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Grade - 9 2017

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33 views27 pages

Grade - 9 2017

Uploaded by

phyloveast
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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UNIT -ONE

PHYSICS AND
HUMAN SOCIETY
1.1 Definition and Nature of
Physics

WHAT IS PHYSICS?

PHYSICS is the study of matter and energy.


● It is concerned with how matter and energy relate to
each other, and how they affect each other over time
and through space.

A person who studies physics is called a


physicist.
Physics is a branch of natural science that
attempts to describe the basic mechanisms
that make our universe behave the way it does.

Physics enables you to understand the working


principles of cars, airplanes, space-rockets,
refrigerators, radios, televisions , etc as
well as many of your daily utensils and tools.

Physics explains physical phenomena such as


the difficulty of walking on a smooth plane, and
why an electric fan rotates etc.
1.2 Branches of Physics
The branches of physics include:
Mechanics, Acoustics, Optics, Thermodynamics,
Electromagnetism, Nuclear Physics, Atomic physics,
Quantum physics, Astrophysics
Mechanics

• Mechanics is the branch of physics which deals


with the motion of an object without or with the
reference of force.

• Mechanics can be further divided into two branches


namely quantum mechanics and classical
mechanics.

• Quantum mechanics deals with the behavior of


smallest particles like neutrons, protons, and electrons,
while classical mechanics is the branch that deals
with laws of motion of forces and physical objects.
Acoustics is the branch of physics which deals with the
study of sound and its transmission, production, and
effects.

Optics is the branch of physics which deals with the


behavior, propagation, and properties of light.

Thermodynamics is the branch of physics which


studies thermal energy and the transfer of heat.
• Electromagnetism is the branch of physics which
deals with the study of electromagnetic force like
electric fields, light, magnetic fields, etc.
• There are two aspects of electromagnetism which are
"electricity" and "magnetism"

Nuclear physics is the branch of physics which deals


with the structure, properties and reactions of the
nuclei of atoms.
Astrophysics is a science that employs the methods
and principles of physics in the study of astronomical
objects and phenomena.
1.3 Related Fields to Physics
Physics is the foundation of many important scientific
disciplines including, Chemistry, Engineering, Geology,
Biophysics, Geo physics, Medical Physics etc.

• Chemistry: Chemistry deals with the interactions of


atoms and molecules. However, it is rooted in atomic
and molecular physics.
• Engineering: Most branches of engineering also apply
physics. For example, in architecture, physics is at the
heart of determining structural stability, acoustics,
heating, lighting, and cooling for buildings.
Geology: Parts of geology, the study of nonliving parts of
Earth, rely heavily on physics; including radioactive
dating, earthquake analysis, and heat transfer across
Earth’s surface.
Biophysics: Biophysics applies principles and methods
used in physics to study biological phenomena.
Geophysics: Geophysics applies the principles and
methods of physics to the study of the Earth
Medical Physics: Diagnostics and medical therapy, such
as x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and
ultrasonic blood flow measurements involves principles
1.4 Historical Issues and Contributors

Physics, as it developed from the renaissance to the end


of the 19th century, is called classical physics.
Revolutionary discoveries starting at the beginning of
the 20th century transformed physics from classical
physics to modern physics. Many laws of classical
physics have been modified during the 20th century,
resulting in dramatic changes in technology, society,
and our view of the universe.
Physicists

1. Isaac Newton
2. Michael Faraday
3. James Prescott Joule
4. Marie Curie
5. Albert Einstein
6. Galileo Galilei
1. Isaac Newton

The founder of classical


physics/classical mechanics.

He contributed to the Scientific


Revolution of the 16th and 17th
century by formulating three laws
of motion, known as Newton’s laws
of motion and showed how the
principle of universal gravitation
could be used to explain the
behavior not only of falling bodies on
the earth but also planets and other
celestial bodies in the heavens.
2. Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday contributed a lot to
the field of electromagnetism.

In 1821 he succeeded in producing


mechanical motion by means of a
permanent magnet and an electric
current. Ten years later he
converted magnetic force into
electrical force, thus inventing the
world’s first electric generator.
3. James Prescott Joule

James Prescott Joule studied the


nature of heat, and discovered
its relationship to mechanical
work.

• This led to the law of conservation


of energy. Joule’s work helped lay
the foundation for the first of
three laws of thermodynamics
that describe how energy in our
universe is transferred from one
object to another or transformed
from one form to another.
4. Marie Curie
Marie Curie conducted
pioneering research in the field
of nuclear physics,
particularly on radioactivity.

She is considered as the


mother of modern nuclear
physics. She discovered
elements polonium and
radium.
5. Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein is known for
developing theory of relativity.
This revolutionary theory had a
profound impact on classical
mechanics and the underlying
philosophy of physics.

Einstein also made important


contributions to the development
of the theory of quantum
mechanics.
“Life without
music is
inconceivable
for me,”

Albert Einstein
6. Galileo Galilei

An Italian natural
philosopher, astronomer,
and mathematician who
made fundamental
contributions to the sciences
of motion, astronomy, and
strength of materials ,
and and to the development
of the scientific method.

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