IIC-Lecture 2 & 3
Uploaded by
Aman DudejaIIC-Lecture 2 & 3
Uploaded by
Aman DudejaIndustrial Instrumentation and Control
(INSTR F343)
Lecture-2 & 3
BITS Pilani Gautam Bacher
Dept. of EEE
K K Birla Goa Campus
Objectives of Process Control
To maintain the process at desired operating conditions
safely and efficiently while satisfying environmental and
product quality requirements.
1. The system should be stable.
2. The system should provide the best possible steady-state
regulation.
3. The system should provide the best possible transient
regulation.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Stability
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Suppress the Influence of External disturbances
Controlling the operation of a stirred tank heater
The operational objectives are
1. To keep the effluent temperature T
at a desired value Ts.
2. To keep the volume of the liquid in
the tank at a desired value Vs
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
The operation of the tank heater is disturbed by external
factors such as changes in the feed flow and
temperature (Fi and Ti)
Feedback temperature control for a tank heater
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Liquid level control
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Feedforward control
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Why Process Control is needed?
Specific Objectives of Control
•Increased product throughput
•Increased yield of higher valued products
•Decreased energy consumption
•Decreased pollution
•Increased Safety
•Extended life of equipment
•Improved Operability
•Decreased production labor
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Control loop
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Control loop
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Example
Consider the tank heating system
Fi, Ti shown in the figure.
A liquid enters the tank with a
flow rate Fi and a temperature of
Ti where it is heated with steam
h having a flow rate of Fst. Let F
and T be the flow rate and
temperature of the stream
F, T leaving the tank.
Fst The tank is considered to be well
stirred, which implies that the
temperature of the effluent is
steam
equal to the temperature of the
liquid in the tank.
The control objectives of this heater are:
1. To keep the effluent temperature T at the desired
value Ts.
2. To keep the volume of the liquid in the tank at a
desired value Vs.
The operation of the heater is disturbed by external
factors such as changes in the feed flow rate Fi
and temperature Ti. ( If nothing changed, then after
attaining T=Ts and V=Vs we could leave the system
alone without any supervision and control.
Fi, Ti A thermocouple measures
the temperature of the fluid in
the tank. Then this
temperature is compared
Thermocouple
with the desired value
yielding a deviation
Set-point ε = Ts – T
F, T The value of deviation is sent
Controller to a control mechanism
which decides what must be
done in order for the
temperature to turn back to
the desired value.
Fi, Ti Notice that feed
forward control does
not wait until the
Thermocouple effects of the
disturbances has been
felt by the system, but
Set-point acts appropriately
F, T before the external
Controller disturbance affects the
system anticipating
what its effect will be.
Fi, Ti
Level Measuring
To keep the
Device
volume at its set
point or the liquid
level hs we hs
measure the level
of the liquid in the Controller
tank and we open
F, T
or close the
effluent flow rate.
Controller
hs
Fi, Ti
Level Measuring
Device
F, T
Fi, Ti
FT
Controller
F, T
• For this example;
• input variables are: Fi, Ti and Fst (which
denote the effect of surroundings on the
process)
• output variables are: F, V and T (which
denote the effect of process on the
surroundings)
• The input variables can be further
classified into the following categories:
1. Manipulated (or adjustable) variables, if
their values can be adjusted freely by the
human operator or a control mechanism.
2. Disturbances, if their values are not the
result of adjustment by an operator or a
control system.
• The output variables are also classified
into the following categories;
1. Measured output variables, if their values
are known by directly measuring them.
2. Unmeasured output variables, if they are
not or cannot be measured directly.
22
23
24
25
26
27
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus