DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

Thapathali Campus, Kathmandu

A
Report On
Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design of Multistoried Residential Building

In the partial fulfillment of requirements for the Bachelor’s

Degree in Civil Engineering
(Course Code: CE755)

Supervisor
Er. Sunita Ghimire
Assistant Professor

Submitted To
Department of Civil Engineering
Thapathali Campus, Kathmandu

Submitted By
Nitesh Basnet (073-BCE-251)
Prajwal Bhattarai (073-BCE-256)
Raju Rijal (073-BCE-263)
Sadip Thapa (073-BCE-269)
Saroj Paudel (073-BCE-278)
Shreeram Pokharel (073-BCE-282)

February, 2021
 TRIBHUWAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Thapathali Campus, Kathmandu

LETTER OF APPROVAL

This is to certify that this project work titled “Earthquake Resistant Analysis and Design of
Multistoried Residential Building” has been examined and it has been declared successful for
the fulfillment of the academic requirements towards the completion of the Bachelor’s Degree
in Civil Engineering.

Er. Sunita Ghimire Er.

Supervisor Internal Examiner External Examiner

Er. Yadin Shrestha

Head of Department
Department of Civil Engineering
I.O.E., Thapathali Campus
 Acknowledgement
The success of this project required a lot of guidance and assistance from many people and we
are extremely fortunate to have got this all along the completion of our final year project work.
Whatever we have done is only due to such guidance and assistance and we would not forget
to thank them.
Firstly, we would like to thank Institute of Engineering for including the final year project as
apart of our curriculum. Special thanks go to Department of Civil Engineering for initiating
and facilitating this Building Project to further enhance our knowledge of structural analysis
and design.
We respect and thank our Supervisor –Assistant Professor Sunita Ghimire for providing us all
support and guidance during the working phase. All of our questions were thoroughly answered
by her with great enthusiasm. We couldn’t be more thankful towards her for assisting us
throughout this endeavor.
We are thankful to and fortunate enough to get constant encouragement, support and guidance
from our seniors Dipesh Karmacharya, Abhisekh Paudel, Dhirendra Raj Dangi, Ashish Paudel,
Ankur Uprety,Junil Paudel,Sadikshya Katwal,Pujan Shrestha,Prashant Gautam and the entire
Department of Civil Engineering, Thapathali Campus.
Acknowledgement would be incomplete without mentioning our family members and friends
who have been constant source of inspiration during the preparation of the project.

073/BCE/251 Nitesh Basnet

073/BCE/256 Prajwal Bhattarai
073/BCE/263 Raju Rijal
073/BCE/269 Sadip Thapa
073/BCE/278 Saroj Paudel
073/BCE/282 Shreeram Pokharel
 ACRONYMS
SYMBOL Meaning
𝜶𝒙, 𝜶𝒚 BM coefficients for Rectangular Slab Panels
𝝓 Diameter of Bar, Angle of internal friction of soil
𝜹𝒎 Percentage reduction in moment
ΤC Shear Stress in Concrete
𝝉𝒄,𝒎𝒂𝒙 Max. shear stress in concrete with shear reinforcement
𝝉𝒃𝒅 Design Bond Stress
𝝈𝒂𝒄 Permissible Stress in Axial Compression (Steel)
𝝈𝒄𝒃𝒄 Permissible Bending Compressive Strength of Concrete
𝝈𝒔𝒄, 𝝈𝒔𝒕 Permissible Stress in Steel in Compression and Tension
respectively
𝜸𝒎 Partial Safety Factor for Material
𝜸𝒇 Partial Safety Factor for Load
𝜸 Unit Weight of Material
AB Area of Each Bar
AG Gross Area of Concrete
AH Horizontal Seismic Coefficient
ASC Area of Steel in Compression
AST Area of Steel in Tension
ASV Area of Stirrups
B OR B Width or shorter dimension in plan
BF Effective width of flange
D Effective Depth
D′ Effective Cover
D Overall Depth
DF Thickness of Flange
EX Eccentricity along x-direction
EY Eccentricity along y-direction
EC Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete
ES Modulus of Elasticity of Steel
ELX, ELY Earthquake Load along X and Y direction respectively
FBR Bearing stress in concrete
FCK Characteristics Strength of Concrete
FY Characteristic Strength of Steel
H Height of building
H Height of underground water tank
I Importance Factor (For Base Shear Calculation)
IXX,IYY Moment of Inertia (along x and y direction)
 J Neutral Axis Depth Factor
K Coefficient of Constant or factor
𝐤𝟏, 𝐤𝟐, 𝐤𝟑 Coefficient for wind pressure
KA , KP Active and Passive Earth Pressure
L Length of Member
LEF Effective Length of member
LD Development Length
M Modular Ratio
M OR BM Bending Moment
NU OR PU Ultimate Axial Load on a compression member
PC Percentage of Compression Reinforcement
PT Percentage of Tension Reinforcement
PZ Wind Pressure
Q,QU Permissible and Ultimate bearing capacity of soil
QI Design Lateral Force in ith Level
SR, RMIN Slenderness Ratio,(minimum) for structural steel section
R Response Reduction Factor
SA/G Average Response Acceleration Coefficient
SV Spacing of Each Bar
TI Torsional Moment due to Lateral Force in i-direction
TA Fundamental Natural Period of Vibrations
VB Basic wind speed
VZ Design wind speed
VB Design Seismic Base Shear
V Shear Force
WI Seismic Weight of ith Floor
WL Wind Load
XU Actual Depth of Neutral Axis
XUL Ultimate Depth of Neutral Axis
Z Seismic Zone Factor
CM Center of Mass
CR Center of Rigidity
D.L Dead Load
HSDB High Strength Deformed Bars
IS Indian Standard
L.L Live Load
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
SPT, N Standard Penetration Test
M25 Grade of Concrete
Fe500, Fe415 Grade of Steel
 ABSTRACT
The main aim of the project is to structurally analyze and design a seismic resistant multistoried
building. A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Among these functions are
the utility of the building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safety, fire safety; and
compliance with hygienic sanitation and ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the
building is dependent upon the minimum requirement prescribed for each of the above
functions.

As per the recent following of the Gorkha Earthquake that occurred in 25th April, 2015, the
construction of multistoried building has been of major concern. So, proper selection of the
building site is required. The analysis and design of our building is based on increasing the
seismic capacity through proper configuration of the structure as well as proper designing and
ductile detailing of structural elements.

The project is commenced within the above-mentioned criteria. Also, the strength and
serviceability criteria are fulfilled. The final output of the project is object in the form of detailed
drawings.
CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 10
1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 10
1.2. Theme of the Project Work ........................................................................................ 10
1.3. Statement of the Problem or Rationale of Study........................................................ 10
1.4. Objective .................................................................................................................... 11
1.5. Scope .......................................................................................................................... 11
1.6. Assumption and Limitation ........................................................................................ 12
1.7. Project Building Description ...................................................................................... 12
2. LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................................... 13
I. Nepal National Building Code (NBC: 000- 1994): ....................................................... 14
II. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice: ....................................................................... 14
III. Indian Standard Special Publications (SP): ................................................................ 17
IV. Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering: .......................................... 18
3. ASPECTS OF SEISMIC PERFROMANCE ....................................................................... 18
3.1. Seismic Performance of building .............................................................................. 19
3.2. Configuration Issues in Building: .............................................................................. 20
4. METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................... 22
4.1. Planning Phase ........................................................................................................... 22
4.2. Load Assessment........................................................................................................ 23
4.3. Preliminary Design .................................................................................................... 23
4.4. Idealization of structure ............................................................................................. 24
4.5. Modelling and Analysis of structure .......................................................................... 24
4.6. Design and Detailing .................................................................................................. 25
4.7. Detailing Principle for Reinforced Concrete and Steel Structures ............................ 26
4.7.3 Codal References ..................................................................................................... 26
4.8. Drawings .................................................................................................................... 27
4.9. Organization and Preparation of Project Work Report .............................................. 27
4.10. Work Schedule ......................................................................................................... 30
5. FUNTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PLANNING OF BUILDING................................... 31
5.1. Functional Planning ........................................................................................................... 31
5.1.1 Planning of Space and Facilities .............................................................................. 31
5.1.2Architectural planning of 3D framework of Building .............................................. 31
5.1.3 Compliance to Municipal By-Laws ......................................................................... 31
5.2 Structural Planning ............................................................................................................. 32
 5.2.1 Structural System ..................................................................................................... 32
5.2.2 Planning of Beam-Column Frame ........................................................................... 32
6. LOAD ASSESSEMENT AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN ................................................ 34
6.1 Preliminary Design ............................................................................................................. 34
6.1.1. Preliminary Design of Slab: .................................................................................... 34
6.1.2. Preliminary Design of Beam: .................................................................................. 35
6.1.3. Preliminary Design of Column ............................................................................... 40
6.1.4. Preliminary Design Of Staircase ............................................................................. 43
6.2. Load Assessment ............................................................................................................... 45
6.2.1 Gravity Load Assessment on the Building .............................................................. 45
6.2. Lateral Load Assessment .......................................................................................... 46
7. IDEALIZATION OF LOADS, SUPOORTS AND STRUCTURE ..................................... 46
7.1.1 Idealization of Structure ........................................................................................... 48
7.1.2 Idealization of Supports ........................................................................................... 48
7.1.3 Idealization of Slab .................................................................................................. 48
7.1.4 Idealization of Staircase ........................................................................................... 49
7.1.5 Idealization of Beam and Columns .......................................................................... 49
7.1.6 Idealization of the Structural System ....................................................................... 49
7.2. Load Combination ............................................................................................................. 49
7.2.1 Load Combinations for Limit State of Collapse ...................................................... 50
7.2.2. Load Combination for Limit State of Serviceability .............................................. 50
8.ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE ............................................................................................. 51
8.1. Analysis Output.......................................................................................................... 51
8.2. Eccentricity ................................................................................................................ 54
8.3. Story Shear Calculation ............................................................................................. 54
8.4 Story Drift Computation from ETABS Analysis ........................................................ 56
8.5. Fundamental Natural Period Model Participation Mass ratio .................................... 58
8.6. Torsional Irregularity Check ...................................................................................... 59
8.7. Check for Stiffness Irregularity (Soft sotrey) ............................................................ 60
8.8. Check for Mass Irregularity ....................................................................................... 61
8.9 Check for Section Size ................................................................................................ 61
8.10 PMM Irregularity Check ........................................................................................... 62
8.11 Beam-Column Capacity Check (BCC) ..................................................................... 63
9.DESIGN AND DUCTILE DETAILING .............................................................................. 64
Requirements of Good Detailing .............................................................................................. 64
 9.1 Design of Slab: ............................................................................................................ 66
9.2 Design of Beams ......................................................................................................... 66
9.3. Design of Column ...................................................................................................... 68
9.4 Design of staircase ...................................................................................................... 71
9.5.Design of basement wall ............................................................................................. 71
9.6 Design of Foundation: ................................................................................................. 72
10.CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................... 73
11.REFERENCES .................................................................................................................... 73
12.ANNEX OF LOAD CALCULATION ................................................................................ 74
13. ANNEX OF DUCTILE DESIGN ...................................................................................... 74
14.ANNEX OF DUCTILE DRAWING ................................................................................... 74

List of Figure
Figure 1 3D Model of Building................................................................................................. 52
Figure 2 Axial Force Diagram 1.5(D.L.+L.L) ......................................................................... 52
Figure 3 Figure 3 Bending Moment Diagram 1.5(D.L.L.L) ..................................................... 53
Figure 4 Shear Force Diagram 1.5(D.L.+L.L.) ....................................................................... 53
Figure 5 Model Participation mass ratio ................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.
Figure 6 Model load participation ratio .................................................................................... 59

List of Table
Table 1 Sailent Features of Building......................................................................................... 12
Table 2 Work Schedule ............................................................................................................. 30
Table 3 Torsion Check due to EQx and EQy............................................................................ 60
Table 4 stiffness check for EQx ................................................................................................ 60
Table 5 stiffness check for eqy ................................................................................................. 61
Table 6 mass irregularity check ................................................................................................ 61
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. Background
Development of infrastructures has taken the world into the next level. The development of the
human civilization started from the Stone Age but today the world has been transformed into a
concrete jungle. The development of high-rise buildings, complexes, apartments, etc. has taken
place in every nook and corners of the world whether it is the land of deserts or the world of
seismic hazards. Nepal, being a small country is also following the trend in the development of
high-rise structures. We belong to a developing nation with wide spectrum of fortune knocking
a footstep a footstep away. With the economic growth induced by the service sector and foreign
remittance, rapid urbanization is taking place. Urban population growth is accelerating day by
day. With the blooming dawn of economic enhancement and rapid growth in living and earning
cuboidal state. On the other hand, Nepal lies in the convergent plate boundary between two
active tectonic plate namely Eurasian plate and Indian plate. Every year Indian plate slides
beneath the Eurasian plate at the rate of about 3cm. Consequently, the Himalaya including
Nepal has become seismically very active.

Nepal lies in a very sensitive earthquake prone zone. So, it is necessary that our structures are
safe from possible damages. The earthquake that struck Nepal on Baisakh 12, 2072 BS was
amongst the devastating earthquakes. Nepal ever experienced that claimed the lives of more
than 8000 people. The reason behind the great damages that occurred was the haphazard
construction of the structures without considering the necessary requirements for the resistance
of seismic effects. Thus, the solution to above problems is to make earthquake resistant
structures along with proper analysis. There would have been significant decrease in the
number of houses damaged, if the houses were properly designed and built. Besides, there have
been devastating earthquakes within living memories such as those in 1934 and 1988.
Therefore, our structures need to be structurally designed and analyzed to cope with future
earthquakes.

1.2. Theme of the Project Work

The theme of the project is to structurally analyze and design an earthquake resistant
multistoried residential building. During the execution of the project, we have acquired
knowledge and skill to emphasis on practical application besides the utilization of analytical
methods and design approaches, exposure and application of various available codes of
practices.

1.3. Statement of the Problem or Rationale of Study

We’ve encountered different types of building in our society. Many of them are residential, and
the others are institutional, public, commercial, etc. Like their names, they have vast
differences in purpose and structural ability. Considering seismic parameter, residential
buildings are designed such that they can resist seismic loads with good extent producing minor
cracks or deflections and keeping people inside safe during the earthquake. They may be reused
again after some renovations. Residential building are most widely used building in the society
and their analysis and design is of the utmost importance.

10
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

1.4. Objective
The specific objectives are:

i. Reviewing of the available architectural drawing.

ii. Modification of Architectural drawing on the basis of earthquake force reduction
principle.
iii. Preliminary design of the structural elements.
iv. Detailed structural analysis of the building using ETABS
2018
v. Design of various structural components.
vi. Ductile detailing of structural members.
vii. Preparation of detailed structural drawings.
viii. Better acquaintance with the code provisions related to RCC
design.
ix. Acquire knowledge on earthquake engineering.

1.5. Scope
This project work provides us the information about how to analyze and design the multistoried
residential earthquake resistant building. It further deals with:

1.5.1. Work Scope

• Study architectural drawing and fixing structural system of the building to carry all the
live load, dead load and lateral load.
• Calculation of loads including lateral loads.
• Preliminary design of structural elements.
• Identification of loads and load cases.
• Calculation of shear force, bending moment to determine size of the building
components.
• To be familiar with structural analysis software i.e. ETABS 2018 for different load
cases.
• Determination of fundamental time period by ETABS 2018.
• Review of analysis output for design of different components.
• Design of beam, column, slab and foundation by limit state method by following
different codes.
• Final detailing of individual members and preparations of drawing to be applicable in
fields.

1.5.2 Field Scope

• In the present context, in a developing city like Kathmandu, there is land crisis due to
increasing population so as an engineer it will be challenging for us to minimize it. This

11
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

can be solved up to some extent by designing/constructing multistoried building for

commercial, residential purposes, etc.
• Also our country lies in an earthquake prone area which may lead to loss of life and
property which can be counteracted by seismic design of building.
•
1.6. Assumption and Limitation
The basic assumption and limitation that we considered in our project are:
i. Earthquake is not likely to occur simultaneously with wind or maximum flood.
ii. Earthquake causes impulsive ground motion which is complex and irregular in
character changing in period and amplitude is lasting for small duration.
iii. We use seismic coefficient method for the seismic analysis of building.
iv. The value of elastic modulus of materials may be taken as for static analysis

1.7. Project Building Description

Table 1 Sailent Features of Building

Seismic Analysis and Design of Multi-Storied

Name of the Project
RCC Building

Province Bagmati

District Kathmandu

Type of Building Residential Building

Structural System Special Moment Resisting Frame

Soil Type iii

Seismic zone v

No of Story Semi basement + 4 floors + staircase cover

Maximum length of building 12.196m

Maximum Breadth of building 10.221m

Type of Staircase Dog-Legged

Type of foundation Raft Foundation
Basement Floor Height 3m

Typical 3m
Staircase Cover 2.5 m
Infill wall Brick Masonry

12
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Main wall thickness 230 mm

Partition Wall Thickness 115 mm

Design Criteria IS code and also preferring NBC codes

No of Column in typical floor 12

column in staircase cover 4

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
Every engineering design is the outcome of the past experiences and observations. It is
necessary to justify the result of the analysis and design properly with reference to the

13
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

preexisting standard results or the past experiences. Structural design is the methodical
investigation of the stability, strength and rigidity of structures. The basic objective in structural
analysis and design is to produce a structure capable of resisting all applied loads without
failure during its service life. Safe design of structures can be achieved by applying the proper
knowledge of structural mechanics and past experiences. It is needed to provide authentic
reference to the design made i.e. the design should follow the provision made in codes of
practices. Use of codes also keeps the designer to the safe side in case the structure fails within
its service life. For this design, certain references and criteria are taken from the literatures
discussed below.

I. Nepal National Building Code (NBC: 000- 1994):

Nepal National Building Code was prepared during 1993 as part of a bigger project to mitigate
the effect of earthquakes on the building of Nepal. It deals primarily with matters relating to
the strength of buildings. However, there are some chapters on site considerations and safety
during construction and fire hazards. This code aims to bring uniformity to the building
construction by providing some bye-laws and mandatory rules. But its development is
relatively recent and it still lacks many documents required to support it. To compensate for
this unavailability, the code frequently refers to Indian Standard codes. The four different levels
of sophistication of design and construction that are being addressed in this National Building
Code are as follows.

i. International state-of-art
ii. Professionally engineered structures
iii. Buildings of restricted size designed to simple rules-of-thumb
iv. Remote rural buildings where control is impractical.

This project belongs to the second part of NBC i.e. Professionally Engineered Structures. As
the National Building Code defines the use of international codes which meets the requirements
stated in NBC, different Indian Standard codes are used for the design and analysis purpose.

II. Indian Standard (IS) Codes of Practice:

For the analysis and design of the building references have been made to Indian Standard code
since National Building Codes of Nepal do not provide sufficient information and refers
frequently to the Indian standard codes. Indian Standard codes used in the analysis and design
of this building are described below:

1. IS: 875- 1987 (Reaffirmed 2003)- Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures:
A building has to perform many functions satisfactorily. Amongst these functions are the utility
of the building for the intended use and occupancy, structural safety, fire safety; and
compliance with hygienic, sanitation, ventilation and daylight standards. The design of the
building is dependent upon the minimum requirements prescribed for each of the above
functions. The minimum requirements pertaining to the structural safety of the building are
being covered in this code by way of laying down minimum designed load which have to be
14
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

assumed for dead loads, imposed load, snow load and other external loads, the structure is
required to bear. Strict conformity to loading standard recommended in this code claims to
ensure the safety of the buildings and thereby reduced the hazards to life and property caused
by unsafe structures as well as eliminates the wastage caused by the assumption of unnecessary
heavy loading. This code is divided into five different parts for five different kinds of loadings.
The different parts of the code are:

Part 1: Dead Loads- Unit Weight of Building Materials and Stored Materials:
This part deals with the dead load to be assumed in the design of the building. These loads are
given in the form of unit weight of materials. The unit weight of the materials that are likely to
be stored in the building are also given in the code for the purpose of the load calculation due
to stored materials. This code covers the unit weight or mass of the materials and parts and
components in the building that apply to the determination of the dead load in the design of
building. Table 1 of this code covers unit weight of the building materials and Table 2 of the
code covers the unit weight of the building parts or the components.

Part 2: Imposed Loads

Imposed load is the load assumed to be produced by the intended use or occupancy of a building
including the weight of moveable partitions, distributed, concentrated loads, loads due to
impact and vibrations and dust loads (Excluding wind, seismic, snow, load due to temperature
change, creep, shrinkage, differential settlements etc.) This part of the code deals with imposed
load of the building produced by the intended occupancy or use. Minimum imposed load that
should be taken into consideration for the purpose of structural safety of the buildings are given
in the code but it do not cover the incidental to construction and special cases of vibration, such
as moving machinery, heavy acceleration from cranes hoist etc.

Part 3: Wind Loads

This part deals with the wind load to be considered when designing the building, structure and
component thereof. This code gives the wind force and their effect (Static and Dynamic) that
should be taken into account when designing buildings, structures and components thereof. In
the code wind load estimation is done by taking into account the random variation of the wind
speed with time.

Part 4: Snow Loads

This part of the code deals with snow loads on roofs of buildings. Roofs should be designed
for the actual load due to snow or the imposed load specified in Part 2 whichever is more sever.
Since location of the building is within Kathmandu Valley, there is no possibility of snowfall.
Hence the snow load is not considered in the design.

Part 5: Special Loads and Load Combinations

This code loads and loads effects (Except the loads covered in Part 1 to 4 and seismic load) due
to temperature changes, internally generated stress due to creep shrinkage, differential
settlement etc. in the building and its components, soil and hydrostatic pressures, accidental
loads etc. This part also covers the guidance for the load combinations.

15
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

2. IS 1893 (Part 1): 2002 Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures
(General Provision and Building):

This code deals with the assessment of seismic loads on various structures and earthquake
resistant design of buildings. Its basic provisions are applicable to buildings; elevated
structures; industrial and stack like structures; bridges; concrete masonry and earth dams;
embankment and retaining structures and other structures. Temporary supporting structures
like scaffoldings etc. need not be considered for the seismic loads. It is concerned with the
methods of determining seismic loads and the effects of various irregularities in a building can
have upon its seismic response. This standard does not deal with the construction features
relating to earthquake resistant design in building and other structures.

3. IS 13920: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete

Structures Subjected to Seismic Force- Code of Practice:

This standard covers the requirements for designing and detailing of monolithic reinforced
concrete buildings so as to give them adequate toughness and ductility to resist sever
earthquake shock without collapse. The provision for the reinforced concrete construction
given in the code are specifically to the monolithic reinforced concrete construction. For
precast and pre-stressed concrete members, its use is limited only if they can provide the same
level of ductility as that of monolithic reinforced concrete construction during or after
earthquake. The code includes the detailing rules for flexural members, column and frame
member subjected to bending and axial loads and shear walls.

4. IS 456: 2000 (Reaffirmed 2005) Plain and Reinforced Concrete – Code of Practice:

This Indian Standard code of practice deals with the general structural use of plain and
reinforced concrete based on Limit State Design Method. According to the code, plain concrete
structures referred to those structures where reinforcement if provided is ignored for
determination of the strength of the structure. This code does not cover special requirements
for the structures like bridges, chimneys, hydraulic structures, earthquake resistance buildings
etc. but allows the use of separate code for those structures in conjunction with this code.

5. IS 4326: 1993 (Reaffirmed 2003) Earthquake Resistant Design and Construction of

Buildings – Code of Practice:

This standard deal with the selection of materials, special features of design and construction
for earthquake resistant buildings including masonry construction using rectangular masonry
units, timber construction and buildings with prefabricated flooring or roofing elements.

6. IS 5525: 1969 (Reaffirmed 1990) Recommendations for Detailing of Reinforcement

in Reinforced Concrete Works:

This standard deal with the general requirements of detailing of reinforcement in reinforced
concrete structures with some suitable modifications whenever necessary. This code includes

16
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

the common method of detailing of reinforcement based on good practice with deviations made
in special cases to comply with IS 456.

7. IS 1942: 1989 (Reaffirmed 1994) Fire Safety of Buildings (General): Details of

Construction – Code of Practice:

This standard lays down the essential requirements of fire safety of buildings with respect to
details of construction.

