CC UNIT-2

Q: Motivation for the cloud computing

 Cloud computing means on demand delivery of IT resources/services
through internet with pay-as-you-go model

 Cloud computing means storing and accessing the data and programs on
remote servers that are hosted on the internet instead of the computer’s
hard drive or local server.
 Cloud computing is also referred to as Internet-based computing, it is a
technology where the resource is provided as a service through the
Internet to the user.
 The data which is stored can be files, images, documents, or any other
storable document.
 Some operations which can be performed with cloud computing are –
 Storage, backup, and recovery of data
 Delivery of software on demand
 Development of new applications and services
 Streaming videos and audio
 Nowadays, Cloud computing is adopted by every company, whether it is
a MNC or a startup and many are still migrating towards it because of
the cost-cutting, lesser maintenance, and the increased capacity of the
data with the help of servers maintained by the cloud providers.
 One more reason for this drastic change from the On-premises servers of
the companies to the Cloud providers is the ‘Pay as you go’ service
provided by them i.e., you only have to pay for the service which you
are using.
 The disadvantage of On-premises server holds that if the server is not in
use the company still has to pay for it.
The reasons to switch to Cloud Computing instead of owning a database server
are:
1. Reduces cost: The cost-cutting ability of businesses that utilize cloud
computing over time is one of the main advantages of this technology. By the
use of cloud servers businesses will save and reduce costs with no need to
employ a staff of technical support personnel to address server issues.
2. More storage: For software and applications to execute as quickly and
efficiently as possible, it provides more servers, storage space, and computing
power. Many tools are available for cloud storage such as Dropbox, OneDrive,
Google Drive, iCloud Drive, etc.
3. Employees using cloud computing have better work-life balance:
Direct connections between cloud computing benefits, and the work and
personal lives of an enterprise’s workers can both improve because of cloud
computing. Even on holidays, the employees have to work with the server for
its security, maintenance, and proper functionality. But with cloud storage the
thing is not the same, employees get ample of time for their personal life and
the workload is even less comparatively.

Q: Needs of cloud computing

Cloud computing fulfils various needs for individuals, businesses, and
organizations across different industries. Some of the key needs that cloud
computing addresses include:
 Scalability: Cloud computing allows users to easily scale their
computing resources up or down based on demand. This is especially
crucial for businesses with fluctuating workloads or rapidly growing user
bases.
 Cost Efficiency: Cloud services often operate on a pay-as-you-go or
subscription-based pricing model, which can be more cost-effective than
investing in and maintaining on-premises hardware and infrastructure.
Users can avoid upfront capital expenses and only pay for the resources
they actually use.
 Flexibility: Cloud platforms offer a wide range of services and resources,
from computing power and storage to specialized tools and databases.
Users can choose the services that best suit their specific needs and can
adapt as those needs change over time.
 Accessibility: Cloud computing enables remote access to resources and
data from anywhere with an internet connection. This accessibility is
crucial for modern businesses and remote workforces, allowing
employees to collaborate and access data regardless of their location.
 Security: Many cloud providers offer robust security measures and
compliance certifications, making it easier for organizations to meet
security and compliance requirements. Cloud providers invest heavily in
security to protect data and resources from threats.

More storage:
 For software and applications to execute as quickly and efficiently as
possible, it provides more servers, storage space, and computing power.
Many tools are available for cloud storage such as Dropbox, OneDrive,
Google Drive, iCloud Drive, etc.
 Employees using cloud computing have better work-life balance:
Direct connections between cloud computing benefits, and the work and
personal lives of an enterprise’s workers can both improve because of
 cloud computing. Even on holidays, the employees have to work with the
server for its security, maintenance, and proper functionality. But with
cloud storage the thing is not the same, employees get ample of time for
their personal life and the workload is even less comparatively.
In summary, cloud computing addresses a wide range of needs, from cost
savings and scalability to security and global accessibility. Its versatility makes
it a valuable technology for businesses and individuals across various sectors
and use cases.
Q:Defining Cloud Computing
 In the simplest terms, Cloud computing means on demand delivery of IT
resources/services through internet with pay-as-you-go model
 Cloud computing means storing and accessing data and programs over
the Internet from a remote location or computer instead of our computer’s
hard drive. This so called remote location has several properties such as
scalability, elasticity etc., which is significantly different from a simple
remote machine.
The cloud is just a metaphor for the Internet. When we store data on or run a
program from the local computer’s hard drive, that is called local storage and
computing.
For it to be considered cloud computing, we need to access our data or
programs over the Internet. The end result is the same; however, with an online
connection, cloud computing can be done anywhere, anytime, and by any
device.
Q:NIST Definition of Cloud Computing

The formal definition of cloud computing comes from the National Institute of
Standards and Technology (NIST):

“Cloud computing is a model for enabling convenient, on-demand network

access to a shared pool of configurable computing resources (e.g., networks,
servers, storage, applications, and services) that can be rapidly supply and
released with minimal management effort or service provider interaction. This
cloud model is composed of five essential characteristics, three service models,
and four deployment models
It means that the computing resource or infrastructure—be it server hardware,
storage, network, or application software—all available from the cloud vendor
or provider’s site/premises, can be accessible over the Internet from any remote
location and by any local computing device.
In addition, the usage or accessibility is to cost only to the level of usage to the
customers based on their needs and demands, also known as the pay-as-you-go
or pay-as-per-use model.
If the need is more, more quantum computing resources are made available
(provisioning with elasticity) by the provider. Minimal management effort
implies that at the customer’s side, the maintenance of computing systems is
very minimal as they will have to look at these tasks only for their local
computing devices used for accessing cloud-based resources, not for those
computing resources managed at the provider’s side.
Many vendors, pundits, and experts refer to NIST, and both the International
Standards Organization (ISO) and the Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers (IEEE) back the NIST definition.

Q:Cloud Computing Is a Service

The simplest thing that any computer does is allow us to store and
retrieve information.
We can store our family photographs, our favorite songs, or even save
movies on it, which is also the most basic service offered by cloud computing.
Let us look at the example of a popular application called Flickr to illustrate the
meaning of this section.
While Flickr started with an emphasis on sharing photos and images, it has
emerged as a great place to store those images. In many ways, it is superior to
storing the images on your computer
First, Flickr allows us to easily access our images no matter where we are or
what type of device we are using. While we might upload the photos of our
vacation from our home computer, later, we can easily access them from our
laptop at the office.
2. Second, Flickr lets us share the images. There is no need to burn them to a
CD or save them on a flash drive. We can just send someone our Flickr address
to share these photos or images.
3. Third, Flickr provides data security. By uploading the images to Flickr, we
are providing ourselves with data security by creating a backup on the web.
And, while it is always best to keep a local copy—either on a computer, a CD,
or a flash drive—the truth is that we are far more likely to lose the images that
we store locally than Flickr is of losing our images.

Q:Cloud Computing Is a Platform

The World Wide Web (WWW) can be considered as the operating system for
all our Internet-based applications. However, one has to understand that we will
always need a local operating system in our computer to access web-based
applications.
The basic meaning of the term platform is that it is the support on which
applications run or give results to the users.
For example, Microsoft Windows is a platform. But, a platform does not have to
be an operating system. Java is a platform even though it is not an operating
system.
Through cloud computing, the web is becoming a platform. With trends
(applications) such as Office 2.0, more and more applications that were
originally available on desktop computers are now being converted into web–
cloud applications.
Word processors like Buzzword and office suites like Google Docs are now
available in the cloud as their desktop counterparts. All these kinds of trends in
providing applications via the cloud are turning cloud computing into a platform
or to act as a platform.

Q: Explain the 5-4-3 Principles of cloud computing.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has introduced the
5-4-3 Principle of Cloud Computing which includes five distinctive features of
cloud computing, four deployment models, and three service models.
Five Essential Characteristics:
1. On-demand Service:

This service does not require any human intervention users themselves are able
to provision monitor and manage computing resources as needed based on their
requirement.

ex: AWS, EC2

2. Broad Network Access:

Computing resources are available over the network and can be accessed using
heterogeneous client platforms like mobiles, laptops, desktops, PDAs, etc.

ex: google drive

3. Resource Pooling:

Cloud providers share physical resources storage network server among

multiple users by resource utilisation and provides cost savings. For this, cloud
computing adopts a multitenant model where the computing resources of
service providers are dynamically assigned to the customer on their demand.

