CLOUD COMPUTING

Prepared By: Pramod Kumar swain Lect. CA

As Per SCTEVT Syllabus
 Chapter-1
Introduction to Cloud Computing
The term cloud refers to a network or the internet. It is a technology that uses
remote servers on the internet to store, manage, and access data online
rather than local drives. The data can be anything such as files, images,
documents, audio, video, and more.

There are the following operations that we can do using cloud computing:

• Developing new applications and services

• Storage, back up, and recovery of data
• Hosting blogs and websites
• Delivery of software on demand
• Analysis of data
• Streaming videos and audios

For example
• Searching on Google is an example of cloud computing.
• Email
• Messaging over internet
• Watching videos on YouTube

/All above examples have their storage from where we fetch data. We
are not having any personal storage but we can still store lot of daily
emails on Googles Gmail storage. But we required internet here. Which is
an example of cloud computing.

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 Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises
datacenter. With an on-premises datacenter, we have to manage everything,
such as purchasing and installing hardware, virtualization, installing the
operating system, and any other required applications, setting up the network,
configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all the set-
up, we become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.

But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the

hardware purchase and maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of
software and platform as a service. We can take any required services on rent.
The cloud computing services will be charged based on usage.

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 The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that
makes handy for the user to manage the compute, storage, network, and
application resources. Some cloud service providers are in the following figure.

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Advantages of cloud computing
1. Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software.
2. Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few
clicks.
3. Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources
according to the business requirements.
4. Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort.
We do not need to apply patching, as well as no need to maintain
hardware and software. So, in this way, the IT team can be more
productive and focus on achieving business goals.
5. Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast
for business continuity.
6. Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies,
and controls that strengthen our data security.

Disadvantages of Cloud Computing

7. Internet Connectivity: In cloud computing, every data (image, audio,
video, etc.) is stored on the cloud, and we access these data through
the cloud by using the internet connection. If you do not have good
internet connectivity, you cannot access these data. However, we have
no any other way to access data from the cloud.
8. Vendor lock-in: Vendor lock-in is the biggest disadvantage of cloud
computing. Organizations may face problems when transferring their
services from one vendor to another. As different vendors provide
different platforms, that can cause difficulty moving from one cloud to
another.

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 9. Limited Control: Cloud infrastructure is completely owned, managed,
and monitored by the service provider, so the cloud users have less
control over the function and execution of services within a cloud
infrastructure.
10. Security: Cloud service providers implement the best security standards
to store important information. But, before adopting cloud technology,
you should be aware that you will be sending all your organization's
sensitive information to a third party, i.e., a cloud computing service
provider. While sending the data on the cloud, there may be a chance
that your organization's information is hacked by Hackers.

Historical development of Cloud Computing

1. In 1950 the main frame and time sharing are born, introducing the
concept of shared computer resources.
2. Cloud computing is believed to have been invented by Joseph Carl
Robnett Licklider in the 1960s with his work on ARPANET to connect
people and data from anywhere at any time.
3. In 1969 the first working prototype of ARPANET is launched.
4. In 1970 the word “Client-Server” come in to use. Client server defines the
computing model where client access the data and applications from a
central server.
5. In 1999, Salesforce.com started delivering of applications to users using a
simple website. The applications were delivered to enterprises over the
Internet, and this way the dream of computing sold as utility were true.
6. In 1999, the search engine Google launches.
7. In 1999, Netflix was launched, introducing the new revenue way.
8. In 2003, web2.0 is born, which is characterized by rich multimedia. Now
user can generate content.
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 9. In 2004 Facebook launches giving users facility to share themselves.
10. In 2006, Amazon launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), giving users a
new way.
11. In2006, Google CEO Eric Schmidt uses the word “cloud” as an industry
event.
12. In 2007, Apple launches iPhone, which could be used on any wireless
network.
13. In 2007, Netflix launches streaming services, and live video watching is
born.
14. In 2008, private cloud come in to existence.
15. In 2009, browser-based application like google apps are introduced. In
2009, Microsoft also launched Windows Azure.
16. In 2010, hybrid cloud (private + public cloud) comes in to existence.
17. In 2012, Google launches google drive with free cloud storage.
18. The IT services progressed over the decades with the adoption of
technologies such as Internet Service Providers (ISP) Application Service
Providers.

Vision of Cloud Computing

1. Cloud computing provides the facility to provision virtual hardware,
runtime environment and services to a person having money.
2. These all things can be used as long as they are needed by the user,
there is no requirement for the upfront commitment.
3. The whole collection of computing system is transformed into a collection
of utilities, which can be provisioned and composed together to deploy
systems in hours rather than days, with no maintenance costs.
4. The long-term vision of a cloud computing is that IT services are traded as
utilities in an open market without technological and legal barriers.

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 5. In the near future we can imagine that it will be possible to find the
solution that matches with our requirements by simply entering our
request in a global digital market that trades with cloud
computing services.
6. The existence of such market will enable the automation of the discovery
process and its integration into its existing software systems.
7. Due to the existence of a global platform for trading cloud services will
also help service providers to potentially increase their revenue.
8. A cloud provider can also become a consumer of a competitor service
in order to fulfil its promises to customers.

Characteristics of Cloud Computing

According to NIST (According to NIST there are five essential characteristics
of cloud computing:
1. On-demand self-services: Technical services, such as e-mail, network
service and applications can be accessed without the necessity of human
interaction with individual service providers.

The service providers of Cloud, such as Amazon Web Service (AWS), IBM,
Google and Microsoft provide on demand self-services.

2. A broad network access: Cloud potential is available across the network

and accessed through approved mechanisms that encourage utilization by
diverse thick or thin client operating systems, such as mobile phones,
Laptops etc.
3. Resource pooling: The provider's computing assets are shared mutually to
provide multiple residency models to several consumers, with dissimilar
physical and virtual sources energetically allocated and reallocated based
on consumer requirements. The resources comprise memory, network

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 bandwidth, and virtual machines. Gartner demonstrates that pooling with
the resources builds scale economies.
4. Rapid elasticity: Cloud services can be quickly and elastically provisioned,
and in some instances, such as scale in and scale out, occurs involuntarily.
To the consumer, the ability accessible for provisioning frequently appears to
be limitless and can be bought in any quantity at any point of time.
5. Measured service: Cloud computing resource practice can be considered,
controlled and reported by providing intelligibility for the utilized service
provider and client. Cloud computing services utilize a metering ability
which facilitates to control and make use of resources.
This states that the services are charged for every usage metrics, that is,
pay per use similar to electricity and municipality services.
The present utility companies trade power for subscribers and telephone
companies to buy and sell voice and data services, IT services such as data
center hosting, network security management, or even departmental billing
which is now simply distributed as a contractual service.

Cloud Computing reference model

The reference model for cloud computing is an abstract model that
characterizes and standardizes a cloud computing environment by
partitioning it into abstraction layers and cross-layer functions.

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 The reference model as seen in above image categorized of Cloud
Computing services:

1. Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS)

2. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS)

3. Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

4. Web 2.0

1. Infrastructure as a service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) is a cloud computing offering in which a

vendor provides users access to computing resources such as servers, storage
and networking.

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 2. Platform as a service (PaaS)
Platform as a service (PaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides
users with a cloud environment in which they can develop, manage and
deliver applications.
3. Software as a service (SaaS)

Software as a service (SaaS) is a cloud computing offering that provides

users with access to a vendor’s cloud-based software. Users do not install
applications on their local devices. Instead, the applications reside on a
remote cloud network accessed through the web or an API. Through the
application, users can store and analyze data and collaborate on projects.

4. Web 2.0

Web 2.0 is the term used to describe a variety of web sites and
applications that allow anyone to create and share online information or
material they have created. A key element of the technology is that it allows
people to create, share, collaborate & communicate.

