Shiv Nadar Institution of Eminence, Deemed to be University

Department of Electrical Engineering Document Number: Version: 1.2

SNU/MAN/EHS/EL/01 Effective Date: 02/01/2023
Title: Communication Engineering Lab Manuals Pages 7

LAB: 03- Part (a)

Amplitude Modulation and Demodulation (Trainer Kit)

OBJECTIVES:
1) Study of DSB-FC Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation and determine the Modulation Depth.
Also observe the envelope for m<1, m=1 and m>1.
2) Study of DSB-SC Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation.
3) Study of SSB Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation.
MATERIALS / COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT: AM Training kit, DSO & connecting patch chords.
INTRODCTION: Modulation is defined as the process by which a characteristic (Amplitude/ frequency/
phase) of a carrier signal is varied in accordance with a modulating signal.
The envelope of the modulating wave has the same shape as the base band signal provided the following two
requirements are Satisfied-
1. The carrier frequency fc must be much greater than the highest frequency components fm of the modulating
(massage) signal m (t) i.e. fc >> fm.
2. The modulation index must be less than unity. If the modulation index is greater than unity, the carrier wave
becomes over modulated.
The purpose of envelope detector/demodulator is to recover the original modulating signal from modulated
signal with the minimum of distortion and interference. The simplest way of dealing with an AM signal is to
use a simple half- wave rectifier circuit. If the signal is simply passed through a diode to a resistive load, the
output would be a series of half cycle pulses at carrier frequency. So the diode is followed by a filter, typically
a capacitor and resistor in parallel. The capacitor is charged by the diode almost to the peak value of the carrier
cycles and the output therefore follows the envelope of the amplitude modulation.

BLOCK DIAGRAM: Modulator/Transmitter

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BLOCK DIAGRAM: Demodulator/Receiver:

ENVELOPE DETECTOR:

Calculations:
Modulation Depth is calculated from envelope as: m= Vm / Vc = [Vmax - Vmin ]/ [Vmax + Vmin ] = = [A - B]/ [A + B ]
2 2 2
Total Power Pt = 𝑉𝑐2 /2+ m 𝑉𝑐2 /8 + m 𝑉𝑐2 /8 = Pc [1+ m /2], Bandwidth (𝑓c+𝑓m)- (𝑓c-𝑓m)=2 𝑓m

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Procedure:
DSB-FC Modulation and Demodulation

1) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the board (ST2201):
a) Audio input select switch should be in INT position
b) Mode switch in DSB position.
c) Output amplifier's gain potentiometer in full clockwise position.
d) Speakers switch in OFF position.
2) Turn on power to the ST2201 board. Turn the audio oscillator block's amplitude pot to its full clockwise (MAX)
position. This is modulating signal m(t).
3) Turn the balance pot, in the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 1 block, to its fully clockwise position.
4) Observe the two inputs to the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuits 1 block, at TP1 and TP9. Note that:
TP 9 carries a sine wave of 1MHz frequency. This is the carrier input c(t). Record amplitude of c(t).
5) Next, observe the output of the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 1 block (at TP 3), together with the
modulating signal at TP1 on DSO. This is Amplitude Modulated signal. Save this graph.
6) Determine the depth of modulation and tabulate your results in the given table for (a) varying Vm and keep fm
constant, (b) varying fm and keep Vm constant.

Observation Table: (DSB-FC)

S Modulation Demodulation
No
Modulating Modulating Vmax Vmin %m Band Total Vm fm
Frequency Amplitude width Power
fm Vm Pt
1 Vm < Vc fm1= Vm =
Vc =
2 Vm = Vc fm1= Vm =
Vc =
3 Vm ˃Vc fm1= Vm =
Vc =
4 Vm < Vc fm2=
5. Vm < Vc fm3=

7) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the Receiver board (ST 2202):
a. RX input select switch in ANT position.
b. R.F. amplifier's tuned circuit select switch in INT position.
c. R.E amplifier's gain pot in fully clock-wise position;
d. AGC switch in INT position.
e. Detector switch in diode position.
f. Audio amplifier's volume pot in fully counter-clockwise position.
g. Beat frequency oscillator switch in OFF position.

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i. On-board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended.
9) Next, turn the Vernier tuning dial until a broad cast station can be heard clearly.
10) Examine the output of IF amplifier 2 (TP28) with an oscilloscope channel.
11) Observe the output of the diode detector block (TP31), together with the message signal.
12) Observe the output of the audio amplifier block (TP39), together with output of the diode detector block (TP31).

Double Side Band-Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC) Modulation:

1) Turn the balance pot in the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 1 block, until the signal at TP3 is as
shown in figure. This is DSB-SC modulated signal.
2) Observe this together with modulating signal, save the graph. Record amplitude of c(t), modulation index and its
spectrum.
3) Demodulate DSB-SC
4) Calculate bandwidth and total power of DSB-SC.

S Modulation Demodulation
No
Modulating Modulating Vmax Vmin %m Band Total Vm fm
Frequency Amplitude width Power
fm Vm Pt
1 fm1= Vm =
Vc =
2 fm2= Vm =
Vc =
3 fm3= Vm =
Vc =

Signal Side Band (SSB) Modulation:

The design of the SSB transmitter is accomplished in two stages. First, generate a DSB-SC signal and then
remove the lower sideband to achieve the final SSB signal.
DSB-SC to SSB:

1) To achieve single- sideband amplitude modulation, we will utilize the following three blocks on the ST2201 module.
a) Balanced modulator. b) Ceramic band pass filter c) Balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit 2.
2) Set modulating signal amplitude maximum: Turn the audio oscillator block's amplitude pot to its fully clockwise
(MAX) position.

