ATOMIC THEORY

CHAPTER REPORT

Lecture :
Dr. Dian Ekawati S.Pd.,M.Pd.
Amalia Fitriani M.Pd

Group 8/2C :

Erna Erlina 1232080074

Melisa Nur Herdiatna 1232080077

CHEMISTRY EDUCATION
FAKULTY OF TARBIYAH AND TEACHER TRAINING
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN GUNUNG DJATI BANDUNG
2024
 PREFACE
First all, thanks to Allah Swt because of the help of Allah writer finished writing
the chapter report entitled “Atomic Theory” right in calculated time.
The purpose in writing this paper is to fulfill the assignment that given by Dr. Dian
Ekawati S.Pd.,M.Pd. and Mrs. Amalia Fitriani M.Pd. as lecture in english major.
In arranging this paper, the writer trully get lots challenges and obstructions but
with help of many individuals those obstructions couls passed. Writer also realized
there are still many mistakes in process of writing this paper.
Because of that, the writer says thank you to individuals who helps in the process
of writing this chapter report. Hopefully Allah replies all helps and bless you all
the writer realized that this chapter report still imperfect in arrangment and the
content. Then the writer hope the criticism from the readers can help the writer in
perfecting the next paper.
Last but not the least hopefully this chapter report can helps the readers to gain more
knowledge about atomic theory major.

Bandung, 8nd June 2024

Group 8

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 TABLE OF CONTENS

PREFACE ........................................................................................................... ii
TABLE OF CONTENS ...................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER I ........................................................................................................ 4
DEFINITIONS OF ATOMIC THEORY .............................................................. 4
CHAPTER II ....................................................................................................... 5
HISTORIKAL DEVELOVMENT OF ATOMIC THEORY ................................. 5
CHAPTER III ...................................................................................................... 6
ATOMIC STRUKTUR AND SUBATOMIC PARTICLES ................................. 6
CHAPTER IV...................................................................................................... 7
ATOMIC MODELS AND THEIR LIMITATION ............................................... 7
CHAPTER V ....................................................................................................... 8
APPLICATION OF ATOMIC THEORY ............................................................ 8
CONCLUSION ................................................................................................. 10
QUESTIONS ..................................................................................................... 11

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 CHAPTER I

DEFINITIONS OF ATOMIC THEORY

Atomic theory is the fundamental basis of our understanding of the physical

world, describing the nature and behavior of the smallest building blocks of matter. This
comprehensive report will guide you through the historical development of atomic
theory, the key concepts of atomic structure and subatomic particles, the limitations of
atomic models, the periodic table and periodic trends, the principles of chemical bonding
and molecular structure, and the diverse applications of atomic theory in the modern
world. By the end of this journey, you will have a deep appreciation for the elegance and
power of this pivotal scientific framework.

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 CHAPTER II

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF
ATOMIC THEORY

The origins of atomic theory can be traced back to the ancient Greek philosophers, who
proposed the concept of the atom as the indivisible unit of matter. However, it was not until the
19th and 20th centuries that atomic theory was developed into a robust scientific framework. Key
milestones include John Dalton's atomic model, J.J. Thomson's discovery of the electron, Ernest
Rutherford's nuclear model of the atom, and Niels Bohr's revolutionary model of electron orbitals.

These groundbreaking discoveries laid the foundation for our modern

understanding of atomic structure and the behavior of matter at the most fundamental
level. As scientific knowledge and technological capabilities advanced, our models of the
atom have become increasingly sophisticated, revealing the complex and fascinating
world of subatomic particles and the intricate forces that govern their interactions.

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 CHAPTER III

ATOMIC STRUKTUR AND SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

At the core of an atom lies the nucleus, composed of protons and neutrons, which
account for the vast majority of the atom's mass. Surrounding the nucleus are the much
lighter electrons, which occupy specific energy levels or orbitals. The number of protons
in the nucleus determines the element's identity, while the number of electrons and their
configuration dictate the atom's chemical properties and reactivity.

Beyond the protons, neutrons, and electrons, the atomic world is populated by a diverse
array of subatomic particles, including quarks, leptons, and bosons. The study of these
fundamental particles and the forces that govern their interactions has led to
groundbreaking discoveries in the field of particle physics, with far-reaching implications
for our understanding of the universe.

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 CHAPTER IV

ATOMIC MODELS AND THEIR

LIMITATION

Over the course of history, scientists have proposed various models to represent
the structure and behavior of the atom. From the early, simplistic models like Dalton's
solid sphere to the more complex models like Bohr's planetary model and the modern
quantum mechanical model, each iteration has provided a more accurate and
comprehensive understanding of atomic behavior.