Cloud service requirements

1. Efficiency / cost reduction
2. Data security
3. Scalability
4. Mobility
5. Disaster recovery
6. Control
7. Market reach
8. Automatic Software Updates

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1. Efficiency / cost reduction

By using cloud infrastructure, you don’t have to spend huge amounts of

money on purchasing and maintaining equipment.

2. Data security

Cloud offers many advanced security features that guarantee that data
is securely stored and handled. Cloud storage providers implement baseline
protections for their platforms and the data they process, such authentication,
access control, and encryption.

3. Scalability

Different companies have different IT needs — a large enterprise of

1000+ employees won’t have the same IT requirements as a start-up.Using
cloud is a great solution because it enables enterprise to efficiently — and
quickly — scale up/down according to business demands.

4. Mobility
Cloud computing allows mobile access to corporate data via
smartphones and devices, which is a great way to ensure that no one is ever
left out of the loop. Staff with busy schedules, or who live a long way away
from the corporate office, can use this feature to keep instantly up-to-date
with clients and co-workers.
5. Disaster recovery

Data loss is a major concern for all organizations, along with data
security. Storing your data in the cloud guarantees that data is always
available, even if your equipment like laptops or PCs, is damaged. Cloud-
based services provide quick data recovery for all kinds of emergency
scenarios.

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 6. Control

Cloud enables you complete visibility and control over your data. You
can easily decide which users have what level of access to what data.

7. Market reach

Developing in the cloud enables users to get their applications to market

quickly.

8. Automatic Software Updates

Cloud-based applications automatically refresh and update themselves.

Cloud and dynamic infrastructure

1. Service management

This type of special facility or a functionality is provided to the cloud IT

services by the cloud service providers. This facility includes visibility,
automation and control to delivering the first-class IT services.

2. Asset-Management

In this the assets or the property which is involved in providing the cloud
services are getting managed.

3. Virtualization and consolidation

Consolidation is an effort to reduce the cost of a technology by

improving its operating efficiency and effectiveness. It means migrating from
large number of resources to fewer one, which is done by virtualization
technology.

4. Information Infrastructure

It helps the business organizations to achieve the following : Information

compliance, availability of resources retention and security objectives.

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 5. Energy-Efficiency

Here the IT infrastructure or organization sustainable. It means it is not

likely to damage or effect any other thing.

6. Security

This cloud infrastructure is responsible for the risk management. Risk

management Refers to the risks involved in the services which are being
provided by the cloud-service providers.

7. Resilience

This infrastructure provides the feature of resilience means the services

are resilient. It means the infrastructure is safe from all sides. The IT operations
will not be easily get affected.

Cloud adoption
Cloud adoption means adopting a service or technology from another cloud
service provide.

1. Here Cloud means the environment of cloud where the cloud services
are being operated.
2. Adoption term states that accepting the services of new Technology.
3. Adoption means following some kind of new trend or existing trend or a
technology.
4. This Cloud adoption is suitable for low priority business applications.
5. It supports some interactive applications that combines two or more
data sources.
6. For example: -if a marketing company requires to grow his business in the
whole country in a short span of time, then it must need a quick
promotion or short promotion across the country.

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 7. Cloud Adoption is useful when the recovery management, backup
recovery-based implementations are required.
8. By considering the above key points we conclude that it is only suitable
for the applications that are modular and loosely coupled.
9. It will work well with research and development projects.

10. It means the testing of new services, design models and also the
applications that can be get adjusted on small servers.
11. Applications which require different level of infrastructure throughout
the day or throughout the month should be deployed Through the cloud.
12. The applications whose demand is unknown can also be deployed
using clouds.

Benefits of cloud adoption:

1. Data security

2. Increased resource sharing

3. Flexibility

4. Business agility

5. Facilitates innovation

6. Great efficiency at lower price

7. Better collaboration

8. Better backup

Cloud computing environments

1. Application development

2. Infrastructure and system development

3. Computing platforms and technologies

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1. Application development

• Applications performance influenced by the workload generated by

the different user’s demand.

• With the rapid development of Web 2.0 technologies, the Web has
become a platform for developing rich and complex applications.

• It includes enterprise applications that now leverage the Internet as the

preferred channel for service delivery and user interaction.

