THE COLLEGE OF MAASIN

“Nisi Dominus Frustra”

Maasin City

STATISTICS & PROBABILITY For All GRADE 11

S.Y 2020-2021

Instructor for STEM 11 1-3,HUMSS 11 1-3

Ms. Charlyn O. Granada, SHS Faculty
granadacharlynshs@gmail.com

Instructor for ABM 11, TVL 11

Mr. Aldren P. Bandibas, SHS Faculty
aldrnplsbsz@gmail.com

Name: _____________________________________ Section ____________________ Score: _________

QUARTER 4: MODULE 4 (April 12-17, 2021)

OBJECTIVES:

 Computes for the confidence interval estimate based on the appropraite form of the
estimator for the population mean.
 Solve problems involving confidence interval estimation of the population mean.
 Draws conclusion about the population mean based on its confidence interval estimate.

INTRODUCTION:

. Good day, learners! In previous lesson, you learned the T-Distribution. Now, you will learn on how
to identify the appropriate form of the confidence interval estimator for the population mean when the
population variance is unknown.
To achieve the objective of this module, you need to read its contents comprehensively and follow
the instructions provided in every activity accordingly.
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you master the concepts
of interval estimate of population mean with unknown variance. Be guided because at the end of the
discussion, you will answer the exercises part and the assessment part of this module.
Before we’ll go to the discussion proper, answer first the review activity.

REVIEW: Solve this problem.

Find the following t-values in the Table of t-Critical Valaues

Given: t-values
1. 𝑡0.05 for 𝑑𝑓 = 8
2. 𝑡0.025 for 𝑑𝑓 = 15
3. 𝑡0.10 for 𝑑𝑓 = 12
4. 𝑡0.01 for 𝑑𝑓 = 20
5. 𝑡0.025 for 𝑑𝑓 = 9

DISCUSSION:

If the population standard deviation is unknown and the sample size is small, use the
̅−𝝁
𝒙
formula: 𝒕 = 𝒔 . This formula, when manipulated algebraically will produce the following formula that is
√𝒏
used to determine the confidence interval for estimating the population mean when the population variance
and population standard deviation are unknown and the sample size 𝑛 is less than 30.

THIS IS NOT FOR REPRODUCTION

 If 𝑛 < 30 and 𝜎 is unknown, the confidence interval for the population mean 𝜇 is:
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
(𝑥̅ − 𝑡𝛼 , 𝑥̅ + 𝑡𝛼 ) or 𝑥̅ − 𝑡𝛼 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝑡𝛼
2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛 2 √𝑛
where: 𝑥̅ = 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑛
𝑛 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
𝑠 = 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝛼
𝑡𝛼 = 𝑡 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑎𝑡 (1 − ) 100% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙
2 2

The confidence interval can also be written as:

(𝑥̅ − 𝐸, 𝑥̅ + 𝐸) or 𝑥̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝐸
where: 𝑥̅ − 𝐸 = 𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝑥̅ + 𝐸 = 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝜇 = 𝑝𝑜𝑝𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛
𝐸 = 𝑚𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑟

To find the margin of error, use the formula:

𝑠 𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡−𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡
𝐸 = 𝑡𝛼 or 𝐸 =
2 √𝑛 2
where 𝑡 has 𝑛 − 1 degrees of freedom.
𝛼
2

Example 1: The mean and standard deviation of the content of a sample of 10 similar containers are 10.5
liters and 0.352, respectively.
a. Find a 95% confidence interval for the actial mean content.
b. Find the upper and lower confidence limits.
Assume that the contents are approximatey normally distributed.

Solutions:
Step 1: Find the degrees of freedom 𝑑𝑓.
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
= 10 − 1
=9
Step 2: Find 𝛼 in (1 − 𝛼 )100% confience level.
(1 − 𝛼 )1 = 0.95
1 − 𝛼 = 0.95
𝛼 = 1 − 0.95
𝛼
= 0.025
2
Step 3: Find the critical value of 𝑡𝛼 using the Table of 𝑡 − Critical Values
2
The critical value is 𝑡𝛼 = 𝑡0.025 = 2.262.
2
Step 4: Find the margin of error E.
𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑡𝛼 𝑛
2 √
0.352
= 2.262 ( )
√10
= 0.2517 𝑜𝑟 0.25
Step 5: Find the confidence interval.
𝑥̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝐸
10.5 − 0.25 < 𝜇 < 10.5 + 0.25
10.25 < 𝜇 < 10.75
Step 6: Lower confidence limit = 10.25
Upper confidence limit = 10.75

Example 2: The following are randomly selected scores in Statistics of twelve Grade 11 students:
75 81
65 83
76 80
80 70
85 71
77 69

2 | Statistics & Probability THIS IS NOT FOR REPRODUCTION

 a. Find a 99% confidence interval for the mean score of all grade 11 students, assuming that the
students’ score is approximately normally distributed.
b. Find the lower and upper confidence limits.

