wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<&

13 jk fY%aKsh
hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh

mßYS,k .%ka:h
^2010 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul fõ&

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;j

=
úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh
uQ,dY% .%ka:h
13jk fY%aKsh

© cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh 2011

ISBN

;dlaIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uyr.u'

uqøKh(

ii
 fmrjok

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,aj, 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd 2010 j¾Ifha isg hdka;%sl

;dCIKfõoh úIh y÷kajd fok ,o kuq;a tu úIhh W.kajk .=rejreka i|yd fuka u
úIhh bf.k .kakd isiq isiqúhka i|yd mßYS,kh lsÍug isxy, NdIdfjka rpkd lrk
,o uQ,dY% .%ka: fidhd .ekSu b;d u wiSre lreKls' fuu wmyiq;dj u`.yerùfï uQ,sl
mshjrla f,i hdka;%sl ;dCIKfõohg wod< j isxy, NdIdfjka rpkd lrk ,o mßYS,k
.%ka:hla t<s oelaùug ,eîu i;=gg lreKla fjhs'

21 jk ishjfiys YS>%fhka j¾Okh jk hdka;%sl ;dCIKfõoh ms<sn| j kj;u

f;dr;=re we;=<;a fuu .%ka:h mßYS,kh lsÍu u`.ska úIh oekqu mßmQ¾K lr .ekSug
muKla fkdj kj ;dCIKh u; mokï jQ f,djla i|yd wjYH jk l=i,;d j¾Okh lr
.ekSug o" isiqkg wjia:dj Wodjk nj udf.a ye`.Suhs'

oekqu flakaøSh wd¾Òl ixj¾Ok udj;l .uka lrk" YS>% wd¾Òl ixj¾Okhla
b,lal lr .;a Y%S ,xldfõ udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh i|yd fujka kj ;dCIK oekqï
iïNdrhla wjYH jk wjêhl" tu wjYH;dj hï m%udKhlska fyda bgq lsÍu i|yd cd;sl
wOHdmk wdh;kfhys úoHd yd ;dCIK mSGfha" ;dCIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j yd
f,aLl uvq,a, tu .%ka:h rpkd lsÍu i|yd f.k we;s m%hka;h fuys oS b;d w.h fldg
i,lkq leue;af;ñ'

uydpd¾h ví'tï' wfír;ak nKavdr

wOHCI ckrd,a
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iii
 ix{dmkh

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& l,d úIhh Odrdj hgf;a hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh

ioyd mßYS,k .%ka:h cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh u.ska
t<soelaùug ,eîu ms<sno j i;=gq fjñ' hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh yodrk ¥ orejkaf.a
wOHdmk wfmalaIdjka idlaId;a jk mßÈ fuu .%ka:h ;=< úIh lreKq we;=<;aj
we;ehs wfmalaId lrñ' fuu uQ,dY% .%ka:hg fN!;sl" ridhk yd Ôj úoHd;aul
mokï o we;=<;a j ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' wkd.; ld¾ñl f,dalhg m%úIag ùug fm<
.efiñka isák orejkag fuu .%ka:h" kQ;k w;HjYH bf.kqï w;aoelSï ,nd
fokq ksh; h' fujka jgdmsgdjla ;=<ska fmdaIKh jk orejka iodpdrd;aul
hy.=Khkaf.ka imsß wNsudkj;a mrmqrla f,i iudchg fhduq lsÍu i|yd fuka
u kQ;k f,dalfha /lshd i|yd iQodkï ore msßila iudchg odhdo lsÍfï NdrOQr
j.lSu wOHdmkh i;= j we;' fuu l%shdj,shg ilS%h ohl;ajh ,nd §u i|yd
wjeis u. fmkaùu hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh ;=<ska bgq fõ hehs wfmalaId

lruq'

,d,a tÉ' úfÊisxy

iyldr wOHCI ckrd,a$úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

iv
 ye|skaùu

w'fmd'i' ^Wiiafm<& l,d úIh Odrdj hgf;a hdka;l

s% ;dCIKfõoh yodrk orejkag

wod< úIh lreKq wOHhkh i|yd isxy, NdIdfjka ,shejqKq fmd;a m;a fkdue;s ùu úYd,

wvqmdvqjla fia cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg fmkS .sfha h'

tfukau wod< úIhh yodrk isiqkaf.a yd .=reNj;=kaf.a ueisú,s u`.ska fuh ;j

ÿrg;a ikd: úh' fuu wvqmdvqj u`. yerùu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ;dCIK

wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j u`.ska fuu fmd; ie,iqï fldg we;' fujeks jákd fmd;la

t<s oelaùug ,eîu .ek cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh fnfyúka i;=gg m;a fjhs' fuys

hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh úIhfha kHdhd;aul lreKq yd tys jg msgdj wka;¾.; h'

wod< kHdhd;aul lreKq wOHhkfhka miq j tys uQ,O¾u tosfkod yuq jk hka;%

iQ;%j,g wkql+, jk wdldrh .fõIKd;aul j wOHhkh lsÍu wjYH fõ' tu`.ska w'fmd'i

Wiiafm< hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh i|yd by< idud¾:hla ,nd .ekSug yels jk
w;r u .fõIKh u`.ska ,nd .;a cSú; w;aoelSï fm!reI j¾Okhg o uy;a rel=,la jkq

we;'

w'fmd'i ^ W'fm< & úNd.fha fuu úIhh iys; j l,d úIh Odrdj yeoEÍu o

fm!oa.,sl úYajúoHd,j, bxcsfkare mdGud,d yeoEÍfï wjia:dj o ,eî ;sîu i;=gg

lreKls' fuu fmd; mßYS,kh lsÍfuka úIh lreKq fuka u cSjk w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSug

lghq;= lrkq we;ehs wfmaCId lrñ'

ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak
wOHCI$;dCIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

v
WmfoaYkh # uydpd¾h ví'tï' wfír;aak nKavdr"
wOHCI ckrd,a" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
,d,a tÉ' úfcaisxy" iyldr wOHCI ckrd,a"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

wëCIKh # ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak

wOHCI" ;dCIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

iïnkaëlrKh # ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak

wOHCI" ;dCIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

f,aLl uKav,h #
ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak - wOHCI" ;dCIK wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j"
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
wdpd¾h tia'ã'wd¾' fmf¾rd - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h mS' tßla fmf¾rd - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h Y%s ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h wd¾' úu,isß - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h Y%s ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h ta'tï uqid;sla - fcHaIaG lÓldpd¾h" ;dCIK wxYh fudrgqj úYaj
úoHd,h'
wdpd¾h ù'mS'iS' osidkdhl - wxYdêm;s" hdka;%sl bxcsfkare wxYh" fudrgqj
úYajúoHd,h'
wdpd¾h wd¾'ta'wd¾'iS f.damqr - fcHAIaG lÓldpd¾h" hdka;%sl bxðfkare wxYh"
fudrgqj úYajúµ,h'
wd¾'tï' kkaok l=udr - fcHaIaG WmfoaYl" ld¾ñl úÿy," fydaud.u'
ví'ta'tia'ví'ví úl%ukdhl - fcHaIAG WmfoaYl" ld¾ñl úÿy,' .d,a,'
tÉ' fjdlais,a fmf¾rd - .=re WmfoaYl" l,dm wOHdmk ld¾hd,h" y,dj;'
mS' jdoissxy - .=re WmfoaYl ^úY%dñl&" wïn,kaf.dv'
fca'wd¾' ,xldmqr - Y%S ,xld .=refiajh" úl%uYs,d cd;sl mdi," .sßW,a,'
î'ã' wdßhjxY - Y%S ,xld .=refiajh" isoaOd¾: cd;sl mdi," je,s.u'
wd¾'tia' tosßisxy - Y%S ,xld .=refiajh" isoaOd¾: cd;sl mdi," je,s.u'
O¾umd, nKavdr uhd - l<ukdlre" ,xld c¾uka ld¾ñl wNHdi wdh;kh"
fudrgqj'

NdId ixialrKh ( ã'tia' fu;a;dkkao uhd" ysgmq wOHmk úoHdmSG

m%Odk flduidßia'
mß.Kl ie,iqu ( wd¾'tia' tosßisxy" Y%S ,xld .=refiajh"
udr$isoaOd¾: úoHd,h" je,s.u'
tka'ví' os,sks m%sho¾YkS" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'
msgljr ieliqu ( wd¾'tia' tosßisxy" Y%S ,xld .=refiajh"
udr$isoaOd¾: úoHd,h" je,s.u'

vi
 mgq k

msgqj
1' ld¾ñl Ñ;% 1

2' p,k mßj¾;k hka;%' 55

3' hdka;%sl cj iïfm%aIK moaO;s' 65

4' ksmehqïj, .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍfuys,d ;dlaIKfõoh 72

fhdod .ekSu'

5' oej l¾udka;fha tl,ia lsÍï l%u' 120

6' fudag¾ r:hl we;s moaO;s 131

7' ;dm .;sl úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u 219

8' ;r, hka;%Kh i|yd jQ uQ,sl isoaOdka;' 237

9' md,k moaO;s' 283

10' iqfLdamfNda.S úoHdj yd udkj ñ;sh' 289

vii
 1' ld¾ñl Ñ;%

1'1 nyq,j Ndú;jk iïu; f¾Ld

>k wLKav f¾Ld 1' ish¨u fmfkk odr oelaùu

isyska wLKav f¾Ld 2' ñkqï oelaùu

3' iSudka; oelaùu
4' yrialv oelaùu
5' flá uOH f¾Ld oelaùu

lv f¾Ld 6' ie`.s odr oelaùu

isyska odu f¾Ld 7' uOH wCI oelaùu

8' iuñ;sl nj oelaùu

fofl<jr >kodu f¾Ld 9' fþok ;, oelaùu

isyska wLKav 10' lv mDIaG oelaùu

wjê f¾Ld ^isyska odu f¾Ld fkdjk
^ksoyia w;ska& wjia:dj,&

1
iïu; rduqj yd tys wvx.= f;dr;=re

iEu ld¾ñl Ñ;%hla jgdu jvd;a >k wLKav f¾Ld Ndú;fhka Ñ;%hla jgdu jvd;a
>k wLKav f¾Ld Ndú;fhka iDcq fldaKdi%hla w¢kq ,efí' lvodish lemSfï § tys iDcq
njg hï ydkshla ù ;snqk o we¢ï mqjrej" à rE, iy úys; p;=ri%h wdOdrfhka w¢kq ,nk
fuu iDcq fldaKdi%fha lsisÿ wvq mdvqjla we;s fkdfõ' fufia w¢kq ,nk fldgqj iïu;
rduqj kï jk w;r" tys wod, f;dr;=re wvx.= o;a; j.=jla o ilia lrkq ,efí' fuu o;a;
j.=j ta ta wdh;kh wkqj úúO fõ'

A2 m%udKfha tkï 420 x 594 lvodishl iïu; rduqj we£fï § jïmiska f.dkq
lsÍfï myiqj msKSi ñ'ó' 25 la o" b;sß me;s i|yd ñ'ó' 10 ne.ska o" b;sß l< hq;= w;r" A4
^Nd. lvodis& i|yd jïmig ñ'ó' 15 la o fiiq me;s i|yd ñ'ó' 5 ne.ska o b;sßjk mßÈ
iïu; rduqj we| .ekSu fhda.H fõ'

iïu; rduqj we| .ekSfuka th ;=< w¢k rEm w;r mr;rh iudk lr .ekSu;a
ksjer§ ñkqï myiqfjka ,nd .ekSu;a yels jk w;r thska Ñ;%h i|yd jeä jákdlula o
tl;= fõ'

iïu; rduq j

2
o;a; j.=j

iDcq m%fCIamK rEm we£fï cd;Hka;r l%u folla we;' tkï m%:u fldaK l%uh iy
f;jk fldaK l%uh hs' iïu; rduqfõ wod, fldgqj ;=, ;ud iDcq m%fCImK Ñ;% w¢k
,oafoa l=uk fldaK l%uhg o hkak oelaúh hq;= h' by;ska oelafjkafka m%:u fldaK l%uh
nj oelafjk m%fCIamK ixfla;h hs' tkï"

Tn f;jk fldaK l%uhg w¢k úg Ndú; l< hq;af;a fuu ixfla;h hs'

iDcq m%fCIamK Ñ;% w¢k úg fuu ixfla; fol ieliS we;s wdldrh ;j ÿrg;a
meyeÈ,s jkq we;'

3
iïu; wCIr

ld¾ñl we£u iu. Ndú; jk wCIr iy ixLHd iïu; wdldrhg we£u l,djls'
thska ud;Dldjla" o;a; j.=jla § we;s udkla lshùu myiq jk w;r fmkqu o m%ikak
fõ'

wCIr yd ixLHd ,ïNlj fyda wdk;j ,súh yelsh' m%Odk ud;Dldj i|yd
ñ'ó'7la o fiiq wl=re i|yd ñ'ó' 3 la o tlsfkl wE;a jqk iudka;r f¾Ld ;=< bx.%Sis
wl=re we£u fhda.H fõ' tfy;a isxy, wl=rej, by<g yd my<g Èlajk fldgia jk
fyhska iudka;r f¾Ld y;rla we| .ekSu jeo.;a fõ' fï i|yd f,dl= wl=re i|yd
ñ'ó' 8 la o" l=vd wl=re i|yd ñ'ó' 4 la o fhdod .ekSu myiqjk w;r ueo mr;rh
fomi mr;rh fuka fo.=Khla ùu iqÿiq h' thska biams<s iy mdms<s l=vdjg we§fuka
,iaik fmkqula ,efí' ld¾ñl Ñ;%fha úYd,;ajh wkqj wCIrj, m%udKh úúO fõ'

ñkqï fh§u

ld¾ñl Ñ;%hla ,nd ÿka muKska tys oelafjk jia;=j ksmojkakdg ;eksh
fkdyels h' th ;ekSug jia;=fõ ta ta fldgiaj, È." m<," Wi" .eUqr" >klu jeks
ñkqï oek.; hq;= h' tfy;a ñkqï oelaùfï § ld¾ñl Ñ;%fha meyeÈ,s njg ydks úh
yels h' tfia ùu je,elaùug udk fh§u ms<sn| iïu; kS;s moaO;shla we;' bka
nyq,j Ndú; jk kS;s my;ska oela fõ'

1' fndfyda úg m%fCIamK f¾Ld ^iSuka; f¾Ld& u.ska rEmfhka neyerg f.k ñkqï
oelaúh hq;= fõ'
2' ñkqï f¾Ldjg by<ska udk w.h oelaúh hq;= w;r th ñ,sóg¾ j,ska oelaùu
myiq fõ' fuys § ñkqï tallh oelaúh hq;= fkdfõ' fjk;a tallhlska ñkqï
oelajk úg tu w.hg w.ska tallh fláfhka oelaúh hq;= h'

4
3' m%fCIam f¾Ld ^iSudka; f¾Ld& jia;=jg ñ,s ógr tall ÿßka wrôh hq;= w;r th yS ;=v
miqlr ñ,s óg¾ 1 -2 ÿßka wjika l< hq;= h'

4' udk oelaùfï § m<uq udkh jia;=jg ñ'ó' 10 la ÿßka o fiiq udk tys isg ñ'ó' 7 ne.ska
o ÿßka oelaúh hq;= h' tfiau l=vd ñkqfï isg wkql%ufhka úYd, jk mßÈ ñkqï f¾Ld
fhÈh hq;= h'

0
5' ñkqï f¾Ldfõ fofl<jrg fhfok yS ;=vq ñ'ó' 3 la È.ska jk w;r tys fldaKh 15
ls yS ;=v we;=,; mdg l< hq;= h'

ñkqï w.h ñ'ó' 10 g jvd wvq jQ úg B;,h m%fCIamK ^iSudka;& f¾Ldfjka msg;g È.=
fldg msg; isg we;=,a me;a;g ;=vq isák fia we| ueÈka w.h ,súh hq;= h' ñkqï
f¾Ldfõ by<ska w.h ,súh fkdyels wjia:dj, ñkqï B;,hg Wäka ol=Kq miska w.h
oelaúh yels h'

6' jrla oelajQ ñkqï w.hla tu fmkqfï fyda fjk;a fmkqul ;j;a whqßka oelaùug
wjYH fkdfõ'

5
7' l=vd ñkqï w.hka rEmhg wdikakfhau oelaúh hq;= h' ^by< rEmh n,kak&
8' iuñ;sl ;, rEmj, uOH f¾Ldj ñ'ó' 2 -3 ;rï bï f¾Ldfjka msg;g È.=jk fia
we¢h hq;= h' fï i|yd tla fmkqula iEfya' tys >klu t wCIrh iu. i|yka l< hq;\
fõ'

9' lD;sfha odrhka u; ñkqï f¾Ld fh§u" m%fCIamK f¾Ld ^iSudka; f¾Ld& lemS hk fia
ñkqï f¾Ld fh§u" ñkqï f¾Ld folla tlsfkl lemS hk fia we£u fkdl< hq;= fõ'

10' ñkqï w.hka f¾Ldjlska fjka fkdjk f,i oelaúh hq;= h'

11' jD;a;j, uOH f¾Ld fol flakaø yryd tlsfkl ,ïNlj fÊokh úh hq;= w;r
flakaøh;a mßêh;a È. f¾Ld follska lemS hd hq;= h'

6
12' l=vd jD;a; i|yd uOH f¾Ld we¢h fkdyels ksid isyska wLKav f¾Ld folla tlsfkl
,ïNlj flakaøh yryd w¢kq ,efí' jvd;a l=vd jD;a; i|yd tlsfkl ,ïNjk f¾Ld
foll flakaøh yryd we| oelaúh yelsh' f,dl= jD;a; i|yd úYalïN w.h olajk
whqre fuys oela fõ'

13' jD;a; LKavj, ñkqï oelaùug tla B;,hla flakaøfha isg we| B;,hg by<ska
fufia w.h oelaúh yelsh' bvlv uo wjia:dj, úIalïN w.h rEmfhka msg ñkqï
B;,hlska oelaúh yel'

14' úYalïNh iudk jD;a; fm,la iu ÿßka msysá úg tla jD;a;hl ñkqï oelaùu
iEfyk w;r b;sß jD;a; j, flakaøj, msysàu oelaúh hq;= h'

15' f,dl= wrhla oelaùfï § flakaøh ksrEmkh lsÍug m%udKj;a bv fkdue;s úg th

flálr .ekSug my; oelafjk l%uh fhdod .; yels h'

7
 16' w¾O jD;a;dldr fl<jr,a we;s fmkqul ñkqï oelaùfï § my; oelafjk l%u Ndú;
l< yels h'

17' fkdfmfkk odr oelaùug lv f¾Ld Ndú; fõ' lv f¾Ldjl >klu rEmfha m%Odk
bï f¾Ldjlg iaj,amhla isyska úh hq;= w;r isyska wLKav f¾Ldj,g jvd iaj,amhla
>k úh hq;= h' lv f¾Ldjl È. rEmfha úYd,;ajh wkqj ;SrKh fõ' lv f¾Ld folla
w;r bv idudkHfhka ñ'ó' 1-2 la muK fõ' È. ñ'ó 3-4 la muK fõ'

18' lv f¾Ldjl wdrïNh;a wjidkh;a iïmQ¾K f¾Ld LKavhlska ksu úh hq;= w;r
tlsfkl lefmk úgo iïmQ¾K f¾Ld LKav folla úh hq;= h'

19' lv f¾Ld folla tl ,`. iudka;rj .uka lrk l,a ys tajd tlsfkl iïmd;
fkdúh hq;= h'

20' lsis úfgl lv f¾Ldjla yd bï f¾Ldjla w;f¾ ñkqï fkdoela úh hq;= h'

ksYamdok l%shdj,shg w;HjYH ixfla;

jhkh Texture ^u;=msg mDIaG iajNdjh - Surface Roughness&&

hï lsis WmlrK fldgil u;=msg mDIaGh hka;%dkqidrfhka ksu l< hq;= úg" th
ld¾ñl Ñ;%fha ixfÄ;d;aulj olajkq ,efí'

• fï i|yd my; oelafjk ixfla; rEmh Ndú; fõ'

fuh iu mdo ;%sfldaKhls' tys mdohla msg;g §¾>fldg we;'

• th Ñ;%hl ;sria;,hg yd isria ;,hg iam¾Y jk whqßka we¢h hq;= whqre my;
oela fõ'

8
 • iEu ;eku hdka;%slj ksul< hq;= nj fufia oelaúh yelsh'
ieu;eku ^ALLOVER&
• jhkfha w.h ixfla;d;aulj oela jQ wjia:djla fufia oelaúh yelsh' ^w.h
ms<sn| j.=j my;ska oela fõ'&
• jhkfha Wmßu yd wju w.h ^iykh& oela jQ wjia:djla my; oela fõ'

iyk Tolarance
fndfyda úg ksYamdok l%shdj,sfha § we;eï úg Ys,amshdg iykhla f,i hï ñïul
fjkila hï m%udKhlg ;sîug wjir we;'
isÿre follg iújk l+re foll iyk w.hka § we;s whqre my; oela fõ'

oïje,a uekqu j¾Ok uekqu

(Chain Dimensioning) (Progressive Dimensioning)

fuu l%uh ÿrg hk úg fuu l%uh Ndú;fhka ñkqu ÿrg hk úg

l%u l%ufhka fjkia fõ' fjkia fkdfõ

9
1'2 ld¾ñl Ñ;% yd rEmK

woyia ikaksfõo udOHhla f,i Ndú; jk Ñ;%" fi!kao¾hd;aul o¾Ykd;aul yd

úhqla; woyia lshdmdk wmQ¾j NdIdjls' th úúO ld¾ñl wjYH;djka" úÑ;% jQ jdia;=
úoHd;aul f;dr;=re yd úYañ; hkaf;%damlrK ks¾udK l%shdj,sh b;d fláfhka
iúia;rd;aulj f,dalhg iïfm%aIKh lsÍu i|yd o úYaj NdIdjla f,i Ndú; fõ' fuys
§ Ndú; jk Ñ;% m%fNao rdYshls' tajd uQ,slj oaúudK yd ;%sudK jYfhka o fjk;a wjYH;d
wkqj o úúO whqßka j¾. l< yels h'

Ñ; %
Drawing

f i !k o
a ¾h d; u
al l d¾ñl r EmK
(Artistic) (Technical) (Graphic)
oaú udK ^y ev ; , & • i ;a ï N m% i ;a dr (Bar Chart)
; % u dK ^; d; ú
s al & • f CI ; %m% i ;a dr (Aria Chart)
• j g m% i ;a dr (Pie Chart)
• . e, S ï i gy k a(Flow Chart)
• i xúOdk j Hyq (Orgarnization
Chart)
• m% i ;a dr (Graph)
• i xf l ;a (Symbol)

o, i gy k a Wml r K Ndú; mß. K l Ndú; h i xCI s

m;a
(Sketching (Instrumental) (Computer Aided) (Schematic)
Lay out) • ; k sf l dgi a(Single Part)
• tl ,i a (Assembly)
• ksYm a dok j ev (Working)
• j d; ;a = (Casting)
• i M
aáql (Exploded)
• úl i k (Development)
• m%l faI m
a K (Projection)
oa
ú udK ; %
u dK
s
(2 Dimension) (3 Dimension)

i Dc q i udk ;a r m¾h df , dla

(Orthographic) (Parallel) (Perspective)

m%: u f l dK
a l u
%h f ; j k f l dK
a l u
%h f k dmk Sh k f k dmk Sh k f k dmk Sh k
(First Angle Method) (Third Angle , CI H 1 , CI H 2 , CI H 3
Method) (1 Vanishing (2 Vanishing (3 Vanishing
Point) Point) Point)

l eì k Ü ^y r i &
a wl Ia udk ml%faI m
aK h
m%l faI m
aK (Axonometric pro)
(Oblique Pro)

i udxYl m% l faI m
aK h oa
ú wxYl ml%faI maK h
(Isometric Pro) (Dimetric Pro)

