Moles-Grade 11

1. Work out the relative molecular masses of the following compounds:

a. SO2
b. NH3
c. C2H5OH
d. MgCl2
e. Ca(NO3)2
f. CH3(CH2)5CH3
g. PCl5
h. Mg3(PO4)2
i. Na2S2O3
j. CH3CH2CH2COOCH2CH3

2. Work out the mass of a molecule of each of the following:

a. H2O
b. NH3
c. CO2

3. Work out the total number of hydrogen atoms in each of the following:
a. 1.00 mol H2
b. 0.200 mol CH4
c. 0.0500 mol NH3

4. Calculate the total number of atoms in each of the following:

a. 0.0100 mol NH3
b. 0.200 mol C2H6
c. 0.0400 mol C2H5OH

5. Calculate the number of moles of oxygen atoms in each of the following:

a. 0.2 mol H2SO4
b. 0.1 mol Cl2O7
c. 0.03 mol XeO4

6. Empirical and molecular formulas/ Percentage composition of a compound

a. Calculate the mass of O present in 2.20 g of CO2.
b. Find the percentage by mass of each element present in C6H5NO2
c. What mass of HNO3contains 2.00 g of oxygen?

7. Calculate the percentage by mass of oxygen in each of the following compounds:

a. C2H5OH
b. CH3CH2COOH
c. Cl2O7

8. Calculate the mass of oxygen in each of the following samples:

a. 6.00 g of C3H7OH
b. 5.00 g of SO2
c. 10.0 g of P4O10

9. Empirical and molecular formulas

a. A compound has the following composition by mass: C, 0.681 g; H, 0.137 g; O, 0.181 g.
i. Calculate the empirical formula of the compound.
ii. If the relative molecular mass of the compound is 88.17, calculate the molecular formula.
 b. The experimental set-up shown below can be used to determine
the empirical formula of copper oxide.
The following experimental results were obtained.
Mass of empty dish / g 24.58
Mass of dish + copper oxide / g 30.12
Mass of dish + copper at end of experiment / g 29.00
Calculate the empirical formula of the copper oxide and write an equation for the reaction.

c. Composition by mass from combustion data

An organic compound, A, contains only carbon and hydrogen. When 2.50 g of Aburns in excess
oxygen, 8.08 g of carbon dioxide and 2.64 g of water are formed. Calculate the empirical formula.

d. An organic compound, B, contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. When 1.46 g of B burns in
excess oxygen, 2.79 g of carbon dioxide and 1.71 g of water are formed.
i. What is the empirical formula of B?
ii. If the relative molecular mass is 92.16, what is the molecular formula of B?

10. Empirical and molecular formulas

a. Analysis of a sample of an organic compound produced the following composition:C: 0.399 g H:
0.101 ga Calculate the empirical formula.b Given that the relative molecular mass is 30.08,
determine the molecular formula.
b. If an oxide of chlorine contains 81.6% chlorine, calculate its empirical formula.
c. A compound contains 76.0% iodine and 24.0% oxygen. Calculate the empirical formula of the
compound.
d. A compound, X, contains 64.8% carbon and 13.6% hydrogen. If the only other element present is
oxygen and a single molecule of the compound contains four carbon atoms, calculate the molecular
formula of X.
e. When 5.60 g of an iron oxide is heated with carbon, 3.92 g of iron is produced. Calculate the
empirical formula of the iron oxide.
f. When 1.76 g of a hydrocarbon, Q, is burnt in excess oxygen, 5.27 g of carbon dioxide and 2.88 g of
water are produced. What is the empirical formula of Q?
g. When 2.38 g of a hydrocarbon, Z, is burnt in excess oxygen, 7.21 g of carbon dioxide is produced.
What is the empirical formula of Z?
h. When 4.76 g of an organic compound, D, which contains only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, is burnt
in excess oxygen, 10.46 g of carbon dioxide and 5.71 g of water are produced. What is the empirical
formula of D?

11. Balance the following equations:

a. NO + O2 →NO2
b. C3H8+ O2 →CO2+ H2O
c. CaCO3+ HCl →CaCl2+ CO2+ H2O
d. C2H5OH + O2 →CO2+ H2O
e. WO3+ H2 →W + H2O
f. H2O2 →O2+ H2O
g. CrO3 →Cr2O3+ O2
h. Al4C3+ H2O →CH4+ Al2O3
i. HI + H2SO4 →H2S + H2O + I2
j. PH3+ O2 →P4O10+ H2O

12. Calculations involving moles and masses

a. Consider the reaction of sodium with oxygen:4Na(s) +O2(g) →2Na2O(s)
i. How much sodium reacts exactly with 3.20 g of oxygen?
ii. What mass of Na2O is produced?
 b. Consider the following equation.2NH3+ 3CuO →N2+ 3H2O + 3Cu
If 2.56 g of ammonia (NH3) is reacted with excess CuO, calculate the mass of Cu produced.
c. The following equation represents the combustion of butane:
2C4H10(g) + 13O2(g) →8CO2(g) + 10H2O(l)
If 10.00 g of butane is used, calculate:
i. the mass of oxygen required for the exact reaction
ii. the mass of carbon dioxide produced.

13. Calculations involving moles and masses:

a. How many moles of hydrogen gas are produced when 0.4 moles of sodium react with excess water?
2Na + 2H2O →2NaOH + H2
b. How many moles of O2 react with 0.01 mol C3H8?
C3H8+ 5O2 →3CO2+ 4H2O
c. How many moles of H2S are formed when 0.02 mol of HCl react with excess Sb2S3?
Sb2S3+ 6HCl → 2SbCl3+ 3H2S
d. How many moles of oxygen are formed when 0.6 mol of KClO3 react?
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
e. How many moles of iron are formed when 0.9 mol CO react with excess iron oxide?
Fe2O3+ 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
f. How many moles of hydrogen would be required to make 2.4 × 10−3mol NH3?
N2+ 3H2 → 2NH3
g. Calculate the mass of arsenic(III) chloride produced when 0.150 g of arsenic reacts with excess
chlorine according to the equation:
2As + 3Cl2 → 2AsCl3
h. What mass of sulfur is produced when 5.78 g iron(III) sul de is reacted with excess oxygen?
2Fe2S3+ 3O2 → 2Fe2O3+ 6S
i. Calculate the mass of iodine that must be reacted with excess phosphorus to produce 5.00 g of
phosphorus(III) iodide according to the equation below.
2P + 3I2 → 2PI3
j. Consider the reaction shown below. What mass of SCl2must be reacted with excess NaF to produce
2.25 g of NaCl?
3SCl2+ 4NaF → S2Cl2+ SF4+ 4NaCl

14. Calculating the yield of a chemical reaction.

Calculate the percentage yield in each of the following reactions.
a. When 2.50 g of SO2 is heated with excess oxygen, 2.50 g of SO3 is obtained.
2SO2+ O2 →2SO3
b. When 10.0 g of arsenic is heated in excess oxygen, 12.5 g of As4O6 is produced.
4As + 3O2 →As4O6
c. When 1.20 g ethene reacts with excess bromine, 5.23 g of 1,2-dibromoethane is produced.
C2H4+ Br2 →CH2BrCH2Br

