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AdMath Notes PDF

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AdMath Notes PDF

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John Melvin Delos Reyes
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MITRA, Joshua Mervin G. BS Civil Engineering University of Perpetual Help System - DALTA Alabang - Zapote Rd., Brgy. Pamplona lil, Las Pifias City von : ue g x a MAT 321(04043) - ‘ MWF 5:00 - 6:00 PM RM 412-E A PROF. ENGR. JOEL R. PALACOL ADVANCED ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS COURSE OUTUNE Mainces Determinants Complex Numbers Laplace Transforms & Inverse loplace Transforms Founer Genes. Inne Senes: Roners Taylor and Moclourin senes Vector Analysis Numiencal Methods REFERENCES 1. Advanced Engineering Matiemahes Wiley 2. Elementary Differenhol Equettons by Ranuille g. Linear Algebra by Kolmon 4. The Colailus 7 by lerthold ‘G9 0a Har November 44, 2014 MATRICES. dn mxnmainx A= Lay] 1s a rectangular omay OF mn elements Creal o imaginary) anonged m m rows and n columns Gy A) 2. tn he Ay Oz... Gn Gn) Om... Ono . Sara o 5 3] pee ae ce Hel uvwxeyd teeta) Y B a el 4 es Li o= [5] 0 ay - refs fo the, element nthe row j* colunin where i- row poston, 4 Ghunin poston, 1 J. That is 118 a squave mainx whee fhe elenienls below the mom dlagonal ore Tews 2 4.0 24 Ey. mf \ a (5 3] 0 0 3 Sefinstion (lower Thangular Nakx) An nxn max 180 lonley smohgular mainx if dy =O for all 1 [ojj], « Sclor muthple of A by r> denoled by vA, Son wxn momnx C=fch] where Cy = Toy far oll i, forall fu Oe. ay... Om Fy My. TOY... Ta¥n G & 02]... Qn PO4 SOz. M024... TOgn cr ee Om m2... Ont. an Ter Fda On). Pp 5-| 0 Fe Gen AF} 2 -) ~1 [5 find (4) 34 ond (27-54 3 4-2 4 OA: [? 3 3| q i2-6 “6h th 0 whee 2.54 : Wp | % -2 | Properhes of Scalar Nuthplicdhon ip Ay Band Car mxn makes, ard cand d ar scalais, then cA Is on mxn wonx Uesure Prop (ed A= oda) Assouahve Property ACcB)= cCAB) cCAtey At CB Distibutive Properhes Ccrd A= CARA Le Ae ea Muthplicahve Identity Properly 0:4 =O ond ¢-0=0 Mulhphcohve Property of Len & zew constans MATRIx TRANSPOSE Gven an mxi matix A=Lay]. the honspase of As demied by AT, ic the nxm mohnx AT: (aj"] here ay "=ai, t i reece oo, 4 ary en (B+c")"= Bree = Properties of Wainx Trans pase — Aand B are ™xp mamces gnd CEQ pxn momx, then 1, CATB)T= atagr 2. (AG )T= CTAT 8. CANT=A 4, (rAyT= AP L scolar November {7s 2014 MATRIX MULTIPLICATION let A= [oy] be on mxp maine ond B= [bj] an pxn matnx. The produed F AcmdB As the mxn mamx C-[oy] where p Cij = Qyy by) + Gizbyy + +4 Oypbpi . & Sindy) Gy Ap ... | 921 dy Om! Am. --. Omk--. B. Given the f mahnces 2-1 0 ~2 Ws) iter seeat | tlie DALES { <1 «-2 «ata AB fasi-a iq Lota 4H =2 -=2-2 4420 2-1-1 PA: | 2-4 1-2 2-8-2 - 48-1 Properhes of Mainx Multipliecthon If Ay Band C are nxn mamcess AB 1S Go AKN matnces (4B)¢= ABC) ACB HC) = AB TAC (BEC)A= BA HCA taco: dy ' ' ' Wn eit. ic 2o GWG —_, CH C2... Ca C2... : Cit Ca... ar Car : “4-17 ~~ tnd 0 -2 1. AB 3-1 2. BA 5 a2 -lo -8 eC tea Closure Property Assuachwe Property J Distububye, Auperty TA= AT = Ay T hos sone dimension eA uthphoahve denhiy Property OA= AO= 0, O hos some dwension Muthpy ; os 4 Plcohve Paperty cf Lew Noles * Smee ABF BA, moinx mal © tot commutchie *F Aw om nxn sanx, AM= A-A-s-A : 2-1 0]f2-10 5-1 3) rol als 1-3/5 |-4 ~-3 2190 Ze 3 I | Gwen the followiig mafnces See 20! loa A>} 3 -§ 41], Be|-3 0 leet sz Oo 7! find oo ethol hy i offs oat 3-5 4 ccleeaiag 5-3 -2 “126 4 Seo OuuOl | tT 5 | 0 pe O=! elas 3 elas LAT-2a]c = [: = i [-2 1 Sef 2: Bee 4 cTBB"B > Cc™B)CB™B) 12 Lo 2 1-3 0 =4{-s 4 3 0 [ ‘] —= 0 { al ‘lh DOr : + lo 2 = ([-8 -2]} 2 5 | L4 -%] November 19. 2014 An axn mamx A> Cay] 180 sYNMETRIC MATRIX 'f Ond only ATS 4 Ex. 43-2 43-2 A:|9 1 5 Ate] 9S | 5B] a4 25 ~ £20 -G An nxn max A=[aj] 'S SKEW SyhmeTgIC if and only if AT=-A tat § Ojs0 for al t=) and ay-=-ai fir all igi 0-2 -3 0 23 0 -2 +3 i, as Z “| Av= [: 0 || 20 ca] 3-40 oO: =F: 10, Lo 4 Oo. ENTITY MATRIX. Tp The tently matnx Th is on axn many nhere Oj=0 fer oll if | and ayn4 for ol i=] : | 0 400 [; ufo re Lely Osr0uat | ‘| ; Le cond c2zo0°o ip A=Coy] 's on msn mataxs then AnmnZn = Tm Amn = Amn bw (S S| Wenpy 0. ATg= A ‘ T,A= A a ca tory & 0. A= A b. IAA deny \ =I Fe (paOr Oni fo | 3 | , - ; e|[: JE | dOo1SLC -) 6 -l ZERO MATRIX Onn The ze max Om IS on Mxn Manx where aj =O forall i, for all y -{00°9 _{o ° Ong Lo 0 3 Oa [) "| REDUCED ROW ECHELON FORM bn man main A> Loy.) 18 sad fo be wt the reduced tow echelon form ft | sahsfies the following condthons 1 Rows corlaiing enbrely of Zeros. If anys are at fhe betom of the mainx ae 2 For each mon tat does not canton anhrely of zeros, the first nonzero erty 1S ta colled fe leodmg ety of fhe row j 3. Er oad 6 dre oply two guccesse rons that do not conta entirely of zens, fre leodag erty of s is 40 the nght of the leading eniey > of r 4 if ocoluma contains 0 leading enky %f some ror, then all offer entnes along thot column dre zems November 2452014 Exomples of Mamces in the Reduced Row Echelon for CRREF) rhe evo mote 100 0 3), Ee |e oo(t}o 0 eee “ose kama tHHeQe o off ans 66 13 te oF oT Ss tetas t leading ent p= fas See Ls the enines above * below the leading entry stouldl be Zens ELEMENTARY ROW OPERATIONS Ma eementay row operchon on a mgttx Ais Gny one of te, following 1. Interchangig two rows of A 2, Multiplying a FON Of A by a nonzed scalar $. Adding to row ¢ of A K multiples of row S of A. A moinx B is con equvalet fo 0 mat A if B con ve obkmed fiom 4 by opplying a fist sequence of elementay row operahons on A. Ex. Given fie following matix A tina ‘oe os o ch @ 's 2 ° a 0 Poform the folionang opershonc Seqrentathy of A interchange rows | asd 3 a oh Muthply row 2 by -4 @B. hdd to 104 twice of row 4 - Interchange, rows 2 and 4 5. Muthply TOW 3 by 2 ond add t 40 ton J 24 4 17h de tz 1] Re (3 -2 of fs Ob R, 2{O -) 2 1 [-R>R, |< 7 6eee aM i ti] A ition ont Orel aw lL 3 2 0 = el aera ol? i +1 i 27-51 Rit Ry > Ra z a = 1 elias rn « Y * $ 2 2 at @0O-- « zene 8 2 z ae —— erre F ee ee -~9~- -O-= —-90-—¥T0- - 2 « enoo —— see ar 2 TaN RT TN TTI ATT ° ae ee tox + & onoo tnoo Teno Todo oe aciis: 37° * * e— = —~m-o? 9-0 p-9 9 P= 0 fo ee ‘s gad Ce + < = < Peete oS a ro- oT o- COT om, OPER et 5 SF & N49 0 " Z i : : 5 é > oust = <= a} 2 = 2 Z en . ; i vor _ Bs v re) November 2, 2014 FINDING THE NIATRIx IN REDUCED ROW ECHELON FORN THATIS Row EQUIVALENT TO THE MATRIX Fx. Given Pee ae Al) aueee oe 3-40 2 \. Wentfy the first column ihe the ankles One not entwely of Zers Coltd tt as the prictol column. flog tie protal column fam top 4 bottom, identify the fust poser eahy. Gited ths os the G pret. -2 47] Rom A> 1 a eter Oe ee pivotal Olu, 2, Make the prot 1. This will be the feadmg enty OF the first row. Make the oher enines along the column Where the Heading entry is located Gil zeros. =f 2 a ! Ae |e sealed 4 Baal 0 2 13302 -4 Alo 7 ~5 12 | -2R)tRp>Re . © 8 -G 4 43k) +R3> Ry g. Disregard the tow where the 1st leading i locaied for he mean- time. Repeat the dbove procedure unhl you find Mie leading entry 173 2 74 | Ae oO -% "| FRam Re | o(8 -¢ 4 an A leading eniry 4. Make the offer enites ateng the new leading enky to be zem. 10 -& © | -% Be : © ~24 7/3 ]-BR.TR3> Ry ©. Repeat fhe pocedures for the next leading entnes unhl you find the reduced row echeion form of A. Ae 1° -h & A>| 0 ' ~5R (fz 00 | -t J>%aR3>R3 [0 0 | 7] ARgrR>R AAV 16 2! 