8. IS 2950 (Part I): 1981 (Reaffirmed 1998) Code of practice for design and
construction of Raft Foundations:

Raft foundation is a substructure supporting an arrangement of columns or walls in a row or

rows and transmitting the loads to the soil by means of a continuous slab with or without
depressions or openings. Such types of foundations are found useful where soil has low
bearing capacity. This standard covers the design of raft foundation based on conventional
method (for rigid foundation) and simplified methods (flexible foundation) for residential
and industrial buildings, store-houses, silos, storage tanks, etc., which have mainly vertical
and evenly distributed loads.

III. Indian Standard Special Publications (SP):

For the clarification and explanation for the clauses and equations mentioned in Indian
Standard Codes, Bureau of Indian Standard has published some special publications including
charts and tables for required values like material properties and explaining examples of
designs. Following design aids will be used for the design of the structure:

1. SP 19: Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456-1978:

This handbook explains the use of formulae mentioned in IS 456 and provides several design
charts and interaction diagrams for flexure, deflection control criteria, axial compression,
compression with bending and tension with bending for rectangular cross-sections (for circular
section in case of compression member) which can greatly expedite the design process if done
manually. This design aid is particularly useful for the preliminary design.

2. SP 22: Explanatory Handbook on Codes for Earthquake Engineering (IS 1893:

1975 and IS 4326: 1976):

The theoretical background behind many of the code provisions have been elaborated herein.
Additionally, many worked out examples explaining the use of equations and charts in the code
can also be found in this handbook.

3. SP 24: Explanatory Handbook on Indian Standard Code of Practice for Plain and
Reinforced Concrete IS 456: 1978

SP 19 is meant to aid the calculation process, while SP 24 is meant to aid the conceptual
understanding of the IS 456 code. It contains clause by clause explanation of the original code.

17
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

The logic and justification behind the various equations and assumptions in the code are well
explained here.

4. SP 34: Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement and Detailing:

The compilation of provisions and guidelines regarding reinforcement detailing scattered

throughout IS codes 456, 4326, 5525 and 13920 can be found in this handbook. Searching for
that information in the original codes can be very time consuming. This handbook presents all
that information in a well-organized manner.

IV. Textbooks on RCC Design and Earthquake Engineering:

Many available books related to design of reinforced concrete structure and earthquake
engineering written by distinguished authors such as Pillai and Menon, SN Sinha and AK Jain
are based on the Indian Standard Codes of Practice and provides sufficient theoretical
background with illustrative examples. So, for the analysis and design, references from such
textbooks are very helpful. Books related to foundation engineering will also be valuable in the
design of building foundation. Besides these, other books related to structural mechanics
(Statics and Dynamics) will also be helpful for performing and verifying the analysis output
from computer software.
Apart from these references there may require data related to the past earthquake, the
earthquake zoning map and soil condition of the site. These data may be obtained from the
government authorities and other concerning organizations.
The reports on the same project prepared by the students of previous batches were also an
important reference to the project.

3. ASPECTS OF SEISMIC PERFROMANCE

Nepal has witnessed several major disasters due to earthquakes in the current decade.
Earthquakes do not kill people but poorly designed or constructed buildings do. These
earthquakes have clearly brought out that we need to have a comprehensive strategy for
disaster mitigation which should include planning, design and construction of earthquake
resistant buildings through strict compliance of codal provisions for earthquake
countermeasures.
The general philosophy of earthquake resistant building design is that:

18
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

I. Under minor but frequent

shaking, the main members of
the building that carry
vertical and horizontal forces
should not be
damaged; however
building parts that do not
carry load may sustain
repairable damage.
II. Under moderate
but occasional shaking,
the main members may sustain
repairable damage, while the other parts of the building may be damaged such that
they may even have to be replaced after the earthquake.
III. Under strong but rare shaking, the main members may sustain severe (even
irreparable) damage, but the building should not collapse.
3.1. Seismic Performance of building
Level of Performance of a building in an earthquake depends upon its overall configuration.
Generally it is common that an architect fixes the configuration i.e. shape size and geometry
of a building and the structural engineer adds the structural design. Contribution of building
configuration in seismic performance of building is rarely considered. It is a frequent mistake
that earthquake load consideration in structural design guarantees earthquake resistance of a
building regardless of the configuration. In this context the emphasis of Henry Degenkolb, a
prominent American structural engineer may be noteworthy. He stressed that:
“If we have a poor configuration to start with, all the engineer can do is to provide a band aid
– improve a basically poor solution as best he can. Conversely, if we start up with a good
configuration and a reasonable framing scheme, even a poor engineer can’t harm its ultimate
performance too much”

The building configuration stated thereof that effect the seismic performance of building are:
I. Architectural shape and size.
II. Type, Size and location of structural elements.
III. Type, size and Location of nonstructural elements.

19
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

3.2. Configuration Issues in Building:

a. Plan of building:
I. Size of Buildings: The horizontal
movement of the floors during ground
shaking is large in tall buildings. In short but
very long buildings, the damaging
effects during earthquake shaking are
many. In buildings with large plan area, the
horizontal seismic forces
can be excessive to
be carried by columns and
walls.
II. Symmetry: The building as a
whole or its various blocks
should be kept symmetrical
about both the
axes.
Asymmetry leads to torsion
during earthquakes and is
dangerous. Symmetry is also
desirable in the placing and sizing of door and window
openings, as far as possible.
III. Regularity: Simple rectangular shapes behave better in an earthquake than shapes
with many projections. Torsional effects of ground motion are seen in long narrow
rectangular blocks. Therefore, it is desirable to restrict the length

of a block to three times its width. If longer lengths are required two separate blocks
with sufficient separation in between should be provided.
IV. Separation of Blocks: Separation of a large building into several blocks may be
required so as to obtain symmetry and regularity of each block. For preventing
hammering or pounding damage between blocks a physical separation is advisable.
V. Simplicity: Decoration invo1ving large cornices, vertical or horizontal cantilever
projections etc. are dangerous and undesirable from a seismic viewpoint. Simplicity is
the best approach. Where ornamentation is insisted upon, it must be reinforced with

20
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

steel, which should be properly embedded or tied into the main structure of the
building.
VI. Enclosed Area: A small building enclosure with properly interconnected walls acts
like a rigid box. Since the earthquake strength which long walls derive from transverse
walls increases as their length decreases. Therefore, structurally it will be advisable to
have separately enclosed rooms rather than one long room.
VII. Separate Buildings for Different Functions: In view of the difference in importance
of buildings, it may be economical to plan separate blocks for different functions so
as to affect economy in strengthening costs.
b. Vertical Configuration
The earthquake forces developed at different floor levels in a building need to be brought
down along the height to the ground by the shortest path. Any deviation or discontinuity in
this load transfer path results in poor performance of the building. In addition, all sections in
load paths should be detailed as ductile elements. Those parts of the load path that cannot be
detailed as ductile elements must be designed to resist their forces elastically. In other words,
non-ductile connections must be able to elastically resist forces greater than the maximum
probable strength of the elements framing into the connection. Setbacks, unequal building
element height, discontinuous column, weak storey etc. are common examples of ill vertical
configuration.

21
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

c. Structural Ductility:
Ductility1 is the most desirable quality for
good earthquake performance and can be
incorporated to some extent in brittle
masonry constructions by
introduction of steel reinforcing bars at
critical sections. Some materials are
ductile, such as steel, wrought iron and
wood while others are not, such as cast
iron, plain masonry, concrete, i.e. they
break suddenly, without warning. Brittle materials can be made ductile, usually by the addition
of modest amounts of ductile materials, Such as steel reinforcing in masonry and concrete
constructions. For these ductile materials to achieve a ductile effect in the overall behavior of
the component, they must be proportioned and placed so that they come in tension and are
subjected to yielding. Thus, a necessary requirement for good earthquake resistant design is to
have sufficient ductile materials at points of tensile stresses.
d. Structural Layout:
When creating a frame building, structural member in regard to their stiffness are to be
uniformly distributed and these should be well framed up in both orthogonal directions with
nearly uniform spans. It is always advisable to provide stiffer elements such as walls or
bracings along the perimeter of the building rather than concentrating them in the center of the
building, whatever be the structural system. It results in enhanced torsional resistance of the
building giving it additional earthquake protection. It helps to maintain similar stiffness in both
the directions. An additional force Viz. Torsion emerges when the center of Gravity does not
coincide the center of stiffness.

4. METHODOLOGY
Each building has its own purposes and importance. Basically, buildings were constructed
based on client requirement, geographical condition of the site, safety, privacy, available
facilities, etc. and designed as:

4.1. Planning Phase

Planning of building is grouping and arrangement of different component of a building so as to
form a homogenous body which can meet all its function and purposes. Proper orientation,
safety, healthy, beautiful and economic construction are the main target of building planning.
It is done based on the following criteria:
22
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

4.1.1. Functional Planning

• Client requirement is the main governing factor for the allocation of space required
which is based upon its purposes. Thus, demand, economic status and taste of owner
features the plan of building.
• Building design should favor with the surrounding structures and weather.
• Building is designed remaining within the periphery of building codes, municipal
bylaws and guidelines.

4.1.2. Structural Planning

The structural arrangement of building is chosen so as to make it efficient in resisting vertical
and horizontal load. The material of the structure for construction should be chosen in such a
way that the total weight of structure will be reduced so that the structure will gain less inertial
force (caused during earthquake). The regular geometrical shape building is designed as an
earthquake resistant structure based on IS1893 (part1):2002.
4.2. Load Assessment
Once the detailed architectural drawing of building is drawn, the building subjected to different
loads is found out and the calculation of load is done. The loads on building are categorized as
below:

4.2.1. Gravity load

This includes the self-weight of the building such as structural weight, floor finish, partition
wall, other household appliances, etc. To assess these loads, the materials to be used are chosen
and their weights are determined based on Indian standard code of practice for design loads
(other than earthquake) for buildings and structures:
i.IS 875 (part I):1987 Dead Loads
ii.IS 875 (part II):1987 Imposed Loads

4.2.2. Lateral load

Lateral load includes wind load and earthquake load. Wind load acts on roof truss while an
earthquake act over the entire structure. Wind load calculation is based on IS 875 (part III):1987
and earthquake on IS 1893 (part I):2002. The dominant load is taken into consideration for
design.

4.2.3. Load Combination

Combination of different loads is based on IS 875 (part V):1987 Load combinations.

4.3. Preliminary Design

Before proceeding for load calculation, Preliminary size of slabs, beams and columns and the
type of material used are decided. Preliminary Design of structural member is based on the IS
Code provisions for slab, beam, column, wall, staircase and footing of serviceability criteria
for deflection control and failure criteria in critical stresses arising in the sections at ultimate

23
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

limit state i.e. Axial loads in the columns, Flexural loads in slab and beams, etc. Appropriate
sizing is done with consideration to the fact that the preliminary design based on gravity loads
is required to resist the lateral loads acting on the structure. Normally preliminary size will be
decided considering following points:
 Slab: The thickness of the slab is decided on the basis of span/d ratio assuming
appropriate modification factor.
 Beam: Generally, width is taken as that of wall i.e. 230 or 300 mm. The depth is
generally taken as 1/12-1/15 of the span.
 Column: Size of column depends upon the moments from the both direction and the
axial load. Preliminary Column size may be finalized by approximately calculation of axial
load and moments.

4.4. Idealization of structure

Idealization of support
It deals with the fixity of the structure at the foundation level. In more detail terms, this
idealization is adopted to assess the stiffness of soil bearing strata supporting the foundation.
Although the stiffness of soil is finite in reality and elastic foundation design principles address
this property to some extent, our adoption of rigid foundation overlooks it. Elastic property of
soil is addressed by parameters like Modulus of Elasticity, Modulus of Subgrade reaction, etc.

Idealization of load
The load acting on the clear span of a beam should include floor or any types of load acting
over the beam on the tributary areas bounded by 450 lines from the corner of the panel i.e. Yield
line theory is followed. Thus, a triangular or trapezoidal type of load acts on the beam.

Idealization of structural system

Initially individual structural elements like beam, column, slab, staircase, footing, etc. are
idealized. Once the individual members are idealized, the whole structural system is idealized
to behave as theoretical approximation for first order linear analysis and corresponding design.
The building is idealized as unbraced space frame. This 3D space frame work is modeled in
SAP for analysis. Loads are modeled into the structure in several load cases and load
combination.