However, no single model is capable of fully capturing the complex and often
counterintuitive nature of atomic phenomena. As our scientific understanding has
deepened, we have come to appreciate the inherent limitations of our models and the need
for a more holistic, probabilistic approach to describing the behavior of atoms and
subatomic particles.

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 CHAPTER V

APPLICATION OF ATOMIC THEORY

The principles of atomic theory have found widespread applications in various

fields, driving scientific and technological advancements. One of the most significant
applications is in the realm of energy production. Understanding the structure and
behavior of atoms has enabled the development of nuclear power, where the harnessing
of nuclear fusion and fission processes has become a crucial source of energy generation.
This knowledge has also paved the way for the exploration of alternative energy sources,
such as advanced biofuels and renewable energy technologies.

Atomic theory has also had a profound impact on materials science. By leveraging our
understanding of the atomic and molecular structure of matter, scientists and engineers
have been able to develop new materials with tailored properties, ranging from high-
temperature superconductors to advanced composite materials. These innovations have
enabled breakthroughs in fields like electronics, aerospace, and renewable energy, where
the unique characteristics of these materials have been exploited to create more efficient
and high-performance products.

Another notable application of atomic theory is in the field of nanotechnology. The

ability to manipulate matter at the atomic and molecular scale has opened up a new
frontier of scientific exploration and technological advancement. Nanoscale devices and
materials have revolutionized electronics, medicine, and energy storage, leading to
miniaturized and highly efficient systems that were previously unimaginable.

Furthermore, the principles of atomic structure and behavior have found crucial
applications in medical imaging techniques. Techniques like X-ray imaging, positron
emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) rely on the
fundamental understanding of atomic interactions to provide detailed visualizations of the
human body. These diagnostic tools have been instrumental in advancing the field of
medicine, enabling earlier detection of diseases, more accurate diagnoses, and improved
patient outcomes.

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 CONCLUSION

Atomic theory is a fundamental pillar of modern science, providing a

comprehensive framework for understanding the nature and behavior of matter at the
most fundamental level. From the historical development of this powerful conceptual
model to the cutting-edge applications in fields like energy, materials, and medicine, this
report has explored the elegance, complexity, and far-reaching impact of atomic theory.

As we continue to push the boundaries of scientific knowledge, the insights and

principles of atomic theory will undoubtedly play a pivotal role in unlocking new
discoveries and driving technological advancements that shape the future of our world.
By embracing the richness and depth of this foundational scientific concept, we can
unlock the true potential of the atomic world and the wonders it holds.

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 QUESTIONS

1.Triya Fika (Group 1)

Question : How are electrons arranged in different energy levels or shells around the
nucleus?

Answer : Electrons are arranged in energy levels or shells around the nucleus of an atom.
These shells are labeled with principle quantum numbers (n = 1, 2, 3, etc.), with higher
numbers corresponding to higher energy levels farther from the nucleus. Each shell can
hold a specific maximum number of electrons: the first shell can hold up to 2 electrons,
the second up to 8, the third up to 18, and so on

2.Hasna Nur Latifah (Group 9)

Question : How does the concept of energy levels in the Bhor atomic model help explain
the hydrogen emission spectrum?

Answar : In the Bohr atomic model, electrons occupy specific energy levels around the
nucleus. When an electron transitions from a higher energy level to a lower one, it emits
energy in the form of light. This emitted light corresponds to specific wavelengths,
creating a unique spectral pattern. For hydrogen, these transitions produce the distinct
lines observed in its emission spectrum. Each line corresponds to a specific transition
between energy levels, allowing scientists to identify elements based on their unique
spectral signatures.

3.Putri Daniyasih (Group 4)

Question :What is the different between the Bhor atomic model and the Rutherford
atomic model

Answer : The Rutherford atomic model, proposed by Ernest Rutherford in 1911, suggests
that atoms have a dense, positively charged nucleus at their center, with negatively
charged electrons orbiting around it like planets around the sun. However, it couldn't
explain the stability of atoms or the observed spectra of hydrogen.

The Bohr atomic model, proposed by Niels Bohr in 1913, built upon Rutherford's model
by introducing the idea of quantized electron energy levels. According to Bohr's model,
electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed, quantized energy levels, rather than in continuous
orbits. This model successfully explained the stability of atoms and the discrete emission
spectra observed in hydrogen and other elements

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