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3) Set modulating frequency: adjust the frequency pot for an audio frequency of 2 KHz, approx. (mid-way).
4) Next, examine the output of the balanced modulator block 2 (at TP17), together with the modulating signal at TP15.
Check that the waveforms are as shown Figure.

5) Remove LSB: The DSB-SC output from the balanced modulator block is passed on to the ceramic filter block, whose
purpose is to pass the upper sideband, but block the lower sideband.
6) Monitor the output of the ceramic band pass filter block (at TP20) together with the audio modulating signal (at
TP15). Note that the envelope of the signal at TP20 now has fairly constant amplitude as shown in Figure. If the
amplitude of the signal at TP20 is not reasonably constant, adjust the balance pot in the balance modulator block to
minimize variations in the signal's amplitude.

7) Note that there is some variation in the amplitude of the signal at the filter's output (TP20) as the modulating
frequency changes. This variation is due to the frequency response of the ceramic band pass filter.
8) Now for Minimum and Maximum modulating signal frequency, observe the ceramic band pass filter's output (TP20).
9) Now examine and record the output of the balanced modulator & band pass filter circuit-2 block (TP22), and check
that the waveform is a good sine wave of frequency approximately 1.45MHz.
10) Monitor the 1.455 MHz SSB signal (at TP22) together with the modulating signal (TP15), triggering the scope with
the later.

S Modulation Demodulation
No
Modulating Modulating Vmax Vmin %m Band Total Vm fm
Frequency Amplitude width Power
fm Vm Pt
1 fm1= Vm =
Vc =
2 fm2= Vm =
Vc =
3 fm3= Vm =
Vc =

SSB Demodulation:
1) Ensure that the Mode switch in SSB position on the ST2201 board.
a. Audio oscillator's amplitude pot in full clockwise position.
b. Audio input select switch in INT position.
c. Mode switch in SSB position.
d. Output amplifier's gain pot in full clockwise position.
e. TX output select switch in ANT position.
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f. Audio amplifier's volume pot in full counter-clockwise position.
g. Speaker switch in ON position.
h. On board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended.
2) Ensure that the following initial conditions exist on the Receiver board (ST2202).
a. RX input select switch in ANT position.
b. R.F amplifier's tuned circuit select switch in INT position.
c. R.F amplifier's gain pot in full clockwise position.
d. AGC switch in out position.
e. Detector switch in product position.
f. Audio amplifier's volume pot in fully counter clockwise position.
g. Speaker switch in 'ON' position.
h. Beat frequency oscillator switch in 'ON' position.
i. On - board antenna in vertical position, and fully extended. This antenna will propagate this SSB waveform over a
maximum distance of about 1.4 ft.
3. Turn on power to the modules.
4. On the ST2201 module, examine the transmitter's output signal (TP13), and make sure that this is a good SSB
waveform, by checking that the signal is a reasonably good sine wave.
5. On the ST2202 module, slowly fine tune the tuning dial until the amplitude of observed signal (at TP28) is at its
greatest.
6. Observe the Demodulated signal at product detector block (TP37) together with modulating signal (TP39).

Technical Specifications of Training Kits

AM Transmitter/Modulator (ST2201)

Audio Oscillator: With adjustable Amplitude & Frequency (300Hz-3.4 KHz)

Audio Output: Audio amplifier with speaker
Modulators: 2 nos. Balanced modulators with Band pass filter (1MHz)
Carrier Frequency: 1 MHz Crystal controlled
Transmitter Output: On board output amplifier (Gain Adjustable)
1. DSB: 1 MHz
2. SSB: 1.455 MHz
Connected to Antenna / Cable

AM Receiver/Demodulator (ST2202)

Construction: Super heterodyne

Frequency Range: 980 KHz to 2.060 MHz
Intermediate Frequency (IF): 455 KHz
Input Circuits:
1. RF amplifier
2. Mixer
3. Local oscillator
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4. Beat frequency oscillator
5. IF amplifier 1
6. IF amplifier 2
Tuning: With variable capacitor (ganged) dial marking on board
Receiving media: Telescopic antenna / RF cable
Detector Circuits: 1. Diode detector (DSB) 2. Product detector (SSB)
Audio Output: Audio amplifier with speaker & headphone

NOTE: Record all the specifications in your lab file.

LAB: 03- Part (b)
Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation (Hardware)
OBJECTIVE(S):
Study of DSB-FC Amplitude Modulation/Demodulation and determine the Modulation Index.
Also observe the envelope for under-modulation and over-modulation.

MATERIALS / COMPONENTS & EQUIPMENT: Bread-board, BJT 107, Diodes (1N4148 & OA85),
Resistors, Inductor and Capacitors, DSO & Function Generator.

Circuit Diagram:

Procedure:
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1) Implement the modulator circuit on bread-board. Apply modulating signal m(t) of 0.5volt at 1KHz and Carrier signal
c(t) of 2 Volt at 95KHz.
2) Observe the AM signal across C1 (TP1) together with the modulating signal.
3) Complete the observation table 1 for different settings of modulating signal amplitudes.
4) Save the graph of under-modulation (m<1), full modulation (m=1) and over-modulation (m>1).
5) Implement the demodulator (Diode detector) circuit, apply the o/p of modulator (AM signal) at its input of
demodulator and observe the signal at TP2 and TP3. Compare both signals with justification.
6) Now, remove the capacitors C2 & C3. Observe and examine the signal at TP2 together with modulating signal.
Justify your graph.

Observation Table 1: (Modulation)

Observation Table 2: (Demodulation)

Time Domain Frequency Domain

Sr. Modulating Amplitude Frequency Amplitude Frequency Harmonics (if
No. depth (m) as (Vm) (fm) (Vm) (fm) any)
table 1
1
2
3
4

Results:

Conclusion:

Undertaking:

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