Ex: Microsoft azure

4. Rapid elasticity:

Cloud resources can be quickly scaled up or down to provide flexibility to

handle various demands. The resource can be released at an increasingly large
scale to meet customer demand. Computing resources can be purchased at any
time and in any quantity depending on the customers' demand.

5. Measured Service:

Cloud usage is monitored control and build based on the actual resource
consumed. Users pay only for the resources they use, promoting cost efficiency.

The resources used can be reported with metering capability, thereby providing
transparency between the provider and the customer.

Four Deployment Models:

1. Public cloud:
The public cloud is accessible to all the public over the Internet these services
are hosted on the providers infrastructure and are accessed by multiple
organisations or individuals. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers
and users to easily access systems and services
2. Private cloud:
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model. There is no need to share your hardware with anyone
else. Private cloud infrastructure is dedicated to a single organisation and is
hosted within that organisation own data centres
3. Hybrid cloud:
It is a combination of both public and private cloud resources allowing data and
applications to be shared between them. Organizations can move data and
applications between different clouds using a combination of two or more
cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs.
4. Community cloud:
The community cloud operates in the same way as public cloud but there is one
different it allows access to only a specific set of users who share common
objectives and use cases this type of deployment model is generally managed
by a third party.

Three Service Models

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS):
Iaas is also called as hardware as a service (Haas)it is a computing
infrastructure managed over the Internet. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS),
here cloud service provider provides server, storage, network services to its end
users. the main advantage of using Iaas is it helps the users to avoid the cost of
purchasing and managing the physical servers as users can do pay as you go
basis.
Ex: Amazon EC2 provides Iaas by offering resizable virtual servers
2. Platform as a Service (PaaS):
PAAS offers a platform and environment where developers can build deploy
and manage applications without worrying about the infrastructure. Paas
provides tools for testing and deployment
The most popular PaaS services are Google App Engine, Windows Azure, and
Heroku .PAAS = IAAS+PAAS
3. Software as a Service (SaaS):

Software as a Service (SaaS), here cloud service provider offers its customer to
use applications running on cloud infrastructure over the Internet on a
subscription basis.
It is a way of delivering applications over the internet as a service. Instead of
installing and maintaining software, you simply access it via the internet
Service providers provide servers, storage, networks, virtualization, operating
systems, running environments, and software with this capability.

Users can access cloud applications on or off-premises. The customer can

extend or extend the offered services based on their demands. The customer
need not worry about the maintenance and updates as it is the service provider's
responsibility. SAAS = IAAS+PAAS+SAAS

Ex: Google Docs, Gmail, office etc.

Q: Five essential characteristics of cloud computing

NIST’s 5 Essential Cloud Computing Characteristics

The National Institute of Standards Technology (NIST) lists five essential
characteristics of cloud computing: on-demand self-service, broad network
access, resource pooling, rapid elasticity, and measured service.
1. On-Demand Self-Service
This service does not require any human intervention users themselves are able
to provision monitor and manage computing resources as needed based on their
requirement
With cloud computing, you can provision computing services, like server time
and network storage, automatically. You will not need to interact with the
service provider
2. Broad Network Access
Another essential cloud computing characteristic is broad network access.
Computing resources are available over the network and can be accessed using
heterogeneous client platforms like mobiles, laptops, desktops, PDAs, etc.

Ex: google drive

3. Resource Pooling

With resource pooling, multiple customers can share physical resources using a
multi-tenant model. Cloud providers share physical resources storage network
server among multiple users by resource utilisation and provides cost savings.
For this, cloud computing adopts a multitenant model where the computing
resources of service providers are dynamically assigned to the customer on their
demand.

4. Rapid Elasticity
Cloud resources can be quickly scaled up or down to provide flexibility to
handle various demands. The resource can be released at an increasingly large
scale to meet customer demand. Computing resources can be purchased at any
time and in any quantity depending on the customers' demand.
5. Measured Service

Cloud usage is monitored control and build based on the actual resource
consumed. Users pay only for the resources they use, promoting cost efficiency.
The resources used can be reported with metering capability, thereby providing
transparency between the provider and the customer

Q: 4 cloud deployment models.

The cloud deployment models are:
 Public
 Private
 Community
 Hybrid

PUBLIC CLOUD:
The public cloud is accessible to all the public over the Internet these services
are hosted on the providers infrastructure and are accessed by multiple
organisations or individuals. It is a type of cloud hosting that allows customers
and users to easily access systems and services. In this arrangement, storage
backup and retrieval services are given for free, as a subscription, or on a per-
user basis. For example, Google App Engine etc.
Advantages of the Public Cloud Model:
 No setup cost
 Infrastructure Management is not required
 No maintenance
 high Scalability
Disadvantages of the Public Cloud Model:
 Less secure
 Low customization
PRIVATE CLOUD
The private cloud deployment model is the exact opposite of the public cloud
deployment model. There is no need to share your hardware with anyone
else. Private cloud infrastructure is dedicated to a single organisation and is
hosted within that organisation own data centres it provides more security than
public cloud but requires more resources to maintain
Advantages of the Private Cloud Model:
 Better Control
 Data Security and Privacy
Disadvantages of the Private Cloud Model:
 More resources to maintain
 Low scalability

HYBRID CLOUD
It is a combination of both public and private cloud resources allowing data and
applications to be shared between them. Organizations can move data and
applications between different clouds using a combination of two or more
cloud deployment methods, depending on their needs.
Advantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model:
 Flexibility and control
 Cost
 Security
Disadvantages of the Hybrid Cloud Model:
 Difficult to manage
 Slow data transmission
COMMUNITY CLOUD
The community cloud operates in the same way as public cloud but there is one
difference it allows access to only a specific set of users who share common
objectives and use cases this type of deployment model is generally managed
by a third party
Advantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Cost Effective
 Security
 Shared resources
 Collaboration and data sharing
Disadvantages of the Community Cloud Model
 Limited Scalability
 Rigid in customization

Q:Difference between PaaS and IaaS

The major difference between PaaS and IaaS is the amount of control that users
have.

In essence, PaaS allows vendors to manage everything, while IaaS requires

more management from the customer side.

Generally speaking, organizations that already have a software package or

application for a specific purpose and want to install and run it in the cloud
should opt to use IaaS instead of PaaS.

Three Service Offering Models

The three kinds of services with which the cloud-based computing

resources are available to end customers are as follows:

1.Software as a Service (SaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS).

It is also known as the service–platform–infrastructure (SPI) model of

the cloud and is shown in Figure.
SaaS is a software distribution model in which applications
(software, which is one of the most important computing resources)
are hosted by a vendor or service provider and made available to
customers over a network, typically the Internet.

PaaS is a paradigm for delivering operating systems and associated services

(e.g., computer aided software engineering [CASE] tools, integrated
development environments [IDEs] for developing software solutions) over the
Internet without downloads or installation.

IaaS involves outsourcing the equipment used to support operations,

including storage, hardware, servers, and networking components.

1.Cloud SaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to use the provider’s
applications running on a cloud infrastructure, including network, servers,
operating systems, storage, and even individual application capabilities, with the
possible exception of limited user-specific application configuration settings.
The applications are accessible from various client devices through either a thin
client interface, such as a web browser (e.g., web-based e-mail), or a program
interface.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure.
Typical applications offered as a service include customer relationship
management (CRM), business intelligence analytics, and online accounting
software.
2. Cloud PaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to deploy onto the
cloud infrastructure consumer-created or acquired applications created using
programming languages, libraries, services, and tools supported by the provider.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
but has control over the deployed applications and possibly configuration
settings for the application-hosting environment.
In other words, it is a packaged and ready-to-run development or operating
framework. The PaaS vendor provides the networks, servers, and storage and
manages the levels of scalability and maintenance. The client typically pays for
services used. Examples of PaaS providers include Google App Engine and
Microsoft Azure Services.

3. Cloud IaaS: The capability provided to the consumer is to provision

processing, storage, networks, and other fundamental computing resources on a
pay-per-use basis where he or she is able to deploy and run arbitrary software,
which can include operating systems and applications.
The consumer does not manage or control the underlying cloud infrastructure
but has control over the operating systems, storage, and deployed applications
and possibly limited control of select networking components (e.g., host
firewalls).
The service provider owns the equipment and is responsible for housing,
cooling operation, and maintenance. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a popular
example of a large IaaS provider.