6 0 ft ~] JSR Re The moinx in mef that ic few equivalent fo A is io o } A=] © 1 Oo 4 OOF) Ex. are 1 © 32 V2] dR FRR Pg (ee ie AL SB eee gases O 0 ~% S/2 |-FR4R3> 83 BEES 0 0 -2 +7 1~-3R,4%> Ro ivi, 2 27 SRR 1 0 4p he ei )es ee nls Mloe tm ie set © © | Ht [*%gR3>R3 Got) aap Ceara toch we 2 1 Oo © 27 7SR RoR A>] 0 th “hb -3 [-dRtR7e psfo 1 oO I |2ReReo © -} -2 3 | 2R4R3> Ry eo , i UGH ee) 0 0 0 0 IFR+Ry oR II, 2 2] 0 <1 -2 3 [Rots + the Moinx in the wef that is - A510 a, - ws i deat [2 vie tb fei tolent 40 Ais “" Y, 2 Lae : 1 fe te 3 \~r. > o | =I © Ha ~Wa ~3 oi Olgas 00 GAUSS ~ TOROAN REDUCTION METHOD Consder the aystem Of linear equahons below Au Xi+ Ap Xz +.- + Ayn Xn = by ax, + Gaz X2 ++. + Gon Xn = be a) lent t Quah ten 40qnXe = bm We define the mixn mginx A= [oy] 08 fosoms Ge .-. Gin A> | Qa ae ae a (eet Cit Qn <-. Gn | a eee ree Matix A is called Me coefficient matrix of the system ci) A bh let A= | and B=| tr Xa hei i‘ mx4 We system of Imear equchons C4) can be watten ds Ax=8 nnd mx4 Gasider He system delew X~ Ug t3y=s 2x, ~ 2xg 72 } x + X)~ X32 Form the moines Aa X aa B ey A 3 uf: : “| r-[s| -(2| fi te * z Form fe me Cat) augmeited mainx (3B ] meals Find te matnx tow equivalent 40 C48] M reduced row echebt form 1-2 3]3 © 4 -B | WA] 28) 4R2> Re 9 3 -4 | m1} Rit a> Ry 172 8 pt 2 1 -2 “ts ° 3 |: © i 61 - Rg ° o 0 ‘| Pot R)> Ri O 1 OF t ] apse Rs > Re (oasfe(istae it [| Rennie the system veg the above eta matix ead oot Ra v " PRE ee CASES ¢ applicable, only fo n equanons of A UNKNOWNS)» DON'T INCU 1. The system hos ifnsiely many soluliis ~ ow equathon ss mth! another equahon in the system er one equation is a linear combin tno Or moe equohens in He system, If she last row of the augmented mainx is [0 0 ... the system fos infiniely mary solubon 2. The qystem is mocosistent - fhe system hos 0 souhi F ory ron & fhe ougmented mainx CO 07... 0[C] where cls ony ponte aastant, fhen the aystem hos to seluhon / Fr. ire the gystem of litear equation belon sige-o} Xtgtz —0 xtyt+i2z=0 t23]e teat ie | o 1 ° ‘ Saar 2 23 TRERZ? Rg X= 0, YF 0, 2=0 [23 Z Bap O [2] Roth ak 9 | © |-2Ry +R, i|o at DON'T INCLUDE 3k | A) aes ee Pe ores -F oP E es > 2 fe £ be © t ra ~ ae aS 2 far S 900 e Dei) s (eer aettoeay “| “+ 3 Is 2 il “I rT NSr -OY9 ~of- ooo ---Y 00-9 90-0 0 9-050 0-00 9-00 9-09 20-900 ~ec00 ~9090 —~c00 ~o aye (eae eli Ss eg os ts ss t 2 Ey) m cates < 4 eee its it Ane $ oe g a e ei @ a 2 $8 oe a 1 a y o - —tQm —tmip Pera ere MSDN ere MDa, So ANE | EL ete TOO Bi - ttlescncatee sainssoemasen grits te te a ee ane en Le v= 9 Mesa NON a os = ha $ TOON O-TNOHKTN ONTTORAT- TTPT --ry BPP > a5 1a be & + i On TS TAMOTNYN TAMA -awN O-D9 O~00 ef & & NO-A ~onnN —~- C00 ~200 ~0c00 ~000 ~oo0 nes eee iirc oO, (Ue ey ey | Gy " 2 lia 3 : 3 ee Quiz 2. Find the mdimx row equivatett in the manx below in the teduced SON echelon form Neeser | pieleadto 2) —S pees) 2 i 2 ESO 0 2 i eno 2 Vl 0 4 ~6 3 ~G [R+R2> Re © 5 G&G =1 4 [2Rrthy >Re OF 2 J 0 IR Ra Rq Weeocee? © ct 0 | Wye 0/414) 4R2> Re CO. 25).6.-| 4 O-5. 2 | O 0 Sf 7 OHH 7) BRL ERR, 0 1 -%y 24 ~4&/4 © 0-8/2 Wh ~Fy [Rat Ra>Rs 00 -% 8/4 ee BR+ Ry > Re 0 Phils ot ~% 24 2. oo 1% hb, |-Gha 8 0 0 ~8 13/4 ~ Uy too by i. “Bha t8r 7k ot oO ~-2 4R2 >Re OF Opal “Wy, 4s % ad 0 0 0 ~4% 4a J Sey try rry Pi 20).0, 806" —77, OF Els Oa 2) a oo 1 “Yeh 000 1 at ~ hg >Re ‘le ¢ ML 7 Ry gio 2 fl gece ° ae GRq + Roe Ry 2 ftsing Gagss- Jordan Reduchon Mefleds fied the soidhon [a:8] = v tt iE | | 2 ° oou=— 34}! Sr) -2 14 fal 1} 3 i ie te gira az peo 1 oh 0 "b 70 a “5 61g 1 Se 2 ° fa 45 0 -"y -8 o ~%, 1 43 ° 0 2 3o dx+ Sy + 42-1 Gx- y- 2224 Wtg4 2:7 ~2x ~ £y + 32 =-F ooo— o0o-0 4 | SR R, xe! sink t a, Ye Fla HO PG RL tRa> Ro Ha |[~FRLtRS > Ry ~6 1 28 ERE Rg a I Te She "py ] Skat RR, =6 ih |-Wlp - olf, Bhathehs 2 {Ya 2 Rat Ry Req F 1-6 - 2, ely cy hot Ra Rp ! a Rgt Ri aR 1 | -TAyt Re > Re ° ° |b oO ~Glf Ro ¢ Ray 7A See orNT aoe Reece é -_ a- ad “17° Ne Fy a Prjot = — zB ee h as Tae 2 NON cai Ss oO Find 1, AAT oe 2120-2 3 0 -3 -3 2. BTecT ow -73 1B -2 “2 4 +373 “3.3 et 012] 1 tas SII re t {; | “2 3 o-3 4 1 tarsit 4 4-4 15 8 8 -I6 24 3. 5A-(A2)T Trey Trt NOM VOW tus UO 9 MD a a A. m>n Fr. Ox+y=l R-dys3 2x~3y75 2 [3 & Hi { 3 Ss 3 ' 2K) + Ro >Re 1 J-2R) 4 Rg? Ra ‘Ec 4 | je 2 2Ro +R > cal] Eke (2 [er [2] x 24 | ge | o=0 “Red, gerd 4y consistENT as December 322014 Some cystens of linear equchions do not have equal no. of equahons mn and fo, of unknowne n; thot is, the system has a. greaier no. of equahons Cm >n) b. greater 80, of utknowns Cm BR +R >Re OES: 2 Rt Rar ky Tee i x = I OF! “. NO SOLUTION » (NONSIstRYT ° ° dls (iri? ae ~G | AAR tRoPRe 1 3 a Ee ( Is] es “BR Re [1 0 Bp ee o 1 Ys|%s 10 et ot ra x (ee a i z= N ae -'. INFINITELY MANY GOLUTIONS Ex. xt2y-82=3 ye hezet 1 2.-3]3 Lele l 2-3 3] 0-3 aa Ri tRo> Re ce 2-3 J o | ol “47 } ont slegere ° "ls eeal pes x -zZ> 7s gy -22=~%s yard “+ INFINTELY NANT SOLUTIONS Ex. x +24y4+2z23 2x + 4y t4z=-! fee! ‘] 244 {-1 2 ° 3 2 ° EL ute Nw NS *, NO SOLUTION INVERSE OF A MATRIX An nxn mainx Az Lajj] ts called q nonsingular ( oF invertible) matrix if Here exist d matnx 8 such thar AB = BA=I, B {s called the verse of mainx A and is denoted by Ant Hence, Ap's ATA = In Not all square mainces have inverses. These matnces thal do not hove inverses are called singular ar non-invertble matix Ex. Find the inverse of the matnx below, if ft extsts HLT] M-l= ATA = Tn erie ale boy an “bt 2d] . f! © “gate -abtd a! at2c>41 > datbe=3 ~da+e 20 > ~3at c70 Te= Ge a= 3 2 t a z bt 2d=0 > sb+@Q-0 -abtd=1 >-3btde4 a ose qo " Vote Pecemiber 10> 2014 Finding the mverse of a Manx, if It exists. Gwen ai mxnrmemx A= Coy]. Let B=Lb,) be on axn mamy cuch that AB=Iy Ay Fe... Gn by be. bin 1 0...9 Gai Fee _.. day | | dai bas. ben Gy Gp... Gant LB yy bas ra FS minIE “Ay bu + Gaba; +. -F4igbaa® 1 by | 02 F Arby t... 1 Ayn = 0 : “YAK =e) Where xy * . 4{° Qn Pint Gpaban +... Innbag = © bn o Steps. Given On xn mainx A 1. Fom the nx 2n ougmented matin [Ai In] 2. Reduce the dugmenked molx fo reduced row echelon form [6:0] 3. If C=In, then the myerse of A exists ond Aé'= D5 otherwise, A 9 singular motnx B. Gwen a matnx As find Aw gies : {2-+(to tend [13 o19| oo) 178 9 loo “Lt 0 }-RtR >Re 10 V J-RrRg>R3 Ss on; t an oo- Go- 0 o-0 c-O an aR = =. Since C= tn, ale 7 | z 12,1 3h Neg: [ o-t ll: Parole Properties of Mlomix lnverses 1 ABT = BAT 2. (B'A7)CAB)= Tn 3. CANTA=A ao) i 60 ‘h ~k © eo! | = ° 1 ° ° \ jane O 1 © J~2RatR rR Ya 2 Oo i BR2 + R37 Ry Sh -3b 17 R3tRi 7 R ‘-2 0 3fz2 F]2 1 we SG he ~Si2 | Ph S|: Flo 0 ~h ° -$hp o | 0 ® 0 | Elica) DETERMINANTS let S={1,255,...,0} be the set of integers amanged m ascending order. A reamongement of S —~ Gioday..da 'S Caled a permutation ofS. December 12, 204- 7 8s fh] 2 feme St £4.258,4) + 4 permutstons eOAapnae Se d2 p- Ve wp B 3 2. 3 1 2 | di d2 Ja 4 23 ¢ ea so: 624 6 42 423 452 1 e¢ [oa3 ol * 3.4 1 413 4 | 1 2 ys 4 4+ ow 1 { 1 t 4 1 2 2 2 Ze 2 2 3 B 3 3 B 3 4 4 oa wprypo-e tr bw po-wn-Foxot Ji Ptr tp Je U3 j4 zt 38 238 7| a1 2 $21 Ge Plo wny i BW Elp-- dotun [74 eonied f _pfaz.. 2 4 Fal —--Y a posthong THM: If S=£42.8.0n} then there ae nn! dishach permutations A permutation Ji. J2o-.aga 16 Said 4o have an invasion If a larger number jr precedes q cmaller number (45 Be fer G T4.28044 Ji U2 Jo Ue No. of laversions e412 4 ie ee i fs 24 6 [Ares 2 A pemutthon j,, aeeagn 8 Of a permutation if thas on { en} to. of permuterhons THM: The are as mnaiy odd pemutatons +o the number of even pennurta-hone Wo. of odd permitations = ip, of even jeanatation = 2. tet A>Caj] be an axn Matix, The determnant of Ay denoted by [Al.or det GA) 16 defined 8 lal= Ztaj,- Gaj9 *..." Saja imhere & as token over al permutations of S= Lb 2 Su.on 5. Me Sigh 8 taken as pecrve for even permutations did negshve for odd permutahons Fx. Guen the tatnx eta fitd! fie determnant [st 2z Ae | t | 1073 Oxy" Qaja * $= {12589 Lit : loop | oH) aad jh 2 Bl retions| Signi ieee On |i wag 2} yl i VRE Vee) | a Pees ita et ee 2 | 2 | + Se 2} 5 i= lal= ZLAy Cain Aaj = tay Qn Oss — Gu Ws e ~ Oy A; 33 +A. 42593; + Gg. Qa4d 32 = AysQr2 Ga, = 4€39C19(3) ~ C3XANCO)— C1)COIE3) + CICCI) + 2202¢0) —c22aNC1) Be dg): | Vales l2 fora 2x2 matnx ales al lal: e | = GyQyy - A A, “Fer 0 dxd_matnx a(t le G31 32 day, Gy Gp ep . [Al> a e = = Wi Qz2 Asp Gy G25932 - dy Oy, Ay + Ay Qy5 5 + Dyda, M9 - Ayaan) METHODS OF FINDING THE DETERMINANT OF A SQUARE MATRIX I. By Oefiurhon 2 Basket Weaveg (or Expanded Cclumn) Metted — Walid only far no % Ie dy f A=} a, az Oy 031 dy O33 js SSeS 4.222.249 + O420,3 95) + ag Ar Ys | ~ [99% 05 + Wes Yet Op dey a] *® Dou'T 3K DON'T INCLUDE &, DON'T INCLUDE XK DON'T INCLUDE 2k AGE Proto} Condensatog Nlethiod — Volid only far n23° Calso callec} Cho's ego | % -- Ueey Og Oy Oe - ayy ay Ka= |]: : : caraloniea Sumi Aone --+ Ogenert) pape Om Om On) Om Sy o % dy Gan Gy 22 22 daz, Cte) | | eae 23 yg) a lal= Gy" 2 | 1% 3 wad) dyn nap Ynys} Qem)em) Cen) Qn2 Amy © TOmin4) Onin q Where | 0 ok Gua Azo, 34 soon, dnd ay eo. Sy nonzero enky Oj Moy be taken as a pivot. wherein the inant of He 2x2 minor nfo contads aij Was evaluated by taking the diagonal contoming ay as the leading diagonal. DON'T INQUDE + for a 3xd manx e i, ay a we(% % 9]. co [IZ Bl[2 & ~ {024 dp aa3} = ayy ay Wi la ay % on 33 | 32 033 o 1 1 -l | cleat sO id [A BRAT) TONY fo fd [Al 1 0 = 0 ey Definrhon ve BH FOF Signum 14) =O, Ga, d39 043 —Qpa35 A404 + ater oe ae 4s a2 Oat ay ~ Gp, Gan hy + qt ss tH a eg D499 Ig) Cag + A253 39 Guy Het = COCUG2ICS) - CDEC C)+ =. CHCANE2ICII- C-IVENCIIE-3? ae + CDCI) C-27¢-3) ECDCICNC oles heen eee) = 6-22 -3te+| eat 23,41 3 : Ale a tas eeea aa htt tT set ates 2c” een B24 4 32 41) 4 BA GE 4213 + - A2 p45 ae by Pivotal Gndensahon Method > chio's Methad oon fies 5 24 0 LT AP not ay it} J [a= S @) -1 cals ay =0 lAl = a | oy Gy Go3}( ay aya) ois : aa le yl Ny aa lo oas| |x se 42941"l0g, a la deg 2& DON'T INCLUDE ** December 1s. 2014 PRELIM EXAN| 1. Gwen the following matnces dG at ze 4 i A=]0 -4 1 BFi-1 0 | ce] 7 D=[-3] o-4 9 a-tt \ Find the valve of a such that CTBAC= D | 14 ee [lh -i “to 4/2 (sta o {] | de= 44 ta creA=[Sta 0 us f |: [sta datur-1 -3-a] 0-4 0 ctBAcs [Sta datae~4 -3-a] [:}: [-a-3a+4] 1 be[- a +4] > (-3] _ *;, eo-S se-—-cs oe2-—0 Co- 6 Go Gg Co-0 G-—--cb-lo 10 o-cc OoO-6GG 6-00 o-oo az 3 ~5 SR, + Ro > Ro 3 A ~ 28+ Ra? Fe ~¢ ~2R, + Rg> Re 3 5 a —R2 Ra al io ~6 3 S - 12 ~ Ra tR3 Rs -2\ “BRat Ra > Ry 3 oS -%s % FoRe 7 Ra -2\ Fs ' 2Rz#Ri>Ri “Ys |~ 2/5 | GR3 + Ro Ro - 45 | Bis Ys | Bis ]-V4Ra +R4> Ry as | Us ~Ws | -t25 ~6i5| \As \ . S/q Rq> Re ° 35 Rq thi> Ri 0 “i Ws Rq + R27 Re ° Gls Ry Ry Ry | ety ° x 0 Y a ° 2 \ LW 3M, 2-6 = oY; & is 4, f S= £0, 1 2.8,4 8 6 th date fe tuber of tWexsions tre following permutahons ond stolt if the permutghon 1s odd ar even a. ac2is4 — 8 INVERSIONS, C+) EVEN b. 510423 - 49 INVERSIONS, ©) opD c. 452461 — 3 INVERSIONS, C+) EvVeN 5 if oreOr al aat o 2 o -2\=18 ee eee |e Ou lEs Find the value of a. Ute d2 Jo U4 FoF Invs Signum U4] = 2 Eas Saps Aaya Otay A © Me ; 12 3, 4 = C2X2XIM2) + C27C22C1)C1) 42 42 3—_1—_—= 4329-4 —_1 ~ A(2)Ca)e2) = CHC-2) any og at. + CHD¢2)09) C1) - C2000) 14 23 2 i. \A| = $-4 44a -242a-2 sae [Al = Gq = 18 ogo: a4 a=3 Tanyaty +, 2015 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS 1. Te defermiant fa mainx ond its tremspose are equal \aT| = 1A] false 2 As leio “| iate-3-4#2 =-5 0 aot | at=13 9 2 | IATT= -4-3 f2=-5 2) 6 2, £ a mainx A contains to identical rows Column), tien (Al=0 ex, [tr 2-3 A=|-to -l |Al= O42-2=0 Lt oI 3. a mahx B cad be obtaned from A by inlerchanging tuo rons Ccolumn), then (5\=-{al ex fee A= | =\ 01 IAl= -3-442=-5 GEZIES f-1 -| 0 Ri=> Ro ae (ole 2434425 2 IF a matnx A has a row Ccolumn) than Contans entirely of Zemsy then lal= 0 ck ragter reat A>) 4 -5 | IAl= 0 £6 0 © . Ia manx B cay be obtaned fiom A by Muthplying each element} of nr of A by d Sealar cy then IBl=clAl ex. ji : 6 2 Joc 8 \Al= 5 al ale ees 71 2 =2 G | Bho s a E | 2>R |B) = IO G6. f a matnx B can be obtaned from mamx A by cideling +o-a mow Pr of A k scalor muliples of a row S of A then (8) = 1A] Ree ga ry -1-38 E | | [B]=~G+2+6+3 | aoe: = Dee tae | —3 |G J 2RtRy Re 3. f A= Cay) Is an nxn upper Cor lower) Anangular matnx » then IAL? yy Gag * 033. Can 3.1 2 os A-{°-1 5 \Ale-49 9 8 Applying