coo Oo7 ooo (Cae Cue Oead| Cuomo All 8 matrices Sahbfy te above 2 conciihénc . a Example 2 he ee Fivid all soluhcns of Gtle) = € 38 ‘) | o Oo 2 | -¢ Sol?: The corresponding system of equahors is: | -5%,—% +32, = 3 dx. + 5x, = 8& Da =-t+ eae GES workin om the bottom upwardss ESS 7 Ox, = -4 SS = -2. Bx, + SCD=FP BH =r, =¢ GPS -5x,- (6) +302) = 3 3 y= Gt) /e5) =-3 Hence the Soluhon is *"(3)- C4) We note Hat th thia example, (Hie) i ain In row echelon ZA Every educated person should on or herself im selfless service to's humility and a pure heart. ie hugelf Eample 3 : Fiid all solos of (Ic) = [1 ~* o Be va pe t ° Q 4 Sol¥: The last eqpacion Ss 1 Hence there ave vo soluhons . Exoumple 4: Frid all soluncns of (tH le) =/ oo t 20 {-) o Ooot 1 Omron ONCE Onl) ” Ree cloma have Sol*: SORE The corresponding system af equations is: 3 ons x, - 3x, $52q, =4+ Ve . Xs Flay B vanables let wm =r x25 27 2 free variables (s-3=2) Ten Ml Xs = -2Qs-7 M% = 3xX,-6y +4 = Br —Ss +4 We can wrtte the soluhin as: a ar-Ss +4 3 -s + ma \ r 1 ° ° x3 | ~ —2s- 7 foes onl tite > aj ag s ° ' o Xs i ° Jeneral Bluhdn Takang Specific ener fr 05.8 qres a (cular solusdn. ing to Row Echelon form In all the previous ex les the augmented matrices were alveacy th vow echelon We now show foo tp reduce dan (angmented) mabix to row echelon fr - Example 5 Reduce the matix A +o yow echelon form and Make all pwots 1. A=/2 -4 a2 -2 oe ort + “8 3 -2 ° oo. |Ul 2 ee R—+tR, (B83) oer ai R.— R-2R Ra —> Rg ~- +2 This is now sn vow- echelon frm 4 aul pwots ave |. B Let us do wore examples. = -il- Example & Solve y+ Bas -5 ax ray - 2 = 7 4% +5y - ae = lo The augmented matix i Oo need eWeP VOWS ae leaeecs -s\ & ae 4 there Gao * te top Cebt 4 S 2 lo ref ee eS 7 Bes. Pi. Ge cal 3 |[-« ae lo Ri B+tRe. R>2R-3R NK Cattle the ‘Gougs -Tordan wots d Soluhion M %y= —3,%e = MAF eck Hnat this Solohen i covert 5 FY Es ‘substitutima ato the, Gwinn system of ea fe Example 7 Solve Xt y+ 2 = -2 3X + BY —GS2= | Sx +44 — 32 es \ 2 1 2 Sos 1 S 9 -314 PS ies ae -2 ae ee 7) Ra Pa- BR, o -1 -8)| 16 Rg R-SR, 12 1 ~2 ~ o 1 & | -7 \ Roo. o oOo q R32 R.- Ro Wwe Can now go ahead and veduce veduced row echelon rm but we nohée that the last lme qives o=9q which ie ‘wnpossible Hence there ave no values of m4, 2 Hat Sachsfy the gwein gystem of eaps . \ the System of (wear eGpohors have WO Dluhons (oxtoy +02=9) Z wettons first becoming 4 servant, you cannot become a leader. —12— Examp le Solve Xt2y+2 = -2 3x + By —S2 =2 Sx +4y—32 =-2 eee! -2 3 Ss -S 2 s Gg -3/ -2 nw -) 8 & Ra Rg - FR, 1 a \ 2 a o 1 elo R3— R3-R. oO o oOo °O R23 -Ra The covrespand eapahons Are “a Xt ay+ Be =-2 j a eqpachina 4+ &2 =-¢ 2vanalles w B-2=1 freevaraby Let 2=t Then y= ~8-& ¢ % = -2-2y~-2 I ~2 —2€8-et) —t = 14 4 16t lest = (88%) -(4)++4/% +t oO ( For each telR we get a soll. eR v _ teR st Theve ave finitely many soluhsne. veduced 1 0 715] 14 eetvelon “(3 (eos R= R-2R. Can also lve fom here . =I3— Example 4 The system of equahons : Xt By + 2+ Sws2 4. +2 +30 =2 axt Syr2 + ]w =2 has an augmented mottyix that con be row reduced to: SSS |e ' St taalee Check thts J o ocola rm Ceo <2 ee es reduCed row © iT) I 3 a achelen Fesvin ChE Oo) oO oO, There ave 2 cqnatons 4 4 vorables 2. there ave 4-222 free