Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D1

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Department of Education- National Capital Region

Schools Division of Pasay City

MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE

HUMAN PERSON
First Quarter/ Week 4/DAY 1

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Lesson Objectives:
➢ Analyze situations that
show the difference
between opinion and
truth

“All opinions are not equal. Some are a very great deal more robust, sophisticated and
well supported in logic and argument than others.” Douglas Adams, The Salmon of Doubt

Motivational Activity: Which of the following statements are TRUE?

___ 1. The sun is the center of the solar system.

___ 2. Asia is the largest continent in the world.
___ 3. God made the world in 7 days.
___ 4. Man has the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
___ 5. China’s continued presence in the Spratlys is a violation of international
laws.
___ 6. A person must always consider the interests of his or her family before
his or her own happiness.
___ 7. Citizens have the right to take up arms and overthrow an oppressive
government.
___ 8. The president has done very little to uphold democracy and look after the
interests of the Filipino people.

Reference for further Enhancement:

➢ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiIn_oQQRJk Socratic Method of Philosophizing - Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human Person

➢ https://prezi.com/p/-ecbmmcl7wbd/methods-of-philosophizing/

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D1

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

II. Answer the following questions:

1. Were you able to easily judge the truthfulness of the statements? Why?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. Which of the statements are obviously true? Which ones required more thought to determine
their truthfulness?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

3. Which of these statements may be true for others but not true in your judgement?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

4. Which of these statements do you personally believe to be true but may be disputed by other
people?
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D1

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion?

Now that you have an idea of how philosophizing recognizes truth, let us try and apply it
in various situations in your life. The ideas that we encounter in everyday life can be considered
as truth or opinion. But what distinguishes one form the other? Let us take a look at the following
statements and determine which one states fact or opinion.
1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home to school.
2. Living near the school is better because we don’t have to spend much for
transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie.
4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate the last piece of pizza and did not share
it with me.
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his knees and placed him in handcuffs.
6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman arrested the suspect is an example of
the brutality that characterizes our police force.
Analyzing these statements, you will be able to identify statements that are similar. Let’s
arrange them again.
1. It takes me 30 minutes to walk from my home 2. Living near the school is better because we
to school. don’t have to spend much for transportation.
3. My sister ate the last piece of pizza pie. 4. My sister is a selfish person because she ate
5. The policeman firmly pushed the suspect to his the last piece of pizza and did not share it with me.
knees and placed him in handcuffs 6. The aggressive manner by which the policeman
arrested the suspect is an example of the brutality
that characterizes our police force.

Which column has statements that are factual? If you

answered the first column, then you are correct. Analyzing closely
the statements in that column using the philosophical tools we
learned, we can confidently say that they fit into the category of facts
since they contain ideas that are easily verifiable. For example,
verifying the number of minutes it takes for one to walk from home to
school is possible. The second and third statements speak of actions that can be verified by
recalling an experience or providing evidences such as eyewitness accounts.

References:
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Textbook (R. Abella)
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (Sioco, Vinzons VIBAL Publishing)

Writer:

MARRA ALYSSA P. SANTIAGO

Teacher II – PCEHS

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D2

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Department of Education- National Capital Region

Schools Division of Pasay City

MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE

HUMAN PERSON
First Quarter/ Week 4/DAY 2

Lesson Objectives:
➢ Analyze situations that
show the difference
between opinion and
truth

How can philosophy guide us in distinguishing truth from opinion?

In continuation of our lesson in day 1, in the second column, on the other hand, has
statements that could be considered as opinions. These statements go beyond providing facts.
They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations. Some of the
statements even advance a belief about a certain thing or person. Opinions also are the bases
for making arguments and convincing people that a certain claim is a fact.