appropnate poperhes of defermnants fc fwid the delermnant of the given matnx. below: Celis = at AP{ 1 4 0 7-2 Orie loro raeel Raed eet jaa) ee ef Plt 4 6 og Oe aal aro eaa 2 Ope Ne 1 4 0 -2| her i eczeeeel eect: becom Oren af £9 1 5 ABO, eo wwf? "Fh G8, | “ah thank Of 3 | © -8 -1 4 1 -2R+ Rye Re J f ec < + ee S$ + ee 2 2? ++ [22 a ot ot 1 fy i v_ Vr tH oe 1 Sui eo ' as 2219 Ss ei, oS a (as So kc oo & S 2 iS) 2; 0 -18 Mw lal=ue Find [Al ee 2 t ot fe Loe oe ees ete Aes Omar cad Rg +s Re 0 I l al ae 2. Oo \ \ 0 dv Ra» Rq ue 2 [= 0 6 73 2 0 oO 0 0 © La | SRe+ Rg > Rs Ile © 0 o oO 0 -2cocnencn[5 | [AI= Tonuary a, 08 COFACIOR EXPANSION METHOD let A> CajJ be on nxn mainx. Leb Mij be the (n-1)x(n-1) sub- miainx of A obtomed by deleting the ith row and j¢h column of A. The delermnant |Mij| 1s the mmor of ay. The cofactor Aiy of aij 1s defined by Ag = C47") (Mg | expansion chou a Te delermmant of A bythe ith row of A is LAL ay Aig + Oia Aig +... + in Ain a . a ai Ai The determinont of A by expansion about the jf con of A Is \al= ay Ay + Oy Ag t... + Gay Any 2 ahi 2 ahi 1 2 =! 0 & IP As {0-1 3-1 | fag & Mer Ae ho-ra?P b. Mags Ang 11 0-2 443, Ag> (“1 [Mig] > Cn*c-4) = -4 (#) “| Ml = i 2) scenes Oak Auge (1) *** [Maa] = C-#*(@) = 6 1 2-10 Ex. If Az} -l 3 -I }o tnd JAI by cofacor expansion about 10-1) ly 0 =z a. 15 OW ela Saict fay = AYE Mg + OU he Wn) [022 hy? (-1)"? [Mp] == eyes fo 2 y= D* IMels +] 9 | [s-4 Teele o-1 3 ag C4)" [Mal> —] 0 -1|*~+ | ° ° ye l= QWAti+ Qa Aty + Os Mis Fam Arg * (2-8) +(-144)> =o t4 4 - “2 =-12 4 ¢ { ie =f 1). 4 I Aes nO eat b. ded column 0 Mren|ae ifeen : : +c + 1-2 0 | -2 { | -2 =CNG4)- (39065) + CCD = 4-15-1 Sate LAPLACE EXPANSION METHOD Let A> Lay] be an nxn maiax. The detemuant of 4 by expansion or rows Corina. ie) Is gen by Al=2 Au os : P [al i Hate, jaja je Metin ee a where TA. weg c Cagghtig tothe tyr tyetntye (Me e . Nitiamingdtiande “co gt ee [Misia wins jade. | The summchon is taken over all permutations of taken r at a fme in 7 totural order [yf = 8] (n-r)I : a2, & Ff At]o 1 lo Le 3 -| “1 1} find 1A] by expanding about the first tuo rons a 30 ae hha pum Ace ~e eee ron pe KNPw + + aE } hot bh hw to putea tates 10 S20 1-1 39 alle il> fs Tae Fal [Ale + = allel ls rip aly =F C9 = CCN ECAC ACA) ~ 6596374 (-1002) 2-341-2 45-6 -2 au 3 | 3|| =-le Tomtary 28-245 CHIO'S METHOD ij... Oty ay... . let A= [aij] = YS an nxn mato. The deteminant ay > Gin yj... Gan of Ay IAL, using Chio's method 1s gwen by Cusing ay as the “pwvot") at os Ge dy] [Oy die Ot aj || in aij diy a aon | | 94] [12 aaj] [aj dan [a= [oj] a diy ai, dij ay On : aij} Join aj] | Ow 1 aL ay ej F001 Cy) xc -1) 2 L Ex. Gwen aie ‘i al 2 4 find IAL Using oy as of ate a | a re ie alice, talecavet] 2 Vy ja of fa “fs tyy -4 ally olf * lo 9 -4 |; ‘| [3 a4 3 Ex. Gwen the matnx betow, find the determmant Using Ag 9S Oy 3 7 ae Rat tal feel BoA 4 4 1 4-4 2 {Al = fete Aciat ' . Oe a 1 i : ra ese at al ai" alls oe etl salle en “| 3 3) a! = | ees yy | i] ls alls ee ill 4 24 46 alle 4| leas # 4 2 1 sia 2 1 Sede ori t —4: 15 = a: 7 6 0-4 1 Z ee l5 | 4 45 -24 -¢ “2 42 4 * 33 (Sb4 417010 ~15852-gog4) ~ 4 (oon) \ale 434 ee ee a Gy Op - f Ou Caz - gren by [Qu Oz ay - | Oz Gaz .--ds} - (al=| Biwi : [air ay ++ Conn os day» ponded thot ij= 1 Ex. find WAL if A> lal: posh ne tas be on axn moinx. The determnant [Al is Oy +A -Qrj. = One| “Or | Gan Gal 2104 ie¢a 5 ria 6 EEE EG: a-cnad o-cne2z)_ ~4 C100) 3 = DEN | 464700) -A- Cor - CODCOD 2-CU) 0-C1)C2)- -3-CN 0) =o fs4o-D-Cte ~o| =-{(a+3] =-6 Sanary 26. 2016 tet A> [oy] be on nxn matnx. let dy> J, fe delermnant of A, IAls is gery whee Boe He Gn-10X (nA) maha obtamed by deleting the th iow and {i column of A and suirrauing + cook element opq the prduct ig dp) a oj ct 2 ie. Sse o-a@) a-cDe 2-403) 2-2) -41-CCD 3-003) 1-20) -2- CNG) ~9-cn@)? -2 0 -1 o Og -3 3 3 Mec’ 2-1)? tet A=[oj] be ot nxn mobnx The adjoutt Gr adjunct) of matnx A, denoted bi AdjCA) is he nxn minx Wher the j® element is the co-fotor Aj 10 a v4], a4 =0 dare | 2 har [2 O|e2 etl ie ee eels +42 ! 1. heeft fe tee [tpt tele | 0 -a7t fa aot nyo 2 | 0 42n2 ie laeeieao) 41 What 16 ss 2-2 ][l ts} 2 0, 0 loo agar] aay) ‘[e 220 va[s t | Po idbt! 3 6 O12) oo | A-adj()~ 21, + if A's on nxn moto wih an oom Ady CA, then 7 From the obove theorem. if A IS n0n-emgular CA fias an mene) A* AAG CAD= ATA. Ty Tn ACA) AT IAL Th AdjCA)= A" 1A) fom < momx A : Vs 1 Adin | : al Hi piape |eO eee 214143 Ie ie, = re h oh 21 olft2 “kh bh we] P4854 1oJstk bh % ° ' January AB, 2015 1. Find IAL. Apply at least C4) metheds Ort Ai] AO ret Alo -| }Olt © +4 4 4=| 2 0 14 -1 ©] proraL METHOD Oy 1 0 76. 22: e Jees be becoleseee (taro eae (oT 4 6 = (1) 9 = 1 lalecn| 4 0 Go 0 2 1 { =| 2 log --41 Glee Osea 2a OO) 400 0 aoe at AG) ee jy, a) 4 20 0 | By using the properties of determin o -3 24 =I 2 06 if -e4y-p ° -CACICe) sek ants | Os tea) i 2) — pee yu -ooNTzo-N -3 2 ae T oppo 7 -Teon7 al =H ° e7r-o--OT- -o 0-90 -—Nn4N —~O7 a oe a feet a v 1 TaANeom-TI2AOC0°0 § ‘ uu ii + sar 80) sym ot a ne en Por —-avTots vie) tr-°'° TT-o7°e T-oTo De pee Oa eos Tw-ee Saeco 2 — N70 21° vTOCO Ligoo= s-os oe —-oc000 - oo ciono 7T C0 90 0 e2000 7 ; + 40-0) C1) Ce) \A\ wal=-24 ae tom — o7™ 7"? ae x S_ r= Ss oe & < 5 S = S ¥ 2 3 3 +4 tne | _.[7 3 we +) i a. “| 4 Ag: + 8 122 ee tH 24 ay Ay= ~ 14 ag one bx -| 04 24 Ay Quz, = Cit+)-(2-6) =i Hm % fe fsy iL hth ty Febuary 4, 2015 T. Fird the delermnant of each of fre following using the indicated method - 4 '2 hi Jz Signum tS. 9 1 “1 1] Laplace Expansion fe 5 a pape Ce ly rie faite ty 2.0 {2 24 + 2 a ; 294 + oe bay i allele alls + Ls allt] TY ou & EPR) een =-8-4- 2-8 “| | 4-1 16% V\-] ed lot 2-4 O22. ee! - Exponeion pa silt (o- factor Exp Zl @ = (2-)— = [40-38-7498] oth-dth-9 = b- 7-0 = eo Ef entheth-2= ¢-7~18) o. z+ & go 0 8 8 | lh? = G Ob fe f& o 1 | Zz z= 1 © {~le! pw ony] OC I- 1 o g pet Oe Ae) + o | le Ziti bb- = (24-)% = + b= oF [or~ bo+oe—o9 + aitgo-|e=] ee. ge ae ga Oa bs : | al: eI os I- © ie ee I ae € lil I- uy sla {5 e{li- wll el z~ 1 loa SSO tt PayaW 9, cM faerie € t- $@j * 8G = | S-L-§-@= (Gto-byb- Cee 9- Ey, 94 b4b-Z)P— (et TET bb = ® ¢ I. I~ 7 I- I- 7 I- Kak re shifi ee Ore Nal |' 2 A. Oe ee £-Sts Win eSie b+ be T. fred te mise ‘wainx BY OF K veng he OBjowrh of A Ad) CAD 2e=\t ae be Zesel feaileass Fail et lL 4 dart] 3/2 Aes at cial a ; | eee ei eole en [lt Sf A= Coan? tao 2 her-|T Ble-4 1 -I elo Sne| 2 = = 25 fgg? SF Aaa=t 27 he rs ei |: 3 : ia Ph Went s+ Ay Ay Av] foo 1 2 AACA?! A A Aw f=] 3 2 74 5 =8 =| Aig Aas Age | ~"s— Adj (A Pi rh ra e-L| 3 2 -4 “AY s -8 -1 a “ne 2h ae he a Va The ‘Cor J) 18 defined as ist the Z takes the form zsatbi — [Rectangular Foon] where gb are real numbers Re(z)=a > Im@2) = b> The af 2 denoled ty Z, is defmed by 2=0-bt f B= a-bi, Za +bi eCS)= ) 229 2-9 _ C Real No.) year B= bioZ=-bi (Pure Iognony No.) ‘fz ond 25 are complex numbers, fren OR Ate bee BR % BrF The, 1s 9 coordinate plane where the honaoital axis 16 the, and the vertical axis 16 the : \m imaginary CL) 252-15 Br~1-3is % Real CRe) ie B=4t8e ff 342 342i HE 2 -a-ot B 3 3-2 Hr - 143i the wryugate of acomplex number Z is a reflechOn of the complex number Z about the ral axis 4. GUM | Let 22 Gytbyi ond 4g Qgt bai. The sum of 2 and zy is Bt zy = (at bi) +Cqt bac) Ex, B= 6 -Gt Bt = Gai) H-444i) | ae 4+ 4 3 4-21 2. DIFFERENCE Leb 2 a,tbii ond + a2tbai, The difference 2,-z, is 2)-Z2= Cotbyi)-Ca,+bed) Ee. 24436 272s C4+3()- (6-30 BH: 5-3i 24460 if zeatbi ad z 3, PRODUCT Let a= atb4i and z= aytbgi, the product z\% 15 Zz2= (atbyi)(agtbai) = A + Abai t a2byit by b2i* ff L=V-1, then Tet jarred’ te ite si feet iz -4 janet ny ies ey Be-i ite 2 it 4, We Ex. Gven B= 2-3i, Ezttai, find a. zz b. az, Q. H2Q> CA-3U(1 AR) Qt+4i-i-i? wow Bt b. HF = -80Qt8) = 4461-Gi-4i? a} z= a+bis riety 4, QUOTIENT tet 21-0, tbe ond zy= tbaiy the quobert EL w green by Bip CEH Gre ba 22 thi a-bi = _O02~ 9,9; + Orbyi ~ dibai? 42 bai? ~ Dida t bibs +aghyt-aybai rc Ex. given 224-0 4 find a, 21/22 Bg-4i b. Z2/2, o3/y ak, +t. ott ow, Ai 40 He oA GTA a 4H 4c = Redd, = be 842 qe Wot = tat = W-}-8 35 W 2 ey =o er as a5 oe by Ai Att a 4-4 4tt = +4 ~186 let! = len Bi iF = b- 8 7 FF 6. CONSTANT MULTPLE if zeatbi ond kh any constont, kz= K(a+bi) Febuary 6. 2015 Gwen the complex number 2=a+bi Bn oni From the graph = ts (a? Fb ne of 2, !2l cf ih 05 ton bw Fw gz 8 Also, a Re d= ras bersin @ Hf z= a+big then 2= atbi = rets6+ irein Other Notations “> Trigoromeine Form =F Z= FCcos b+ isinb), then Z=rZ6 Z=raus§ 4 eaerZe, o where is Gn weger. If the value of Ae Argument Is —T< OST 0 OSHS ar, then BH « the of the omgument. Ex. If 2=4260% ten 2>4/60t860 = 42 490° ‘oe FO" ure Pad ‘es a ™ Dai @ fe - “8 o> Oe Be F 5-6-0 Note: ‘he solar form of He Comply muniber ze ie uot unique. Er: Convert the foley vomplex inmnber 4p polar torn: 1. 6-44 o Vorrae = VEX = 4.2) = tar” |E| > -92.64 or 326, 3) 4674= peel isin - 33.64) = Fal Cope 33.64°= hein 33,64) OF = TAIL EOS 326, 31° + Isin 326.319) a. -34ai lal= VCar+ 22 = 3.6! b= tan! 2 = Hai" 2-3 tA = B.Ol (ws 40.344 tein 46.3!) 6. S5=¢ I2l= VOSF ACD”: 6:10 b- tow! = {alate £.7G-L = G10 Coos 19].31° + isin 41. 31°) Ex: Wrvert the followng to rectangulur form. | 645 5 5[ oF rene] Eexs = 4.024 Lae 2, ~8Z ig0°= ~3 Loe 120 + sin '20] = (5~2.001 B AL =~-4[ ws at vein] = 2,80 + 2.831 feog: Glen = 622 one) Z7= ~44%, find 2,42) 4+ 624 = 5 (cos Ws ism A) =~ 3.64 4.330 Ba 42% 2-4 (one Mt an GZ) = 1.4 3,800 HtZ2 < ~Laot O.63t iz} = Velaq)? 4 (055)> = 1pFZ0 SFT * LaF 0 = ~ag.x] + 180 = [57.19% of 0, OFT Given %= 7, Cus: +isn 6) 2° Ta Coos ba tisn 62) 2i%q=[n Case, tism6)][rqCus 02 tismrt)) =6ifa[castycus Be +ismbycs02 + igmbs cust) +6 han by 2] > Tita [Censby éns8,~ smb; s1nB) +i. Csmbycos 6 + sm &, cosfh)] Ex. Gwen 2244150" 5 fnd a. 2z2 22° GL-120° b.2,3 @, 2,22 €4)(32Z GO C-120) = (22 30° b. 23 =Z,2,2, = (444) Z 180 +150 +150 > 642450" = G4 L940" » GL Ex. Find the Value oF C3+4{) let z> 344i [21-5 b= 53-10 2 « (5253-10) © 5™ £ 100(S3.10) = 4. 4x10 -[7. 86x08] t Given 2)= ri Coos B+ isin 8,2 Za> f,Coos Hat Lsin b2) % _ 1 Cos Oy tisimBi) Os ba- ism be #2 Ty(ws ytismby) MS B2-Isinbz Osh. 7 2 ee ee “ahem mn Os? # i? 62 e : ea U(.gin 6 e858, ~ Sindy ns ) fa 0S? 82 +sn26y" prea [ aebce : tsin Cf, =H] fo Gwen the complex number zy Z= rCws 6 tisinb) Ex. Gen % 212 I-aiy usmg De Mole Thewem, find z°. Z=l-Ri = 824L63-43 25° 2.24725 (-63.43) = 5G. a9 42.85 B= 4 t3si Fitding the KM root of the complex number 2 1. Wnkez i the z= [os (64 Aer) + isin (b-+20m)] 8 Appl De More Theorem hark [as fg +] 3. Subshtule values of N=Os 4s a>-xy K-41 10 find the KM roots of 2 Ex. Gwen Z= 4409 find (= z=rL0o peyTHP = 12 21-4 o> ton” S. 45° Ze 1.41 Z45° (z= 22 (42 45tem]® 2 Via L Spm at n205 2)? 92 22.6% [140.460 Rely Z27114203.5% — 16] - 0-460 Ex. find the 6x sixth mots of 4 > 2=4+0¢ 22720, peVt+02 =4 b+ tor'.0.= 0° z= 420 E> 2" [1c coramyy" src ge an=0, 22712024 neds 221 Loe= 348i he 2, 237 1Z wor=—L 408i N23, Bei ZioPo-4 neds 252 12 Mors -1- Be Ne, 3,2 1La0s 5 Bi L140.Met February 23, 2045 EXPONENTIAL FORM OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER 2 F)= ag taxt ax? +05;x3+... FCO= do fGx)= a, 420,%+3q3x? +. f'co)=a, $0) = 2054 Ga5x +... f"C0): 2a, a, = £00) 2 f&x)= $€0) + f'Co)x+ LOaEOe.. 6 2 , 0) $00 = £00 + f'O)x + EO e+ feet. fiMoetaurn: Genes Maclaurin Senes AMaclaunn genes is a special case of the Taylor senes 2 on), [toe F FOX .-a)"] and 1s gwen by ao fn) fx zL ne . Ex. Gwen fx) = &% vase! 0) geneet fened — F)= FeoneF Oat fOr, Pt] Foose ford eestxt See See... fere rod ei ieecernne preee™ — gmeaded c= Aan poet pont Ex. Given f(x) sin x f= 8inx — fo) 0 OM x= OF 4: Tre ere St0-8 Set ah fora FO4 ee y t, f')=-sinx f"0)7 0 Oot 4! 2 antl N¢x)z-ensx L(O)=— i =)? | X £Mo)=-ousx f"O)=“1 smx= 2 CD | ho FMG)ssinx £0) 0 f*@)=e0sx f*(0)= H, Ex. Guen Cx) + @sx For cox FO) Tee ECOL HCH v& 40% fixe -6mnx F'l0)= 0 ft 3 "Ga)= ~005 x f"(0}=-1 >{-% x 4a a a 4. "x)= sinx $"C0)* 0. = CO)= | OS X= Scyt se $INCx)= cas FCO) z ear i f"Cx)=-sinx ¥(0)= 0 F"@)2-cosx — f1C0)=-1 = Hoe tot HC oe Gwen f(x) =e forse o eX: oo art tart +84 oes for= ie fae =z A+iK— Ae [x2 - fo) Ce™ figs 2 Mai rat ti $-Sr. ficx)= ier Fro) i ss ccs ite C0)=i4 [te ea +20. | [ee - | greny= Be fia) iF $1) = ibe’* "(0 ih e%= cosxt isin DEFINITION: The Euler's formula states Mat for any real number 6, c= cos8+ isinB, 61 radians THEOREM: if Zextyi= Coos 6+ isinB) then the expression z=re'= rCcosb tisinb), 6 in radians ts ibs exponenhal form. THEOREM: (f el¥= cosB-+isinB, then the conjugale of e, denoted bye“® is e7¥= cos (-8) + isinC-b) = cos 8-isin@ From e9= cos Ot isin B and 6s wsB- ismb, elites eos btisind +clsb—(sins ee cos b+ ism — wosb+ isin = Deosb . Zisma) oso: tte anp> Sh-e¥ 2 2 The obove expressions are called Euler's Identtes Complete the table THEOREM: For any complex number 2, Rectangular Polar Exponenhal is : on ge Se 4 4420 44LOST 4,47¢° 4% aC - eee Ce 2 estas 54% gee 3. 1.44010 220.4 2er% epeememeerr tor. topad | 4 Be 442i rs (4242? = 20 = +44 eet ata ett rod 6: tan al 26.57 ast US| = 0-46t0d 2. 