4.5. Modelling and Analysis of structure

Salient Features of ETABS 2018
ETABS 2018 represents one of the most sophisticated and user-friendly release of ETABS
series of computer programs. Creation and modification of the model, execution of the analysis,
and checking and optimization of the design are all done through this single interface.
Graphical displays of the results, including real-time display of time-history displacements are
easily produced.
The finite element library consists of different elements out of which the three-dimensional
frame element was used in this analysis. The Frame element uses a general, three dimensional,

24
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

beam-column formulation which includes the effects of biaxial bending, torsion, axial
deformation, and biaxial shear deformations.
Structures that can be modeled with this element include:
• Three-dimensional frames
• Three-dimensional trusses
• Planar frames
• Planar grillages
• Planar trusses

A frame element is modeled as a straight line connecting two joints. Each element has its own
local coordinate system for defining section properties and loads, and for interpreting output.
Each frame element may be loaded by self-weight, multiple concentrated loads, and multiple
distributed loads. End offsets are available to account for the finite size of beam and column
intersections. End releases are also available to model different fixity conditions at the ends of
the element. Element internal forces are produced at the ends of each element and at a user
specified number of equally-spaced output stations along the length of the element. Loading
options allow for gravity, thermal and pre-stress conditions in addition to the usual nodal
loading with specified forces and or displacements. Dynamic loading can be in the form of a
base acceleration response spectrum, or varying loads and base accelerations.

The building is modeled as a 3Dbare frame. Results from analysis are used in design of beams
and columns only (i.e. linear elements). ETABS 2018 doesn’t design shell elements. Joints are
defined with constraints to serve as rigid floor diaphragm and hence slabs are designed
manually as effect of seismic load is not seen on slab. The linear elements are also designed
primarily by hand calculation to familiarize with hand computation and exude confidence
where we are unable to trust fully on design results of ETABS 2018. This has been done as we
are quite unfamiliar with fundamentals of FEM analysis techniques based on which the
software package performs analysis and gives results.

As we are working with a computer based system, the importance of data input is as important
as the result of output derived from analysis. Hence with possibility of garbage-in garbage-out,
we need to check our input parameters in explicit detail.

Material properties are defined for elements in terms of their characteristic strength i.e. M25
for slabs, beams and M25 for columns. Also, section properties are defined as obtained from
preliminary design. Loading values are input as obtained from IS 875. Loading combination
based on IS 875 (part V):1987 and IS 1893 (part 1):2002 for ultimate limit state and IS
456:2000 for serviceability limit state is prepared. An envelope load case of all load
combinations is prepared to provide us with the envelope of stresses for design.

4.6. Design and Detailing

25
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

4.6.1. Design Philosophy

4.6.1.1. Limit State Method of Design for Reinforced Concrete Structures
Design of Reinforced Concrete Members is done based on the limit state method of design
following IS 456:2000 as the code of practice. The basic philosophy of design is that the
structure is designed for strength at the ultimate limit state of collapse and for performance
at limit state of serviceability. A check for these two limit states is done based on code of
practice to achieve safe, economic and efficient design

4.6.1.2. Working Stress Method of Design for Steel Truss Member

The design philosophy of working stress method of design is to use working loads at service
state and design the members to perform at characteristic loads with minimum factor of safety
in material strength. This approach makes the design conservative and deterministic and quite
obsolete compared to more logical Limit State Method of Design. Hence by using different
philosophy, the design of beam, column, footing, staircase and other structural component
are done.

4.7. Detailing Principle for Reinforced Concrete and Steel Structures

4.7.1 Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structure

Ductile detailing of reinforced concrete structure is done based on IS 13920:2002 for the
provision of compliance with earthquake resistant design philosophy. Special consideration
is taken in detailing of linear frame elements (BEAMS & COLUMNS) to achieve ductility
in the concrete to localize the formation of plastic hinge in beams and not columns to assure
the capacity theory of STRONG COLUMN | WEAK BEAMS.
Detailing provisions of IS 13920:2002 and IS 456:2000 are used extensively for these
members to comply with the relevant codes of practice.

4.7.2. Ordinary Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structure

SP 34 detailing handbook for IS 456 is used extensively for reinforcement detailing of area
elements (SLABS & STAIRCASE). Defining the slabs to function as rigid floor diaphragm
limits the necessity of special reinforcement provision for slabs eliminating the possibility of
out-of-plane bending. Hence same follows for staircase slabs and detailing is done with the
help of SP34.
Detailing of Substructures (MAT FOUNDATION) is also done based on SP34 to comply
with the design requirement of IS 456:2000.
Reinforcement Detail drawings for typical representative elements are shown in detail in
chapter 7 on structural drawings.
Thus, the detailing rules from different handbooks are followed along with enlisted codes of
practice and then rebar arrangement is finalized. In this way, detailing of reinforcement is
achieved to required specifications by code.

4.7.3 Codal References

The project report has been prepared in complete conformity with various stipulations in
Indian Standards, Code of Practice for Plain and Reinforced Concrete IS 456:2000, Design

26
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Aids for Reinforced Concrete to IS 456:2000(SP-19), Criteria Earthquake Resistant Design

Structures IS 1893 (Part 1):2002, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures
Subjected to Seismic Forces- Code of Practice IS 13920:2002, Handbook on Concrete
Reinforcement and Detailing SP-34. Use of these codes have emphasized on providing
sufficient safety, economy, strength and ductility besides satisfactory serviceability
requirements of cracking and deflection in concrete structures. These codes are based on
principles of Limit State of Design.

4.8. Drawings
As specified in the requirement of the project assignment, the report also includes the
following drawings:
1. Architectural Plan of Typical floors, Elevation and Cross Section of the building.
2. Detailed Structural drawing of full size beam, full size column, slab, staircase and mat
foundation. Longitudinal and Cross section drawings are made to represent specifically
the proper detailing of rebar in individual elements, at beam column joints, at the end
support of slabs, in staircase and in the foundation.

4.9. Organization and Preparation of Project Work Report

The project work report is prepared in the standard format availed by the Department of Civil
Engineering.
This project report has been broadly categorized into five chapters; summary of each chapter
is mentioned below:

Chapter 1: Introduction to Project Work

This chapter gives an overview of the project as a whole.

Chapter 2: Methodology
This chapter presents the method used in execution of project from initiation till completion
with brief details of processes.

Chapter 3: Functional and Structural Planning of the Building

The first part of this chapter presents the functional planning of building with reference to
architectural provisions of space, light, ventilation, etc. for specific areas of the building. The
second part deals with the structural planning for seismic resistant design and justification of
number of beams and columns, frames, their orientation/ arrangement.

Chapter 4: Load Assessment and Preliminary Design

In this chapter, justification of material selection, material characteristics are shown. It also
includes calculation of preliminary design of slabs, beams, column, truss and other structural
components.
It also includes idealization of loads and load assessments with load combinations.

27
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Chapter 5: Idealization and Analysis of Structure

This chapter includes the details of idealization of structure and idealization of load for
modeling in computer.
It comprises the analysis result obtained from ETABS 2018 analysis and the tabular
presentation of story drift calculation and check of columns for sway and no-sway case.
Critical responses are also tabulated.

Chapter 6: Design and Detailing

It deals with the earthquake resistance design of beams, columns, slabs and footings
considering limit state of collapse and serviceability. Design is further influenced by the use
of codes pertinent to earthquake resistant design of building structures. Manual design of
structural elements is done from the analysis results of ETABS 2018 using IS 456:2000 and
compared with the design given by ETABS 2018. However, consideration for earthquake
resistant design is incorporated in manual design with reference to IS 1893 (part 1):2002 with
ductile detailing rules governed by IS 13920:2002.
Detailing of structures with ordinary detailing rules for area elements and ductile detailing
for linear elements is done conforming to IS 456:2000 and IS 13920:2002 respectively.

Chapter 7: Drawings
Drawing includes architectural drawing of the building and the structural drawings with
correct detailing as stated in the assignment.

28
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Building

STUDY OF ARCHITECTURE
DRAWING

PRELIMINARY SIZE OF
STRUCTURAL MEMBER

MANUAL CALCULATION ETABS MODEL ANALYSIS

Fundamental INCORRECT

Time Period

CORRRECT

LOAD CALCULATION

DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL
MEMBER

CHECK FOR SHEAR, DEVELOPMENT

LENGTH, REINFORCEMENT AND OTHERS

Fig.: Flowchart showing Method of design

29
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Building

4.10. Work Schedule

We planned out time for this project as:

Description Start Date Duration End Date

Table 2 Work Schedule

Group Formation 5-Dec-19 6 10-Dec-19

Project Selection 10-Dec-19 12 21-Dec-19
Interaction with Supervisor 21-Dec-19 2 22-Dec-19
Group Interaction 22-Dec-19 4 25-Dec-19
Project Briefing 25-Dec-19 2 26-Dec-19
Project Title and Objective Confirmation 27-Dec-19 3 29-Dec-19
Pre-proposal Preparation 29-Dec-19 3 31-Dec-19
Pre-proposal Submission 1-Jan-17 1 1-Jan-17
Literature Review 2-Jan-17 20 18-Jan-20
ETABS Study 18-Jan-20 20 6-Feb-20
Drawing received and Discussion 23-Feb-20 12 6-Mar-20
Presentation by Supervisor 6-Mar-20 1 6-Mar-20
Completion of Proposal 7-Mar-20 3 9-Mar-20
Preliminary Design Work 7-Mar-20 20 26-Mar-20
Semester Examination 27-Mar-20 28 23-Apr-20
Proposal Presentation and Viva 24-Apr-20 1 24-Apr-20
COVID-19 Break 25-Apr-20 5 29-Apr-20
Load Calculation 30-Apr-20 15 14-May-20
Modelling 15-May-20 20 31-May-20
Data Analysis 1-Jun-20 14 14-Jun-20
Model Review with Supervisor 15-Jun-20 10 24-Jun-20
Design 25-Jun-20 13 7-Jul-20
Drawing and Detailing 8-Jul-20 14 21-Jul-20
Submission of Draft Report 22-Jul-20 11 1-Aug-20
Reviewed Draft Report Received 2-Aug-20 1 2-Aug-20
Correction of Draft Report 3-Aug-20 8 10-Aug-20
Internal & External Viva 11-Aug-20 1 11-Aug-20

30
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Building

5. FUNTIONAL AND STRUCTURAL PLANNING OF BUILDING

5.1. Functional Planning
Functional planning of the building is governed by the client requirement, site conditions,
provincial by-laws, etc. It is carried out in two steps in detail as below.

5.1.1 Planning of Space and Facilities

The layout of the building plan was prepared and finalized as per client requirements.

For vertical mobility, open well staircase is provided. A prefabricated fire-escape was provided
at the end of the building to facilitate evacuation in times of emergency.

All other functional amenities are only used for load assessment and ignoring their aesthetic
and functional planning which is beyond the scope of this project.

5.1.2Architectural planning of 3D framework of Building

The building to be designed is a multistory RCC residential building. For reinforced concrete
frames, a grid layout of beams is made considering the above functional variables. In most of
grid intersection points, columns are placed.

This framework for each floor is then utilized with positioning of masonry wall between the
columns. Separation of individual commercial spaces is done with masonry wall.

A total of 12 numbers of columns are provided in a plan. The overall dimension of the building
is 12.196m by 10.221m without any provision of expansion joint, the justification for which is
presented in detail in following subheadings.
Arrangement of beams is done along the grid interconnecting the columns at grid intersections.

With this framework of beam and column having RCC slab in the floor and roof, architectural
planning of the building is complete and 3D framework is thus complete.

5.1.3 Compliance to Municipal By-Laws

All the functional planning of building is done conforming to Municipal By-Laws of
Kathmandu Metropolitan City for Urbanized and urbanizing localities. Specific points in the
by-laws that need special focus of designer are:

• Type of Building
• Land Area Available
• Floor Area Ratio (FAR)
• Maximum Ground Coverage (GCR)
• Maximum height of the building, etc.
These variables are also dictated by specific location of site in different wards.

31
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Building

Building height is a restricted by the position of widest road along the site and the light plane
of 63.50 between the top of the building and the centerline of the road. A more comprehensive
knowledge about such provisions can be referred in detail at the referenced publication.

This completes the overall functional planning of the building with coverage of maximum
number of variables in preliminary stage planning.