15. Limiting reactant

a. Consider the reaction between magnesium and nitrogen:
3Mg(s) + N2(g) →Mg3N2(s)
10.00 g of magnesium is reacted with 5.00 g of nitrogen. Which is the limiting reactant?
b. Consider the reaction between sulfur and fluorine:
S(s) + 3F2(g) →SF6(g)
10.00 g of sulfur reacts with 10.00 g of fluorine.
i. Which is the limiting reactant?
ii. What mass of sulfur(VI) uoride is formed?
iii. What mass of the reactant in excess is left at the end?
 c. What is the limiting reactant in each of the following reactions?
i. 0.1 mol Sb4O6 reacts with 0.5 mol H2SO4
Sb4O6+ 6H2SO4 →2Sb2(SO4)3+ 6H2O
ii. 0.20 mol AsCl3reacts with 0.25 mol H2O4
AsCl3+ 6H2O →As4O6+ 12HCl
iii. 0.25 mol Cu react with 0.50 mol dilute HNO3 according to the equation:
3Cu + 8HNO3→3Cu(NO3)2+ 4H2O + 2NO
iv. 0.10 mol NaCl reacts with 0.15 mol MnO2 and 0.20 mol H2SO4
2NaCl + MnO2+ 2H2SO4→Na2SO4+ MnSO4+ 2H2O + Cl2

16. Boron can be prepared by reacting B2O3with magnesium at high temperatures:

B2O3+ 3Mg →2B + 3MgO
What mass of B is obtained if 0.75 g B2O3 is reacted with 0.50 g Mg?

17. Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon to produce iron:

Fe2O3+ 3C →2Fe + 3CO
What mass of Fe is obtained if 10.0 tonnes of Fe2O3 is reacted with 1.00 tonne of C?

18. Calculations involving volumes of gases

a. Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide (collected at STP) produced when 10.01 g of calcium
carbonate decomposes according to the equation:
CaCO3(s) →CaO(s) + CO2(g)
b. Potassium chlorate(V) decomposes when heated:
2KClO3(s) →2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
What mass of potassium chlorate(V) decomposes to produce 100.0 cm3 of oxygen gas measured at
RTP?
c. Consider the following equation:2As2S3+ 9O2 →2As2O3+ 6SO2
What volume of SO2 is obtained (measured at STP) when 1.000 kg of As2S3 is heated in oxygen?
d. Calculate the volume of CO2 produced when 100 cm3 of ethene burns in excess oxygen according to
the equation:
C2H4(g) + 3O2(g) →2CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
e. Calculate the volume of NO produced when 2.0 dm3 of oxygen is reacted with excess ammonia
according to the equation:
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) →4NO(g) + 6H2O(g)
f. Sodium nitrate(V) decomposes according to the equation:
2NaNO3(s) →2NaNO2(s) + O2(g)
Calculate the volume (in cm3) of oxygen produced (measured at STP) when 0.820 g of sodium
nitrate(V) decomposes.
g. Tin reacts with nitric acid according to the equation:
Sn(s) + 4HNO3(aq) →SnO2(s) + 4NO2(g) + 2H2O(l)
If 2.50 g of tin are reacted with excess nitric acid what volume of NO2(in cm3) is produced at STP?
h. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate that must be reacted with excess hydrochloric acid to
produce 100.0 cm3 of CO2 at STP.
Na2CO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

19. Assume that all gases behave as ideal gases and that all measurements are made under the same
conditions of temperature and pressure.
a. Oxygen (O2) can be converted to ozone (O3) by passing it through a silent electric discharge.
3O2(g) →2O3(g)
If 300 cm3 of oxygen is used and 10% of the oxygen is converted to ozone, calculate the total volume
of gas present at the end of the experiment.
b. Hydrogen reacts with chlorine according to the equation:
H2(g) + Cl2(g) →2HCl(g)
 What is the total volume of gas present in the container at the end of the experiment if 100 cm3 of
hydrogen is reacted with 200 cm3 of chlorine?

