Physics M

Chapter 1 – Temperature and Heat

Section 1.1 Sensation of Hotness and Temperature

(1) 1. Which of the following are thermometric properties? Give reasons.

a) The hardness of egg white.
b) The length of mercury in a mercury-in-glass thermometer.
c) The mass of a fixed quantity of gas.

Section 1.2 Temperature Scale

(2) BT 1. 2. Describe an experiment used to check the calibration of a Celsius

thermometer. What are the correct safety procedures that you need to be aware
of? Explain.

(3) 3. X and Y are liquid-in-glass thermometers. The scale of each thermometer starts at
0°C. X has a large range, good linearity and high sensitivity.
Y has a small range, poor linearity and low sensitivity.

Explain what is meant by

a) the difference in their ranges,
b) the difference in their linearity,
c) the difference in their sensitivities.

(4) 4. [G] Describe how the ice point and steam point are located on a thermometer.

(5) 5. [G] Describe the working principle of a liquid-in-glass thermometer.

Section 1.3 Gas Laws

(6) BG 2.6. Describe an experiment supporting Boyle’s law.

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(7) 7. A gas is heated in a closed container so that its volume cannot change. Which of the
following will NOT happen? Justify.
a) The average speed of the molecules will increase.
b) The molecules will move in all directions.
c) The number of molecules will increase.
d) The pressure of the gas will increase.

(8) 8. [G] What is the relation between Kelvin and degree Celsius?

(9) 9. [G] a. Draw and label a thermocouple.

b. Describe the properties of a thermocouple.
BG 3.
A car tire was tested before being driven on a motorway. The reading on the tyre-
pressure gauge which reads the pressure above atmospheric pressure was 120,000
N/m2 and the temperature was 7 C. At the end of the journey the temperature of the
tyre was found to be 35 C. What reading would you expect on the same tyre
pressure gauge if the volume of air in the tyre remained constant and atmospheric
pressure throughout the journey was also constant?

B 4.
An empty bottle is corked when the air inside is at 10 C and the barometer reads 75
cm of mercury. If the cork blows out when the pressure inside the bottle exceeds the
atmosphere’s pressure by 100 cm of mercury, calculate the temperature to which the
bottle must be heated to cause the cork to be expelled. Assume that the volume of the
bottle remains constant when heated.

BG 5.
1000 cm3 of air at 10 C and atmospheric pressure is heated to 80 C. What will be
the new volume if the pressure remains constant?

B 6.
A thick walled steel cylinder used for storing compressed air is fitted with a safety
valve, which lifts at a pressure of 1.0 x 106 Pa. It contains air at 17 C and 0.8 x 106
Pa. At what temperature will the valve lift?

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B 7.
A fixed mass of gas has a volume of 2.0 m3 at 27 C. What is its new volume when:

(a) It is heated to 327 C, at constant pressure?

(b) It is cooled to –123 C, at constant pressure?

B 8.
A container holds a fixed amount of gas at 0 C. To what temperature must it be
heated for its pressure to double? Assume the container does not expand.

B 9.
A fixed mass of gas occupies a volume of 200 cm3 at a temperature of 27 C and a pressure
of 105 Pa. Calculate the volume when:

(a) The pressure is doubled at constant temperature.

(b) The absolute temperature is doubled at constant pressure.

B 10.
A gas is heated in a closed container so that its volume cannot change. Which of the following
will NOT happen? Explain why

A The average speed of the molecules will increase.

B The molecules will move in all directions.
C The number of molecules will increase.
D The pressure of the gas will increase.

Section 1.4 Change in Temperature using Kinetic Theory

(10) 10. Answer by True or False.

i. The temperature of an object is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its
molecules.
ii. Moving a body increases its kinetic energy, thus, making it hotter.
iii. The molecules of a hotter object have a higher concentration of heat energy than
those of a colder object.
iv. Fast moving molecules have a higher temperature than identical but slow moving
ones.
v. Bodies can become hotter by converting their mechanical energy of macroscopic
motion into the kinetic energy of their molecules’ random motion. (Is the converse
true?)

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Section 1.5 Thermal Properties of Matter

(11) B 11. 11. A hot piece of iron of mass 5.00 kg at temperature 60 °C is placed in 3.00
liters of water in a copper pot of mass 1.00 kg at room temperature 300 K.
Determine the equilibrium temperature of the system. Neglect energy losses to
the surroundings.

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(12)B 12.12. A 2.2-kg piece of lead is placed in an aluminum beaker, of mass 500 g,
containing 10 liters of water. An electric heater, of power 2000 W, is used to heat
the system from 20 °C to 80 °C in 21 min 22 sec. Determine the specific heat
capacity of lead. Give one factor that explains the difference between the
calculated value and the actual one and state how it does so and how you can reduce
its effect.
B 14. 2000 J of energy is needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of paraffin by 1 C.
How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 2 kg of paraffin by 10 C?

B 15.
A cup full of water can be boiled using a small electric heater.

(a) Calculate the energy needed to raise the temperature of a cup full of water of 0.20 kg from 20 to 100
C. (Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg.)

(b) If the power rating of the electric heater was 240 W, calculate the time taken to supply this quantity
of energy.

B 16.
The same quantity of heat was given to different masses of three substances A, B, C.
The temperature rise in each case is shown in the table.
Calculate the specific heat capacities of A, B, C.

Material Mass (kg) Heat (J) Temp. rise (C)

A 1.0 2000 1.0
B 2.0 2000 5.0
C 0.5 2000 4.0

B 17.
An immersion heater rated at 100 W supplies heat for 440 s to 2 kg of paraffin oil. Assuming that the specific
heat capacity of paraffin oil is 2200 J/kg.C and that all the heat from the heater is used to heat the paraffin, find
the rise in temperature of the paraffin oil.
B 18.
If 5 kg of water at 290 K falls through a vertical height of 315 m what would be its
temperature in K after the fall if there is no heat exchange with the air or the ground?
(Specific heat capacity of water = 4200 J/kg. K and g = 10 N/kg).

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(13) B 22.13. Design an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of

vaporization of water using an electrical heater. Why don’t we need a
thermometer in this experiment?

(14) B 23. 14. Design an experiment to determine the specific latent heat of fusion of
water using an electrical heater. Why don’t we need a thermometer in this
experiment?

(15) 15. [G] Describe evaporation.

(16) 16. [G] Define specific heat capacity.

(17) BG 13. 17. [G] How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 5.0 kg of a
substance of specific heat capacity 3.0 × 102 J/kg.C by 10.C?

BG 19.

The diagram below shows a graph of temperature against time of a substance which is heated at a
constant rate from a low to high temperature.

E
C D

Temperature in C A B

0
Time in minutes
Use the letters to answer the following questions. Give an explanation for each of your answers.

G (a) Which parts of the graph correspond to the substance existing in two states at the same time?

(b) Over which part is the substance increasing in temperature at the fastest rate?

(c) Which point of the graph corresponds to the molecules of the substance having the greatest
average kinetic energy?

(18) 18. [G] The diagram below shows the variation of temperature with time of a
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substance heated at a constant rate.

Which parts of the graph correspond to the substance existing in two states at the
same time? Give an explanation.

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(19) 19. [G] Calculate the time required to vaporize 0.500 kg of water at 100°C with a
1.50 kW electric heater. Neglect heat losses and take the latent heat of
vaporization of water to be equal to 2.30 MJ/kg.

(20) 20. [G] Define specific latent heat of vaporization and fusion.

B 20.

Explain the meaning of the following terms:

Specific heat capacity.

Specific latent heat of fusion.
Specific latent heat of vaporization

BG 21.
3.00 kg of ice at 0 C are supplied with 1509 kJ of heat. The specific latent heat of ice is 335000 J/kg
and the specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg C).

G a) How much heat is used in melting the ice?

b) How much heat is used to warm the water?

G c) What will be the final temperature of the water?

BG 24.
Explain why when water evaporates from a porous pot, the remaining water cools down.