wanablec ebers. fay, $3 t- Qveshdn . The pwots ove On x4 So let 3=5 oo mw 2a-4w = oh ongeeet y+? + 3W = 2 Speke “m= astat-+ = -8 = Be +8 1, 1, +t (4,3, 6,d+E4202) ws (4 4,2,0) = S(2,- There ave unfirctely mans col heme wy 14 Example 4 The system of equechons xr BY tz Swear y +e +30 =2 +Syt2 + 7w =2 has an mented moultyix thet can be row veduced to : (2435) Gese) nw a7 —4 \-4 (weed) I vedvCed rou 3 2 echelen Levin OF Oe) } Oo, There ave 2 eapahorc $ 4 vorebles -. there ave 4-222 free vanabilee /p eters. Sa 13 oo fay, Set. Queshén . ‘Ohi vanables shguls We choose The pwvots Qve on xéhy meters 2 oe les be So let x= Ais a wet: Betis oo wM- 22-40 = ~F Corresponding yre +30 = 2 oe us ast4t-4+ Thos, -8 —Bt+2. (44,2 wo) = SC2,-1, 1, 0) +4 (4,3, 0,9 +C4200) “Mere ave urfirr tela Many eoluhonc wm —l4— Example 10 Assume that the vow reduced system ie ee reed eheim ,, (1 oO 31] -2 & ooo; I R—ER. v 103830 !} -3 ~ (3 0-0-1 ( ) Ri R,~ Ra. pivots So Let yr S § Bet “ a= - B-B Ws IT. So solutén tc (%y, 20) = (-8-3,8,¢, 1) =+(-3,0,1,%04+86, 1,0,0)+63,o0,1) @ Character is the most precous gift af education . -|1s— Equal Matrices Two matrices A= @j) and B= Cozy) ave sod to be equal if they ove the came side and Aj = by Yiand®. Motrix Addition let A=@s and B= (ky) be matrices both having Site Mxkn- The sum is A+B= Cay) where Cy =ayt hy; 6 UATE Example | 12 32 2 4 6 G rat 10 <\ =/{3 6 9 2 16 18 For any matnces A,B 4 of the Came ) = °C then 3 ] Example © Fill tm the missing enmes fo make the matric gymmetric + . Matric Mutt plucahdr Let A &# B be to mamices. Te compute the product AB we must have nue 6 columns of A= humberof rows of Ese A” — a M@h 0 (2 > i \ \ \\ we define AB= Cy) aohere — Cyy = dot product of the tH rewePa with the HH column of B and AB fas side mxk (whee Ais wen and B is “> ) (Hence the site these 2 vectors must be the same Brample 6 Frid the aN product « AB where Az (222) 8 pe/+-125 Sei eenaeel ( 3 ) Sol: Asax@i 4g BGKe Nea eB WE Coun mendnpres Ae2eB. The Side ef a8 io ax4. -—14—- let AB= (cy). od G2,3,2) (3) =-8+9-¢2-3 oe Es {column 8 Gis = (4,6, -25- (4) = &t+b-10 =4. { s we Can do thig for cath ey lst 22 isd a4 So AB =/-3 8 4F t B8 “lO 4 22 YS _-_~_ oK4 We note that, th His tkoumple, we can @mbute AB, lout we cannot compute a \ 2 3 nunoer B poi a. @ efor Mawes A Gun), B(xx® | Cc Caxe) Ap).c =A-C8.c) Cmatvix wauth plicahor is astociatwe ) e However, tt co mot aluays tre that AB=BA, wen & the sizes HAs 8 ave appropriate to allas mulhplicahovr . (matrix maltiplicason © not commutes) Consider the Pilewing erample : Ex TEU) ~ (02) Ce ae then we Gu fird both ABS BA, - [i -4 =f! 2 as ( a 4 BA (1, 22) Bt AB * BA. Tadentity Mafrix The nxn identty matrix Cit @ always Spare) ja the matx T= (ay) where Wizt2,..,.n (all diagonal entves ave!) 5 wad mea ate eg Call off. duagen -” ‘ HES \ It ts “eg true thot } © AZ =A, (thie, es 2 wan eh 2 BS watix ¥ and + TB = en Wk wee We Can easily see this in om example . eta Exom Exounple & (= rane - G4) GY)G3)-G) Combining addton § wwlhpkcation , we obtain the AStvuoutve laws that alwaye hdd : AC (arc) = ABT Ac awk nkk” and (@re R,= Bb+eD xe KI ankiind aan fincl happwess ouly th : ie “Thverse of a Square Mattriy MotWahon . For veal numbers, ft uc solve