Scribd
Upload
71 views4 pages

Chapter 2 PDF

Tension members transmit axial pull between two points and include tension chords in trusses, tension bracing members, and hangers supporting floor beams. They are most efficient but efficiency can be reduced by end connections and potential buckling from load reversal. Tension members are designed based on gross or effective area with resistance computed using yield strength or ultimate strength and appropriate factors of safety. Design also considers edge and hole spacing, allowances for holes, effective net area, and stiffness criteria limiting the L/r ratio.

Uploaded by

Wendimu Tolessa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
71 views4 pages

Chapter 2 PDF

Tension members transmit axial pull between two points and include tension chords in trusses, tension bracing members, and hangers supporting floor beams. They are most efficient but efficiency can be reduced by end connections and potential buckling from load reversal. Tension members are designed based on gross or effective area with resistance computed using yield strength or ultimate strength and appropriate factors of safety. Design also considers edge and hole spacing, allowances for holes, effective net area, and stiffness criteria limiting the L/r ratio.

Uploaded by

Wendimu Tolessa
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 4

CENG 

453‐ Design of Steel and Timber Structures                                                               Chapter 2‐ Tension Members 

2. Tension Members
A tension member transmits a direct axial pull between two points in a structural frame. They can be
connected either by welding or bolting. In building frames, tension members occur as:
1. tension chords and internal ties in trusses;
2. tension bracing members;
3. hangers supporting floor beams.
The main sections used for tension members are:
1. open sections such as angles, channels, tees, joists, universal beams and columns;
2. closed sections. Circular, square and rectangular hollow sections;
3. compound and built-up sections. Double angles and double channels are common compound
sections used in trusses. Built-up sections are used in bridge trusses.

2.1 Design considerations


Theoretically, the tension member is the most efficient structural element, but its efficiency may be
seriously affected by the following factors:
1. The end connections. For example, bolt holes reduce the member section.
2. The member may be subject to reversal of load, in which case it is liable to buckle because a
tension member is more slender than a compression member.

2.2 Design of tension members


Resistance of tension members can be computed on the basis of either gross area or effective area.
2.2.1 Plates
Ag f y 0.9 Ae f u
N pt , Rd = or N u , Rd =
γ m1 γ m2
Where: Ag is the gross cross sectional area
Ae is the effective cross sectional area
γm1 =1.1 and γm2 =1.25

Instructor: Abrham Gebre  Page 1 
 
CENG 453‐ Design of Steel and Timber Structures                                                               Chapter 2‐ Tension Members 

The gross and net area is calculated as follows:


Ag = bt
S2
An = (b − nd + ∑ )t
4g

Where: b=the width of the plate


t =the thickness of the plate
d=the diameter of the hole
S =staggered distance b/n of fasteners
g= gauge is the distance transverse to the loading direction
n= number of holes per section

The allowance shall be taken as 0.25S2t/P but not more than 0.6St.

2.2.2 Angles connected by bolts

Where: L=L1+L2-t and g=g1+g2-t

Instructor: Abrham Gebre  Page 2 
 
CENG 453‐ Design of Steel and Timber Structures                                                               Chapter 2‐ Tension Members 

Design strength of angles connected by one leg

i) with one bolt

2(e2 − 0.5d )tf u


N u , Rd =
γ m2

ii) with two bolts

β 2 Anet f u β2=0.4 for P < 2.5d, β2=0.7 for P > 5d


N u , Rd =
γ m2

iii) with three or more bolts


β A f
N u , Rd = 3 net u β3=0.4 for P < 2.5d, β2=0.7 for P > 5d
γ m2

Where: β2 and β3 are reduction factors dependent on the pitch


If P is between 2.5P and 5P, use linear interpolation

2.3 Edge Spacing and spacing of holes

Where: b, t, d, g and S are as defined earlier


P= pitch is the distance in a row of fasteners
e1 and e2 are edge distances
Instructor: Abrham Gebre  Page 3 
 
CENG 453‐ Design of Steel and Timber Structures                                                               Chapter 2‐ Tension Members 

Edge distances (e1 and e2 ) Hole distances (p and g)


For a rolled, machine flame
1.25d
Min. edge cut, sawn or planned edge Min. hole distance
2.5d
distances For sheared or hand flame (p)
1.4d
cut edge and any end
Max. hole distance
Max. edge 12t or 14t or
e1 and e2 (p) in unstiffened
distances 150mm 200mm
plates

2.4 Allowances for holes


The followings are the diameter of bolts and their allowances for holes.
Diameter of the bolt (Ф) Ф < 14 14< Ф <27 Ф >27
Diameter of the hole (d) Ф+1 Ф+2  Ф+3 

2.5 Effective Net Area


When tension members have a profile consisting of elements where the tensile load is transmitted at the
end of the member by connecting to some but not all of the elements, the total net area may not be
effective. To account non-uniformity of stress the effective area concept is used (It is reduced by a
certain percentage)

2.6 Stiffness criteria


Although stability is not a criterion in the design of tension members, it is required to limit their length
so that they are not too flexible. This is set by limiting the L/r ratio, where L is the effective
unsupported length and r is the radius of gyration.

Table 2.1: Limits for tension members according to EBCS-3, 1995


Members L/r limits
Main members 180
Lateral bracing and secondary members 250
Members subject to stress reversed (due to WL, EQ,…) -

Instructor: Abrham Gebre  Page 4 
 

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy