19EC2101 – ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 1

 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
SYLLABUS
UNIT – I Credits: 3

RECTIFIERS:

Half Wave, Full Wave & Bridge Rectifiers, Analysis of FWR with filters (L, C, LC) & regulation.

UNIT – II

TRANSISTOR BIASING AND STABILITY:

Operating Point, Bias Stability against variation in I CO, VBE & β, fixed bias, Collector to Base Bias, Self-Bias,
Thermal runaway, Compensation Methods.

UNIT – III

SINGLE STAGE AMPLIFIERS:

BJT Amplifier, h-parameter model, analysis of common emitter, common collector and common base amplifier using
exact model & Approximate model, Millers Theorem and its Dual.

FET AMPLIFIERS:

FET Equivalent model, Analysis of Common Source, Common Drain Amplifiers.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 2
 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

SYLLABUS
UNIT – IV

MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS:

Methods of Coupling, Analysis of Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier, High Input Impedance Circuits: Boot strap &
Darlington amplifier.

UNIT – V

HIGH FREQUENCY ANALYSIS:

Transistor at High Frequency, Hybrid π CE Model, Determination of High Frequency Parameters, CE Short circuit
Current Gain, Current Gain with Resistive Loads, Cut-off Frequencies, Frequency Response, parameters f T and fβ.
Analysis of CS amplifier at High Frequency.

UNIT – VI

FEEDBACK AMPLIFIER:

Feedback Concept, Types of Feedback, Feedback Topology, Characteristics, Analysis of Feedback Amplifiers..

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 3

 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Allen Mottershead, “Electronic Devices and Circuits-An Introduction‟, PHI, 18 th Reprint, 2006.

2. Millman and Halkias, “Integrated Electronics”, McGraw- Hill Co 2 nd Ed, 2017.

REFERENCES:

1. Boylestad, Louis Nashelsky “Electronic devices and circuits” 11 th Ed., 2012 PH.

2. David. A. Bell. “Electronic Devices and circuits”, Oxford, 5 th Ed., 2008.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 4

 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

S SALIVAHANAN

N SURESH KUMAR

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 5

 ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

UNIT - I
RECTIFIERS:
Half Wave, Full Wave & Bridge Rectifiers, Analysis of FWR with filters
(L, C, LC) & regulation.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 6

 PN JUNCTION DIODE

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 7

 IDEAL DIODE AND ITS CHARACTERISTICS

Ideal diode means diode with no loss i.e., the diode has zero resistance when forward biased and
infinite resistance when reverse biased

An ordinary switch has zero resistance when closed and infinite resistance when open, therefore an
ideal diode acts like a switch that closes when forward biased and opens when reverse biased. In
practice it is very difficult to achieve this condition, hence characteristics are approximated
Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 8
 IDEAL DIODE AND REAL DIODE

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 9

 RECTIFIER

DEFINITION:

An electrical device which converts an alternating current into a direct one

by allowing a current to flow through it in one direction only.

A rectifier is a device that converts an oscillating two-directional alternating

current (AC) into a single-directional direct current (DC).

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 10

 RECTIFIER

USE OF A RECTIFIER

1. Rectifiers are fundamental to how many different devices operate. Because the
standard electrical distribution grid uses AC power, any device that runs on DC
power will require a rectifier to function correctly. Virtually all modern
electronics need the steady, constant power of DC to operate correctly.

2. Additionally, we use rectifiers to change voltage in DC power systems.

Because it is relatively difficult to convert DC voltage directly in some
scenarios, the simplest solution may be the following process:
1. Convert DC to AC
2. Change the voltage using a transformer
3. Convert AC back to DC using a rectifier

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 11

 vm

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 12

 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 13

 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 14

 BASIC BLOCK DIAGRAM OF REGULATED POWER SUPPLY

Rectifier:
It is a circuit which [uses one or more diodes] convert ac voltage into pulsating dc voltage

Filter:
It is a circuit which removes (unwanted ac components) present in the pulsating dc voltage

Regulator: It is a circuit which maintains the terminal voltage as constant even if the input voltage or
load current varying.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 15

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 16
 TYPES OF RECTIFIER

1. Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)

2. Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)

A. Centre Tapped Full Wave Rectifier

B. Bridge Rectifier

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 17

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

A circuit which [uses single diode] converts AC voltage into pulsating DC voltage using positive
half-cycle of the applied AC voltage, during negative half cycle the diode does not conduct, thus
it is known as “halfwave rectifier”.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 18

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 19

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 20

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 21

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 22

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Analysis of Halfwave Rectifier

The voltage at the output of the transformer is given by

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 23

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 24

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 25

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 26

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 27

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 28

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 29

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 30

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Ripple factor is a ratio of the residual ac component to dc component in the output voltage