ax=b (ato) (faxy=t. Th the come way , 4 we have a Of Auicar eqpatcns Gwin by Ax=b then would mudhply lay tne inuerce “oP A. However, + 42 vot abuays te that a Sopore matic has an “inverce ” ue wWdl aiscuce mis now . foef2:)- An nxn motvix A id Said to be tnvertble Clave an _wverse ) i there exists an nxn mami Bo such thet AB= BA=ZL, where Tio the van dethty matin . « B is CalleaA the were eA, denoted B= AT - TF A is Wehbe then % Is auled non si = - If A is vot tert ble (He we camnet Pug @ch a B aa above) then A is called Suge Sar . Not all Square matrices Qyre invethlole as can be @en im the fPtowuig skaurple —22— rf oC $ 3) ,» then for ony 3x3 wersB 456 AB =(2 © ON uid, cannot be TL. 2 2 72 E : ee Qoriich las Go,e) & the first vow) Hence Ais not inverhbie . 72) Tt % not easy + show tat A ics vot invertble a the Aledve wa. We woul NOW quie wo1s af checking 4 a mam is wwerbble and haw to fia dhe invere - We note thot the Plloow is tre Tf A 4 B ave nxn lnvertible matyices then ABR so aso twertible and BY = BIA’. Exeecisé : Bove the alave . Have forth that the TRUTH wWul gave you ih the long ran 5 stick to “tt , vegardlecs of what —aq— How +o @mpute the Tnveice let A ke an nxn Sqpare matix , We want to see if we Gan firid an nxn moti B such that : AB =t oe \(r "\ ( 2) (3 ~ danl \ og = = band VO yA we mM the mented matix An --- Aro Li loe)-@=) use the Gauss— Trdan A wo veduce "OP ie? get tne Iderhty matin om the Ltts Cif possible) (of PD fd | © ‘| C, eens then this te A’ Let us see Vow thw Works fora Swnple exoumple . —25— Example 10 Fire the wverse GAs (2 4 lee acatey izy~ (2 30°) ~ /1\ 4 °) ROR. 2 4 10 - VR por] e 1} 4-2 R= R- aR, ~ ( 1 o|4 a\ p-5e-ep,, ° \ 1-2 = ee Ata (“+ 4 Gry: We can Check thet tic i wwect + 4 fa a\/-# a\. /! °\ APC AG Are 4 and Ata z /-4 *\ 2 a\-(! °) (* 2 5 ore ww Thos we Can fiid A' ia this wey . let vs do an example for @ lager matrix . ve Determine FP A =/ tl 3 -2 is mvertble 26s -3 and find Ate Bo. 4 Selb: Alxz) =f1 3 -2 1 oo 2 s -3 o!l1°o 3 2 -+ ool top to battow kage HONG \ B 72 1 oO oO o = 1 -2 1) 0) RB eR-2e, ° yo 10 30 | Rs > R+3R, \ o°o 2-1-0. RP, - Re “19 Wood RePRgt ue, ~37 22:2 RP R+2Rs, let? 10 | RAR a 4B - ReR-3R 17 10 | =14—---] So A is wverhble and Ai =/it -® -I -I7 10 i called u 1 Exercise. Check that AA‘ =I @ -7W- we note, from tne previous process F finding the wnverse » thot & A ts wverhbie => A can be row reduced to @ matix in echelon form ( upper Hangar por) where all the dhagonat ebouants Ge NOn-Bed You cannot always blue , yeu can ALWAYS Speak old —2g— Determinant of a Matix For a axa mainte A= (% %) , the determunind! oP A in ad—be. We write detA for the determinant we also umte det A = : ° I Thos ofA and Co how to fd the determinant f a 8x3 mac 2 Cofactor yY A= (aj) ke an nxn matrix , then the fet af a is 3 Ay S Gye M where Mz: so the determuiant af the motrin Obtained by deleting row i § column 4G from A Mg io CalleAtmmmor of Oy We note +thrat NS ~ , + 4x4 matyin, = + the cofactor qves a 89h 40 ISS ened sare ~29-— itt +14! Deters nar of a 8x3 Mot On Aa 3 |e Oy Ay + Oe Ais + Os Ave Ay yy Og A sz As5 a | aaz | og, \%1 | 4a,,| Aa 2 = a 1 32 Ase Fy 53 Fst ag, we wo ned to these as we have axa manices . the dekerminand was enoluoted using the Here , Puct TOW. However, this can alco be done UIAG any row or any alum , eet Hne eign! a. stocutted wth each element - We can See this In the Pilodwig example. Example (2 Find the determinant ef the matrix _/f/i 2 3 a=(4 _ 7 3-2 1 : Evaluate vsiig Row |: det A= I 37] -2|2 ; +3\4i3| G3s+4) —2(4-6) +38 +9) & = lt443 = —s0— Sle2. Evamoate usiig Rw2: det Aa nt [331 +68) *{-a[y 2] 2 «1 31 3-2 = -4(at+6)—3(1-9)-2 ©2-4) = & ore : aan: using een an. = 72 |! 3|—¢2)|' ?la¢ + 2 pio a ilf these sighs come fiom the cofactors . we note all all ave the same answer. The UseRuness of this obervahon (le the determinant Can be evotuated oswig any row or Column) ain be gwen th the Plowing Kcunple . 43 -| 20-1! yew we vee ar 2A dona @) Zt 1 = 2 C1) B ei f --]*[2! -|7 “23 ) ] -I al = -2([-C-a4) — (62)] = - 12 wa —3al— Tr the previous example You can we lew easy H Was fo find the determurant , f done smartly. Tt cond howe been a bowendevs caleulahen q the vows ov columns axe viet chosen wisely. We will State al F the aloove 1h a theorem. Theavenn: Let A= (ay) be an nxn matic . Then det A = On, Cy + Ors t--- Om Gr lsrén and gar A = G40, + O.C. t--_ +40, |fSen loheve Cy xo the Cofactor of Th this theorem , the determinant © fuck Wamated along the v% you & te cecond along the th column . We will not prove the +heavenn - Exampe 4: Show that the determinant of an upper- or a lower triangular @yare matrix x the product oP aks Acagpnet elements. tee that an upper tanguiar matrix. looks (Sx) and 4 lower trrangular matrix. looks fuze ES —32— we wdi do the upper Mongwar case for Hits exemple - The other Case + analagous- Here, we expand along the frst column each NTIS -afe [SII] = Ag, . O93 ~-- An, a x TF A & a ax2Q maivix : ae dl eet is then the inverse of A 4 1 a If matin Bw obtamecl mam A by interchangung two dilferent rows +f A then det B= -detA Agoun we unll shaw thio prope(ty by an example. Ruppose e is aa above, ~ and = [Am A As ~» obktined A by * (a Se. Oss Swsppug 263, Oy Asn Oe det B = On [O32 zi en = a3) pa | a Ae Oe Ass Ay ay Ay Ain = —a, [92 =| ere \s on | ag | =| Bsr Ags Aa Fay On Aer = -—detA. —34- Property 3 : If +wo rows 4 matrix A ave equal , then det A =O Wis ia easily geen fy Q ax2 matiy : LF = ab-ab =o for a 8x3 mati . qa( tele lo elee [ee ab ab ade In general , fr on nxn matrix (n> 2), we ewaluate using a low afferent to the eqpal mas, and we will oee that -for each cepactor we have equat VOWS «= Aen If movin Bu obteavied fom moi Al Y mul ply Rew r A R , then ae"e S Dae 6 : "6 Proof Expanciirig along the rH you @ B we get det 8 = Brit bn By +--- + bn By (Bin ave the cof ctovs = Ray By, + Ras By t+— + han Br = & Lan An + Oe Are $777 + Om Arn] = Rdetd. @ T+ 2 somehmes use Ry +o wre detAs + de B. —35- Property 6 + Suppase that the follaowig % perbnmed on matrix A te cet main Bt R— Rt+kR Cite) rth as? © at vow - Scaiar Then det B= deta. Roof. Let b, be the row of A % 9, the 1% row of A. Gel Canoe) oe Gee) Taen by = Cant haz, » Antlas, --- ) ent Rin) We now find the debermundud of B by expanciig along the i row : det B= b, B, tbh, B. t--- + b Bn. ocr = (a,+Ra;,) B, +G,,+8o,) Bato + qt 04)B, = (an An +Onfrt-- + &, A, + ® (a, Ay + AaAra t--440m Ayn) = derA +k deatCc W " Teday everyone is fighting for vghts , but what about vesponsibuthes ? — 36- Below we a Summary of the popethes of determinants that we cévered. SUMMARY & PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS let A be a Square matrix . | det A = det Av ; = . 2 2 hhc, then et ara A oy, SmoPPing 3 mF a ee equa then 4 | Tf B is obtawed few A by mulhplying 2 row by R, then det B= AdetA- COR detA=~% detB. 5 If B & obtauned fiom A by dowg the Biloowg R39 Rr tRR then det B= det A- Example 1S : ‘ =/2 !'3 42 Find the determinant f A= ae | 634% 26 a 13 a2 ne een I This u large max 4 would le howenclons te Gileutate the determinant duvecthy Cusiig the aft) we wil vse the — properties Of determinants dt A= 3 |% > 9 = 2.050 ‘i 21 BS Lowe we 2 the Soume —37- Sol4: ahs ~) Lb NTN The previous Properties € detenminan tell vs how the elemencany "OW oberahons affect the determnant we now ook at the chowactenisation of inverhlotcn, tin terms of the determuncnt and a futher property - Tieorem: let A be a sqpare matin . Ten A iS inverhble €=S% detA =O Pooh: A IS wnverhble S & con be ow veduced Cly the Gauss Tavdan method) “+ the Ident4ty moti. I S&S detA R. dar = &.) -O S&S dtA #0 “Mesrem Tp AG B oe masvice s uxnn sqpare ) then det (AB) = detA. det B. We will nor prove the theovemn —3P- and A Bc , then det A = det (AB) = detA .det B =@a.1) C2) epemet Zé = 6.2 =I2 a le Ip > Te rare =3, fd deAS) and deta’). ig & det (A) = Get A) Geta) Caet A) Get A) (der A) Stories o = 3 Te find det(A") , we vote that AA =L S det (A-A') = det(Z). > Geta) (deta) = \ 7 , a = detA = Gea ~ S. ® From the pvewois example , 4 A vo invefttble et det") = dlray =(Aerce) ) —3q— Cramer Rule Th this sechdn we give another way of solvng @ system of Imear equahdne Ax =l where A & an wverkble matvix . The Pilow ng theorem CCramers Rule) shows us how. Theorem CCramer’s Rule) Let A be an nm inverhble matrix and cusider the system af linear eqpokons Ax=b where w= (% and ob = /* Oe 2 ba ! i hy oy has a angpo soluhin by pr oer » KAA det A is the matrix obtamed from A by veplacing the RB column vector of A by the Column “vectey b . Poof: (The proof wil not go mite all details.) The solutdn is unqgye since A is wvertble §detAto. Let X, be the matix obtauned from tue idenhty mat by veplacuiq the & eslomn by 3. So Xu=/'1O% Tt Can be seen (@) (ers et So det A .detX, = det B But detX, = Me le evaluahiig along row R- Hence tM = det Be aA w Where B. —40— ample | 8 Solve 5% -2y% +x = ! 3% +4 2x2 = 3 uM +X, —-%s =O b Sol: = - _ mer Ae(S 2g) 8 °(Q) \ {—=1 using Camers ‘ule » ey,Je27e— s-2 Glove the 4 53 2 home =@GD-(Ci+e) = -15 der, = {4 2 § On el a cal — 4 72 along te ~en|4e) ~' [52 | Gt = -1(-a)- 1 (a+6) = -5 detpa=l(s 1 ! 3°30 1 oO -! =i () ' -1\33 2 Gaile 30 > 3 Bee ns = \@s)-1 (is-3) xs des B, = |S -2 | 3 2 3 re) = i |r72 ']-,)]s 1 2 5 | 3 3 A = Gb-2) - Cis- 2) = ~20 = 7s \ _ = i rs 5 GF = =1; He 20, = then oS we note that f the matrix A i large (say loxio) “t Cramers Rule will be ve But usin vow VedAUchon usUll also cumbersome. for a lewge may ie when the electric cuwent & TRUTH Plaos through the uite of RIGHTEOSNESS and outers the bulb of PEACE , you get the \ignt of Love. —42— cumbersome.

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