Section 1.6 Expansion of Solids and Liquids upon Heating

(21) B 25. 21. A compound strip of copper and iron is straight at room temperature.
Give a labeled diagram and explain what happens when it is heated.

(22) 22. [G] A wire is held between two pillars, as shown below. The wire is connected
very tightly.

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What would happen if the weather becomes too cold? Explain your reasoning

Section 1.7 Heat Transfer by Conduction

(23) 23. A red woolen jacket, a steel sword and a black piece of coal have been placed in
an insulated room for a sufficiently long time. Which object do you expect to be
the coldest and why?

(24) 24. Can two bodies at thermal equilibrium exchange energy in the form of heat? Any
other form?

(25) B 26. 25. [G]

a) Use the kinetic molecular theory to explain the transfer of heat by conduction.
b) Explain why the transfer of heat by conduction in metals is fast.

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(26) 26. [G] In order to investigate the thermal conductivity of water, the following
experiment is conducted. Ice cubes are held in place at the bottom of a beaker using
a metal mesh. The beaker is filled with water and a heat source is placed near the
top of the beaker.

The experiment shows that water at the top of the beaker start to boil into steam
while the ice at the bottom of the beaker remains intact. What conclusion can you
make?

Section 1.8 Convection

(27)BG 27. 27.

(a) Why does newspaper wrapping keep hot things hot and cold things cold?

(b) Why would fur coats keep their owners warmer if they were worn inside out?

(28) 28. Explain the following:

a) Why are woolen clothes worn in winter?
b) Why are fluffed up feathers more effective than NO feathers (i.e. only poor-
conducting atmospheric air to protect the bird against the cold)?
c) Why in a windy weather we always feel colder?

(29) 29. [G] Describe the transfer of heat by convection.

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Section 1.9 Radiation

B 28.

1. Why conventional ovens are painted black on the inside and white on the outside?
2. Why are the pipes sticking out of the backs of refrigerators painted black, but
refrigerators are mostly painted white on the outside?
3. Why are car radiators made of metal? Why are they painted black? Why do they have
many “fins” of fine metal, and why should a fan blow against the radiator?
4. A cylinder block of a motorcycle gets very hot and must be cooled. Which of the
following helps the cooling process: (a) painting the block dull black, (b) polishing it until it
is shiny, (c) removing the metal fins, or (d) stopping the air flow to it?
5. If you wrap a dark blue clay teapot with aluminum foil will it cool faster or slower?
6. It is better to paint houses white all over on the outside, be it in a sunny, warm country, or
in a cloudy, cold country. Explain.
7. Conduction, convection and radiation are involved when heat leaves a radiator into a
room. Explain.
8. Vacuum flasks are painted silver on the inside. Can you suggest a reason?

(30) B 29. 30. Draw a simple diagram to show the construction of a vacuum flask.
Explain how the use of a vacuum flask reduces heat transfer by conduction,
convection and radiation.

BG 30.
(a) Three beakers are of identical size and shape; one beaker is painted matt black, one is dull white
and one is gloss white. The beakers are filled with boiling water. In which heater will the water
cool most quickly? Give a reason.

(b) State a process, in addition to conduction, convection and radiation, by which heat energy will
be lost from the beakers.

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(31) B 31. 31. An electric filament lamp with a clear glass bulb is switched on and gives a
bright white light. The bulb contains a small quantity of argon. Give an account of
the parts played by conduction, convection and radiation in the loss of heat from
the lamp filament.

(32) 32. [G] Describe the transfer of heat by radiation.

(33) 33. [G] What is the energy of a photon having a frequency of 6.0 × 1014 Hz?
Use h = 6.63 × 10‒34 m2.kg/s.

(34) 34. [G] Identify which colors are the best emitters, absorbers, and reflectors of
radiation.

Section 1.10 Heat Insulation

(35) B 32.35. Give three different ways to keep the house warm during winter.

(36) 36. In many hot countries it is common for houses to produce hot water using solar
panels. The figure shows a cross section of the solar panel.

Water passing through the copper pipes are heated inside the solar panel.

Suggest why
a) the pipes are made of copper,
b) the pipes and the metal backing sheet are painted black,
c) an insulating material is attached to the metal backing sheet,
d) the presence of the glass sheet increases the energy collected by the water.

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(37)37. [T]
a. Explain, by referring to the molecular kinetic theory, what happens to a substance as it
melts.

b. Ice cubes, of total mass 250 g and at 0°C, are put into a glass of water of mass 300 g at
20C. The resulting temperature of the mixture is 0C. Given the latent heat of fusion of
ice is 340,000 J/kg and the specific heat capacity of water is 4,100 J/kg.C.
i. Determine the amount of energy lost by the liquid water.
ii. Determine the amount of ice that fails to melt.

c. List three mechanisms by which heat is transferred from the liquid water to the ice.

(38) 38. [T]

a. A student carries out an experiment to find the relationship between the pressure p and
the temperature T of a gas in a closed rigid container. The table contains four of her sets of
measurements.

p (kPa) 101 111 142 148

T (K) 280 300 380 400

i. Use the data in the table to suggest the relationship between the pressure and the
volume in this experiment. Explain how you reached your conclusion.
ii. Name two properties of the gas that remain constant during the experiment.

b. With reference to the kinetic theory of gases, explain what happens to the pressure of
the gas when the temperature is increased.

c. A dark blue elastic balloon is filled with air and tightly tied. It is then placed in the sun.
Which of the following is likely to happen to the air inside the balloon?

increases stays the same decreases

Volume of air
Density of air
Temperature of air

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(39)39. [T] A test tube is filled with ethanamide and placed in a beaker of hot water. The
tube remains in the water until its temperature is equal to that of water. Once the tube is
removed from water, a thermometer is placed in the test tube and its temperature is
recorded.

Time (min) 0 5 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Temp (C) 90 85 79 79 79 79 76 74.5 72.5

a. State the freezing temperature of the ethanamide. Explain how you determined this
temperature.

b. Explain, with reference to the molecular kinetic theory, what happens to its particles as
ethanamide freezes.

c. The specific latent heat of fusion of ethanamide is 264 kJ/kg. If the mass of the sample
is 60 g, what energy has it lost to the surrounding as it was solidifying?

d. Name the main process by which the test tube was transferring energy to the surrounding
air.

(40) 40. [T] A swamp box is an air cooler made of a fan drawing air through a wet cloth.

a. Name the process responsible for cooling of the air passing through wet cloth.

b. With reference to kinetic molecular theory of matter, explain why cooling occurs.

c. A swamp box is placed in one corner of the room. Explain why all of the room becomes
cooler over time.

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(41) 41. [T] Steel has a low specific heat capacity.

a. Name one advantage of using steel as a material for making cooking pots.

b. The mass of a steel pot is 250 g. It holds 0.60 kg of water, initially at room temperature
of 20C. The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J/kg.C. The pot with water is placed
on the 1.5 kW hotplate. It takes 2.4 minutes to bring the pot to boil (100C).
i. Calculate the energy absorbed by the pot-water system.
ii. Calculate the energy absorbed by the water alone.
iii. Determine the specific heat capacity of steel using the data.
iv. The actual specific heat capacity of steel is a bit lower than the value found in
iii. Suggest an explanation for this fact.

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(42) 42. [T] The diagram below shows a thermocouple thermometer.

a. Explain how a thermocouple works.

b. Name a thermometric property of a thermocouple.

c. The following are the properties of several Ni-alloy thermocouples.

Lowest temperature Highest temperature Smallest

Thermocouple
it measures (C) it measures (C) graduation (C)
Type E –50 740 0.10
Type K –200 1350 0.50
Type N –270 1300 0.20
Type T –200 350 0.05

i. Name the thermocouple with the highest range.

ii. Name the thermocouple with the highest precision.

d. A measurement made by a thermocouple is precise. Does this mean it is accurate?

Explain your answer.

(43) 43. [T] A 5.0 g ice cube at 0C is placed into a glass.

a. Describe the motion of particles of water in solid state.

b. Describe, with reference to the kinetic molecular theory, what happens to the ice as it
melts.

c. Calculate the amount of energy absorbed from the surrounding as the ice cube melts
completely. Given the latent heat of fusion of water = 334 kJ/kg.

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Chapter 2 – Electricity

Section 2.1 Rubbing Together Some Materials

(44) 1. Can a plastic rod be charged if rubbed against another plastic rod? Explain.

Section 2.2. Electric Charges and Charged Bodies

(45) 2. Consider four charged objects, A, B, C and D such that A repels B and it attracts C,
and C repels D. If D is positively charged, what is the charge on B?

(46) 3. [G] How many electric states exist? Name them.

(47) 4. [G] Determine how the charges would interact in the diagram below.

Section 2.3 Conductors and Insulators

(48) 5. Give some examples of conductors and insulators.

(49) 6. [G] Differentiate between conductors and insulators.

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Section 2.4 Sharing an Electric Charge

(50) B 1. 7. A metal rod placed on a beaker is in contact with a light metal-coated ball.
You touch the end of the metal rod with a charged glass rod and the ball at the other
end is repelled. After the charged rod is removed, the metal rod still repels the ball.
Suppose that now you touch the ball with a metal rod that you hold in your hand.
What do you predict will happen and why?

(51) 8. [G] Define earthing.

(52) 9. [G] Describe the process of charging by induction and earthing.

Section 2.5 Attraction of Neutral Bodies by Charged Objects

(53) B 2. 10. Suppose you hold a metal rod in your hand and you move one end of
the rod toward a positively charged sphere suspending from an insulating
thread.
a) What do you expect to observe?
b) How do you explain the observation?

(54) B 3. 11. You have two metal spheres of the same size mounted on insulating
stands, a strip of plastic and a piece of paper. Describe what you would do to
give the two spheres:
a) equal charges of the same sign.
b) equal charges of opposite signs.

(55) B 4.12. Two metal rods are mounted on insulating blocks and aligned along a
common axis, with a space between them. One is positively charged, the other is
negatively charged.
A light sphere with a conducting coating suspended by a long insulating thread is
introduced into the space between the rods. What do you predict will happen? On
what reasoning do you base your prediction?

(56) 13. [G] Two identically charged spheres are placed at a distance of 1.0 cm from each
other. The magnitude of the electric force between the two spheres is 5.0 N.
Modeling the spheres as point particles, what is the magnitude of charge on each
sphere?

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(57) 14. [G] Describe how bringing a neutral conductor close to a charged object causes
attraction between the two.

Section 2.6 A Model for Electric Charge

(58) B 5. 15. How many electrons should a neutral object gain or lose in order
to acquire a charge of 7.4 × 10−9 C?

(59) 16. In a typical lightning bolt, an estimated charge of 20 C is transferred from a cloud
to Earth. How many electrons make up the lightning bolt?

(60) 17. [G] How is an object positively or negatively charged?

Section 2.7 Charge Detection

(61) B 6. 18. An old fashioned gold-leaf electroscope consists of two thin gold leaves
suspending from a metal rod in a glass container. You electrify a plastic rod, and
then bring it near the knob of the electroscope, the gold leaves separate. When you
take the rod away, the leaves hang straight down once again. Use the model for
electric charge to explain the behavior of the electroscope.

B 7.
The leaves of an electroscope are hanging straight down. Electrify a glass rod and then
touch it to the knob of the electroscope. The leaves separate and remain separated when you
remove the glass rod. Explain the behavior of the electroscope. What difference (if any) do
you expect if the knob of the electroscope is touched with a charged plastic rod?

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B 8.
A leaf electroscope may be used as a simple charge detector.

(a) Why does the leaf diverge when a negative charge is brought near the cap of an uncharged
electroscope?

(b) What happens when the electroscope is weakly positively charged and a strong negative
charge is brought near the cap?

(62) BG 9. 19. [G] Explain how to distinguish experimentally between positively

charged, negatively charged and electrically neutral bodies.

Section 2.8 Electrostatics in Real Life – Applications

(63) 20. a) What makes a person’s hair stand when he/she touches the dome of a Van de
Graaff generator?

b) How does charging the spray gun help spray the paint evenly and help save
paint? If the solvent in the paint is a petroleum product, what hazard might result
from excessive charging of the gun?
c) How does the lightning conductor help protect buildings?
d) How can static electricity help in “seeing” fingerprints?
e) How does the electrostatic precipitator work?

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(64) 21. On Jack’s birthday, he has fun rubbing balloons on his jumper and then putting
them against the wall. The balloons stick to the wall.

a) If the balloons were given a negative charge, what type of charge did Jack’s
jumper get?
b) Jack tried rubbing two balloons on his jumper and making stick together. Would
they? Explain.

Section 2.9 Electric Field

B 10.
Draw the electric field lines:
(a) Around single positive charge;
(b) Around single negative charge;
(c) Around pair of equal charges of opposite signs;
(d) Between two equally, oppositely charged parallel plates

(65) 22. In the expression, F = q0E, is the charge q0 the one creating the electric field or
the one "feeling" the field?

(66) 23. Define a uniform electric field.

(67) 24. [G] Describe electric field around a point charge.

(68) 25. [G] Draw the electric field patterns around two positively charged particles
placed near each other.

Section 2.10 Electric Current

(69) BG 15. 26. [G]

(a) Define electric current. What is the direction of an electric current?
(b) What is the definition of SI unit of electric current?

(70) 27. [G] Draw a simple circuit and show the conventional direction of the electric
current.

(71) 28. [G] A hair dryer draws a 9.1 A current. How much charge flows through it in 3.5
min.?

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B 11.
A battery carries charge round a circuit for 50 s. If the current in the circuit is 10 A, what
quantity of charge passes through the battery?

Section 2.11 Potential Difference

BG 17.
(a) What is the definition of the SI unit of electric charge?
(b) What is the definition of the SI unit of potential difference?

a) B 13. 29. 2.0 C of electrons leave the negative terminal of a 1.5 V dry cell to
the positive terminal through a thin wire. How much heat energy is released
in the wire? Where does this energy come from?

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(72) 30. [G] What is the energy released by a 5.0 C charge passing between two points
with potential difference of 3.0 V?

B 12.
Find the potential difference when a charge of 2.0 C passes across two points, if the
energy released is 18 J.

Section 2.12 Electric Power and Energy

B 14.
An electric bulb draws a current of 0.40 A under a voltage of 12 V. Calculate the
electric power of the bulb and the energy it consumes in 5.0 min.

(73) B 16. 31. For each of the following devices, indicate the type of energy that is
being converted to electrical energy:
a) storage battery.
b) thermocouple.
c) electric generator.
d) photoelectric cell.

BG 18.
A hair dryer draws a 9.1 A current.
(a) How much charge flows through it in 3.5 min.?
(b) If the hair dryer is connected across a 110 V line how much work is being done?
(c) What is the dryer’s power rating?

BG 19.
A 75 W light bulb is connected across a 110 V household line.

(a) Calculate the current flowing through the bulb.

G (b) If the bulb remains lit for 1.75 h how much work will be done?

B 20.
Consider a normal 60 W lamp used at home where the voltage is 240 V. What is the current
that passes through it?
How many coulombs pass through this lamp in one second?

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B 29.
A torch bulb is labeled “6.0 V, 0.5 A”. Calculate the power of the bulb and the energy
converted in 20 minutes.

(74) 32. [G]

a) What is the current drawn by a 2.00 kW electric heater connected to 220. V
supply?
b) If on average, the heater operates 8.00 hours a day, what is the total energy
consumed by the heater in one day?

Section 2.13 Electromagnetic Force emf

(75) 33. A battery of e.m.f. 4.5 volts is used to operate a bulb. The bulb draws a current of
0.80 A from the battery when the potential difference across the battery is 4.1 V.
a) Calculate the energy that one coulomb of charge gains in the battery.
b) What energy is lost by one coulomb in the battery?
c) Find the energy that one coulomb of charge delivers to the bulb and wires.

(76) 34. A car battery is rated 70 Ah. What is the amount of charge traversing a circuit
branched to the car battery?

(77) 35. [G] Define the electromotive force of a generator.

Section 2.14 Electric Circuits

(78) 36. Using the minimum number of elements, set up a circuit to test the conductivity
of objects. Using the standard notations, draw a suitable diagram.

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(79) 37. Using the minimum number of elements, set up a complete circuit containing:
a) three lamps in series
b) three lamps in parallel
c) two lamps in series, with the combination in parallel with a third lamp

(80) 38. [G] Draw the circuit symbols for each of the devices below.
- variable resistor
- potentiometer
- heater
- thermistor

(81) 39. [G] Draw a series circuit consisting of two resistors and a cell. State the
characteristics of the resistors.

Section 15: Taking Electric Measurements

(82) 40. [G] How is an ammeter connected in a circuit?

(83) 41. [G] How is a voltmeter connected in a circuit?

Section 2.16 Kirchhoff’s Laws

(84) 42. [G] What is the value of current x in the diagram below?

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(85) 43. [G] In the circuit below, the voltage across the battery is 24 V. Resistors 2 and 3
are identical and the voltage across resistor 1 is four times that across resistor 2.

1 2 3

Using Kirchhoff’s voltage rule, determine the voltage across each resistor.

B 21.
The voltmeter reads 5.8 V, what is the potential difference across the electric device D and
that across the combined lamps? If the p.d. across L1 is 2.8V, what is the p.d. across L2?

Section 2.17 Grouping Generators (series and parallel)

(86) 44. [G] Calculate the emf of the grouping if the emf of each cell is 2.0 V.

a.

b.

c.
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Section 2.18 Resistor V-I Relationship

BG 22.

G a) We have seen that when current is drawn from a generator, the p.d. across its terminals drops from
E to V due to internal resistance. If the current drawn is I, determine the p.d. across the internal
resistance r, and deduce an expression for r in terms of E, V and I.

b) The potential difference across the terminals of a dry cell is measured when a variable current is
drawn from the cell. The p.d. is 5.5 V when the current is 1.0 A and 5.0 V when the current is 2.0
A. Determine the internal resistance of the cell and the p.d. across its terminals when no current is
drawn from it.

(87) 45. The potential difference across the terminals of a dry cell is measured when a
variable current is drawn from the cell. The p.d. is 5.5 V when the current is 1.0 A
and 5.0 V when the current is 2.0 A. Determine the internal resistance of the cell
and the p.d. across its terminals when no current is drawn from it.

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46. BG 23. (b) What are the factors upon which the resistance of a conductor depends?
What is the relation between resistance and resistivity? Deduce the SI units of resistivity.

(88) BG 23. 47. [G] (a) Define resistance and state Ohm’s law.

(89) 48. [G] The voltage across a 50.  resistor is 12 V. What is the current flowing
through the resistor?

(90) 49. BG 24. [G] A spool of 20-gauge copper wire at 20.0oC has a total resistance of
0.655 Ω. Calculate the length of the wire knowing that the cross-sectional area of
the wire is 0.517 mm2. Given the resistivity of copper is 1.72 × 106 .cm at
20.0C.

B 25.
A spool of wire 64.0 m long and 0.255 mm in diameter is found to have a resistance of
1440  at 20 C. Calculate the resistivity of the material.

Section 2.19 Electric Power and Energy in a Resistor

BG 26.
An electric bulb is connected to a 1.5 V cell. An ammeter records the current in the
cell to be 0.25 A and a voltmeter records the potential difference across the cell to be
1.0 V.
a) Draw a diagram of the above scenario.
b) What is the current through the bulb?
c) What is the potential difference across the bulb?
d) What is the resistance of the bulb assuming the resistance of the connecting wires to
be negligible?
G e) How much power is consumed by the bulb?
f) What is the total power given out by the cell?
g) How much power is wasted inside the cell, due to its own internal resistance to
electric current?
h) Calculate the value of the internal resistance of the cell.
G i) Calculate the heat produced inside the cell in 3 min 20 s.

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(91) 50. B 27. When an electric immersion heater is connected to the 110 V mains
supply, a current of 50 A flows through it. The water tank contains 100 kg of cold
water at 30°C. Calculate the temperature of the water after 1.0 hour. Assume the
tank itself has no heat capacity and is perfectly lagged.
The specific heat capacity of water is 4.2 × 103 J/(oC.kg)

B 28.
An electric fire has three bars, each rated at a power of 2.0 kW. Calculate the current that
will flow through the fire when it is connected to a 110 V mains supply.

(92) 51. [G] A 15.0  resistor is connected across a 24.0 V power supply. What is the
power dissipated by the resistor?

(93) 52. [G] A 25  resistor is connected across a 10. V power supply. Calculate the
energy dissipated by the resistor as heat in 30 minutes.

Section 2.20 Resistors

(94) 53. What is the difference between a rheostat and a potentiometer?

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(95) 54. [G] A potentiometer is connected parallel to a voltage source, as shown in the
diagram below. The schematic diagram of a potentiometer is also shown.

An IGCSE student needs an output voltage of 3 V for an electric motor that she
constructed. Where should she place the wiper of the potentiometer? Explain your
reasoning.

Section 2.21 Characteristic Curve I-V Graph

(96) 55. a) Draw a labeled circuit diagram showing all the apparatus necessary in order to
find the characteristic of a filament lamp.
b) i)What happens with the resistance of the filament lamp as the current
increases?
ii) Is the filament lamp an ohmic conductor? Explain.

(97) 56. [G] Consider the circuit diagram below.

a. What is component X called?

b. What happens to the circuit when the poles of component X are flipped?

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(98) 57. [G] Describe and draw the I-V characteristic graph of the following
components:
a) ohmic conductor,
b) filament lamp,
c) thermistor, and
d) semiconducting diode.

Section 2.22 Simple Circuits: Series and Parallel Resistors

B 30.
Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors in series.
B 31.
Derive an expression for the equivalent resistance of three resistors in parallel.

(99) B 32. 58. Resistors of resistance 2.00 Ω and 4.00 Ω are connected in series across a
battery composed of 1.5 V dry cells.
An ammeter in the circuit shows a current of 0.50 A.
a) What is the total potential difference applied across the circuit by the battery?
b) What are the possible arrangements of the cells in the battery?

(100)BG 33.59. a) A 1.5 V dry cell is connected to a small light bulb with a resistance
of 3.5 Ω. How much current flows through the bulb?
b) A current of 6.25 A flows through a microwave oven. If the resistance of the
circuit in the oven is 17.6 Ω, what is the voltage drop across the oven?
B 34.
A 12.0V storage battery is connected to three resistors, 6.75 , 15.3  and 21.6 
respectively. The resistors are joined in series. Calculate the total resistance and find
the current in the circuit.

B 35.
Three resistors, 14.0 , 4.00  and 6.00 , respectively, are connected in series to a voltage source.
A voltmeter across the 4.00  resistor shows a voltage drop of 2.00 V. Calculate:

(a) the current through the circuit;

(b) the voltage output of the source;
(c) the potential difference across each of the other resistors.

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B 36.
Three resistors 18.0 , 9.00  and 6.00  are connected in parallel to a voltage source. A 4.00 A
current flows through the 9.00  resistor.

(a) Calculate the total resistance.

(b) What is the voltage output of the source?
(c) Calculate the current through the other resistors.

BG 37.
Two resistors of resistance 3.0 Ω and 6.0 Ω are connected in parallel and this combination is
connected in series with a 7.0 Ω resistor and a battery of voltage 9.0 V and negligible internal
resistance.
G (a) Draw a circuit diagram for the above scenario.
(b) Calculate the total resistance of the circuit.
G (c) Find the current through the 3.0 Ω resistor.

B 38.
Two bulbs are labeled “100W - 120V” and “60W - 120V”.
(a) What is the resistance of each bulb (assumed to remain constant)?
(b) When the two bulbs are connected in parallel across a p.d. of 120 V, what will be the current in
each? What will be the power dissipated by each?
(c) When the two bulbs are connected in series across the same p.d. of 120 V,
What current will they allow to pass? What power will each dissipate? What will be the pd
across each?

(101) 60. [G] What is the equivalent resistance of the following resistors?

15  25  50 


(102) 61. [G] What is the equivalent resistance of the following resistors?
10 

15 

20 

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(103) 62. [G] Three resistors, of resistances R1 = 2.00 Ω , R2 = 4.00 Ω , R3 = 9.00 Ω are
grouped as shown in the figure below and fed by a generator of e.m.f. E = 4.50 V.

Calculate the voltages across R1 and R2.

Section 2.23 Designing Electrical Measuring Instruments

B 39.
What shunt resistance is required to modify a 20.0 Ω, 1.0 mA ammeter into an ammeter that
can read up to 50A?

(104) 63. [G] A ‘500 Ω – 1.0 mA’ ammeter is to be made into an ammeter that can read
up to 5.0 A. Determine the shunt resistance needed for that purpose.

(105)64. [T] An electric loader, used to lift weight, operates at DC voltage V = 24 V and
current I = 3.2 A.

a. Determine the power drawn by the loader.

b. The efficiency of the loader is 80%.

i. Determine the power output of the loader.
ii. Give two reasons why the efficiency of the loader is less than 100%.
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c. Determine the time it takes to raise a weight of 1000 N by 1.8 meters using this loader.

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(106) 65. [T] This question refers to quantities and data shown on the circuit diagram below.

a. Determine the equivalent resistance of the circuit.

b. Determine the current through

i. point D,
ii. through point A, and
iii. through point C.

c. Determine the potential difference

i. between A and B, and
ii. between D and E.

(107)66. [T] A metal sphere is positively charged and placed on an insulating stand as
shown below. An initially neutral metal ball, hanging from a thread, is brought near the
sphere.

a. Describe any changes in the charge distribution in the metal ball as it is brought near the
sphere.

b. The ball is now very close to the sphere.

i. Describe its subsequent motion.
ii. Provide an explanation for the motion described earlier.

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Chapter 3 – Magnetism

Section 3.1 Magnets and Ferromagnetic Materials

(108) 1. a) Define magnetism.

b) What are ferromagnetic materials?
c) In what ways can permanent magnets lose their magnetism?

(109) 2. [G] Describe magnetic materials.

Section 3.2 Poles of a Magnet

(110) 3. You are supplied with two ‘identical’ rods. One of them is a magnet (magnetic
rod) and the other is just a steel rod. Suggest a way to determine which is what in
one and only one simple move.

(111) 4. What are the two poles of a magnet and how can one identify them?

(112) 5. Can we isolate a single magnetic pole by breaking a bar magnet in half? Explain.

(113) 6. [G] How do magnets interact with each other?

Section 3.3 Magnetic Induction

(114) 7. [G] Construct a table that shows the difference between soft and hard magnetic
material.

(115) 8. [G] What is magnetic induction? What are the types of magnetic material?

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Section 3.4 Magnetic Field and the Theory of Magnetism

(116) 9. A magnetic field B exerts a force of magnitude 3 N to the north on a given

magnetic pole P, and another field B’ simultaneously exerts a force of magnitude
4 N on P in an eastern direction.
a) Find the direction of the resultant magnetic field if P is a north pole.
b) Find the direction of the resultant magnetic field if P is a south pole.

(117) 10. [G] Define a magnetic field and identify its direction.

BG 1.
What is meant by the term “magnetic field”? Is the magnetic field a vector or a scalar?
What is the direction of the magnetic field?

Section 3.5 Magnetic Field lines

(118) 11. The south pole of a plotting compass points east at a certain point. What is the
direction of the magnetic field at that point?

(119) 12. [G] Describe and draw the magnetic field lines of a bar magnet.

Section 3.6 Flux Patterns

(120) B 2.13. Draw the magnetic flux pattern of a U-shaped magnet.

(121) 14. [G] Draw the magnetic field lines pattern between the unlike poles of two
magnets facing each other.

Section 3.7 Magnetic Shielding

(122) B 5.15. Explain the following statement: “Field lines never intersect”.

(123) B 6.16. Describe a method used to map magnetic fields.

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(124) B 3.17. The diagram below shows a small compass needle placed on a bench
under the influence of the Earth’s magnetic field.

A bar magnet is now placed close to the compass in the position shown by the
dotted line. Draw a new diagram to show the new direction of the compass
needle. Explain.

BG 4.
Define and give the properties of magnetic field lines.

Section 3.8 Radial Magnetic Fields

(125) B 7.18. Explain how radial fields are used in the construction of current meters.

(126) B 8.19. Explain how radial fields are used in the construction of a loudspeaker.

Section 3.9 Storing Magnets

(127) B 9. 20. [G] How can a magnet be demagnetized?

Section 3.10 Magnetic Field by a Straight Current

(128) B 11. 21. Describe a simple method to prove that the magnetic field around a
wire, through which an electric current passes, changes when:
a) the current is increased.
b) the direction of the current is reversed.

(129) B 10. 22. [G] Draw a diagram to show the magnetic field pattern around a straight
wire carrying a current into the plane of the paper. State the rule you use to
determine the direction of the field around the wire.

(130) 23. [G] What are the factors that affect the magnitude of the magnetic field created
around a current carrying wire?
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Section 3.11 Magnetic Field of a Circular Current

(131) B 12.24. The diagram below represents a current-carrying solenoid. The arrows
on the diagram show the direction of the current.

a) Determine the polarity of the solenoid.

b) Draw a diagram to show the magnetic flux pattern (magnetic field lines) inside
and outside the solenoid.

(132) 25. [G] A current flows through a solenoid as shown below. What is the direction of
the magnetic field created by the solenoid?

Section 3.12 Electromagnets

(133) 26. If a current passes through a solenoid and an iron core is approached coaxially
towards the solenoid, the iron core will be attracted into the solenoid. Explain,
using the principles of magnetic induction.

(134) 27.
(a) Without changing the dimensions of a solenoid, how can you double the
magnitude of the magnetic field at its center?
(b) Without changing the current or the dimensions of the former (the tube on which
the solenoid is wound), how should you wind (or re-wind) it to double the magnetic
field at its center?

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BG 13.
G (a) What is an electromagnet? How does it work?
(b) Give the names of some devices which use electromagnets.

(135) 28. [G] List the properties of electromagnets.

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(136) 29. [G] List some applications of electromagnets.

Section 3.13 Electromagnetic Force

(137) B 14. 30. Design an experiment to demonstrate that the magnitude and direction of
the electromagnetic force depends on the relative directions of the magnetic field
and the current.

(138) B 15. 31. Design an experiment to demonstrate that the electromagnetic force
depends on the magnitude of the magnetic field and the magnitude of the
current.
This experiment will be used to assess your ability to design an experiment, to
investigate a problem, to select correct items, and to assemble and use apparatus
correctly, and to formulate generalizations based on experimental results.

(139) B 17. 32. A wire AB is placed between the poles of a magnet; when the current is
turned on, the wire AB will experience a force.
a) The direction of the current is reversed. What effect will this have on:
i. the size of the force?
ii. the direction of the force?
b) Give two ways in which the size of the force on the wire AB could be
increased.

(140) BG 16. 33. [G] State the rules used to determine the direction of the force
exerted by a magnetic field on a current.

Section 3.14 Magnetic Flux

(141) 34. When is the magnetic flux maximum and when it is zero?

(142) 35. [G] List the factors on which the magnetic flux through a loop depend.

Section 3.15 Force exerted on a current-carrying loop by an external magnetic field

(143) 36. Two current-carrying long wires are placed parallel to each other. Determine the
nature of interaction between the wires, if they carry (a) parallel currents (in the
same sense) (b) antiparallel currents.

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Section 3.16 The Principle of the Moving Coil Galvanometer

(144) 37. B 18. [G] Describe the working principle of a moving coil galvanometer.

Section 3.17 The principle of the Direct Current Electric Motor

(145) BG 19.38. [G] Describe the working principle of the direct-current electric motor.

BG 20.
Describe the principle of the split-ring commutator.

Section 3.18 Where Does the Energy come from?

(146) 39. a) Where does the energy to rotate the shaft of the motor or to move the coil of
a speaker come from?
b) In what ways is the energy of the battery used?

(147) 40. What is the most favorable position of the coil relative to the magnet for the
brushes to lose contact with the rings?

(148)41. [T] The diagram below shows a coil placed between the poles of a magnet to
create a DC motor.

a. State the direction of the current in the loop.

b. State the direction of the loop's rotation.
c. Explain why the loop rotates in the magnetic field in the way stated in b.
d. List two factors that determine the frequency of the loop's rotation.

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Chapter 4 – Induced and Alternating Currents

Section 4.1 Induced Currents

(149) B 1.1. Design an experiment to demonstrate that if a wire is moving in a magnetic

field, a current will be induced in the wire.
B 2.
G (a) Define the magnetic flux.

(b) How can the magnetic flux be increased in a coil of fixed area?

G (c) State Lenz’s Law.

BG 3.
Describe an experiment used to demonstrate that a change of flux through a coil creates a
current. What are the factors that affect the induced e.m.f.?

(150) B 4.2. Describe an experiment to check the rule that the induced current takes a
direction so as to oppose the change of flux.

B 5.
The diagram below shows a hollow coil C, about 200 turns, mounted on a wooden base. G is a
center-zero galvanometer. When the switch is closed, the galvanometer needle is deflected to the
right.

Suppose the coil is connected to the galvanometer as shown below.

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Describe and explain the resulting movements of the galvanometer needle if the north pole of a long
bar magnet is

a) Lowered,

b) Left at rest on the base of the coil,

c) Moved quickly in and out of the coil about twice per second.

(151) 3. [G] What are the conditions necessary for a charge to experience a magnetic force?

(152) 4. [G] A positively charged particle is moving to the right under the influence of a
magnetic field directed downwards. Determine the direction of the magnetic force
acting on the charge.

q v

(153) 5. [G] A rectangular wire ABCD is connected to a galvanometer that measures induced
emf. The wire is rotated at a constant rate inside a horseshoe magnet, as shown.

How can we increase the induced emf in the wire?

(154) 6. [G]
a. State Faraday’s law.
b. List three actions to increase the induced emf across a coil placed in a magnetic
field.
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(155) 7. [G]
a. State Lenz’s Law.
b. Indicate the direction of the induced current in the coil shown below. Explain
your answer.

Section 4.2 Alternating Currents

B 6.
Describe an experiment to show that a loop rotating in a magnetic field produces an alternating
current. Explain what happens when the loop:

a) is parallel to the field.

b) is normal to the field.
B 7.
Draw a current-time graph of a normal alternating current. Is the current periodic? Explain.

BG 8.
Sketch a graph of current value against time for two complete cycles of an alternating
current of peak value 0.5 A and frequency 50 Hz. Indicate with a horizontal line on the
graph the approximate value of the r.m.s current.

BG 9.
An a.c. supply lights a lamp with the same brightness, as does a 12 V battery. What is:

G a) The r.m.s. voltage?

b) The peak voltage of the a.c. supply?

(156) 8. Sketch a graph of current value against time for two complete cycles of an
alternating current of peak value 2 A and frequency 0.5 Hz. Indicate with a
horizontal line on the graph the approximate value of the r.m.s current.

(157) 9. [G] Describe how an alternating current is produced in a loop.

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(158) 10. [G] A current-time graph is shown below.

a. What is the maximum value of the current?

b. Indicate two instants at which the current has a maximum value.
c. Indicate two instants at which the current is zero.
d. The current changes its sense. Name the first time it changes its sense.
e. What is the frequency of the current?

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(159) 11. [G] An AC power supply connected to a lamp delivers a peak current of 3.0 A.
What is the rms value of the current?

(160) 12. [G] What is the difference between an alternating current and a direct current?
Develop your answer using sketches for ac and dc generators.

(161) B 10. 13. [G] Discuss the working principle of a simple AC generator.

(162) 14. [G] Discuss the working principle of a simple DC generator.

(163) 15. [G] An alternating current generator is rotating in an area of an external

magnetic field. The induced emf in the loop of the generator as a function of the
angle between the surface of the loop and external magnetic field is plotted in the
graph below.

Determine the positions at which the surface of the loop is perpendicular to the
magnetic field and the positions at which the surface of the loop is parallel to the
magnetic field.
B 17. The Oscilloscope (CRO = “Cathode Ray Oscilloscope”)

(a) Label the components of a CRO.

(b) How does a CRO operate?

(c) How to connect a device to a CRO?

(d) How does the time–base work?

(e) Draw the graph of the voltage as a function of time, when the time–base is operating,
assuming an alternating voltage is supplied.

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Section 4.3 Transformers

BG 11.
Describe the principle of a transformer. Why is a laminated core used?

(164) BG 12.16. An ideal transformer is connected to a 240 V, 50 Hz supply. The

primary windings have 4800 turns and the secondary windings have 2000
turns.
a) Why is an AC supply used?
b) Why is the core joining the primary and the secondary windings made of iron?
c) Calculate the output voltage from the transformer.
d) What is the output frequency?

BG 13.
A transformer is to step down 240 V to 12 V. Calculate the transformation ratio.

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(165) B 14. 17. An ideal transformer is connected to a 120 V AC mains supply. The
primary coil has 960 turns.
a) Calculate the number of turns needed on the secondary coil to produce an output
of 6 V.
b) What kind of transformer is this one?

(166) B 15.18.
a) What is it meant by describing a transformer as ideal?
b) A transformer is used to operate at normal brightness a 12 V, 48 W lamp from
a 240 V supply. Calculate:
i. the current taken by the lamp;
ii. the current in the primary of the transformer.

(167) 19. [G] Describe the working principle of a transformer. Why is a laminated core
used?

(168) 20. [G] An ideal transformer is connected to a “240 V, 50 Hz” power supply. The
primary winding have 4800 turns and the secondary winding have 2000 turns.
a.What is the difference between a step-up transformer and a step-down
transformer?
b. Calculate the output voltage from the transformer.

(169) 21. [G] The input power at the primary coil of a transformer is 2000 W. The
transformer delivers 1500 W to a load connected to the output. What is the
efficiency of the transformer?

(170) 22. [G] A step-down transformer is connected to a 240 V power supply. The
required output voltage is 12 V. The efficiency of the transformer is 95%.
a. If the number of turns in the secondary coil is 100, then what is the number of
turns in the primary coil?
b. The current in the primary coil is 3.0 A. What is the power in the primary coil?
c. What is the power in the secondary coil?

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Section 4.4 Power Stations and Transmission of Electrical Power

(171) BG 16.23.
a) What are the advantages of transmitting power (i) at very high voltages, and (ii)
using alternating voltages?
b) A 6 V, 24 W lamp shines at full brightness when it is connected to the output
of a mains transformer, as shown in the diagram below.

Assuming the transformer is 100% efficient, calculate

i. the number of turns in the secondary coil if the lamp is to work at its normal
brightness.
ii. the current which flows in the mains cables.
c) Explain whether, and how, the number of secondary turns of the transformer
should be altered if
i. two 6 V lamps in series are to work at normal brightness.
ii. two 6 V lamps in parallel are to work at normal brightness.

(172) 24. [G] What is the advantage of power transmission at high voltages?

Section 4.5 The principles of Household Wiring

(173) 25. Explain how to select an appropriate fuse or c.b.

(174) 26. Many modern low-current appliances are sold with only two-pin plugs and no
earth connection. Why is that?

(175) 27. How should a transformer be fused? earthed?

(176) 28. List three do's and three don'ts with electricity.

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(177) 29. [G] Discuss the working principle of fuses.

(178) 30. [G] Which fuse should be used to protect a hair dryer that operates normally at
1.5A? Explain.