625 6+ Brod= 0.106 rod 5LE-S [cos §+ isin E] = 8-6443.540 a 2e 0.4 = 2[ os (0-4rad)-+usin (0-4rad) ] = [844 0.781 TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES oF THE COMPLEX NUMBER 2 let 2= xtyi cos z= Sate" 2 eis tyid 4 @riCatyid 6 Sa aH eri-d4 errity 2 . 2 evted+e ed 2 (casx + ism x)e9+ (cosx-isinx)ed 2 _ cosx [e%+e9] — usinx[e%~e9] Be COS Slt ate Nene ces cite 2 cas x [ies] = isinx (=) cos 2 = COSx Coshy - tsinxsinhy Thus : wsCx+tyi) = cosa coshy ~ Lsinx sinhy where % and y are m radians Ex. if 22 |-20 (osz= csC1-2) = c0SC4) cosh(-2)~ U6inC1) sinhC-2) 0S Z* 2.03-+ 3.05 Febuary 27. 2015 DE MOIVRE THEOREM The Ye Nowre con be dpplied to the exponential form of the cOmplex fumber z Gwen the complex number 2 where z= rel’ = rCeos Otis). then ges Lre‘t]* z= Meine p*Lopsng tisinnd] Ex. Whett is Cl- 21)> z= 1-2i rs PP 4g = V5 8 2. 24 §= tan! 2-63.43" =~ 1. to# rod ze Dage bor ze [2.24 "mony = 56.39 ¢ 55861 De A+ SBi For finding kM rOots of @ complex Number 2, 1. Wnfe zm He genera exponential form z= rexpLiCe+2m)] 2. Apply the De Mowe Theorem zine otk exp [(( 24200) ] G. Subsirle Volues Of = 0545 23... k-1 to find the KM aol of TRIGONOMETRIC VALUES OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER Let Z= x4 yi -i9 From the definihon of cos ge ete” ogy tere = clcxtyi) + ety HEE _ ett dy en xity . 2 c zB eteyterted 2 But e%'= cosx+ isinx e*ts eosx- (ein x = (cost isinx) e+ Ccosx-isinx)ed 2 2 DSC + leinxe 4+ cose sinned 2 = wsrledted] + ismx[ed- ed] 2 = coon [ote] ]- isms [PES | But sinh y= ey 2 cash y> 22409 d 2: = (06 COshy ~ Usinx sinhy Also, from the definition of sin 6 = ae . * 7 Gin 2= extcy 9 7atty 2 Cede Med at but e**= osx +(sinx O*= osx (sin x = (OSK-+ isinx)e™~ Ceosx- tgnx) e# a a “ane }e (te But sinhy = a Coshy = = Sa Ogg nx Cosh eas sinky + st is shy ae Abo, Ae 4.4 2 He-i < +. -* vv = eosxsinhy + gin x Coshy Thus, cog 2 = cg (xtyt) = to5x coohy = tsinx einhy Sm2z= Sin Cxtyi)= 6inx coshy + wsxsinh; where x ond y ore redl Aumbers Measured m “RADIANS For the other ingonomehic functions ton z= SWZ. sin xesh y+ (eos sinhy GS 2+ “cos easy = Lsinxsinhy > Ginx cishy + (cosasmthy cos Dshy + Lsinx sinhy sx sty > (simxsmhy — cosxcoshy + Lsinxsinhy = Sinxcosrengh?y + i sin@xsinhy costy + Leas? x sinhy coshy = simxcosasinh?y COs*xCOSh?y + Gin? x sh? y = SiN 05% (cash? 4~ smxcosx =dsm2x sinhay » 2sithycoshy > sinhy coshy > 5 sinh2y = ZS dxt 4 (iswh2y) s2x eash2y +sin?xsinhiy fa 4] sin2x + isinh 2y ] 2 cas xcoshty + gin2xsinh?y But cosh 2y= cash?y+ smh? 2 2cosh2y ~| = I+ 2sinh?y (os 2x = COS?x-Sin?x = 17> 2sin?x = 20082% ~4 eng sin 2x +isinh 2y "38 (Fa) (Heesies ) + ( haye! )(oas2s) ipl Sin 2x + isinh ay * FL enaytaractacraay]4faday atrodl-i to] | -$[ sin2xt (sinh2y a Fas 2x# Task) I 2 Hee xt . : tae | JOSHUA ae eR Thus ares ton¢xtyi) = Sin 2x+ isinhy Ws2x + wosh ay HYPERBOLIC VALUES OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER 2 Let z= x+yt Pom the defimton of sinh 6: 22% sinhz: S222? is oe _ extyi- e ®ty) 2 et —eXey! : 2 But eF= ws y tisny ed: casy~ Usiny = &*Cegytisiny) - €*Ccosy ~ tsiny) 2 ~ eg [ESE] + ung [ete] But Sinh x= ee cashg« e°t8" hx x > cosy smnhx 4 Using cash ebte® Also. from the defimthon of csp = SS 2 ae wsz= te” ie = entite ~Cxtyd mal = ered te%eu! 2 But eis coey + isiny 8 = egy - ising = & Consy tisiny) te” ( wosyising) 2 es kigx 2 cogy fete J+ tiny [Se] But Ginhx= ex-e-* Pag = &*t+e* (Cosh x ae = cosyas hx + Isinysinhx Thus Snhz = sinh Cx 4tyi) = sinhx cosy +1c0shx sin wsh2 = Wsh Cxtyi)= Sash xeasy Flanhx siny Ex, Solve the ff: Lome = on COFi) = Gin 0 cosh 4. + Lens Osimhd = .05L 2, WS (-24i) = eOSC-2) eoshc4) - (sin (~2) smh C1) = 0.042 +1. 069) 8. ton C1-i)= anc -i) Msci-v) ~ Siff cosh C-1) +i c08C4) sinh (-4) sf Cosh-4)- istn¢4) sinh C4) > £30 ~ 0.631. 9.837 0.49% 0-8340-49i — 0.838- 0.95 = 4079- 0.5249 ~ 1.297 + 0.6237 1.064 = 0.4553 - |. 8099¢ 1.004 = O.AFA LOSE Prove * |sinz |? = sin?x4 sinh?y let 22 x+yl sin Cxtyi)= Sinx cAshy + Leosxsinhy [sin Cetyi)[= Conx coshy + 18x sinhy) (sinxcoshy ~lesxeinhy) = gin?x cosh?y + cos? xsinh? gin? (4+emh?y)+C1~sin2x)enh?y = gin?x + Sin 6mh? y+ sinh? y — Sin2xsinh et vl 2 ney Bn 1 oe sin 2|> = gy? 2 |sm2|?= gm2x-+einh y — en from the above profs, st Voy EAVES! ce et Cr VEN |sm2|?= sm2x-+tsinh4y a Lemsz|?= cos2xt sinh? y ane LOGARITHMIC. FoRM OF THE COMPLEX NUMBER 2 let z= xtyi and ws a+bi Fiom the defimihon f the natural Logarthmic funchon Inz=w <> eNap otic x byl erebis re? es gbicgib ne=a b- 6 b= tnt Ih z= W= atbi Mm 2= let itor th Inz> Wnj2| + Largz Thus, the expression mz= Infz|+iarge= In| |+ ico +2m) where [2/7 ET and Argz =9 meosyred i rodions, I¢ the ago form of 2. a Nove: Mg2=Otarn is the prnapal value of gz if -1< 9ST, f=0 - the above statement, ‘sime 8 must be m the intewal (cm, TJ. f Z ies in. Ql — gz 6 CH) Ql — Age is -). dT Qn — Ag? 6s oubtrac S~ Aigz Is G) Ex. Gwen zs (241) inz= ny2FF + iton'(4) = 0.8044 + 0-4036i, Ex find In(- 3-41) in(-3-4i) = In {324C4)> titan” [4] = |.o140.%8i , but sine = les on QI = Lot Co.93 ~9.14)0 > L@l- 2.210 March 2, 2015 Examples: 4, n (att) = I (FFP + itan"[ 5] = 1.1513 + 0.32181 a. In C2-8i) 2 = nVG2r4Cs)? + itan [2S] = |. 6836-1. 96181 3. In CS HD = InfesvFCay + i tant [=2] = [.1632— 0.5404, PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS ees ‘the logarithns can be applied m complex numbers but Kf 2, and z, are two complex numbers, then Ing, = Ing+Inz, tf ~1 Toke the positive root cl Also. swiz=W <= Z=6mw «fcc pees a [aie _ ei gO] em aiaeiN= ¢2— 4 et gizelW-4 = 9 By Quadrahe Formula eins Zz tia 4@EN 2 lve diz + (4-482 eis tes Ine™> InCizavt-z2 | iw InCizt {1-2 ] w+ plat ire] We ~iln[i2 1-22 ] ow2=—iln[ies JT] Take the postive wot If 2 15.9 Complex numer, then omtz=~inlierte] i as" ~inf2 et T= -in [2 tiv ee] ten'z = Lyf 142 = wf tz INVERSE HYPERBOLIC VALES FOR THE COMPLEX NUMBER 2% ¥ 2 1s O complex number, then sinh2= met V2ee) cosh''2 = Inf24 21 | te Sak A+%. tanh"z = yh as = March 6.2045 LAPLACE. TRANSFORMS INTRODUCTION, TRANSFORMATION — @ mapping of funckons onto another sel of funchons by using an OPERATOR One class of #Onsformahon 6 the WNTEGRAL OPERATOR PEFINTION: An wtegral transform Is definecl by rifcey=| KCs,t) FCt dt = FCs) = where KCs,t) 1s the kemel of she fronsformo+hun. When ° for £<0 KCs.t)= et for +20, fren T{FCH is called the LAPLACE TRANSFORM DERNITION : The, Laploce transform of the, fumeton FC), denoted by L, & defined by ZA getry = | oF FCA) dt = FCs) the eS used m the above definrhon ts an example of an IMPROPER INTEGRAL DEFINITION: An improper nfegral © an mfegral of the form g=-4, b=o or both f forrdx wer LINPINITE LIMITS OF INTEGRATION] a f has on vertical agymptoke m the !teval {a.b] [VERTICAL ASYMIPTOTES ON THE INTEGRAND] tw evaluahng improper wiegrals of the form J® fCx)dx, a a a JP f@dx= a, ip £@)dx fer mlegratng Sofisldx, evaluate the mit LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF SOME ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS 1 Ft) = Ko k 1s ony constant ziky= is ke" dt ak fs etdt a 4-6, wikete [oe % | makhe Lest }* kn (-ge* k fort] L s ole 2, £t)>t = (* pe-st ke coi Tith> |? test at = hn | 'testat o are Jo BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS act dy- e7Stdt du=dt Vorderst iw ( de" J +Ji edt) © &4tye dra(- ~ge* leek: “:) = a 8. fCt)= 4", Ns o poshue ts 24> [0 era vo 1 frees SY INTEQRATION BY PARTS " n u: th dy: eo % db arena tn . * . 