A conclusion is a judgment based on

certain facts. The facts that form the bases of a
conclusion may not be disputed but the
conclusion itself could still be contested or
questioned. Meanwhile, beliefs are statements
that express convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts. If a person states “I
believe that God put me on this earth to spread His message of love”, we will find it difficult to
prove his or her statement as truthful if we rely merely on facts. To judge the truthfulness of
belief, we must also consider things such as a person’s experiences and views.
We should also be aware when statements go beyond the facts and provide additional
ideas and information. For instance, statement 4 provides details or explanation in order to
support the idea “my sister is selfish”. Explanations are statements that assume the claim to be
true.

Reference for further Enhancement:

1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BiIn_oQQRJk Socratic Method of Philosophizing - Introduction to the
Philosophy of the Human Person
2. https://prezi.com/p/-ecbmmcl7wbd/methods-of-philosophizing/

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D2

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Statement 4 asks the reader to simply accept the

fact that “the sister is selfish.” Arguments, meanwhile, are
series of statements that provide reasons to convince the
reader or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.
Arguments are made with assumption that the truth of the
claim or opinion is still to be determined. You often
encounter arguments in a formal debate, where participants explain two sides of a proposition,
and judgment regarding the truthfulness of the proposition is made after hearing the arguments
of both sides.

Logic is the branch of philosophy that focuses on the

analysis of arguments. Arguments are given great
importance since these are used to convey ideas that
influence the thinking, actions, and behavior of people. It
can lead people to either right or wrong decisions and
action. Thus, we need to be very careful when we listen to
arguments since not all arguments are truthful. In addition,
not all arguments have the same merit because some are
better presented and substantiated that others. It is also
possible that claims and arguments are given by persons
who have ill intentions and wish to twist or manipulate facts
to suit their own purposes. As we analyze what is presented to us, we must always keep in mind
the standards of critical thinking.

TASK: Imagine that you are part of the conversations below, how will you
react to the statements given?

Friend 1: Did you hear Martin say that Ma’am Gonzales will not give a test today?
Friend 2: Really? I heard Martin is pretty close with Ma’am. Maybe he is right.
Friend 3: Remember when he said last Monday that classes will be suspended in the
afternoon because it was the principal’s birthday? Well, that didn’t happen. I don’t think we
should believe what he says.
You:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D2

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Friend 1: Did you hear about what happened between Clarisse and her boyfriend?
Friend 2: They got in a huge fight last night. Clarisse called me up. She was crying and she
said that Roger hit her.
Friend 3: Wait, what? That’s not right. Roger came by my place last night and he was pretty
shaken up. He had scratch marks on his arms and a bite on his left hand. He said Clarisse
just attacked her and was accusing him of seeing another girl.
Friend 1: No! Clarisse said it was Roger who started to hit her and she had to defend herself!
You:
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________

B. Give a reaction to the article below. Describe how you will determine the truth of the
claims given. You may use another sheet of paper for your reaction on the article.
The newest miracle drug promises to cure a variety of diseases and provide many health benefits
to its users. The Gingko extract is taken from the Gingko biloba tree which has been used in Chinese
medicine for thousands of years. In the United States, Europe and Asia, many
people are taking Gingko supplements and have enjoyed several benefits such as
improved memory and sharpened thinking.
Many scientific studies prove that Gingko extract has several benefits to
the human body. It has been proven to improve blood flow to the brain. This unique
benefit has led many to use Gingko supplements to treat ailments such as Autism
Spectrum Syndrome (ASD), Alzheimer’s, dementia, attention-deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), depression, dyslexia, migraine and drug addiction.
In several medical studies, it was discovered that using Gingko extract improves blood circulation.
Ginkgo supplements, therefore, can be used to treat diseases such as high blood pressure, heart disease
and can help in recovery from stroke. Gingko also gives significant benefits to people suffering from
asthma, vertigo, kidney disease, glaucoma, diabetes and cancer. Also, people taking Gingko
supplements were found to have better memory and showed fewer signs of aging.
The Gingko supplements are safe to take 3 to 5 times daily for maximum health benefits. The
supplements can be taken with other medicines and rarely cause adverse side effects. Any person,
young and old, can take the Gingko supplement, so share the benefits of health with your family today!
___________________________________________________________________________________________
References:
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Textbook (R. Abella)
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (Sioco, Vinzons VIBAL Publishing)

Writer:
MARRA ALYSSA P. SANTIAGO
Teacher II – PCEHS

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D3

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________
Department of Education- National Capital Region
Schools Division of Pasay City

MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE

HUMAN PERSON
First Quarter/ Week 4/DAY3

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Lesson Objectives:
➢ Analyze situations that
show the difference
between opinion and
truth

What should we consider when looking at arguments or opinions?

Arguments often take the form of statements that are either claims of facts and are
phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable. However, a number of arguments may be
based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called fallacies. Some of these
fallacies may be intentional, as the person making the claim is desperate to convince you to
accept his or her argument. The following are examples of fallacies.

Fallacy Characteristics Example

Ad hominem Attacking the person “Of course, he believes that
presenting the argument the government is flawed, he
instead of the argument itself is a rebel and a communist!”
Appeal to force Using the threat of force of an “If this peace agreement will
undesirable event to advance not be signed by the
an argument government, then we will
have no recourse but to go to
war.”
Appeal to the popular The idea is presented as “Every boy your age already
acceptable because a lot of has a girlfriend, you should
people accept it. go find one!”

For Further Enhancement:

https://thebestschools.org/magazine/15-logical-fallacies-know/
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/fallacies/

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D3

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________
https://www.ted.com/talks/julia_galef_why_you_think_you_re_right_even_if_you_re_wrong/discussion?awesm=on.ted.com_3
11L&utm_campaign=devdutt_pattanaik&utm_medium=on.ted.com-twitter&utm_source=twitter.com&utm_content=ted.com-
talkpage

Fallacy Characteristics Example

Appeal to emotion Using emotions such as pity or “All these charges are
sympathy baseless; this is just plain
harassment- can’t you see how
this is affecting my family?”
Appeal to tradition The idea is acceptable because “Marriage should be between a
it has been true for a long time man and a woman. It has been
so for a long time in this
country; it should remain so
today and in the future.”
Begging the question Assuming the thing or idea to be “I have a right to free speech;
proven is true; also known as therefore you cannot stop me
“circular argument” from talking.”
Cause-and-effect Assuming a “cause-and-effect” “Ever since you bought that
relationship between unrelated sweater, everything has been
events going wrong in your life. You
should get rid of it.”
Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is true of a “These cases of robbery in this
part is true for the whole district have convinced me that
the city has become a den of
thieves and criminals.”
Fallacy of division Assuming that what is true for “You come from a family of
the whole is true for its parts doctors and intellectuals! Surely
you can do better in this course!

When looking at an opinion, be ware of bias or personal views of the person presenting it. Biases are not
necessarily errors in reasoning, but refer to tendencies or influences which affect the views of people. Bias cannon
be avoided in any discussion or debate. What it important is that the people engaging in the discussion are aware
of their personal biases and have an open but critical attitude toward other views which conflict with their own.
The most common biases are:
Bias Characteristics Example
Correspondence bias or Tendency to judge a person’s “These soldiers who fought in
attribution effect personality by his or her the war are all bloodthirsty
actions, without regard for murderers!”
external factors or influences
Confirmation bias Tendency to look for and readily “How can I accept his view that
accept information which fits there is no God? I am a
one’s own beliefs or views and Christian!”
to reject ideas or views that go
against it.

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D3

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Bias Characteristics Example

Framing Focusing on a certain aspect of a “preliminary evidence has still not pointed out
problem while ignoring other the actual cause of the plane crash, but
aspects investigators are currently focusing on the
possibility of pilot error,”
Hindsight The tendency to see past events “Magellan’s assault on Mactan Island was a
as predictable, or to ascribe a foolhardy venture, made by an overconfident,
pattern to historical events careless man who underestimated the valor
of the native Filipinos,”
Conflict of A person or group is connected “As the daughter of the accused, I believe I
interest to or has a vested interest in the have the right to express my opinion on the
issue being discussed issue of his alleged corrupt practices.”
Cultural Bias Analyzing an event or issue “I do agree with this Western practice of
based on one’s cultural placing aged parents I retirement homes. We
standards Filipinos take care of our family members.”

Generalization
Opinions are statements of judgement of a person about something in the world. We should not
take them immediately as true. We should always critically examine the opinion and its supporting
arguments; we should also be wary of strongly put arguments but on deep introspection are actually
fallacious. To be able to hold credence, opinions should pass further justification.

TASK: Answer the following questions:

1. How can philosophy help identify things that are truthful?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________

2. What traits and values can help us in determining the truth?

__________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________
3. How will knowing the truth help us become more wise and discerning individuals?
__________________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________

References:
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Textbook (R. Abella)
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (Christine Carmela R. Ramos, PhD. Rex Publishing)

Writer:

Marra Alyssa P. Santiago

Teacher II – PCEHS

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D4

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Department of Education- National Capital Region

Schools Division of Pasay City

MODULE IN INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE

HUMAN PERSON
First Quarter/ Week 4/ Day 4

METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

Lesson Objectives:
➢ Analyze situations that
show the difference
between opinion and
truth

Let’s review:

➢ Philosophy is concerned with determining the truth since it lies at the heart of any inquiry

➢ The discussion on truth is part of philosophical studies on knowledge where philosophers

explore the nature of knowledge and the ways of knowing.

➢ Facts are statements that are observed to real and truthful. Claims are statements that

require further examination to determine their truthfulness.

➢ There are various philosophical views regarding truth. Philosophers consider something

is truthful if it corresponds with an observable fact or reality. Something is also true if it

can be justified through experience and the use of one’s senses. Another view believes

that truth is a product of agreement or consensus. Another perspective considers a claim

as truthful if it can be tested and verified.

➢ Opinions are comprised of statements which not only give facts but also provide

conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations.

Opinions may advance a belief

about certain things or provide

explanations.

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D4

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

➢ Arguments are a series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader

or listener that a claim or opinion is truthful.

➢ Some arguments may contain fallacies. This means that they are products of faulty

reasoning. We must be aware of the various kinds of fallacies as these affect the

validity of arguments.

➢ Opinions are often influenced by bias. This means that a person having the opinion

may have views and tendencies that affect the way he or she sees reality. We

must be aware of bias so that we can objectively and

critically examine points of view.

➢ Philosophy can help examine various views on relevant

issues on our lives. An objective evaluation of opinions

and an awareness of our own personal biases can help

us make wise choices regarding the most acceptable

views to adopt and the right actions to undertake.

Check Your Understanding:

1. Explain the importance of logic and critical thinking

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

2. How can we differentiate truth from opinion? Explain your answer in five sentences.

___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________

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 Module Code : Pasay –PHILO-Q1-W4-D4

Name : ________________________________________ Grade : ________________

Name of Teacher: ______________________________ Strand : ________________

Assessment:

A. Identify the following.

_____________________ 1. It is the clear awareness and understanding of something.

_____________________ 2. These are statements which are observed to be real or truthful.

_____________________ 3. These are statements which need to be examined to determine

whether they are true or false.

_____________________ 4. These are compromised of statements that provide views on a

certain matter.

_____________________ 5. This is a judgment based on certain facts.

_____________________ 6. These are statements that express convictions that are not easily
explained by facts.

_____________________ 7. These are statements that assume a claim is true and provide
reasons to support them.

_____________________ 8. This is a series of statements that provide reasons to convince a

person that a claim or opinion is truthful.

_____________________ 9. These are arguments based on faulty reasoning.

_____________________ 10. These are tendencies or influences that affect the views of
people.

References:
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person Textbook (R. Abella)
Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person (Christine Carmela R. Ramos, PhD. Rex Publishing)

Writer: Marra Alyssa P. Santiago

Teacher II – PCEHS

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