2. Infrastructure and system development

• IaaS solutions provide the capabilities to add and remove resources.

• PaaS solutions embed into their core offering algorithms and rules that
control the provisioning process and the lease of resources.

• Integration between cloud resources and existing system deployment is

another element of concern.

• Web 2.0 technologies constitute the interface through which cloud

computing services are delivered, managed, and provisioned.

• Virtualization technology is a core feature of the infrastructure used by

cloud providers.

3. Computing platforms and technologies

Development of a cloud computing application happens by leveraging

platforms and frameworks that provide different types of services, from the
bare-metal infrastructure to customizable applications serving specific
purposes.

Some of the cloud computing platforms and technologies are:

• Amazon web services (AWS): Provides customers with a wide array of

cloud services.

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 • Google AppEngine: For developing and hosting web applications in
Google-managed data centers.

• Microsoft Azure: It provides a range of cloud services, including those

for compute, analytics, storage and networking.

• Hadoop: Hadoop is a Java-based framework used to manipulate data

in the cloud or on premises. Hadoop can be installed on cloud servers
to manage Big data whereas cloud alone cannot manage data
without Hadoop in It.

• Salesforce.com: It is a cloud computing SaaS company that specializes

in customer relationship management (CRM). Salesforce’s services
allow businesses to use cloud technology to better connect with
customers, partners and potential customers.

Cloud application: ECG Analysis in the cloud

• Healthcare is a field or domain or area or a region where the information
technology has found many of the applications.

• These applications are getting involved to help business firms in assisting

the scientists to develop solutions to prevent the diseases.

• Due to the invention of internet or we can say due to the availability of

internet cloud computing has come into the picture and represent itself
as an attractive option for developing health monitoring system.

• Example of health monitoring system is ECG machine which is used to

measure the Heart-Beat of Human body and the output is get printed on
the graph paper.

• The full form of ECG is Electrocardiogram.

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• The analysis of the shape is used to identify arrhythmias, and it is the most
common way of detecting the heart diseases.

• Here the meaning of arrhythmias means “not having a steady rhythm”,

“an arrhythmic heartbeat” means a heartbeat which is not in its rhythm.

• Now we will let this concept enter into the cloud computing.

• Cloud computing technologies allow the remote monitoring of a

patient’s heart beat data.

• Through this way the patient at risk can be constantly monitored without
going to the hospital for ECG analysis.

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• At the same time the Doctor’s can instantly be notified with cases that
need’s their attention.

• Here in this fig, there are different types of computing devices equipped
with ECG sensors to constantly monitor the patient’s heart beat.

• The respective information is transmitted to the patient’s mobile device

that will immediately be forwarded to the cloud- hosted web services for
analysis.

• The entire web services from the front end of a platform that is
completely hosted in the cloud that consist of three layers: Saas, Paas,
Iaas.

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 Chapter-2
Cloud computing architecture
Cloud computing is a utility-oriented and Internet-centric way of
delivering IT services on demand. As seen in the image below.

Cloud computing architecture includes:

1. IaaS, Infrastructure as a service

2. PaaS, Platform as a service

3. SaaS, Software as a service

Cloud infrastructure can be heterogeneous in nature because a variety of

resources, such as

• Clusters

• Networked PCs,

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 • Databases

• Cloud application

• Cloud programming tools

• Hosting platforms

• Virtual machines, etc. are used.

From the diagram above, we will discuss about:

1. IaaS

2. PaaS

3. SaaS

4. User applications

5. User-level middleware

6. Core middleware

7. System infrastructure

1. IaaS:

1. IaaS stands for infrastructure as a service.

2. Infrastructure as a service or IaaS is the basic layer in cloud

computing model.

3. IaaS offers servers, network devices, load balancers, database, Web

servers etc.

4. IaaS examples can be categorized in two categories

1. IaaS Management layer

2. IaaS Physical infrastructure

5. Some service providers provide both above categories and some

provides only management layer.

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 6. IaaS management layer also required integration with
other IaaS solutions that provide physical infrastructure.

7. Main technologies behind IaaS is hardware virtualization.

8. Some examples:

1. Amazon Web Services (AWS),

2. Microsoft Azure,

3. Google Compute Engine (GCE)

2. PaaS:

1. PaaS stands for platform as a service.

2. PaaS provides a computing platform with a programming language

execution environment.

3. PaaS offered to the user is a development platform

4. PaaS solutions generally include the infrastructure as well.

5. PurePaaS offered only the user-level middleware.

6. Some examples:

o Google App Engine

o Force.com

3. SaaS:

1. SaaS stands for software as a service.

2. Software as a service (SaaS) allows users to connect to and use cloud-

based apps over the Internet.

3. SaaS is the service with which end users interact directly.

4. Some examples:

o Gmail

o Google drive

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 o Dropbox

o WhatsApp

4. User applications:

1. It includes cloud applications through which end user get interact.

2. There may be different types of user applications, like scientific,

gaming, social etc.

3. Some of the examples are Gmail, Facebook.com, etc.

5. User-level middleware:

1. It includes cloud programming environment and tools.

2. There may be different types of programming environments and tools

depends on the user applications.

3. Some of the examples of user level middleware are web 2.0, libraries,
scripting.

6. Core middleware:

1. It includes cloud hosting platforms.

2. It manages quality of service.

3. Execution management.

4. Accounting, metering etc.

5. Virtual machines are the part of core middleware.

7. System infrastructure:

1. It includes cloud resources.

2. Storage hardware

3. Servers, databases are part of it.

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Types of Cloud Computing

• Public Cloud: The cloud resources that are owned and operated by a
third-party cloud service provider are termed as public clouds. It delivers
computing resources such as servers, software, and storage over the
internet

• Private Cloud: The cloud computing resources that are exclusively used
inside a single business or organization are termed as a private cloud. A
private cloud may physically be located on the company’s on-site
datacenter or hosted by a third-party service provider.

• Hybrid Cloud: It is the combination of public and private clouds, which is

bounded together by technology that allows data applications to be
shared between them. Hybrid cloud provides flexibility and more
deployment options to the business.

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Cloud Interoperability and standards
Cloud interoperability refers to the ability of customers to use the same
management tools, server images and other software with a variety of cloud
computing providers and platforms.

Standards are important in cloud computing for a variety of reasons.

Standards for interoperability and data and application portability can ensure
an open competitive market in cloud computing because customers are not
locked-in to cloud providers and can easily transfer data or applications
between cloud providers.

Why cloud interoperability and standards?

Vendor lock-in can prevent a customer from switching to another
competitor’s solution. If switching is possible, it happens at considerable
conversion cost and requires significant amounts of time. Switching happen
because may be customer wants to find a more suitable solution for customer
needs. Or vendor may not be able to provide the service required. So, the
presence of standards that are actually implemented and adopted in
the cloud computing community gives power for interoperability and then
lessen the risks resulting from vendor lock-in.

Cloud Computing Interoperability Use Cases

1. Workload migration: A workload that executes in one cloud provider can
be uploaded to another cloud provider. Some standardization efforts that
support this use case are Amazon Machine Image (AMI), Open
Virtualization Framework (OVF), and Virtual Hard Disk (VHD).
2. Data migration: Data that resides in one cloud provider can be moved to
another cloud provider. A standardization effort that supports this use case

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 is Cloud Data Management Interface (CDMI). In addition, even though
SOAP and REST are not data-specific standards, multiple cloud-storage
providers support data- and storage-management interfaces that use
SOAP and REST.
3. User authentication: A user who has established an identity with a cloud
provider can use the same identity with another cloud provider.
Standardization efforts that support this use case are Amazon Web Services
Identity Access Management (AWS IAM), OAuth, OpenID, and WS-Security.
4. Workload management: Custom tools developed for cloud workload
management can be used to manage multiple cloud resources from
different vendors. Even though most environments provide a form of
management console or command-line tools, they also provide APIs based
on REST or SOAP.

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