Department of Civil Engineering Structural Design

WIND LOAD ANALYSIS ON STRUCTURES

Example 3 (Wind load analysis on Monopitch roof)

Adama City administration Micro Enterprise office wants to construct building shown in the
figure below for fattening project for jobless graduated youths around Bole Sub city on flat and

horizontal area with negligible vegetation and without obstacles. Therefore, the office needs
Civil Engineer who analyzes the wind pressure which the building will be exposed to. If the
MEO invites you as Civil Engineer compute:

a) Compute External wind pressure on the wind ward wall

b) External wind pressure on the roof

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Solution:

a) Compute External wind pressure on the wind ward wall

Step 1: Determination of basic wind velocity V b (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.2)

V b =Cdirection∗C season∗V b ,0

Where: C directionis the directional factor

C seasonis the season factor

V b , 0is the fundamental value of the basic wind velocity

The recommended value isV b , 0=22 m/sec . The value of the directional factor C dirfor various
wind directions may be found in the National Annex. The recommended value is 1.0. The value
of the season factorC seasonmay be given in the National Annex. The recommended value is1.0.

⇒ V b =C direction∗C season∗V b , 0=1.0∗1.0∗22 m/sec =22 m/sec

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Step 2: Determination of basic velocity pressure q b

1 2
q b= ∗ρ∗V b
2

Where ρ is the air density. The values for ρ may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value is ρ=1.25 kg/m3.

1 2 1 3 2 2 2
⇒ q b= ∗ρ∗V b= ∗1.25 kg /m ∗( 22 m/sec ) =302.5 N /m =0.3025 kN /m
2 2

Step 3: Determination of peak velocity pressure q p ( z ) (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.5)

q pdepends on the wind climate, the terrain roughness and orography and the reference height.

[ 1+7∗lv ( z ) ]∗1
q p ( z )= ∗ρ∗V 2m ( z )
2
Where

l v ( z ) is the turbulence intensity at height z (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.4)

V m is the mean wind velocity (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3)

3.1. Reference height Z e as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7.2.2

The reference height Z e for walls of rectangular plan buildings (zone D windward) depends on
the aspect ratio h /b and are always the upper heights of the different parts of the walls.

h=5.75 m≤ b=10 m

For a building whose height h is less than b should be considered to be one part( Z e =h=5.75 m ).

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The rules for the velocity pressure distribution for leeward wall (zone E) and side walls (zones
A, B, C) may be given in the National Annex or be defined for the individual project. The
recommended procedure is to take the reference height as the height of the building( Z e =h ).
The reference height z ifor the internal pressures should be equal to the reference height z e for
the external pressures on the faces which contribute by their openings to the creation of the
internal pressure.

3.2. Wind turbulence l v ( z ) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.4

kl
l v ( z )= for z min ≤ z ≤ z max
C 0 ( z )∗ln ( z / z 0 )

kl
l v ( z )=l v ( zmin )= for z ≤ z min
C 0 ( z min )∗ln ( z min / z 0 )

In this example, the building is located on flat and horizontal area with negligible vegetation and
without obstacles. For flat terrain where orographic factor C 0 ( z )=1.0 and the terrain category is
terrain category I.

Where:

k l is the turbulence factor. The value of k l may be given in the National Annex. The
recommended value isk l=1.0.

z 0 is the roughness length ¿ 0.01 mfor terrain category I given in Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-
4:2015

z min is the minimum height ¿ 1.0 m for terrain category I given in Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-
4:2015

z maxis to be taken as 200 m

z min =1.0 m≤ Z e =5.75 m ≤ z max =200 m;

kl 1.0
∴ l v ( z=12m )= = =0.1574
C 0 ( z )∗ln ( z / z0 ) 1.0∗ln ( 5.75/0.01 )

3.3. Determination of mean wind velocity V m (refer ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3)

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V m ( z )=c r ( z )∗c0 ( z )∗V b

Where:

c r ( z ) is the roughness factor given in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.3.2

The terrain roughness factorc r ( z ) accounts for the variability of the mean wind velocity at the
site of the structure due to the height above ground level and the ground roughness of the
terrain upwind of the structure in the wind direction considered.

c r ( z )=k r∗ln
( zz ) for z
0
min ≤ z ≤ z max

c r ( z )=c r ( z min )=k r∗ln

( )
z min
z0
for z ≤ z min

Where k rthe terrain factor depending on the roughness length is z 0 calculated using