20. The ideal gas equation

a. If a certain mass of an ideal gas occupies 20.0 cm3 at 0 °C and 1.01 ×105 Pa, what volume would it
occupy at 38 °C and 1.06 ×105Pa?
b. A certain mass of an ideal gas occupies 250.0 cm3 at 20 °C and 9.89 ×104 Pa. At what temperature
(in °C) will it occupy 400.0 cm3 if the pressure remains the same?
c. How many moles of an ideal gas are present in a container if it occupies a volume of 1.50 dm3 at a
pressure of 1.10 ×105 Pa and a temperature of 30 °C?
d. Calculate the molar mass of an ideal gas if 0.586 g of the gas occupies a volume of 282 cm3 at a
pressure of 1.02 ×105 Pa and a temperature of −18 °C.
e. What is the molar volume of an ideal gas at 1.10 ×105 Pa and 100 °C?
f. Copper nitrate decomposes when heated according to the equation:
2Cu(NO3)2(s) →2CuO(s) + 4NO2(g) + O2(g)
If 1.80 g of copper nitrate is heated and the gases collected at a temperature of 22 °C and 105 kPa:
1) what volume (in dm3) of oxygen is collected?
2) what is the total volume of gas collected in cm3?
g. When a certain mass of Mn2O7 decomposed, it produced 127.8 cm3 of oxygen measured at 18 °C and
1.00 ×105 Pa. What mass of Mn2O7 decomposed?
2Mn2O7(aq) →4MnO2(s) + 3O2(g)

21. Calculations involving solutions

a. Sulfuric acid is titrated against 25.00 cm3 of 0.2000 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide solution; 23.20 cm3
of sulfuric acid is required for neutralisation. Calculate the concentration of the sulfuric acid.
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) →Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
b. For neutralisation, 25.00 cm3 of phosphoric (V)acid (H3PO4) requires 28.70 cm3 of NaOH of
concentration 0.1500 mol dm−3.
What is the concentration of the phosphoric(V) acid?
H3PO4(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) →Na3PO4(aq) + 3H2O(l)
c. Acidifed potassium manganate(VII) oxidises hydrogen peroxide to produce oxygen:
2KMnO4(aq) + 3H2SO4(aq) + 5H2O2(aq) →2MnSO4(aq) + 8H2O(l) + K2SO4(aq) + 5O2(g)
If 45.00 cm3 of 0.020 00 mol dm−3 KMnO4 is reacted with excess H2O2 and H2SO4, calculate the
volume of O2 produced (at STP).
d. Work out the numbers of moles present in the following solutions:
1. 20.0 cm3 of 0.220 mol dm−3 NaOH(aq)
2. 27.8 cm3 of 0.0840 mol dm−3 HCl(aq)
3. 540 cm3 of 0.0200 mol dm−3 KMnO4(aq)
e. If 29.70 cm3 of sulfuric acid of concentration 0.2000 mol dm−3 is required for neutralisation of 25.00
cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution, calculate the concentration of the potassium hydroxide
solution.
2KOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq) →K2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
f. Calcium carbonate is reacted with 50.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
1. What mass of calcium carbonate is required for an exact reaction?
2. What volume of CO2, measured at RTP, will be produced?
g. What volume (in cm3) of 0.0100 mol dm−3 barium chloride must be reacted with excess sodium
sulfate to produce 0.100 g of barium sulfate?
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
h. If 0.100 g of magnesium is reacted with 25.00 cm3 of 0.200 mol dm−3hydrochloric acid, calculate the
volume of hydrogen gas produced at STP.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) →MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)
22. Water of crystallisation
a. When 2.56 g hydrated magnesium sulfate (MgSO4.xH2O) is heated, 1.25 g of anhydrous magnesium
sulfate (MgSO4) is formed. Determine the value of x in the formula.
b. Water of crystallisation
1. If 10.00 g of hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4.5H2O) is dissolved in water and made up to a
volume of 250.0 cm3, what is the concentration of the solution?
2. What mass of anhydrous copper sulfate would be required to make 250.0 cm3of solution with the
same concentration as in a?
c. 3.92 g sample of hydrated sodium carbonate (Na2CO3.xH2O) was dissolved in water and made up to
a total volume of 250.0 cm3. Of this solution, 25.00 cm3 was titrated against 0.100 mol dm−3
hydrochloric acid, and 27.40 cm3 of the acid was required for neutralisation. Calculate the value of x
in Na2CO3.xH2O.
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) →2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
d. If sodium sulfate(IV) (sodium sulphite) is boiled with excess sulfur, sodium thiosulfate is obtained:
Na2SO3(aq) + S(s) →Na2S2O3(aq)
The mixture is filtered to remove excess sulfur and allowed to crystallise to obtain hydrated sodium
thiosulfate (Na2S2O3.5H2O). If 100.0 cm3of 0.5000 mol dm−3 sodium sulfate(IV) is used, what is the
maximum mass of hydrated sodium thiosulfate crystals that can be formed?