5.2 Structural Planning

5.2.1 Structural System
The building system is functionally and legally planned appropriately as mentioned in detail in
previous section. Our focus in the current section is the structural orientation of the building in
horizontal and vertical plane avoiding irregularities mentioned in IS 1893 (part 1):20016.

The following types of irregularities mentioned in Table 4 & 5 of IS 1893 (part 1):2016 should
be avoided as far as practicable during functional planning.
Plan Irregularities Vertical Irregularities
1. Torsion Irregularity 1. A) Stiffness Irregularity –Soft Story

2. Re-entrant corners B) Stiffness Irregularity-Extreme Soft

story
3. Diaphragm Discontinuity
2. Mass irregularity
4. Out of plane Offsets
3. Vertical Geometric Irregularity
5. Non-parallel Systems
4. In-plane discontinuity in vertical elements
resisting lateral force
5. Discontinuity in Capacity- Weak Story

The aim of design is the achievement of an acceptable probability that structures being
designed will perform satisfactorily during their intended service life. With an appropriate
degree of safety, they should sustain all the loads and deformations of normal construction and
use and have adequate durability.

Structural planning of the building is done over the proposed architectural plan for providing
and preserving the structural integrity of the entire building. This is dealt in detail for each
structural element with necessary justification.

Finalized structural plan is then employed for load assessment and preliminary design of
structural members for modeling in ETABS 2018.

5.2.2 Planning of Beam-Column Frame

The numbers of beams and columns in the plan of building are obtained after careful planning
of spaces to meet client requirements. Beams are provided varying in span.

32
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Building

Columns are 12 in number in each story. Columns are typically of sizes 500*500 mm square
in cross section. The floor to floor height of the building is 3m for typical with basement of 3m
and staircase cover of 2.5m.
The orientation of beams and column grid in plan is in rectangular shape. This is done with a
point of view of conforming to earthquake resistant design as prescribed by IS 1893 (Part 1)
2016 by avoiding irregularities in plan. The same principle is followed in vertical planning of
the building along both directions of layout.

Thus, the bare frame model of the building can now be created in ETABS 2018 with the
structural plan and elevation.

33
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

6. LOAD ASSESSEMENT AND PRELIMINARY DESIGN

6.1 Preliminary Design
The preliminary sizing of structural elements was carried out based on deflection control
criteria and approximate loads obtained using the tributary area method.
The gravity loads on the structural elements are taken as per IS 875 Part I (dead loads) and IS
875 Part II (imposed loads).
The unit weights of materials taken for the calculation of dead load of the structure are as
follows.

S.N. Material Used Unit Weight Type of Member

1. Cement Concrete for RCC 25kN/m3 Beams, Columns, Slabs.
2. Common Burnt Clay Bricks 20kN/m3 Infill & Partition Walls
3. Floor finishing 1.5 kN/m2 Load on Slab
The imposed load on the floors and roof has been taken as follows.

S.N. Live Loads on Specified Spaces Intensity of Load Member Loaded

1. All rooms and kitchens 2.0 kN/m2 Live loads from building
are acted on floor slabs,
2. Toilet and bath rooms 2 kN/m2
roof slabs and staircase
3. Corridors, passages, staircases including 3 kN/m2 slab.
tire escapes and store Rooms

6.1.1. Preliminary Design of Slab:

The preliminary design of RCC slab for the floor and roof of the proposed building is based

on fulfillment of deflection control criteria of IS 456:2000 and behavior of floor slab as a

rigid diaphragm in earthquake resistant design based on IS 1893:2016.

A. Determination of type of slab:

The project building has largest span of 5.105m X 4.394m.
lx = 4.394m= 4394mm
(i.e. the smallest of the two dimensions of the slab)
ly = 5.105m = 5105mm
(i.e. the largest of the two dimensions of the slab)

ly/lx = 1.162 ≤ 2
Hence, the slab is two-way slab with two edge discontinuous.

34
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

B. Determination of depth of slab:

By Deflection Criteria
For Control of Deflection,
Here d represents the thickness of the slab
𝒔𝒉𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒆𝒔𝒕 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒕𝒉(𝒍𝒙)
≤ αβγδλ
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒍𝒂𝒃(𝒅)

Here, lx = 4394 mm

α = 0.8 × 40 = 32 (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 24.1 Note 2) (As

the steel is high strength steel and for continuous slab)
β = span factor = 1 for largest span less than 10m (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 b.)
Assuming 1% tension reinforcement and fs = 120 N/mm² From Fig. 4, (Page 38) IS 456:
2000
γ= 1.6
δ = 1 no compression reinforcement in the slab (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 d)
λ = 1 for slab being rectangular section without flange (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 e)

deff
Thus, the effective depth is 100 mm

A clear cover of 20mm for main bar of diameter 8mm we get the overall depth of slab as:
Overall Depth of Slab (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5x Dia. of main bar + Clear Cover
= deff + 0.5 × ∅ + clear cover
=100 + 0.5 × 8 + 20 (∅ can be either 10 mm or 8 mm)
D = 125mm <150mm
Hence, secondary beam is not required in this panel.
We decided to take the overall depth of slab as 125mm.

6.1.2. Preliminary Design of Beam:

Determination of depth of beam
A. By Deflection Criteria
The methodical steps in designing the beam element preliminarily with respect to IS
456:2000, IS 1893, IS13920, IS 4326 are same as the beam element.

35
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Hence, from Clause 23.2 Control of Deflection of IS 456:2000 we can draw out the
following methodical steps to get the depth of beam
𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏(𝒍)
≤ αβγδλ
𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒗𝒆 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉(𝒅)

Where,
Span (l) = 5.1054m = 5105.4mm
(i.e. the largest available span length from the floor plan.)
α = 26 (for continuous beam) (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1)
β = span factor = 1 for largest span less than 10m (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 b.)
Assuming 1.4 % tension reinforcement and fs = 120 N/mm2
From Fig. 4, (Page 38) IS 456: 2000
γ = 1.4
Assuming 1 % compression reinforcement From Fig. 5, (Page 39) IS 456: 2000 δ =
1.25 (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 d)
λ = 1 for beam being rectangular section without flange (Ref. IS 456: 2000 Cl. 23.2.1 e)

deff.
Thus, the effective depth is 120 mm
A clear cover of 25mm for main bar of diameter 20 mm we get the overall depth of beam
as:
Overall Depth of Beam (D) = Effective Depth + 0.5 × Dia. of main bar + Clear Cover
=deff. + 0.5 × ∅ + clear cover
=120 + 0.5 × 20 + 25 (∅ is taken 20 mm)

D = 155 ≈ 180mm

36
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

B. By Moment Criteria
Area of influence:

Division of load is done according to plate load theory:

Two portions of a slab are taken as shown in the figure

For a beam C2C3:

Influence area =9904.250inch2+9904.250inch2

=19808.5inch2

=12.7796m2

Load Calculations for Critical Beam

Dead Load Due To Slab:

DL =unit weight of concrete*influence area*depth of slab

=25KN/m3 x 12.7796m2 x 0.125m

37
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

=39.936KN

(Ref: IS 875 Part 1 page 10) Dead load due to 25mm thick marble=unit wt
of marble*thickness*area of influence =26.5 x 0.025 x 12.7796
=8.4664KN

Dead load of ceiling and plaster 12.5mm thick=20.4 x 0.0125 x 12.7796

=3.2587KN

Total Dead Load= 39.936 + 8.4664 + 3.2587 = 51.6611KN

Live Loads on Beam:

Live Load = LL = 3 KN/m² (Ref. 875 Part II Pg. 9)

Live Load on influence area = 3×12.779= 38.337KN

Wall Loads on Beam:

External Wall Thickness = 230 mm

Internal Wall Thickness = 115 mm

As the influence area cover only partition wall so

Wall Load due to partition wall only =unit wt. x (floor ht. - depth of slab) x thickness
of

interior wall x beam span length

=19 x (3-0.125) x 0.115 x 5.1054

= 32.0714

(Ref: IS 875 Part I Page 10)

30% of the load is reduced for openings

38
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Wall Load due to partition wall = (100%-30%) x load without opening

=0.7 x 32.0714

=22.45KN

Total live Load=22.45+38.337=60.787KN

Total Load = Dead Load + Live Load

=51.6611+60.787=112.448KN

Factored load=1.5 x 112.448=168.672KN

Load intensity(wu)=Factored Load/largest length

=168.672/5.1054 =33.038KN/m

Maximum Moment (Mmax) =WL2/12

=33.038*5.10542/12

=71.761KN-m

Assuming balanced section

Width of beam = 300 mm

We have

Moment of resistance (MR) = 0.36 fck b xm(d-0.42xm)

For Fe 500 steel ; xm =0.46d

71.7615 = 0.36fck b (0.46d) {d-0.42(0.46d)}

On solving, we get

d = 267.60mm

Thus, take the depth of the beam section as

400mm.

Thus, size of beam is = b x d

=300mm x 400mm

39
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

6.1.3. Preliminary Design of Column

The column to be designed is taken at two different locations. The chosen two locations
represent the best approximation of maximum stressed columns that have the maximum area
of loading with respect to number of beams connected into them and the loaded slab area.

Height of floor to ceiling = 3.0 – 0.125 = 2.75m

Influence area for column = 22.4341 m2

Height of floor to ceiling = 3.0 – 0.125

= 2.75 m

40
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

LOAD CALCULATIONS DEAD LOAD

Dead Load(DL) = Area of the section x Specific weight x Depth of section

DL of slab (125 mm)

= 25 x 0.125 x 22.4341

=70.106 KN

DL of ceiling plaster (12.5mm thick)

= 20.4 x 0.0125 x 22.4341

= 5.7206 KN

(Reference IS 875 Part I page 8)

DL of Screed punning (25 mm Thick)

=21 x 0.025x 22.4341

= 11.7779 KN

(Reference IS 875 Part I page 8)

Although only with screed; value of specific weight = 20.4 KN/m3

But with additional punning; specific weight = 21 KN/m3 (assumed)

DL of floor finish (marble 25mm thick)

= 26.5 x 0.025 x 22.4341

= 14.862 KN

(Reference IS 875 Part I page 10)

DL of Beam

= 25 x (5.1054 + 4.3942) x 0.31 x (0.4 – 0.125)

= 19.5929 KN

DL of partition wall (115mm thick)

41
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

= 19 x (5.1054 + 4.3942) x 0.115 x (3 – 0.125)

= 59.675 KN

(Reference IS 875 Part I page 10)

Assuming deduction for opening as 30%

Total wall load = 0.7 x 59.675

= 41.769 KN

Total dead load on the one intermediate floor panel

= 70.106 + 5.7206 + 11.7779 + 14.862 +19.5929 + 41.769

= 163.8284 KN

Self-weight of column = 0.4 x 0.4 x 3 x 25 = 12KN

Total dead load = 982.9704 KN

Live Load = 3 KN/m2

Live Load (LL) = 22.4341 m2 x 3

= 67.3023 KN

This load gets reduced as we go to upper floors in accordance to IS 875 – Part 2 [ clause
3.2.1 page12]

So, live load on

1. Semi- Basement = 67.3023 KN

2. Ground floor = 67.3023x0.9 = 60.57207 KN
3. First floor = 53.84184 KN
4. Second floor = 47.11161 KN

5. Third floor = 40.38138 KN

6. Top floor = 22.4341 x 1.5 = 33.65115

(Access provided on top floor. IS 875- part 2 of table 2 page 14)

42
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Total load on column = 982.9704 + 67.3023+ 60.57207 + 53.84184 + 47.11161 +

40.38138 + 33.65115

= 1285.83075KN

Providing partial safety factor of 1.5

Total factored load = 1.5 x 1285.83075 = 1928.746125 KN

From IS 456 page 71 clause [ 39.5]

axial load on column (Pu) = 0.4 fck x Ac + 0.67 fy Asc

increasing Pu by 25% for earthquake resistance

Assuming 3% of cross- sectional area of column for reinforcement in column.

So,

1.25x Pu = 0.4x25(Ag-Asc) + 0.67x500x0.03Ag

On solving we get

Ag = 122072.5396 mm2

So we choose the column as;

[ square column]

= 349.388 mm

So, let the Preliminary design of column be of size 400mm x 400 mm.

6.1.4. Preliminary Design Of Staircase

Available width of staircase = 3.148 m

Considering two flight of dog legged staircase
Let’s consider width of each flight = 1.424m
Floor to floor height = 3m
Height of each flight = 1.5m
Let riser be 150mm

So, number of risers in each flight = = 10

43
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

So, number of treads = 10 – 1 = 9 in each flight

Let width of each tread = 250mm
Thus, going dimension = 9 x 250 = 2250 mm
Total length available = 5.1054 m

Thus, landing dimension = = 1427.7 mm

230 230
Effective length = 5105.4 + +
2 2

= 533.4 mm

𝑙 533.4
Thickness of waist slab = == = 266.7 ~ 275 mm
20 20

Effective depth(d) = 275 – 25

= 250 mm

LOAD CALCULATION

Weight of waist slab (Ww) = d x 25

x 25
= 7.2886 KN/m
25𝑅𝑇 25∗150∗250
Weight of Steps (Ws) = = = = 1.875 KN/m
2𝑇 2∗250

Live load (Wl) = 4 KN/m

Thus,
Total Load = Ww + Ws + Wl
= 7.2886 + 1.875 + 4
= 13.1636 KN/m
Design Load = 1.5 x 13.1636
= 19.7454 KN/m

44
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

6.2. Load Assessment

Assessment of loads on the structural system thus planned is based on IS 875(part I-V):1987
and IS 1893 (part I):2002. The former code of practice is for design loads on building and
structures other than earthquake loads while the latter explicitly describes design earthquake
load on the building structure.

Load assessment is divided into two categories as aforementioned. However, a detailed

acknowledgement to each referred code and the computation based on those codes are done in
this section of the report.

6.2.1 Gravity Load Assessment on the Building

The gravity loads on the building are derived from IS 875 (part I) dead loads and IS 875 (part
II) imposed loads. The details of materials chosen for design of structural members and their
unit weight, total loads on each structural member are tabulated below:
S.No. Material Used Unit Weight Type of Member

1. Cement Concrete for RCC 25kN/m3 Beams, Columns, Slabs.

2. Common Burnt Clay Bricks 20kN/m3 Infill & Partition Walls

3. Floor finishing 1.5KN/m2 Load on Slab

The details of imposed loads acting on the floors and roof of the building are also evaluated
from the type of building (RESIDENTIAL BUILDING) and type of occupancy, the details of
which are also tabulated below:
S.No. Live Loads on Specified Spaces Intensity Member Loaded
of Load

1. All rooms and kitchens 2.0kN/m2 Live loads from

building are acted on
2. Toilet and bath rooms 2kN/m2 floor slabs, roof slabs
and staircase slab.
3. Corridors, passages, staircases 3kN/m2
including tire escapes and store

Rooms

Further, these loads are used to determine the seismic weight of the building based on IS 1893
(part 1):2002. For lateral load distribution in each story, we use lumped mass approximation
of structural elements in each floor, assumed to be lumped at respective floor levels.

45
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Lumping is done with beams, slabs at one floor level added with column and wall loads
distributed equally in both floors (upper and lower). These computations along with calculation
of center of mass and center of stiffness from the preliminary design sizes are shown below.

Sample Calculations of Gravity Load Acting on the Structural Elements are shown below.

6.2. Lateral Load Assessment

6.2.1. Earthquake Load on the Super Structure
Seismic weight is the total dead load plus appropriate amount (25%) of specified imposed load.
While computing the seismic load weight of each floor, the weight of columns and walls in
any story shall be equally distributed to the floors above and below the story. The seismic
weight of the whole building is the sum of the seismic weights of all the floors. It has been
calculated according to IS 1893(Part I): 2002. The code states that for the calculation of the
design seismic forces of the structure, the imposed load on roof need not be considered.

With the results of mass center and stiffness center calculation, we follow IS 1893(part 1):2002
to compute the base shear and the corresponding lateral forces; the detailed computation of
which is shown in calculation tables. This calculation also incorporates calculation of
additional shear due to torsional coupling of building when CM and CS do not coincide.

7. IDEALIZATION OF LOADS, SUPOORTS AND STRUCTURE

Idealization of loads acting on the structure is assessed with respect to the application of load
and transfer of load in the elements separately. These idealizations are briefly explained in
details for individual elements with necessary load diagrams.

Slab Loads acting on the slabs are

idealized to act uniformly all over
the entire area of the slab. This
load is then idealized to be
transferred uniform to the frame by
tributary method as explained in IS
456:2000. For rectangular slabs,
Coefficient Method can be
followed for analysis and design.

Strip loads/ concentrated loads

acting on the slabs are analyzed

by suitable method for evaluation

of responses.

46
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Beams
Idealization of self-weight of the RCC beam is done as uniformly distributed load acting along
the centerline of the beam in the direction of gravity. Loads distributed from the slabs are
however acting as distributed loads that may be uniform or varying as shown in the above
figure in beams supporting the slab along the short and long edge.

Columns
Thus, depicted in the above figures are the idealizations of loads transferred from slabs to
beams to columns. This load in our structural plan transfers through a vertical load path to the
mat foundation.

This completes the idealization of loads with load diagrams.

Load idealizations for wall and column supported slabs is shown in the figure below

47
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

7.1.1 Idealization of Structure

Idealization of structure can be defined as the introduction of necessary constraints/restraints
in the real structure as postulates to conform the design of this structure within the domain of
available theories assuring required degree of performance to some probabilistic measure.
This type of idealization helps us constrain infinite number of design variables to those that we
can address properly with the available design philosophies. In design of RCC structures,
chiefly two idealizations are employed namely:
1. Idealization of Load
2. Idealization of Structure
Idealization of load has been dealt in detail in the previous chapter with necessary load
diagrams.
The idealization of utmost importance however, is the idealization of structure. This
idealization imposes restraints/constraints to those variables which we are unable to address
properly otherwise. Imploring the details of these idealizations, we need to start at the
elemental level. Thus, we process with idealization of supports, slab elements, staircase
element, beam and column element and the entire structural system.

7.1.2 Idealization of Supports

In general, idealization of support deals with the assessment of fixity of structure at the
foundation level.
In more details terms, this idealization is adopted to assess the stiffness of soil bearing strata
supporting the foundation. Although the stiffness of soil is finite in reality and elastic
foundation design principles address this property to some extent, out adoption of rigid
foundation overlooks it. Elastic property of soil is addressed by parameters like Modulus of
Elasticity, Modulus of Subgrade reaction, etc. addressing all these parameters are beyond the
scope of this project. This is where idealization comes into play, equipping us with the
simplified theory of rigid foundation in soil.
As we have designed mat foundation as substructure, idealizations for RCC framed structure
supported over the mat are used. The figure below explains the idealization of fixity of support
for framed structure. This idealization is used in defining the fixed support of or building frame
for modeling and analysis. For buildings with basement walls or underground story, the
idealization depends upon the connection of basement wall with the superstructure.

7.1.3 Idealization of Slab

Idealization of slab element is done in earthquake resistant design to perform as a rigid floor
diaphragm. This idealization is done for slab to behave as a thin shell element subjected to out-
of-plane bending only under the action of gravity loads. Due to infinite in-plane stiffness of the
shell element, lateral loads are not taken by the floor slab and hence resisted completely by the
columns.
Idealization of slab element to thin plate member would have subjected the slab to behave as
Kirchhoff’s plate inducing out-of-plane bending which is beyond our scope at Bachelor’s Level
of Civil Engineering.
Hence such an idealized slab is then modeled in ETABS program for analysis.

48
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

7.1.4 Idealization of Staircase

Dog-legged staircase used in the building is idealized to behave as a simply supported slab in
case of upper and lower flights and also in case of intermediate flight.

Detailing rules are then followed to address the negative bending moment that are induced on
the joint of going and top flight in the staircase, the rigorous analysis of which is beyond our
scope.

Staircase being an area element is also assumed not to be a part of the integral load bearing
frame structure. The loads from staircase are transferred to the supports as vertical reactions
and moments.

7.1.5 Idealization of Beam and Columns

Beam Column idealization is one of the most critical aspects of structural idealization to
achieve the desired behavior of the overall integrated structure.

Beams and columns are idealized to behave as linear elements in 3D. Beam column joints in
the structural planning are assumed to behave as perfectly rigid joints. In reality, perfect rigid
joints do not exist. Effects of partial fixity can be addressed in modeling by rigorous analysis
of sectional and material properties, which is beyond the limits of this project. Assumptions of
rigid joints are also found to perform well in nature seen from years of practice.

Another idealization is addressing the section of main beam as rectangular in shape despite
being integrally connected with the slabs. The flange portions of these beams when subjected
to reversal of loading during earthquakes become ineffective in taking the tension induced in
them and hence we ignore their contribution in design.

7.1.6 Idealization of the Structural System

After idealizing individual elements, we idealize the structural system in its entirety to behave
as your theoretical approximation for first order linear analysis and corresponding design.

The building is idealized as unbraced space frame. This 3D space framework is modeled in the
ETABS for analysis. Loads are modeled into the structure in several load cases and load
combinations defined in the next section.

The idealization of structure as 2D plane frame connected by links as shown in figure is used
for lateral load analysis.
The building then, subjected to gravity and lateral loads are analyzed for necessary structural
responses to design the members, the outputs of which are tabulated in later sections of this
chapter.

Thus, idealization of individual structural elements and the entire structural system is complete
to comply with our necessities of idealization for first order linear analysis.

7.2. Load Combination

Different load cases and load combination cases are considered to obtain most critical element
stresses in the structure in the course of analysis. The wind load is not considered as a principal
load case for the building as it is used only in design of Steel Roof Truss; Instead of wind load,

49
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

earthquake load plays a significant role in the formation of load combinations. According to
IS 875(Part V):1987, inclusive of amendments for partial live load consideration mentioned in
IS 1893(Part 1):2002, the load combinations are divided into two parts:
1. Load Combinations for Limit State of Collapse 2.
Load Combinations for Limit State of Serviceability.

7.2.1 Load Combinations for Limit State of Collapse

The basic load combinations for design considerations are:
i) 1.5(DL + %IL)

ii) 1.2(DL + %IL ± ELxa)

iii) 1.2(DL + %IL ± ELxb)

iv)1.2(DL + %IL ± ELya)

v) 1.2(DL + %IL ± ELyb)

vi)1.5(DL ± ELxa)

vii) 1.5(DL ± ELxb)

viii) 1.5(DL ± ELya)

ix) 1.5(DL ± ELyb)

x) 0.9(DL ± ELxa)

xi) 0.9(DL ± ELxb)

xii) 0.9(DL ± ELya)

xiii) 0.9(DL ± ELyb)

xiv)1.2(DL+%IL)

The above design combinations result in twenty-five load combinations. The maximum
stresses from these combinations are used in design of elements.

7.2.2. Load Combination for Limit State of Serviceability

The basic load combinations for serviceability consideration are:
i) DL + IL
ii) DL ± ELxa
iii) DL ± ELxb
iv) DL ± ELya
v) DL ± ELyb

50
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

vi) DL + 0.8IL ± 0.8ELxa

vii) DL + 0.8IL ± 0.8ELxb
viii) DL + 0.8IL ±0.8ELya
ix) DL + 0.8IL ± 0.8ELyb

Load Combination for design of foundation is taken as combination of dead load and live load;
modification for soil bearing capacity for earthquake load consideration is done according to
IS 1893(Part 1):2002. Since the Codes of Practice for foundation design are based on Working
Stress Method, the factored loads are converted to service loads and then the codal provisions
are followed for design.

8.ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURE
The analysis of structure is carried out in a commercial computer software ETABS, the salient
features of which are already explained in detail in methodology.
The results of analysis are used according to our necessities in designing representative beams
and columns sections. A detailed manual design of these sample representative sections is
presented with summary in the next chapter.
Immediate subsections show tabular data of Story Drift Computation for one the 2D frames of
the building in both the X and Y direction of its orientation in horizontal plane. The subsequent
tables show calculation of stability index of the columns for SWAY and NO SWAY case.
Sample output data from ETABS are also shown at the end of the chapter. These are only a
representation of actual data extracted from ETABS and used for design purposes.

8.1. Analysis Output

The analysis results are discussed in this chapter. Seismic Response Spectrum is used. The
major discussion are focused on the eccentricity, story shear, inter story drift, maximum
displacement and base shear along two orthogonal directions. The column and beam size and
reinforcement are then checked

51
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Figure 1 3D Model of Building

Figure 2 Axial Force Diagram 1.5(D.L.+L.L)

52
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Figure 3 Figure 3 Bending Moment Diagram 1.5(D.L.L.L)

Figure 4 Shear Force Diagram 1.5(D.L.+L.L.)