( )
0.07

( )
0.07
z0 0.01
k r=0.19∗ =0.19∗ =0.17
z 0 , II 0.05

z 0 , II =0.05 m for terrain category I from Table 4.1 of ES EN 1991-1-4:2015

∴ c r ( z=5.75 m )=k r∗ln

( ) z
z0
=0.17∗ln
5.75
0.01
=1.08( )
Hence, V m ( z=5.75 m )=c r ( z=5.75 m )∗c 0 ( z=5.75 m )∗V b=1.08∗1.0∗22 m/ sec=23.73 m/sec

[1+7∗l v ( z=5.75 m ) ]∗1

⇒ q p ( z=5.75 m )= ∗ρ∗V 2m ( z=5/75 m )
2

[ 1+7∗0.1574 ]∗1
¿ ∗1.25 kg /m3∗( 23.73 m/sec )2=739.72 N /m2 ≈ 0.74 kN /m2
2

Step 4: Determination of external pressure coefficient C pe for vertical walls as per ES EN 1991-
1-4:2015 section 7.2.2

The external pressure coefficients are given for the various zones (zone A, B, C, D and E) of the
vertical walls of a rectangular building for loaded areas A of 1 m2 and 10 m2 for the appropriate

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building configurations as c pe , 1for local coefficients and c pe , 10 for overall coefficients

respectively.

For A ≤ 1m2 ; c pe=c pe ,1

For A ≥ 10 m2 ; c pe=c pe ,10

2 2
For 1 m < A <10 m ; c pe =c pe ,1 −( c pe , 1−c pe,10 ) log 10 A

e=Lesser of {2 h=2∗5.75=11.50m
b=10 m ∴ e=10 m and d=20 m → e< d

Table 7.1: Recommended values of external pressure coefficients for vertical walls of
rectangular plan buildings (Source: Adopted from ES EN 1991-1-4:2015)

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Zones Width b ( m ) Height h ( m ) Area ( m2 ) h /d C pe from Table 7.1

A e /5=10 /5=2.0 3.5 11.275 3.5/20=0.175 C pe=C pe , 10=−1.20
B 4 e /5=4∗10/5=8.0 3.5 28.0 3.5/20=0.175 C pe=C pe , 10=−0.80
C d−e=20−10=10 3.5 35.0 3.5/20=0.175 C pe=C pe , 10=−0.50
D 10 5.75 46.25 5.75/20=0.2875 C pe=C pe , 10=+0.705
E 10 5.75 46.25 5.75/20=0.2875 C pe=C pe , 10=−0.31

Step 5: Determination of internal pressure coefficient ( C pi ) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section

7.2.9

The opening ratio µ should be determined from expression:

µ=
∑ area of openings where C pe is negative ( at leeward∧wind∥sides )∨0.0
∑ area of all openings ( at windward , leeward∧wind∥sides )
∑ area of openings at leeward=1.2 m∗3.0 m=3.6 m2
∑ area of openings at wind∥sides=4∗2.0 m∗1.5 m=12 m2
∑ area of openings whereC pe is negative ( at leeward∧wind∥sides )∨0.0=3.6+12=15.6 m2
∑ area of all openings ( at windward ,leeward ∧wind∥sides )=3.6+12+12=27.6 m2
15.6 0.565∧h 5.75
µ= = = =0.2875
27.6 d 20

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By using linear interpolation; h 0.2875−0.25 C pi −0.1

C pi = →C pi =+0.097
d 1.0−0.2875 0.04−C pi
0.25 0.1

0.2875 C pi

1.0 0.04

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Step 6: Determination of wind pressure on surface as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 5.2

A positive wind load stands for pressure whereas a negative wind load indicates suction on the
surface. This definition applies for the external wind action as well as for the internal wind
action.

6.1. Wind pressure acting on the external surfaces W e

The wind pressure acting on the external surfacesW e should be obtained from expression:
W e=q p ( z e )∗C pe

Where: q p ( z e ) is the peak velocity pressure (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 4.5)

z e is the reference height for the external pressure given in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7

C peis the pressure coefficient for the external pressure (see ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 7).

Zones
q p ( ze )
[ ]
kN
m
2
C pe from Table
7.1
We
[ ]
kN
m
2

A 0.74 −1.20 −0.888

B 0.74 −0.80 −0.60

C 0.74 −0.50 −0.37

D 0.74 +0.705 +0.52

E 0.74 −0.31 −0.23

6.2. Wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces W i

The wind pressure acting on the internal surfaces of a structure W i should be obtained from
expression:
W i =q p ( z i )∗C pi

Maximum external pressure on Zone D occurs on the upper part. Assume mean height of
openings equal to mean height of this part, z i=5.75 m .