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 31

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

When a rectifier is used to convert an alternating current into an unidirectional current,

periodically fluctuating components are still remaining in the out wave. These fluctuations
which are above and below the average dc value represent ripple.
Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 32
 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 33

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)
g) REGULATION

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 34

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

g) REGULATION

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 35

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

g) REGULATION

Regulation depends on diode forward resistance and must be low for good regulation. For an
ideal power supply the output is independent of load and the percentage regulation is zero.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 36

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

h) TRANSFORMER UTILIZATION FACTOR

The factor which indicates how much is the utilization of the transformer in the circuit is
called Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF).
It is defined as the ratio of dc power delivered to the load to the ac rating of transformer
secondary.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 37

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 38

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

The value of TUF is low which shows that in HWR circuit, the transformer is not fully utilized.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 39

 HALF WAVE RECTIFIER (HWR)

Advantages

1. Low cost
2. Construction is simple

Disadvantages

3. Low rectification efficiency (i.e., 40.6%)

4. Ripple factor is high (i.e., 1.21)

5. Low TUF (0.287), it means that transformer is not fully utilized

6. Output power is low. Since, it delivers ac power only half the time

7. Poor regulation
Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 40
 FULL WAVE RECTIFIER (FWR)

A circuit which converts the alternating voltage or current into pulsating voltage or current
during both half cycle of input is known as “Full Wave Rectifier”.

We can further classify full wave rectifiers into

1. Centre-tapped Full Wave Rectifier

2. Bridge Rectifier

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 41

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 42

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 43

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 44

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 45

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 46

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 47

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 48

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 49

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 50

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 51

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 52

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 53

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 54

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 55

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 56

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 57

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 58

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 59

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 60

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 61

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 62

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 63

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 64

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 65

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 66

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 67

 CENTRE-TAPPED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER

Advantages
1. The rectifier efficiency is more than that of HWR
2. Low ripple factor
3. High TUF and better voltage regulation than HWR

Disadvantages
4. PIV of diode is high (i.e., 2Vm)
5. Increase in cost, due to the usage of additional diodes and bulky transformer

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 68

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

To reduce the drawbacks of Centre tapped FWR, Bridge rectifiers are used.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 69

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

During Positive Half

Cycle

During Negative Half

Cycle

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 70

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

For Positive Half Cycle D1 & D2 are ON

For Negative Half Cycle D3 & D4 are ON

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 71

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

CONSTRUCTION:
1. Step down transformer is used for reducing the magnitude of applied AC voltage with
suitable turn ratio. Its primary is connected with AC supply and secondary is
connected with Bridge Rectifier
2. D1, D2, D3 & D4 are four diodes used for rectification which are connected in bridge
form
3. RL serves as the load resistor

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 72

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 73

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 74

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

ANALYSIS OF BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Similar to centre tapped, constructed power supply, here also the direction of current
flow through RL is same in both the half cycles. Thus we obtain full wave rectification.
Because of this, it has same expression similar to the above centre tapped constructed
full wave rectifier like Idc, Irms, Ripple Factor calculation and Rectifier Efficiency ( )
except Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) and Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF).

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 75

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

PEAK INVERSE VOLTAGE

In this case, the centre tapped construction is not required. Hence, the PIV of each
diode is equal to Vm.

PIV = Vm
PIV is the maximum voltage with which the rectifier has to withstand during non
conduction period or reverse biasing.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 76

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 77

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 78

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 79

 BRIDGE RECTIFIER

Advantages
1. Centre tapped transformer, is not required as it is bulky
2. Transformer Utilization Factor (TUF) is high (0.812).
3. The Peak Inverse Voltage (PIV) is shared by both the diodes equally, hence it is
suitable for high voltage application

Disadvantages
4. Four diodes are required
5. Common point for earthing the source and the load is not available
6. The rectifier efficiency is slightly less than the full-wave rectifier circuit as the voltage
drop and losses are higher as the diodes are connected in series

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 80

 COMPARISON OF HWR AND FWR

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 81

 FILTERS

What is rectifier filter?

The devices which converts the pulsating DC in to pure DC is called filter.
The filter is a device that allows passing the dc component to the load and blocks
the ac component of the rectifier output. Thus the output of the filter circuit will be
a steady dc voltage. The filter circuit can be constructed by the combination of
components like capacitors, resistors, and inductors.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 82

 FILTERS

We have learnt in rectifier circuits about converting a sinusoidal ac voltage into its
corresponding pulsating dc. Apart from the dc component, this pulsating dc
voltage will have unwanted ac components like the components of its supply
frequency along with its harmonics (together called ripples). These ripples will be
the highest for a single-phase half wave rectifier and will reduce further for a
single-phase full wave rectifier. Such supply is not useful for driving complex
electronic circuits.

