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This document is a student assignment on atomic physics submitted by Zahaad Ilyas to their instructor Hafiz Muhammad Tahir. It provides an overview of the evolution of atomic physics, from early models proposed by scientists like J.J. Thomson and Rutherford to modern applications like quantum optics and laser diodes. Key developments discussed include the discovery of subatomic particles like the neutron and advances enabled by technologies like lasers that have increased measurement precision. The assignment concludes that atomic physics has played an important role in history and continues to influence society through its role in nuclear weapons and potential future applications.

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39 views4 pages

Assignment No

This document is a student assignment on atomic physics submitted by Zahaad Ilyas to their instructor Hafiz Muhammad Tahir. It provides an overview of the evolution of atomic physics, from early models proposed by scientists like J.J. Thomson and Rutherford to modern applications like quantum optics and laser diodes. Key developments discussed include the discovery of subatomic particles like the neutron and advances enabled by technologies like lasers that have increased measurement precision. The assignment concludes that atomic physics has played an important role in history and continues to influence society through its role in nuclear weapons and potential future applications.

Uploaded by

shoaib
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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ZAHAAD ILYAS (SP23-BPH-018)

Assignment No: 02
TOPIC TITLE:
REFERENCES ON RESEARCH ABOUT ATOMIC PHYSICS
SUBMITTED BY:
ZAHAAD ILYAS
REGISTRATION NO:
SP23-BPH-018
SUBMITTED TO:
HAFIZ MUHAMMAD TAHIR
COURSE NAME:
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTING
COURSE CODE:
CSC101
DEPARTMENT NAME:
DEPARTMENT OF PHYSICS

Page | 1
ZAHAAD ILYAS (SP23-BPH-018)

ATOMIC PHYSICS

ATOMIC PHYSICS
Atomic physics is the study of the composition of the atom, its interactions with other particles and
subatomic energy states. This branch of physics has been proved to be a brilliant application of quantum
mechanics. It is one of the essential pillars of modern physics. (Eve & Chadwick, 1938)

The image produced from Rutherford’s tests was of a body consisting of a massive and concentrated
positively charged core. A negatively charged gas envelops the dense core. Previous atomic models were
filled with some glaring drawbacks. J.J Thomson’s atomic model lacked a solid explanation of positive
and negative entities. The finding of the neutron by James Chadwick solved the issue of isotopic
composition. It also clarified the connection between nuclear spin and atomic weight. With the
discovery of the building blocks of atoms like neutrons and protons, modern atomic physics was
launched. (Rutherford, 2003)

Evolution of atomic physics


 In 1913, Niels Bohr proposed his atomic model in which electrons circle around the dense
nucleus in quantised planetary orbits. Studies of subatomic interactions by physicists like
Werner Heisenberg and Erwin Schrödinger led to the formation of quantum mechanics. The
uncertainty principle and Schrödinger’s equation fundamentally define the characteristics of
subatomic particles and interactions. (Braun, 2012)
 Ernest Rutherford laid down the foundations of modern atomic physics through a set of
experiments. With the help of alpha particles, he detected the variations in the atomic
composition by visually observing results on a phosphorescent screen. He bombarded alpha
particles as projectiles on a variety of targets. Through the analysis of scattered particle
distribution, he demonstrated that the interaction of atoms with the alpha particles followed
Coulomb’s inverse-square law, up to the lengths of 100 fm (femtometre). (D. Banerjee, 2012)

MODERN ATOMIC PHYSICS


 Recently, the power lasers have dramatically rejuvenated the field of atomic physics. Lasers
have exponentially increased the precision of measurement of an atom’s characteristic
wavelengths. Modern standards of frequency and time are based on the calculations of
transition frequencies in atomic caesium clocks. (JW Rohlf, 2007)

ATOMIC PHYSICS AND QUANTUM OPTICS USING SUPERCONDUCTING CIRCUITS:


 Superconducting circuits with josephson junctions behave as artificial atoms.in these quantum
circuits, the josephson junctions act as nonlinear circuit elements. Such nonlinearity in a circuit
ensures an unequal spacing between energy levels,so that the lowest levels can be individually
addressed by using external fields (see for example, ref (Makhlin, 2005)

Page | 2
ZAHAAD ILYAS (SP23-BPH-018)

LASER DIODES IN ATOMIC PHYSICS


 Laser diodes can produce a narrow beam of laser light in which all the light waves have similar
wavelengths. Because of this property, laser beams are very bright and can be focused over a
very tiny spot. (J.C.Camparo, 2006)

POSITION EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY


 While PET was originally used primarily as a research tool, in recent years it has come to have an
increasingly important clinical role. The largest area of clinical use of PET is in oncology. The
most widely used tracer in oncology is 18F-fluoro-deoxy-glucose (18F-FDG). 18F-FDG is relatively
easy to synthesise with a high radiochemical yield. (Hamacher, 1994)

PLANKS QUANTUM THEORY OF RADIATION


 Bohr’s subsequent studies, however, became more and more theoretical in character, his
doctor’s disputation being a purely theoretical piece of work on the explanation of the
properties of the metals with the aid of the electron theory, which remains to this day a classic
on the subject. It was in this work that Bohr was first confronted with the implications of
Planck‘s quantum theory of radiation. (BOHR, 1911)

CONCLUSIONS
In all atom physics is an important part of everyday lives. Everywhere people look there is atom physics
all around them. All of the elements are made up of atomic physics. Protons, neutrons, electrons, all of
these things make up everything on earth. The universe is made of matter and matter is made of atoms,
so the entire universe is made up of atoms. Sometimes people forget how influential atoms and atomic
physics was to history. The Cold War and World war 2 were some of the deadliest wars known to man
and they both involved nuclear weapons. Some of the most famous scientists and the most infamous
projects were the cause of all of the hype over this topic. Hundred thousands of people in the world
have died from this technology, however it could be beneficial to our future. In all Atom physics is one
of the most important topics of today's world, it has the power to influence society in the future or in
the present. (ADVANCES IN ATOMIC PHYSICS , 2011)

References
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ZAHAAD ILYAS (SP23-BPH-018)

ADVANCES IN ATOMIC PHYSICS . (2011). GENERAL CONCLUSION , 715-718.

BOHR, N. (1911). PLANKS THEORY. NEILS BOHR FACTS , 746-878.

Braun, R. (2012). COSMOLOGICAL EVOLUTION OF ATOMIC GAS AND IMPLICATIONS FOR 21 cm H i
ABSORPTION. the astrophysical journal, 87.

D. Banerjee, M. D. (2012). Atomic Quantum Simulation of Dynamical Gauge Fields Coupled to Fermionic
Matter. physical review letters, 1008.

Eve, A. S., & Chadwick, J. (1938). lord rutherford. wikipedia, 1871-1989.

Hamacher. (1994). PET. introduction to PET in physics, 573-677.

J.C.Camparo. (2006). The diode laser in atomic physics. contemporary physics, 443-477.

JW Rohlf, P. C. (2007). modern physics by rohlf. wikipedia, 167-234.

Makhlin. (2005). Quantum-state engineering with Josephson-junction devices. Rev. Mod. Phys., 357-400.

Rutherford, E. (2003). Atomic Physic and Nuclear Physics. wikipedia , 978-0-19-512378-4.

Page | 4

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