5 * in (geet } tf fea) = lm [i gteta aaa 4 Mn sete tat qa eee n-t ny, Aol pp yn-2 > helt } Bue Pe}. ey 5 BOD THEY REPEATING THE PROCESS = hacer ayaa XY But Lith > ai1y 5 = Ss 2 Cn-1)(n-2)..-°2°1 ' gesichtet Aa s ny A Shs z{t"J on att “ 4. F(t) et 4 zfest}s [Pe Het 2 ELS ee ‘a _=(st-dt) EX: “i,t a eae ; ~t(s-a) ey oye pu “Soe dt ies Sri” etl = lim i eto) yy quire AL e-tls-a)] 9 i is, (roca c ] ° eds s-a 6. FCk)> sin kt Ton kt} = le et on htt } = him (s et onktdt Q7evo BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS Us Sin kt dvs edt du+ eos kt ty. Lest . im (-de#emnt 3+ sS Kestesktdt ) BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS U cos kt dy+ €-Stdb du2-Kemkt&e y+ ~derst 2 meee q— kK gst ‘2s ) fetenie de dim (-ge* okt} Se wskt ]> ~ fe *ontd: ——_r SINCE THE INTEGRAL REAPPEARED ON THE RIGHT SIDE 2) (Pp-st S nl erst ~ke zee a cing) pe snktat = lin [-pestomnt - Set ast] > i —e eye e-Stein kb db = “3 : 2. LLomnkt} + we 6. fct)> os Kt Lake] J? eas ht dt = im je et asktdt are BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS Ue Gas kt di: edt du>-ksimkt dt “ge . tis (-4 Lesaskt Tt =| ae k esnbidt) BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS u> sinkt dv= edb dus Koaskedk v= —dLerst > in, (-er#astt ]s + Kestointt ] ~ CoB fea fy fetes Bet es asta) Pe aati * “ Rost) Shs [fo os fe % Fk) sinh kt Afsinh Wey> FO eS sinh ke at BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS Us oinh I dye eS dus = ke dt ve oe a lim (-4 Ao-st enh ] +4)? e + eochWdt) BY WIEGRATION BY PARTS u: cash kt dv= eS db dys ksh HE de ye ie = 9 est ame e*emh ktdt xin (~gesotblt })~ et ach Wt] + Bho onh Ha) (i a e+ sinh KE im m [=e ambit - Leto]! inh 0-0, mh t+ bo Gosh 0 4, COsh to = : “doh td + SE Mve oh * 1. Louth ht —— 8>lk] 2 holt > So etombit > SS 8. ftE)= ash ht I feosh i} = ls C8 tosh Kedt > in fie 7 ash Ket Ae BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS Us oh kt dus etd du: Keinh ket ve ~derst = hn (-Lersteash Kt] 4 £P enh kta 8 otslo ao BY INTEGRATION BY PARTS U= sinh It dvs evsdb du> i wsh Ktdt =v ~derst : dm (-ger* sh kt |} - Sat S sinh kt ]t+ aG et cosh kt a) (1-§) Jee Seash td = dm [gest cosh it~ Kest sinh a eS fPetenhitdt> a cosh id}> SS |g > Ik fis esteashkldt> Sh Rane eK | _ fP for o FC6)|,5-0 7 FCS-a) By Defintion zietrart = JPetetfctlet : Ng er MELEE £1 fO NN ors-a gale ftt-a), t>a maa: £4} = RSD ond ot, © Peo ten Ligne rs) Ex. Find {e434 Find £4 ert sin at5 let far Let FC sin 3 rG)- 3. & _ Fal Be Rew v? . 8 . ileal : Steves ae ene on & * et oe a (s41)*+9 oad © FISH ex. Find £fe'$ cos 26} Us fd oot Fo he ate st} = S| C44| go» sty Sta [agyl4 4 les*48541+ 64 oe eee = lest4 Ios?+ 85465 PROOF OF THM 2: By definthon Ligcay- [Per gene [te Se ACO LD ECE addt . [Setsa-ad leb z-t-a when t=, 2+ > 4-20 bred, 2b ote dz LLgca= JP eS tearde : fee 52 9 S9LC2) ds ~eef a, eo Fte)de = e759 an =e S9 FCt-a) XL gC#)} = e°S9 PCs) 2 Ex. find £{9C4)} whew 30+ Oa nig Let FCG) = 4? a4 Saeed eee, F(s) a Gs Ligc)}= e7% FCs) & Find £{9¢4)J whee g = a lek fone £3, a-2 bes)* 2 : biel mr s de “ae e* C4-2P for t>2 for +32 checking es nee esetae Ligch}= JPes gard > fetmarletaoa = fPetcerde let 224-2 at 22. 270 4+ at2 t+. 250 dee dz ay . i et) 13 da . lz e78ee z3de i eS [See zidz CHANGE OF SCALE THEOREN THe: if £1 FCH}= FCs), then difcany= Le[S] By Definition, Ligcornt = J” et geatrat let ze ab at 4°02 270 tek beads 2200 dt- de a Lira} - Seer lg) Asse e fenda Lifcan}> 4F($) tx. Find {fost} let $Ct)= oe FGs)= aa aise a ‘lanl, 2 a) “¥ $y a a ( aoe +ew _ _les? * tecs*+le) » 8. 67416 LAPLACE TRANSFORMS OF DERIVATIVES THM 4: If 4EFCAY = Fes). then the Laplace transform of the ntdenvahve of ft) LLPPM}y= FCs) ~ shea) s nei (0) = Cua (o)-..- st 2%9)- f0- 49) = g" FCs) - 2 oe 1-6 p99 PROOFS: £. By Defimhon recy? 2 [* est. J tite 7 i: o. Arpceyyat Use" a= ACPI duz-sestde y= a se” me sem rye +s [es Fendt = £00) + 6 FCs) LEPC} = sFes)- fco) —- CRRET DERIAnVE] 2, let gc f'd) go? f"ce) Tig G}= sc) - G0) Lf gctr} = Ges) but sme Ligct)}- Lip ch} = Fes) - FO { fgct)J = g FCs) — Flr) ° a(s) e Thus T{g'ct)}- s[s FCs) ~ F00)] - glo) Alsos Since gCo) f'Co) Zig’ rd: 82 FCs)- s§60)- FO) Lip'cedy: st FCs) - sf) ~ f'C0) [SECOND DERIVATIVE] Ex. Find {1494 using the transform of denvatives LAFMCDY = 68 LF C0] - 8? FC) -8f (0) - FC) ech 3 Fo) Fd)? ot? FO) 0 LiGy < g8L{t?J-6700)-s0)-D F(t): GE FeO CLI 63 [844] f"(t)7 © ; d= SLi ty Litt}- a Ex. Find Xfem2tj using the tronsferm of denvohves FCt)> sin2e = FCO) 0 Lif 'CH}- sLifwy- FO fia): 2ainteast, I {smatj=s Tfom7t} = gin 2t fy 2s Toes 2 Somt] * aa Ex. Find Tf tsint} using the transform of denvahves | fe teint FO) 0 LUPO} = STL FEY 5 fl) - FO f'CE)= tonst + sint $'(0)2 0 Lf-tom r2ast} » s?L{tsmt}-sco)-0 FCe)- (- teint + cost) + cast ~L{tomi}+ Mhfeosty> s*L{tsindy stant + 205 + A {ost} (92417 fT tsmty a efi |-crtna ttsnth L{ teint} > ane +t- MULTIPLIED TRANSFORM OR TRANSFORM DIFFERENTIATION THM 6: Ip LE FC FCS). then Lit f@r}= - FCs) Lippwsyscn’ os Fes) = G19? FOS) by Definition A fpcny= JP er Feat = Fes) Dierenttate both sides with respect fo ¢ AIP estgenat: Hr] From Leibniz’ cule of difftrenhahon under integral sign [odie soles gtr] JO-te-# eudt = Fics) - JPersteperds = Fs) ~ £fHGAY= FS) tiefctyy=- Fics) Ex. find £{ te7*} Ex. Find Lf ost} let £ct)= ezt Let fct)= a Bie : FGs)= oS FCs) =n bye 4 Lite*J--4[5] If Past} + > [ - A 2 -f- 4 gH [ és zy | ts): je sgn * em ease Gc?) Cyt ex. Find £ { tem at} < (= |- =s ast as z let $Cb) = s at i Fa] : les ] Fae = GstH)?629) -4-5)-2¢24n Gs eid Gat L{ tom at} -£{44| 2 2cean[ -4- c1-s9c2)] =-{- _9@e, | Grant Cs244)? » 28C2s-3) ts GH (s2 +4 March Il> 2015 LAPLACE TRANSFORM OF INTEGRALS THN G: Kf LEfCAIY> FS, ig 2iftfoag= Definthon 8 ai: Flurduy = ie et( fs f(u)du) at \niegrahon by ports 4 a it ford dy edt dus ¢G)dr Vege i fyenag [FS end]cge oe +2)? e*yaat = [F=f Fest)]7 + ae et ect)dt sb htpay af fo Purdy = Feo Ex. Find 2 {Jf sm xdx} f df sin tf ton let ft) =. om + FG) = tant {JG sinndny FFs) = btn 4 S Ss ex. find £f Jf (w?ute")d0} let FR)? -Etet FGs): ) eevee 3 S41 + (y2- v ae Aare a{fiw ie )du} = [3 at = - Lf agp astedis'| SL 805-1) 2s-2~s2+84s3 64(s-1) §9-$*4+3s-2 Cs-1) 4- DIVIDED TRANSFORMS OR TRANSFORM INTEGRATION THM 3 If LEE CHIYS Fisre then pity JP FsIds provided ae [2] exishs & Pefinth ceangs [oes fat = FE) Integrethng both sides. Jo See petra ds = [2 Fespds fe 2 et punds dt Je FD ds Se epestenn|gat- SF reeds SoC ere poalst = If resnds fe er*[E2] 4” frends PE@I- Moroes ex. find £ {EE ler For) = sink Osta att: Sfleal* fe aa fonts but cot tu + tan vet = kts or Since wt us ton eel A = tan -s ex. Find £4 034 let fCH) = sm 3b HS)> aa S744 ppm felted = S7] = tan ae Eee tea evr == tan’ S = ots eas He Ex. find e(S let ft): e-1 F a. aie FGs)> 4 - s fet fel 24 > In|s-a]- nel] we = 0- n| $=] = In| Ss es, find Z etent} let FE) = ev2# amt A * 4 FOS) = ape” Fane aes : Silat “Je lero] > twat = a7 tan“Cs-2) = ty! (6-2) INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS DEFINITION that melt Ls (=| ~ fin, 473 | <5 * =r ax find Z{)} tau} ripe ublr-4 4] fceye ets > PG) = A fai) = 4 = + ies {Yay 4 Ne 4) ne hist] Eee l]e : -$h|st| > hls Cd] The Inverse Laplate Transform of FCs), denoted by £7, 6 defined such FL LHG}= Fes), then {*{FCs)} = FL) Ex, i Ears) = th stdal 4¢{=) -Lartdy = dsm 3 vegas} eta}etsy ete etd 2 By 26 2° 3 E431 pcb S pai 4 4° ei ag fam jtsé Lam} fs 3 p-1 Ae {eed ttn] = 20s HtSsnat Tre theorems used m eyaluchng Laplace transfurms are gjso used in eva}sahng : u inverse Laplace trmsforms From THM 4: & {ec fa)}= Fts-a) Takiig the inveise bes hg “f both sides d'[ru-a)}- etic) = eter fees} Ex. | 4 Pelee wcl Sse: Lats = art ed FCst8) -Gqaye FG) -d- abe te 2 O gist) > 0 lal Ey =O eames a ro): GS) fry me =e* ond lene? a ae sts “54 = ag release beeeraey = Leta 244 Set sin at ath ok" ere cules sti zi 4.2 SCs42) Te sH st cH AL eee tiger (are! SGI Ss) Gots vi st) = . 2 Stl= AGst2) +Bs i cecil let s-0 42287 AS Piatenrs! ' cana S2*-2 ~12-2B> B- ot : e* asht + etsmbt eady-si \ 4 1 Say) 30 ie see Teel pal ar ztye -A -2t = F{ite ] elas) aca la ve 4[oti-2 zal) 6. 2" {xem} fees ey BCs) scs*+1) 6" 4 4Cl= eed) 4 > ACs2H1) + BC2s)(s) let seO 442A 4> 4s tht 2B5* 0+ 4428 > B+-2 ae 4 March 13, cis From THM 4, Lif cdy= sFls)- f'0) If $C) <0 L {fi Hy- sFcs) Toking the wiverse Laplace transform of both sides fa £7 {sFcs)} Thus 2“{sFes)y= F'CH= HFC) Ex, baled) at ieee) = ae [ sin 2] = 4 2esat = as 2 at faaph > ae lao * & [tee] = ~ate7dt 4 eat = @78*(}-at) Fom THMG £{J flere} - 2 Taking the inverse Laplace transform of both sides fe ftade- {2} Thus ar {Fy = fe peat Sh at LF Csyy dt EX. vt Caged [521 eral » fi [Ssmze] at “aE foalt = a = dcl- as2t Tenat 2 Lada So taarl = (* po-at > Jo botcdl ut y= edt du: dt oe + =—hie]t +z feta is. 1.0 =—ite ae +4 - feetse RASON OFFERENTATION fom BS, : L{tFA} = — Fs) Tilony tte meré Loploce fronsfonm af both sides * epaye- £44 Fts)j fa) - = REF) £"{Rely= - PLT Fed} “cy Ss i f"{hs, FCs) = In ods = Ins ~ ncst2) ele 42a 4. s st Ea Sates ree terpea se rtel rth sal oi {4 Pall -4 - . alice cal = Les te a TRANSFORM INTEGRATION Fount THM # ede Taking the inverse Laplace tronsform of both sides HD. 5" {J Fes) ds} feed = taf JE Fesyds} sfroyte'{ ig Fisdds } Ex. ames 4k teal Pres: [Ssap ds mee sal; Fe elisa 3 a-t 1 2 [> - ara] et. 844 o fafa} tare] det sie] = frome INITIAL VALUE PROBLEMS | ae the differential equethon FG i zac zt. y= yor 0 Glin: Take the Laplace Temsform of both sides Liy'S- aliy's- 3 L4y}= Lit} A) -O" Y cof arent 8) = 4 OC -as-3F 3 a A ey SA(s2-5-3), Yo) += S2Cs+1)(3-3) Toke the invere loploce transform of beth sides gre Scns! 4 LAG RY SR hey to PGHG3) S| S$? str) 8-3 By De Wy yf eae ee Ne eect ee ya: bay - 3s aah wera seco CAs sets 4-- gt ee ae mec [ epcton contcneigg derwatues ond miegrals 2. Solve the inlegrd- déferenhal equation YD + 3g) +2 fF gad = 45 yoo)-d ¥Gs)- Ye) + sr¢s) #2 = + S*XG) + 38YGS) + 24(s)= 4 We)=2 + #43512 4 eae TORT fea: iB A 8 -Ctsrt aa} GO) = Aemt + Be G. Solve ihe system of jnear differenhall equahon {xe tYCH*3 ie, xt) yeas 0 4xCE) y!CHF 2 Find x(t) and yct) Multoly C4) bg ~ 4 @) sxtsrt ys)? 2 ~4sxCs) -4y 65)" (2) 4xs) ~ eyes)? Multiply (2) by s Muthply a) by s 45 xCs) - sty(s)* 2 ts) StxGs)+ sys)? 3 @) Add (4) ond ¢5) Add @) and (3) Mey ie sgt2 Sse S (s?+4)x(s) = 344 4sxto) - Sy6s) + 2 XG) sea ae oo S(s*F4) eft) ee ey f Ay dG) tC Gs) = [2228. xe] 4 + Marte} Nae) = At Boas 2t + S sm2t t= pe fare BGHG + as cy = Ay +B, cos 2b t Gsm 2t a an March 18, 2045 FOURIER SERIES INTRODUCTION: ORTHOGONAL FUNCTIONS Garen the set of fons, {hed PO), +) fOd]. The get sep ts an trthugoncl set wih respect to He weigh funchon w(x) over the inlerval oT =e € res : t 2 wGx)feCs) Fs) ds 1 ¥ on SB, n= Lae ie x er eile 0 at te set haga wh asped cos 3 z, N03 4222.- +o fhe weigh! finchon wood over te mnienial -vexge “fietBontt anf (a ne Jd: a ¢ mm meal os SH | c z ore ~ Gniehe otaee 4 laa ws on ey 2 Lcm-nyt a! ar wos Cm-nt es ean cs(mine | =0 © oy IX gin NIX Ys (¢ @nY a b, [Lone sn BE dx ie [ose cag Guten] = (_¢ Gon) . ¢ cntn c teams c ming on SUD ~~ C paiM ail = (o Fons Coe Cantn dix 7 ¢ c.f me cost dy Ji fos ee 4 os ein Je > (SS sin (avn Cane nner | f Gone Chin i “ =o 4. ff om2aBedes BIS Ti- os HD eal A[x- Fm San os = dete] ° $509? Bed [SLs WET dy c c slic ¢ 3a an BE] S =1er plete) Se THE FOURIER —— FOR Fx) fo)= Lat = 5 [ an 5288+ bn are EC 2 Solve for a os Muthply both andes ofcnfigos SE ond negra over the interval [-cy c] JE foo B= Loy welt ibaa th Sotpste] © $x) ons SPE de ‘ al- Muthply both ades of y sin 4B * eel inkgraky over the interval [-c, ¢] J feo 8B» Loy fait “figeteeat rforgesy ¢ ro a | bas : in Sodom dx lebhng h=0, a Qo = a oa ee F(x) de Fx, Find the fourier Sones for fx) Xo ~2sxsQ ag= tf fex)dx = a3 xdx a= 0 ree ane AUX Qn = tjs f(x) 0s 2S ax el? xos td ae ee a dv- as AZ de Wes du = dx ve 2 on dx 2 E nx [Mose (ey - =e =U) bn = ifs, For)sin BE dx ae Kons Wx dvs sin amt de dus de Ve = tas Bed WK 04 2 1p cos MO EtG on eT, oft cos nm ~ fos oT] Se ay SUT a, A = CA) e itl bas ct)" Ex. fird the Founer Senes of the ff. L Os -1<¢x<0 foot, 2» OCx ~ £ cos ot oie = cosvimt)* aCe lay at Vo “Kx <6 a. FR)= { beacxcl d= 4° fonds > ie dx + f5 ~d - oT mx] 20 n= tf. £¢x) cin he = i sin ime fn 1h dx lei ods nm ]) 4 cosmx | ae fal teal et (lee le cosines Fhe de con] aaa . 1 f09= e| Se LOO] om vmx |

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