For most supply purposes constant dc voltage is required than the pulsating output
of the rectifier. For most applications the supply from a rectifier will make the
operation of the circuit poor. If the rectifier output is smoothened and steady and
then passed on as the supply voltage, then the overall operation of the circuit
becomes better. Thus, the output of the rectifier has to be passed though a filter
circuit to filter the ac components.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 83

 FILTERS

The filter is a device that allows passing the dc component of the load and blocks
the ac component of the rectifier output. Thus the output of the filter circuit will be
a steady dc voltage.

The filter circuit can be constructed by the combination of components like

capacitors, resistors, and inductors. Inductor is used for its property that it allows
only dc components to pass and blocks ac signals. Capacitor is used so as to block
the dc and allows ac to pass. All the combinations and their working are explained
in detail below.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 84

 RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS

Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)

with Capacitor Filter

Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)

with Inductor Filter

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 85

 RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS

Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)

with LC Filter

Half Wave Rectifier (HWR)

with CLC (or) ℼ Filter

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 86

 RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS

Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)

with Inductor Filter

Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)

with Capacitor Filter

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 87

 RECTIFIERS WITH FILTERS

Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)

with LC Filter

Full Wave Rectifier (FWR)

with CLC (or) ℼ Filter

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 88

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

The property of the inductor is that it opposes any sudden change that occurs in a
circuit and provides a smoothed output. In the case of AC, there is change in the
magnitude of current with time. So the inductor offers some impendence
(opposing force) for AC ((XL = jwL = j2ℼfL) and offers shot circuit for DC. So by
connecting inductor in series with the supply blocks AC and allows DC to pass.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 89

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)
XL = 2ℼfL

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 90

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 91

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 92

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 93

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 94

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 95

 INDUCTOR FILTER (L)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 96

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

The elegant quality of the capacitor is it stores the electrical energy for short time
and discharges it. By controlling the charging and discharging rate of the capacitor
the pure DC can be obtained from the pulsating DC. In simple the capacitor allows
AC and blocks DC, so the capacitor can connect parallel to the power supply so
that the AC is filtered out and DC will reach the load.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 97

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 98

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 99

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 100

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 101

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 102

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 103

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 104

 CAPACITOR FILTER (C-FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 105

 LC FILTER (L-TYPE FILTER)

In the above two filters the reactive components are singly connected, however no
element will be perfect in doing the job i.e. inductor in series may pass small
quantity of AC and Capacitor in parallel may not block all the AC component. So
for better filtering two components are connected as filter which provides less
ripple factor at the output compared to the above filter.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 106

 LC FILTER (L-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 107

 LC FILTER (L-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 108

 LC FILTER (L-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 109

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

In L and LC filter the inductor connected in series to the power supply drops more
AC voltage which reduces the efficiency. So to avoid this increase the efficiency a
capacitor is connected at the input of the LC filter. The input capacitor charges &
discharges and provides a ripple DC at the input of inductor. Then the drop at the
inductor is less and provides a ripple less DC which again filtered by capacitor at
the output.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 110

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 111

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 112

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 113

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 114

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 115

 CLC FILTER (ℼ-TYPE FILTER)

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 116

 REGULATION

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 117

 REGULATION

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 118

 REGULATION

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 119

 POWER SUPPLY PERFORMANCE PARAMETER

Stabilization Factor Sv: It is defined as variation of output voltage with respect to

input voltage, assuming load current and temperature constant.

Sv = ∂Vo / ∂Vi for IL and T constant

Output Resistance Ro: It is defined as variation of output voltage with respect to

load current, assuming input voltage and temperature constant.

Ro = ∂Vo / ∂IL for Vi and T constant

Temperature Coefficient ST: It is defined as variation of output voltage with

respect to temperature, assuming input voltage and load current constant.

ST = ∂Vo / ∂T for Vi and IL constant

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 120
 ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

The zener voltage regulator consists of a current limiting resistor RS connected in series with the
input voltage VS with the zener diode connected in parallel with the load RL in this reverse
biased condition. The stabilised output voltage is always selected to be the same as the
breakdown voltage VZ of the diode.

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 121

 ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

A) Regulation With Varying Input Voltage

V0 = VZ = constant

IL = V0 / RL = VZ / RL = constant

IS = I Z + I L

V0 = VZ = constant

Vin IS IZ IL RL VZ VO
Increases ↑ ↑ ↑ C C C C
Decreases ↓ ↓ ↓ C C C C

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 122

 ZENER VOLTAGE REGULATOR

B) Regulation With Varying Load

Vin = constant

V0 = VZ = constant

IS = (Vin – VZ) / RS = constant

IS = I Z + I L

RL Vin IS IZ IL VZ VO
Increases ↑ C C ↑ ↓ C C
Decreases ↓ C C ↓ ↑ C C

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 123

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 124

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 125

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 126

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 127

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 128

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 129

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 130

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 131

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 132

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 133

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 134

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 135

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 136

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 137

 PROBLEMS

Dr. S.SARAVANAN / ECE / NBKRIST 138