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Zones q p ( zi )
[ ]
kN
m
2
C pi Wi
[ ]
kN
m
2

A 0.74 +0.097 +0.0718

B
0.74 +0.097 +0.0718
C 0.74 +0.097 +0.0718
D
0.74 +0.097 +0.0718
E
0.74 +0.097 +0.0718
Step 7: Determination the net wind pressure W net acting on a wall

The net wind pressure W net acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined
directly by using expression:
W net =C s C d q p ( z ) [ C pe +C pi ]

Where: C s C d is the structural factor as defined in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 6. For

simplification, let us take C s C d =1.0 .

Zones Area ( m2 ) q p( z ) C pe C pi C pe +C pi W net

[ ]
kN
m
2

A 7.0 0.74 +0.097 −1.297 −0.960

−1.20
B 28.0 −0.80 −0.897 −0.664
0.74 +0.097
C 35.0 0.74 −0.50 +0.097 −0.597 −0.440
D 46.25 +0.705 +0.608 +0.450
0.74 +0.097
E 46.25 −0.31 −0.407 −0.301
0.74 +0.097

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2
0.301 kN /m
2 2
0.45 kN /m
0.96 kN /m 2 2
0.664 kN /mkN /m
0.44

b) External wind pressure on the roof

Pitch angle: tan α =

2.25
20
→α =tan
20( )
−1 2.25 ° °
=6.42 >5 →Monopitch roof

Step 1: Determination of external pressure coefficient C pe for Monopitch roof as per ES EN

1991-1-4:2015 section 7.2.4

The external pressure coefficients are given for the various zones (zone F, G, H, I and J) of the
roofs for loaded areas A of 1 m2 and 10 m2 for the appropriate building configurations as c pe , 1for
local coefficients and c pe , 10 for overall coefficients respectively.

For A ≤ 1m2 ; c pe=c pe ,1

For A ≥ 10 m2 ; c pe=c pe ,10

2 2
For 1 m < A <10 m ; c pe =c pe ,1 −( c pe , 1−c pe,10 ) log 10 A

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Zones Width b ( m ) Height h ( m ) Area ( m2 )

F e /10=1.0 e /4=10 /4=2.5 2.5

G e /10=1.0 b−e /2=5.0 5.0

H 19.126 10 191.26

For 180 ° wind direction for Mono pitch roof of 6.42 ° pitch angle

° ° °
5 15 6.42
Zone
C pe ,1 C pe ,10 C pe , A C pe ,1 C pe ,10 C pe , A C pe , A
F −2.50 −2.30 −2.42 −2.80 −2.50 −2.68 −2.457
G −2.00 −1.30 −1.51 −2.00 −1.30 −1.51 −1.511
H −1.20 −0.80 −0.80 −1.20 −0.90 −0.90 −0.814
Step 2: Determination of internal pressure coefficient ( C pi ) as per ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section
7.2.9

From previous calculation for the vertical walls, we obtainedC pi =+0.097.

Summary the C pe and C pi values for wind direction θ=180°

Zones F G H

Area ( m2 ) 2.00 5.00 191.26

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C pe (−ve ) −2.457 −1.511 −0.814

C pi +0.097 +0.097 +0.097

C pe (−ve ) +C pi −2.554 −1.608 −0.911

Step 3: Determination the net wind pressure W net acting on a roof

The net wind pressure W net acting on a structure or a structural component may be determined
directly by using expression:
W net =C s C d q p ( z ) [ C pe +C pi ]

Where: C s C d is the structural factor as defined in ES EN 1991-1-4:2015 section 6. For buildings

with a height less than15 m, the value of C s C d may be taken as1.0 .

Net wind pressure for wind direction θ=18 0°

Zones Area( m2 )
q p ( ze )
[ ]
kN
m
2
C pe (−ve ) +¿ C pi
W net
[ ]
kN
m
2

F 2.5 0.74 −2.554 −1.890

G 5.0 0.74 −1.608 −1.190

H 191.26 0.74 −0.911 −0.674

For design purpose, maximum suction and positive pressure will be taken on all zones.

−1.890 kN
W net (max ) (+ ve )=0 and W net (max ) (−ve )= 2
m

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