(179)31. [T]
a. A plug is fixed with a fuse, labelled as follows.

FUSE
FNM
Interrupting current
250 Vac 13 A

i. What electrical quantity is represented by the 13 A label?

ii. What does the index ac stand for?
ii. What maximum power can be allowed into the circuit?

b. In the space below sketch the circuit diagram symbol for a fuse.

Space for the diagram

c. Explain how the fuse should be installed.

d. List two ways the fuse offers a protection in electric circuits.

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(180) 32. [T] The diagram below shows a cathode ray oscilloscope.

a. Explain the role of the anodes in the cathode ray oscilloscope.

b. Explain the role of the phosphor coating in the cathode ray oscilloscope.

c. The diagram below shows the screen of a cathode ray oscilloscope. The vertical
sensitivity of the oscilloscope is 4.0 mV/div and its horizontal sensitivity is 1.0 ms/div.

i. Determine the peak voltage of the signal.

ii. Determine the frequency of the AC signal.

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(181)33. [T] A transformer consists of two coils of wire wound on a laminated metal core
as shown in the diagram below.

a. Explain why the core of the transformer is laminated.

b. Use the information presented in the diagram to determine the output voltage of the
transformer.
c. Explain why the output voltage would be zero if a direct current input was used.
d. Assuming the transformer is ideal, what is the current through the light bulb?

(182) 34. [T] A loop ABCD is rotated between the poles of the magnet. At a given instant,
the loop is horizontal as shown below.

a. For the instant shown in the diagram, state

i. the direction of the current in the loop, and
ii. whether the current is increasing or decreasing.

b. The loop makes one complete rotation in 2.0 s. What is the frequency of the e.m.f
oscillation in the loop?

c. List two ways to increase the e.m.f. generated in the wire.

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(183) 35. [T] An AC generator is composed of a coil of wire rotating steadily in the magnetic
field between the poles of a magnet. The current generated in the coil passes through
resistor R.

a. What is connected between the ends A and B of the coil and the connections C and D?

b. Sketch the current-time graph through R.

i. On your graph, show the time T corresponding to one complete rotation of the
coil.
ii. State two ways in which the graph would be different if the coil spins at a faster
rate.

c. What should be connected between C and R so that the current in R is always in the
same direction.

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Chapter 5 – Electronics

Section 5.1 Semiconductors

BG 1.
What material is used to build the electronic devices? Why?

(184) BG 2.1. a) In which direction does a pn junction conduct current?

b) Explain the way a pn junction conducts electric current.

(185) 2. Define an ideal diode, and draw its characteristics.

(186) 3. Determine the current in the circuit when a p.d. of 6 V is applied across a silicon
diode and a 600 Ω resistor in series.

(187) 4. [G] Define semiconductors.

(188) 5. [G] Describe the process of doping to produce n-type and p-type semiconductors.

(189) 6. [G] Describe how a pn junction is reverse-biased.

(190) BG 3. 7. [G] What are the conditions necessary for a pn junction to be forward-biased?

Section 5.2 Rectification

(191) 8. How is a diode used as a half–wave rectifier?

(192) 9. [G] Define rectification.

(193) BG 4.10. [G] Describe the working principle of the four-diode bridge rectifier.
Draw a diagram of the rectifier.

Section 5.3 Capacitors

(194) B 6.11. Draw the current–time graph and voltage–time graph for charging
and discharging a capacitor.

(195) B 7.12. Draw a diagram of a simple power supply and explain briefly the role of

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each component.

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(196) 13. In a capacitor-smoothed full-wave rectifier,

a) Why can’t the charged capacitor discharge in the secondary coil of the
transformer?
b) What would the steady output voltage of the unloaded rectifier be?
c) Would you expect the degree of smoothening to depend on the resistance of the
load? If yes how, if no why?

(197) BG 5.14. [G] A capacitor is a device that stores charge and energy. How can a
capacitor be charged and discharged?

Section 5.4 Transistors

(198) 15. What are the two types of a bipolar junction transistor? Name the corresponding
terminals.

(199) 16. Consider the diagram below.

If the resistance of A is 450 Ω and the resistance of B is variable,

a) What resistance of B is required to have a base-emitter voltage of 1 volt?
b) What resistance of B is required to have a base-emitter voltage less than 0.6
volt? Would the transistor then be on?

(200) BG 8. 17. [G] Explain how the transistor acts as an amplifier and as a switch.

(201) 18. [G] What are the electrical connections that should be made for an npn transistor
to be properly biased?

(202) 19. [G] Describe the behavior of an npn transistor at different input voltages.

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(203) 20. [G] What is the gain of the transistor below?

12 V

2.0 kΩ
Ic

8.0 kΩ
1.4 V
Ib

0V

Section 5.5 Other Semiconducting Devices

BG 9.
G (a) What is a thermistor?
(b) Draw a graph showing the variation of resistance with Celsius temperature for a
thermistor.
B 10.
(a) What is the energy change in a LDR?

(b) Draw the graph of the variation of resistance with the intensity of illumination for a
LDR.

(204) B 11. 21. Draw a circuit showing the use of an LDR in a light-dependent switch.
Explain how this circuit works.

(205) B 12. 22. With the aid of a diagram describes the principle of the time-operated switch.

(206) 23. [G] Draw the intensity-resistance graph of an LDR and the temperature-
resistance graph of a thermistor.

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Section 5.6 Digital Electronics

(207) B 13. 24. Write the truth table of the following combination of logic gates.

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(208) B 14. 25. Show that the following circuits are logically identical.

B 15.
Recognize and draw the logic gates symbols (new and old) for Inverter (NON), AND, OR,
NAND and NOR.

(209) 26. [G] a. Draw the symbols for the following logic gates:

- NOT logic gate

- AND logic gate
- OR logic gate
- NOR logic gate
- NAND logic gate

b. Complete the following truth table for the NOR logic gate.

Input A Input B Output Y

1 1

(210) 27. [G] Design a logic control for a lift motor. The lift operates between the ground
floor and the first floor and there are two operating buttons.
The control system must turn the motor on only if:
• the lift doors are closed AND
• only one lift-operating button is pressed.
Hint: When closed, the doors send a logic 1 to the logic control.

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(211) 28. [T]

a. In the figure below B is a variable resistor and C is a buzzer. The setup is connected to
a 6.0 V supply.

i. Name the component labelled A.

ii. At 20C the lamp is off. Explain what happens to the circuit as the ambient
temperature increases.

b. Suggest an application for this circuit.

c. What is the advantage of using a resistor of variable resistance as B?

(212) 29. [T] Consider the circuit shown below. Switch S has remained closed for a long
time.

a. Name the circuit component labelled P.

b. The resistance of R is 100 .

i. Calculate the current through this resistor.
ii. Calculate the power dissipated in the resistor.

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c. The switch is now opened. On the axes below sketch how the current in the resistor
varies with time.

(213) 30. [T] Consider the circuit shown below where D is a buzzer.

a. State the name of component A.

b. Explain what happens to the resistance of A when the intensity of incident light
decreases.

c. Describe the advantage of using a variable resistor B instead of the fixed resistor.

d. State the name of the gate C.

e. What should be the input of the gate C for the buzzer to operate?

f. Suggest a practical application for this circuit. Explain how it works.

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(214)31. [T]
a. Consider the logic gate shown below.

i. State the name of this gate.

ii. Complete its truth table.

A B C
0 0
0 1
1 0
1 1

b. Consider the following system of gates operating a street light.

i. Describe the conditions when the street light turns on.

ii. Complete the truth table to support your statement in i.

Switch Light detector Output

0 0
1 1
0 1
1 0

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(215) 32. [T] Consider the circuit shown below.

a. Name the components of the circuit labelled

i. A, and
ii. B.

b. Name one use of component A in electric circuits.

c. List two primary uses of component B in the electric circuits.

d. The switch is initially closed and has remained closed for a long time. Explain what
happens in the circuit when it is opened again.

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Chapter 6 – Waves

Section 6.1 Pulses and Waves

(216) 1. Differ between a pulse and a wave.

(217) 2. [G] Is energy and matter transmitted by a wave?

(218) 3. [G] Define compression and rarefaction.

(219) 4. [G] a) Define a progressive transverse wave? Give examples.

b) Define a progressive longitudinal wave? Give examples.

B 1.
How does a progressive transverse wave differ from a longitudinal one? Give examples of
each.

Section 6.2 Sound Waves

(220) 5. Describe the movement of air molecules and the pressure variation as a sound
wave propagates through air.

(221) 6. To what category of waves do sound and light belong?

(222) 7. Sound is thought of as a train of pulses traveling in a medium.

a) How sound is produced?
b) Would you expect sound waves in air to be transverse or longitudinal? Explain.

(223) 8. [G] Define sound waves.

Section 6.3 Speed of Propagation of a Wave

(224) 9. Two cans connected by a rope can form a primitive interphone (telephone). How
can you explain that?

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Section 6.4 Periodic Progressive Waves

BG 2.

(a) Define the term waves.

(b) Which waves are called periodic waves?

(225) B 3.10. a) A train of waves travels in a stretched spring at the rate of two waves
per second. Find the period.
b) The time for one complete cycle of a musical note is 4 × 10-3 s. Find the
frequency of the sound.
c) A radio station broadcasts at a frequency of 100 MHz. Find the period of
the electromagnetic waves it broadcasts.

(226) B 5.11. Draw and label a displacement-position graph of the particles along the
wave train at a single moment.

(227) B 6.12. Draw and label a displacement-time graph of a single particle in the wave.

(228) BG 4. 13. [G] Name and efine frequency, wavelength, amplitude, and wave speed.

(229) 14. [G] What is the speed of a wave of frequency 4.0 × 1014 Hz and wavelength 750
nm?

B 7.
A VHS radio station transmits on a frequency of 100 MHz. If the speed of radio waves is 3
 108 m/s.

(a) What is the wavelength of the waves?

(b) How long does the transmission take to travel 60 km?

Section 6.5 Characteristics of Sound Waves

(230) 15. a) Which sound travels faster, a loud sound or a quiet one?
b) Which sound travels faster, the one produced by a guitar or by a drum?

(231) 16. [G] Wave A undergoes several changes to give waves W, X, Y, and Z.

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a. Describe how the pitch of wave A changes in W and Z.

b. Describe how the loudness of wave A changes in X and Y.

Section 6.6 Principle of Superposition of Waves

(232) 17. a) Do different sound pulses pass through each other without change? How can
you justify that?
b) Do different light pulses pass through each other without change? How can you
justify that?

(233) 18. [G] Draw two waves that interfere constructively and two waves that interfere
destructively.

Section 6.7 Boundary Behavior of a Pulse (Wave)

(234) 19. Does sound pass through and reflect from a barrier simultaneously? If you clap
your hands 30 meters from the flat window of a building, can you hear the echo?
Can people inside the building hear you clap as well?

(235) 20. [G] Draw the reflected pulse for each of the following scenarios.

a. at a fixed end:

b. at a free end:

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Section 6.8 Waves in Two Dimensions

B 8.

Explain the construction and use of a “ripple tank”.

(236) 21. [G] A plane wave strikes a straight reflector, as shown below.

Draw the reflection of the wave after the reflector.

B 10.
Explain how the water waves are refracted in shallower water.

BG 11.
Draw diagrams showing refraction of straight wavefronts at a plane boundary when the
wavefronts of the incident wave are parallel to the boundary.

B 12.
Draw diagrams showing refraction of straight wavefronts at a plane boundary and passing
from deep water to shallow water when the wavefronts of the incident wave make an angle
with the boundary.

B 13.
Draw diagrams showing reflection of straight wavefronts at a concave reflector.

(237) 22. [G] When a water wave travels from shallow water to deep water, it changes its
direction.

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a. What wave phenomenon is being observed?

b. How does the speed and wavelength of the wave change?

B 9.
(a) Calculate the speed of light in glass (refractive index of glass is1.5) if its speed in air is 3.0
 10 m/s.
8

(b) If the wavelength of the light component in air is 5.5  10–7 m find the wavelength
in glass.

Section 6.9 Diffraction and Interference

BG 14.
Draw diagrams showing diffraction of water waves:

(i) at a wide gap

(ii) at a narrow gap.

(238) B 15. 23. How does the interference pattern depend on the wavelength?

(239) B 16. 24. Design an experiment using double slit to study the interference of light.

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BG 17.
In the double slit experiment using monochromatic light how would the fringe pattern be
affected if:

(a) the separation of the slits was increased?

(b) the screen was moved farther away?

(c) light of longer wavelength was used?

(d) white light was used instead of monochromatic light?

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(240) 25. [G] Once a water wave reaches a narrow barrier, it spreads out after the barrier
as shown below.

What wave phenomenon is being described?

(241) 26. [G] Michael sends a train of sound waves into a barrier. The waves leave the
barrier making the shapes shown below.

How can Michael make the waves spread out more after the barrier? List two ways.

Section 6.11 Standing Waves

(242) BG 18.27. a) Define a node.

b) What is the distance between adjacent nodes?
c) Where are the anti-nodes situated?

BG 19.
(a) Define the term “Resonance”.
(b) What are the factors affecting the resonant frequency of a string?

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B 20.
Describe an experiment used to demonstrate standing waves on a string and draw diagrams showing
the first four normal modes of the string.

BG 21.
(a) Find the frequency and the wavelength of the third harmonic of a stretched string.
(b) Derive a relation between the fundamental frequency and the frequency of the nth
mode in a stretched string.

BG 22.
With the aid of diagrams derive a relation between the fundamental frequency and the
frequency of the nth mode in an open pipe.

(243) 28. [G] A particular string resonates in three loops at a frequency of 150 Hz. What
is the fundamental frequency and the 5th harmonic?

(244) 29. [G] What are the factors affecting the resonant frequency of a string?

(245) 30. [G] The length of a pipe open at both ends is 0.60 m. Calculate the wavelength
and the frequency of the third harmonic. Use vsound in air = 340 m/s.

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(246) 31. [G] The length of a closed open at both ends is 0.600 m. Calculate the
wavelength and the frequency of the third harmonic. Use vsound in air = 340. m/s.

(247) 32. [T] The diagram below shows the displacement of the particles of matter at
different points in space as a mechanical wave spreads through the matter.

a. Use the graph to determine the wavelength of this wave.

b. How would the graph change if the frequency of the wave was higher?

c. The disturbance in the medium is along the same line as that in which the wave is
travelling. What type of wave is it?

d. The frequency of the wave is 1500 Hz. Calculate the speed of this wave.

e. Calculate the time it takes the wave to propagate through a sample of matter of length
40 cm.

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(248) 33. [T] The diagram below shows the wave front of waves in a ripple tank moving
towards the boundary. The waves are moving from the region where their speed is low is
to the region where their speed is high.

a. Name the phenomenon observed in waves as they enter the new medium.

b. Complete the diagram to show the position of the crests of waves after the boundary.

c. Calculate the wavelength of the incident wave.

d. The speed of the wave in the low speed medium is 0.24 m/s. Calculate the frequency of
the incident wave.

e. The speed of wave in the high-speed medium is 1.5 greater than that in the low-speed
medium. Calculate the wavelength of the wave in the high-speed medium.

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(249)34. [T] A laser beam passes through a grating and produces a pattern of light and dark
fringes on the screen. The distance between the central bright fringe and the next one is
denoted by x.

a. Name the phenomenon illustrated in the diagram.

b. Put one tick in each row of the table to indicate how each of the following changes to
the experiment would affect the value of x.

x is increased x remains the same x is decreased

using a laser light with a lower
frequency
using a grating with thinner
slits
immersing the setup in water

c. The wavelength of the red light is 700 nm. Calculate the frequency of this light.

d. Name three types of electromagnetic waves whose wavelength is longer than that of red
light.

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