23. Linked reactions

A 25.0 cm3 sample of a solution of copper(II) nitrate is added to 10.0 cm3 of 1 mol dm−3 potassium
iodide. The iodine produced is titrated against 0.0200 mol dm−3sodium thiosulfate solution using starch
indicator near the end point. 22.50 cm3 of the sodium thiosulfate solution was required for the titration.
Calculate the concentration of the copper(II) nitrate solution.
2Cu2+(aq) + 4I−(aq) →2CuI(s) + I2(aq) (reaction 1)
2S2O32−(aq) + I2(aq) →2I−(aq) + S4O62−(aq) (reaction 2)

24. Hydrogen bromide can be formed from red phosphorus by the following reactions:
2P + 3Br2 →2PBr3(reaction 1)
PBr3+ 3H2O →H3PO3+ 3HBr (reaction 2)
Calculate the volume of HBr (measured at STP) produced when 0.500 g of phosphorus is reacted.
Assume all other reagents are in excess.

25. Nitrogen can be prepared in the laboratory by the following reaction:

2NH3(g) + 3CuO(s) →N2(g) + 3H2O(l) + 3Cu(s)
If 224 cm3 of ammonia, when reacted with excess copper oxide, produces 84 cm3 of nitrogen, calculate
the percentage yield of nitrogen. All gas volumes are measured at STP.

26. Manganese may be extracted from its ore, hausmannite, by heating with aluminium.
3Mn3O4+ 8Al →4Al2O3+ 9Mn
a. 100.0 kg of Mn3O4 is heated with 100.0 kg of aluminium. Work out the maximum mass of
manganese that can be obtained from this reaction.
b. 1.23 tonnes of ore are processed and 200.0 kg of manganese obtained. Calculate the percentage by
mass of Mn3O4 in the ore.

27. A hydrocarbon contains 88.8% C. 0.201 g of the hydrocarbon occupied a volume of 98.3 cm3 at 320 K
and 1.00 × 105 Pa.
a. Determine the empirical formula of the hydrocarbon.
b. Determine the molecular formula of the hydrocarbon.

28. Limestone is impure calcium carbonate. A 1.20 g sample of limestone is added to excess dilute
hydrochloric acid and the gas collected; 258 cm3 of carbon dioxide was collected at a temperature of 27
°C and a pressure of 1.10 × 105 Pa.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) →CaCl2(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
 a. Calculate the number of moles of gas collected.
b. Calculate the percentage purity of the limestone (assume that none of the impurities in the limestone
react with hydrochloric acid to produce gaseous products)

29. 25.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 copper(II) nitrate solution is added to 15.0 cm3 of 0.500 mol dm−3 potassium
iodide. The ionic equation for the reaction that occurs is:
2Cu2+(aq) + 4I−(aq) →2CuI(s) + I2(aq)
a. Determine which reactant is present in excess.
b. Determine the mass of iodine produced.

30. 0.0810 g of a group 2 metal iodide, MI2, was dissolved in water and made up to a total volume of 25.00
cm3. Excess lead(II) nitrate solution (Pb(NO3)2(aq)) was added to the MI2 solution to form a precipitate
of lead(II) iodide (PbI2). The precipitate was dried and weighed and it was found that 0.1270 g of
precipitate was obtained.
a. Determine the number of moles of lead iodide formed.
b. Write an equation for the reaction that occurs.
c. Determine the number of moles of MI2 that reacted.
d. Determine the identity of the metal, M.