53
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

8.2. Eccentricity
When center of mass and center of stiffness does not lie in a same point, an additional
Torsional moment occurs in the building. So, its evaluation is conducted as shown below:
Center of Mass: Center of mass is the point about which there is equal distribution of
mass. It indicates the point through which earthquake force acts in the building.
∑wi∗xi ∑wi∗yi
CMx = CMy=
∑wi ∑wi

Center of stiffness: Centre of stiffness is the point through which a horizontal force
applied result in the translation of floor without any rotation. It indicates the point
through which building tends to resist the lateral forces. Centre of stiffness is based on
column as;
∑wi∗ki ∑wi∗ki
CSx = CSy=
∑ki ∑ki

XCCM YCCM XCR YCR

Description Ex (%) Ey(%)
m m m m
G1 6.57 4.79 6.98 4.89 3.33 0.96
1F 6.26 4.78 5.68 5.03 3.55 2.45
2F 6.17 4.77 4.62 5.11 4.32 3.36
3F 6.04 4.71 5.46 5.13 4.87 4.09
4F 4.23 7.03 4.66 5.35 3.56 -16.47
TF 1.69 7.66 3.12 6.52 11.79 -11.10

The details of calculation of center of mass and center of stiffness has been attached in
ANNEX I.

8.3. Story Shear Calculation

Theory of Base Shear Calculation
According to IS 1893 (Part I): 2002 Cl. No. 6.4.2, the design horizontal seismic coefficient Ah
for a structure shall be determined by the following expression

𝑧 𝑆𝑎 𝐼
Ah =
2 𝑔 𝑅

54
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Base Shear Calculation

S.N. Description Notation Value Unit

1 Height of the Building h 14.5 m

0.75
2 Time period of the building= Ta=0.075h Ta 0.558 sec
𝒂 for equivalent static methods,and
3 𝒈 2.5
soft soil with 0<Ta<0.67s
Response Reduction Factor(for SMRF RC
4 R 5
building)
I 1
5 Importance Factor

6 Seismic Zone Factor Z 0.36

7 Horizontal Seismic Coefficient

𝑧 𝑆𝑎
( )( ) Ah 0.09
Ah= 2 𝑔

kN
9 Total Seismic Weight W 8512.626

19 Base Shear = Ah*W vb 766.1363 KN

Sotrey Shear results form ETABS

Floor Storey Shear in KN

Top Floor 61.24

Fourth Floor 238.32

Third Floor 257.18

Second Floor 498.34

First Floor 645.24

Ground Floor 711.42

55
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Semi Basement 731.38

STOREY SHEAR IN KN
SEMI BASEMNET

GROUND FLOOR

FIRST FLOOR

SECOND FLOOR

THIRD FLOOR

FOURTH FLOOR

TOP FLOOR

0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800

8.4 Story Drift Computation from ETABS Analysis

As per CL. 7.11.1 of IS 1893-2016, the story drift in any story due to specified design
lateral force with partial load factor of 1.0, shall not exceed 0.004 times the story height.
In this building the storey drift is limited to 14.4 mm. From the analysis the displacements
of the mass center of various floors are obtained and are shown in table below along with
story drift.

Story drift is the drift of one level of a multi-story building relative to the level below.

Inter-story drift is the difference between the roof and floor displacements of any given story as
the building sways during the earthquake, normalized by the story height.

Height of the building

17.5 m
(H) =
Maximum permissible displacement = 0.004*H*1000mm=58mm

56
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Displacement Relative
Storey Drift in
Floor Name in X-direction Displacement Remarks
%
in mm(X) in mm

Top Floor 14.500429 2.151518 0.000888 <0.4%

Fourth Floor 12.348911 2.962448 0.001047 <0.4%

Third Floor 9.386463 3.298275 0.001101 <0.4%

Second Floor 6.088188 3.800207 0.001271 <0.4%

First Floor 2.287981 2.226796 0.000732 <0.4%

Ground Floor 0.061185 0.061185 0.000034 <0.4%

Semi Basement 0 0 0 <0.4%

Displacement Relative
Story Drift in
Floor Name in X-direction Displacement Remarks
%
in mm(Y) in mm

Top Floor 18.5241 2.3535 0.000947 <0.4%

Fourth Floor 16.1706 3.4011 0.00117 <0.4%

Third Floor 12.7695 4.3563 0.00148 <0.4%

Second Floor 8.4132 5.1283 0.001077 <0.4%

First Floor 3.2849 3.0889 0.00103 <0.4%

Ground Floor 0.196 0.196 0.000065 <0.4%

57
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Semi Basement 0 0 0 <0.4%

8.5. Fundamental Natural Period Model Participation Mass ratio

The approximate fundamental natural period of vibration (Y), in seconds, of a moment
resisting frame building without brick in the panels may be estimated by the empirical
expression:
Ta= 0.075h0.75 for RC frame building
Ta= 0.085h0.75 for steel frame building
Where,

H= Height of the building in m. This excludes the basement storey’s, where basement walls
are connected with the ground floor deck or fitted between the building columns. Bit it
includes the basement storeys, when they are not so connected. The approximate
fundamental natural period of vibration (T), in seconds, of all other buildings, including
moment-resisting frame buildings with brick lintel panels, may be estimated by the
empirical expression.
0.09𝐻
𝑇=
√D
Where,
H= height of building
D= base dimension of the building at the plinth level in m, along the considered
direction of the lateral force.

58
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Table 3 time period and model participation ratio

Model participation mass ratio up to last model is greater than 90% confirming analysis result
passed as per clause 7.7.5.2 of IS code 1893: 2016.

Table 4 Model load participation ratio

Figure 5 Model load participation ratio

8.6. Torsional Irregularity Check

As per Cl. 7.1 Table 4 (1)(i)
Torsion Irregularity is to be considered when floor diaphragms are rigid in their own plan in
relation to the vertical structural elements that resist the lateral forces. Torsional irregularity is
to be considered to exist when the maximum storey drift, computed with design eccentricity,
at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the storey
drifts at the two ends of the structure. i.e.

59
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

If ∆1 = Lower displacement value of one node at top storey

∆2 = Higher Displacement value of another node at top storey
Then, for no torsion irregularity,
∆1+ ∆2
∆2 <1.2*
2

Table 5 Torsion Check due to EQx and EQy

Output Maximum Average

Storey Ratio check
Case mm mm
TF EQx 14.5 14.409 1.006 <1.2
4F EQx 12.281 12.241 1.003 <1.2
3F EQx 9.381 9.294 1.009 <1.2
2F EQx 6.078 6.004 1.012 <1.2
1F EQx 2.264 2.198 1.03 <1.2
GF EQx 0.068 0.062 1.092 <1.2

Output Maximum Average

Storey Ratio check
Case mm mm
TF Eqy 16.17 15.768 1.026 <1.2
4F EQy 12.77 12.053 1.059 <1.2
3F EQy 8.317 7.847 1.06 <1.2

2F EQy 3.285 3.022 1.087 <1.2

1F EQy 0.196 0.178 1.101 <1.2
GF EQy 0.09 0.09 1.01 <1.2

8.7. Check for Stiffness Irregularity (Soft sotrey)

As per Cl.7.1 Table 1(i)(a) (IS 1893:2002 Part I) A soft storey is the one in which the lateral
stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the storey above or less than 80 percent of the average
lateral stiffness of the three storeys above.
Ki Ki
i.e. < 0.7, (𝐾𝑖+1+𝐾𝑖+2+𝐾𝑖+3)∗3 < 0.8
𝐾𝑖+1

Table 6 stiffness check for EQx

EQx(step 1)
Storey Stiffness ki/ki+1 check ki/(ki+1+ki+2+ki+3)/3 check
TF 28349.52
4F 86273.13 3.04 ok ok
3F 143934.00 1.67 ok ok

60
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

2F 187828.60 1.30 ok 2.18 ok

1F 453952.14 2.42 ok 3.26 ok
GF 5145129.08 11.33 ok 19.65 ok

Table 7 stiffness check for eqy

EQy(step 1)
Storey Stiffness ki/ki+1 check ki/(ki+1+ki+2+ki+3)/3 check
TF 26333.602
4F 69680.42 2.65 ok ok
3F 114244.176 1.64 ok ok
2F 142225.234 1.24 ok 2.03 ok
1F 320857.659 2.26 ok 2.95 ok
GF 4108396.01 12.80 ok 21.35 ok

8.8. Check for Mass Irregularity

As per Cl.7.1 Table 1(ii) (IS 1893:2002 Part I)
Mass Irregularity Mass Irregularity shall be considered to exist where the seismic weight of
any storey is more than 200 percent of that of its adjacent storeys. The irregularity need not be
considered in case of roofs.
Wi Wi
i.e. <2 & <2
𝑊𝑖+1 𝑊𝑖−1

Table 8 mass irregularity check

Seismic
Storey(i) Weight Wi/Wi+1 Check Wi/Wi-1 Check
(wi)
SB 8126.44 1.03 ok ok
GF 7904.67 1.10 ok 0.97 ok
1F 7169.33 1.29 ok 0.91 ok
2F 5537.11 1.94 ok 0.77 ok
3F 2857.55 1.08 ok 0.52 ok
4F 2648.00 ok 0.93 ok

8.9 Check for Section Size

After analysis and design of model in ETABS, we verified the design check and perform
design check. A small pop-up window saying all concrete members passed the design check
confirms our all section are adequate.

61
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Figure 6 all concrete members passed the design check

8.10 PMM Irregularity Check

The demand/capacity ratio (D/C) PMM ratio is the sum of the axial force demand/capacity
ratio and the bending moment demand/capacity ratio. A PMM value greater than one will be
used here to indicate overstressed members. For overstressed column, section size should be
increased.

Figure 7 PMM irregularity check

Here, as shown in the above figure, all columns are represented by purple color whose value
lies between 0.9-1 confirms there in no PMM irregularity in the column.

62
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

8.11 Beam-Column Capacity Check (BCC)

IS code 13920:2016 suggesting the strong-column weak-beam criterion to secure the ductility
capacity of the SMRFs. The criterion means that the ratio of the sum of plastic flexural
strengths of beams to the sum of plastic flexural strengths of columns connected at a joint
should be less than 1.0.
In depth, the clause 7.2.1 says: At each beam-column joint of moment resisting frame, the sum
of nominal design strength of columns meeting at that joint (with nominal strength calculated
for the factored axial load in the direction of the lateral force under consideration so as to give
least column nominal design strength) along each principal plane shall be at least 1.4 times the
design strength of beams meeting at that joint in the same plane.

Figure 8 Eeam Column Capacity Check

it is a very serious change and will affect column sizes of all buildings. New Zealand code
also has this factor of 1.4, but ACI has only 1.2. Our code drastically changed it from 1.1 to
1.4.

63
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Figure 9 Column Beam Capacity Check

9.DESIGN AND DUCTILE DETAILING

The main aim of the structural design part is to design the structure so that it fulfills its
intended purpose during its intended life time with adequate safety, serviceability, and
economy. The design of each element has been done by the principles of Limit State
method. The detailed design of the structural elements is explained in the following
sections.
Requirements of Good Detailing
The ductile detailing is the major part to improve for improving seismic resistance.
i. To improve the seismic performance of the joints.
a. Provide full anchorage to beam bars in column.
b. Provide confinements at the joints also.
c. Put beam bars inside the column bars.
d. Make extra care during concreting to protect from honeycomb.
ii. Reinforcement detailing should be simple for lubrication and placing. iii.
Crack width must be within acceptable limits under service conditions.
iv. This is achieved by limiting the spacing of reinforcement and minimum amounts of
reinforcements.
v. The detailing should be such that internal forces are transferred from one member to
another and from reinforcement to concrete.
64
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

vi. Detailing of member as per code IS 13920:1993 considering the earthquake load and
concentrated loads, uniformly distributed load, uniformly varying loads, random
loads, internal loads and dynamic force.

vii. There should be sufficient space for concrete to be properly poured and compacted
that is achieved by minimum spacing between bars and thus providing congestion
of reinforcement.