Solutions:

Step 1: Find the sample mean 𝑥̅ and standard deviation 𝑥.

Student 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥̅ (𝑥 − 𝑥̅1 )2
1 75 75 – 76 = – 1 1
2 65 65 – 76 = – 11 121
3 76 76 – 76 = 0 0
4 80 80 – 76 = 4 16
5 85 85 – 76 = 9 81
6 77 77 – 76 = 1 1
7 81 81 – 76 = 5 25
8 83 83 – 76 = 7 49
9 80 80 – 76 = 4 16
10 70 70 – 76 = – 6 36
11 71 71 – 76 = – 5 25
12 69 69 – 76 = – 7 49
∑ 𝑥 = 912 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅1 )2 = 420

∑𝑥 ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅1 )2
𝑥̅ = 𝑠2 = ∑(𝑥 − 𝑥̅1 )2
𝑛 𝑛−1 𝑠= √
912 420 𝑛−1
= = 12−1
12
420
= 76 = 38.18 = √12−1
= 38.18
Step 2: Find the degrees of freedom 𝑑𝑓.
𝑑𝑓 = 𝑛 − 1
= 12 − 1
= 11
Step 3: Find 𝛼 in (1 − 𝛼 )100% confience level.
(1 − 𝛼 )1 = 0.99
1 − 𝛼 = 0.99
𝛼 = 1 − 0.99
𝛼 = 0.01
𝛼
= 0.005
2
Step 4: Find the critical value of 𝑡𝛼 using the Table of 𝑡 − Critical Values. Look in 𝑑𝑓 = 11 and 0.005
2
for area in one-tail. And that is, 𝑡𝛼 = 3.106
2

Step 5: Find the margin of error E.

𝑠
𝐸 = 𝑡𝛼 𝑛
2 √
6.18
= 3.106 ( )
√12
= 5.54
Step 6: Find the confidence interval.
𝑥̅ − 𝐸 < 𝜇 < 𝑥̅ + 𝐸
76 − 5.54 < 𝜇 < 76 + 5.54
70.46 < 𝜇 < 81.54

Step 7: Lower confidence limit = 70.46

Upper confidence limit = 81.54

Interpretations:
The researcher is 99% confident that the sample mean 𝑥̅ = 76 differes form the population mean
𝜇 by no more than 5.54. The value of the population mean is within the interval 70.46 and 81.54.

3 | Statistics & Probability THIS IS NOT FOR REPRODUCTION

 EXERCISE: Solve what is being asked in the problem. Show your solutions. (5 POINTS EACH)

1. Find the critical value of 𝑡𝛼 , if 98%, 𝑛 = 26, 𝜎 𝑖𝑠 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

2
2. Find the margin of error E, if 98% 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙, 𝑛 = 12, 𝑠 = 4.93
3. Find the margin of error, given: lower limit is 24.24 and upper limit is 26.08

ASSESSMENT:
Solve what is being asked in the problem. Show your solutions. (5 POINTS EACH)

1. The following were the scores in a mathematics test selected by a teacher from all the test
scores of Grade 10 students.
74 78 86 88 69
83 70 83 87 62
92 66 65 75 74
90 76 57 72 83

Assume that the above scores were randomly selected by the teacher from a normal
population and the variance is unknown.
a. Calculate the mean and standard deviation
b. Construct a 95% confidence interval to estimate the population mean score 𝜇
c. Find the lower and upper confidence limits
d. Interpret the interval.

FEEDBACK

What have you learned in this module?

_____________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

What is/are your question/s regarding with this module?

_____________________________________________________________

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RESOURCES:

Math Connections in the Digital Age, Statistics and Probability

Statistics & Probability, Soaring 21st Century Mathematics
Net Centuty Mathematics, Statistics and Probability

Prepared by:

Ms. Charlyn O. Granada, LPT

Instructor Approved by:

Mr. Aldren P. Bandibas, LPT Mrs. Gilda A. Lopez, LPT, MPA

Instructor Acting Principal

4 | Statistics & Probability THIS IS NOT FOR REPRODUCTION