31. 0.4000 g of hydrated copper sulfate (CuSO4.xH2O) is dissolved in water and made up to a total volume
of 100.0 cm3 with distilled water. 10.00 cm3 of this solution is reacted with excess barium chloride
(BaCl2) solution. The mass of barium sulfate formed was 3.739 × 10−2g.
a. Calculate the number of moles of barium sulfate formed.
b. Write an equation for the reaction between copper sulfate solution and barium chloride solution.
c. Calculate the number of moles of copper sulfate that reacted with the barium chloride.
d. Calculate the number of moles of CuSO4 in 0.4000 g of hydrated copper sulfate.
e. Determine the value of x.

32. solution of a chloride of formula MClx (concentration 0.0170 mol dm−3) reacts with silver nitrate
solution to precipitate silver chloride; 25.0 cm3 of 0.0110 mol dm−3 silver nitrate solution reacts with
5.40 cm3 of the chloride solution.
a. Calculate the number of moles of silver nitrate.
b. Calculate the number of moles of the chloride.
c. Calculate the formula of the chloride.
Exam style question.
1. What is the total number of atoms in 1.80 g of water (H2O)?
a. 6.02 ×1022
b. 6.02 ×1023
c. 1.80 ×1023
d. 1.80 ×1024

2. 88 kg of CO2 contains
a. 2.0 mol
b. 2000 mol
c. 0.50 mol
d. 3872 mol

3. What is the sum of the coeficients when the following equation is balanced with the smallest possible
whole numbers?
CuFeS2+ O2 →Cu2S + SO2+ FeO
a. 7
b. 8
c. 11
d. 12

4. Iron(III) oxide reacts with carbon monoxide according to the equation:

Fe2O3+ 3CO →2Fe + 3CO2
How many moles of iron are produced when 180 mol of carbon monoxide react with excess iron(III)
oxide?
a. 120 mol
b. 180 mol
c. 270 mol
d. 360 mol

5. Propene undergoes complete combustion to produce carbon dioxide and water

2C3H6(g) + 9O2(g) →6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)
What volume of CO2 is produced when 360 cm3 of propene reacts with 360 cm3 of oxygen at 273 K and
1 atm pressure?
a. 120 cm3
b. 240 cm3
c. 540 cm3
d. 1080 cm3

6. What mass of Na2S2O3.5H2O must be used to make up 200 cm3 of a 0.100 mol dm−3solution?
a. 3.16 g
b. 4.96 g
c. 24.8 g
d. 31.6 g

7. 20.00 cm3 of potassium hydroxide (KOH) is exactly neutralised by 26.80 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 sulfuric
acid (H2SO4).
The concentration of the potassium hydroxide is:
a. 0.0670 mol dm−3
b. 0.268 mol dm−3
c. 0.134 mol dm−3
d. 1.34 mol dm−3

8. Barium chloride solution reacts with sodium sulfate solution according to the equation
BaCl2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) →BaSO4(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
 When excess barium chloride solution is reacted with 25.00 cm3of sodium sulfate solution, 0.2334 g of
BaSO4 (molar mass 233.4 g mol−1) is precipitated.
The concentration of sodium ions in the sodium sulfate solution was:
a. 0.080 00 mol dm−3
b. 0.001 000 mol dm−3
c. 0.040 00 mol dm−3
d. 0.002 000 mol dm−3

9. When potassium chlorate(V) (molar mass 122.6 g mol−1) is heated, oxygen gas (molar mass 32.0 g
mol−1) is produced:
2KClO3(s) →2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)
When 1.226 g of potassium chlorate(V) is heated, 0.320 g of oxygen gas is obtained. The percentage
yield of oxygen is:
a. 100%
b. 66.7%
c. 26.1%
d. 17.4%

10. Elemental analysis of a nitrogen oxide shows that it contains 2.8 g of nitrogen and 8.0 g of oxygen. The
empirical formula of this oxide is:
A. NO
B. NO2
C. N2O3
D. N2O5