65
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

9.1 Design of Slab:

Slab are plate elements forming floors and roof of a building and carrying distributed load
primarily by flexure. A slab may be supported by beams or wall and may be used as the flange of
a T or L beam. Moreover, a slab may be simply supported or continuous over one or more supports
and classified accordingly.

(a) One-way slab spanning in one direction – Length is more than twice the breadth.
(b) Two-way slab spanning on both directions
(c) Circular slabs
(d) Flat slabs (Resting directly on column)
(e) Grid floor and Ribbed slab
Slab are designed using same theories of beam i.e. theories of bending and shear. Following are
the method that can be used for analysis of slab:

(a) Elastic analysis (Idealization on strip as Beam)

(b) Semi empirical coefficients (As given in Code)
(c) Yield line theory
Reinforcement provided is least in slab among three structural members: slab, beam and column.
A slab can be distinguished from a beam as follows:

(a) Minimum span of slab should not be less than four times the overall depth and slab are
much thinner than beam.
(b) Slab are analyzed and designed as having unit width i.e. 1 m
(c) Compressional reinforcement is used only in exceptional case
(d) Shear stress is very low in slab hence shear reinforcement is not provided. If needed, depth
is increased rather than providing shear reinforcement.

(Design of Slab is attached in ANNEX of Design)

9.2 Design of Beams

Beams are structural members assigned to transmit the loads from slab to the column through
it. Specially, flexure is more dominant than shear in the beam.
There are three types of reinforced concrete beams:
1. Singly reinforced beams
2. Doubly reinforced beams
3. Singly or doubly reinforced flanged beams

In singly reinforced simply supported beams, reinforcements are placed at the bottom of the beam
whereas on top in case of cantilever beams.

66
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

A doubly reinforced concrete beam is reinforced in both compression and tension regions.
The necessity of using steel in compression region arises when depth of the section is
restricted due to functional or aesthetic requirements.
The singly reinforced and doubly reinforced sections are designed as per the requirement,
i.e. comparison with the limiting moment, Mu, lim.
IS 456:2000 (Annex G, Cl.38.1) is referred for the calculation of the required steel in the beam.
A complete design of beam involves consideration of safety under ultimate limit state in
flexure, shear, torsion and bond as well as consideration of serviceability limit states of
deflection, crack width, durability etc.
Basically, two types of works are performed namely, analysis of section and design of section.
In the analysis of a section, it is required to determine the moment of resistance knowing the
cross section and reinforcement details.in the design of sections, it is required to determine
the cross section and amount of reinforcement knowing the factored design loads.
Concrete Grade = M25
Steel Grade = Fe500

Beam Conjection Zone Mid Zone

Floor
Size Top Bottom Top Bottom

Semi
450*300 3#16Ø+2#20Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø
Basement

Ground
450*300 3#16Ø+2#20Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø
Floor

First
400*300 5#16Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø
Floor

Second
400*300 3#16Ø+2#12Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø 3#16Ø
Floor

Third
400*300 3#16Ø 2#16Ø 2#16Ø 2#16Ø
Floor

Top Floor 350*250 3#16Ø 2#16Ø 2#16Ø 2#16Ø

67
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

(Detailed Design of beam is attached in ANNEX of Design)

9.3. Design of Column

The column section shall be designed just above and just below the beam column joints and
larger of the two reinforcements shall be adopted. The end moments and end shear are
available from computer analysis.
All columns are subjected to biaxial moments and biaxial shears. The longitudinal
reinforcements are designed for axial force and biaxial moment as per IS 456:2000. Since
analysis is carried out considering center line dimension, it is necessary to calculate moments
at the top or at the bottom face of the beam intersecting the column for economy. The critical
load combination may be obtained by inspection of analysis result.
The building is vertical geometric irregular and all columns are of square section. The
procedure used for exact design of members subjected to axial load and biaxial bending is
extremely laborious. Therefore, IS 456:2000 permits the design of such members by the
following equations:

𝑀𝑢𝑥 𝑀𝑢𝑥
(𝑀𝑢𝑥1) 𝜎 + (𝑀𝑢𝑥1) 𝜎

Puz = 0.45×fck×Ac + 0.75×fy×Ast

Where,
Mux = moment about X axis
Muy = moment about Y axis
Muxl = maximum uniaxial moment capacity in X axis Muyl
= maximum uniaxial moment capacity in Y axis fck =
characteristic strength of concrete fy = characteristic
strength of steel Ac = gross X-section area of column
Ast = area of reinforcement bars

The following steps were followed in the design of columns.

Step 1: Preliminary Design
The preliminary sizing of the column members is carried out by using the tributary area method.
The dead load and live load acting within the influence area of the column is calculated and
68
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

factored by 1.5 and the size of column is determined by designing the column as an axially loaded
column with a certain amount of longitudinal reinforcement (2%).
Factored Load Pu = 1.5 × P
Ultimate axial load on a column is given by,
Pu = 0.4 fck Ac + 0.67 fy As
Or, Pu=0.4 fck A (1-p/100) + 0.67 fy A (p/100)
Where,
Pu = Ultimate load of the column fck=
Yield strength of concrete
Ac = Cross-sectional area of concrete in column fy =
Yield strength of steel
As = Cross-sectional area of steel in column

The equation is solved for the sectional area A and the column dimensions are determined.

Step 2: Calculate effective length of column and check for long/short column.
The effective length of column is determined based on the end supports and the sway/no sway
condition. Depending on the ratio of the effective length to the least lateral dimension of the
column, the column is classified as either a short column or a long column. A column is long if
the ratio of its effective length to its least lateral dimension is greater than 12.
Step 3: Check for eccentricity
In columns, eccentricity refers to the deviation of the point of application of axial load from the
center of the column. Eccentric load causes the column to bend towards loaded point and hence
generates a bending moment in the column.
I.S. 456-2000 says, the eccentricity which we have to consider for design must be taken as the
greater of the following. i) 20mm.
ii) (Leff/500) + (b/30)
Where,
Leff = Effective Length of the Column
b = Lateral Dimension of the Column (We have to calculate two separate values for two sides in
case of rectangular column)
Permissible Eccentricity: 0.05b where b is the dimension of a side of a column, we have to check
for two sides separately in case of rectangular column.

69
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

When the column is loaded with a bending moment a swell, its eccentricity effect must also be
taken into consideration. Depending on the eccentricity, the column is classified as being under
compression, uniaxial bending or biaxial bending.
Step 4: Design of longitudinal reinforcement
The amount of longitudinal reinforcement required is then determined as a percentage of the gross
sectional area.

Step 5: Design of Lateral Ties

The diameter and spacing of lateral ties is then determined based on the design shear strength.
The diameter of the ties shall not be lesser than the greatest of the following two values
1. 6mm
2. 1/4th of the Diameter of the Largest Diameter Bar

The Spacing of Ties shall not exceed the least of the followings three values
1. Least Lateral Dimension
2. 18 Times of the Diameter of the Smallest Diameter Longitudinal Bar
3. 48 Times of the Diameter of Ties

Calculation of Stability Index

To determine whether a story is in a sway or no sway condition, the stability index of each floor
is determined as per IS 456:2000 clause E-2. The column is in a no sway condition only if the
stability index is less than or equal to 0.04.

70
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Summary of Design
Dimension Area of
Floor Steel Provided steel
Width Depth (mm2)

Semi
500 500 12#20Ø 3769
Basement

Ground
500 500 12#20Ø 3769
Floor

1F 400 400 12#16Ø 2413

2F 400 400 12#16Ø 2413

3F 350 350 4#16Ø+8#12Ø 1709

Top Floor 350 350 12#12Ø 1357

Detailed Design of each column is attached in Design Annex.

9.4 Design of staircase

The staircase is designed as a longitudinal staircase and modelled as a slab supported simply at
the first riser and the end of landing.
(Design of staircase is attached in annex.)

9.5.Design of basement wall

Basement wall is constructed to retain the earth and to prevent moisture from seeping into the
building. Since the basement wall is supported by the mat foundation, the stability is ensured and
the design of the basement wall is limited to the safe design of vertical stem. Basement walls are
exterior walls of underground structures (tunnels and other earth sheltered buildings), or retaining

71
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

walls must resist lateral earth pressure as well as additional pressure due to other type of loading.
Basement walls carry lateral earth pressure generally as vertical slabs supported by floor framing
at the basement level and upper floor level. The axial forces in the floor structures are, in turn,
either resisted by shear walls or balanced by the lateral earth pressure coming from the opposite
side of the building. Although basement walls act as vertical slabs supported by the horizontal
floor framing , keep in mind that during the early construction stage when the upper floor has not
Soil
Pressure
Due to Surcharge
Basement Wall

8.15kN
(Front Face)
17 kN
Mat Footing

(Rear Face)

yet been built the wall may have to be designed as a cantilever. The basement wall is designed as
the cantilever wall with the fixity provided by the mat foundation.

(Design of Basement wall is attached in ANNEX)

9.6 Design of Foundation:

Foundation are structural elements that transfer load from the building or individual column to the
earth below. If these loads are to be transmitted properly, foundations should be designed to
prevent excessive settlement and rotation, to minimize differential settlement and to provide
adequate safety against sliding and overturning. Foundation can be classified as:

(1) Isolated footing under individual columns. These may be rectangular, square of circular in
plan.
Fig: Basement Wall
(2) Strip foundation or Wall foundation
(3) Combined footing supporting two or more column load.
(4) Mat or Raft foundation
(5) Plie Foundation
(6) Well Foundation.
72
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

Raft foundation is a sub structure supporting an arrangement of columns or walls in a row or

rows and transmitting the load to the soil by means of a continuous slab with or without
depressions or openings. Such types of foundations are found useful where soil has low bearing
capacity.

Detail Designing of Raft Foundation is attached in Design Annex)

10.CONCLUSION
With the completion of the project “Structural Analysis and Design of Residential Building”, we
have acquired knowledge about the design of RCC buildings more deeply and practically as well.
The pure intention of this project was resident only, but we have made an effort to make it feasible
for the real construction as well. The seismic design and analysis of composite loads, moments,
deflections, nature impacts on each and every members of the section through ETABS Analysis
was done during the project using required IS Codes. Project is completed through the collective
efforts of our project members, due attention is given to maintain the accuracy while analyzing the
data in computer and designing the structural elements. Facing many problems during the work
we have managed to accomplish what we have started for, due to hard work, keen interest and
dedication of team members and knowledgeable suggestion of our project supervisor. By the end
of this project each member of our group is able to handle similar project on their own. This project
will be a helping tool for our career and we believe that this project report will serve as a guidance
and reference for our successors to understand basic behavior of the structures under the action of
earthquake and also principles and methodology required for such types of structures. At last we
would like to thank all our seniors, teachers and department who helped us throughout our project
directly and indirectly.

11.REFERENCES
1. Jain, A.K., Reinforced Concrete (Limit State Design), Nem Chand and Bros,5th edition,
1990
2. Chopra, A.K., Dynamics of Structures, Prentice Hall of India Pvt Ltd, 2008
3. Jain, Dr. S.K., Explanatory Examples on Indian Seismic Code IS 1893 (Part I), Department
of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur.
4. Khose, V.N., Analysis and Design of Four Storied RC Building Using SAP2000 v14,
Department of Earthquake Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee.
5. Agarwal, P. and Shrikhande, M., Earthquake Resistant Design of Structures

73
 Seismic Analysis and Design of Residential Building

6. Pillai, S.U., Menon, D., Reinforced Concrete Design, McGraw Hill Education (India) Pvt.
Ltd., New Delhi.
7. Earthquake tips, National information centre for earthquake engineering, Indian institute
of technology Kanpur.
Codes
1. Plain & Reinforced Concrete Code of Practice – IS 456:2000
2. Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design of Structure – IS 1893:2002,16
3. IS 875(Part 1):1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 1- Dead Loads, Indian Standards Institution
4. IS 875(Part 2):1987, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Design Loads (Other than
earthquake) for Buildings and Structures, Part 2- Imposed Loads, Indian Standards
Institution
5. Design Aids for Reinforced Concrete – SP 16
6. Ductile Detailing of Reinforced Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Force – Code of
Practice – IS 13920:1993
7. Handbook on Concrete Reinforcement & Detailing – SP 34 (S & T):1987.

12.ANNEX OF LOAD CALCULATION

13. ANNEX OF DUCTILE DESIGN
14.ANNEX OF DUCTILE DRAWING

74