10
• ;ks fldgia Ñ;% (Single Part Drawing)

fuu rEm u.ska ks¾udKh l< hq;= jev fldgig wod, rEmh" yevh" ñkqï" iyk
^ksYamdolhdg ta ta ia:dkj, ñkqï fjkia ùug wjldY ,efnk Wmßu m%udK& øjH ^jev
fldgi fyda WmlrK fldgi ;ekSu i|yd fhdod .; hq;=& ksuyï l< hq;= wdldrh
^hdka;%sl" je§u& wd§ ish¨ f;dr;=re fmkajd Èh hq;= h'

• tl,ia Ñ;% (Assembly Drawing)

b;d ir, hka;%hl mjd fldgia wka;¾.; fõ' hka;%h ks¾udKhg;a fldgia
ksYm
a dokhg;a tu fldgia tlg tl;=jk whqre oek .ekSug wjYH fõ' fuu iïnkaO;djh
úoyd olajk Ñ;%h tl,ia Ñ;%h kï fõ' fuu Ñ;%h ld¾hhka lSmhla i|yd wjYH fõ'

tl,ia Ñ;%j,ska lïy,l fjka jYfhka ;efkk fldgia tl;=fldg moaO;shla

ieliSu" tla tla jev fldgia i|yd fjk fjku jev Ñ;% ieliSu" iïmQ¾K ks¾udKfha
yd fldgiaj, wfkHdkH l%shdldß;ajh wjfndaO lr .ekSu wd§ jdis /ilau ,efí'

tl,ia Ñ;%hl ish¨u fldgia we;=,;a l<hq;= w;r wjYH iEu o¾YKhlau yria
lvlau" fldgilau tys wka;¾.; l< hq;= h' tfiau tys l%shdldß;ajh o oelaúh hq;= h'
tfy;a wju o¾YK m%udKhlska tajd ksrEmKh l< hq;= h'

11
• ks Y a m dok jev Ñ;% (Working Drawing)

ks¾udKlre iajlSh ks¾udK woyi msß ie,iqï Ñ;%hla u.ska ^Lay out Drawing&
ld¾ñl we¢fï Ys,amshd ^Draughtsman& fj; fhduq lrhs' fuu msß ie,iqu ishqï f,i
wOHhkh lr iqÿiq mßudKhlg wod, ñkqï iys;j cHd;Hka;r iïu; wkqj úia;rd;aulj
we£u" we£ï Ys,m a h
s df.a ld¾hh fõ' fufia w¢k ,o tl,ia Ñ;%hg wod, fldgia ksYm a dokh
i|yd ksYamdok jev Ñ;% ^Working Drawing& w¢kq ,nhs' tys § wod, WmlrK fldgfia
yevh" úia;r" hdka;%sl lrK Wmfoia" ish¨u ñkqï" ksYamdok igyka" øjH" r;a ms<shï
ms < s n | úia ; r ^Heat Treatment& fjk;a wdrCIl l% u ^Treatment& l% s h d wkq ms < s f j,"
fldgiaj, nr" ksYamdok úhoï weia;fïka;=" wjidk tl,ia lsÍfï § ;sìh hq;= ;;a;ajh
fyda hdka;l s% lsh
% dj,sfha § ;sìh hq;= ;;a;j
a h hk foflka tlla mokï lrf.k úia;rd;aul
Ñ;%h we¢h hq;= h'

• ;%sudK Ñ;%

• iudxYl m% l a f IA m K Ñ;% (Isometric Projection)

jia;=jl yevh b;d myiqfjka wjfndaO lrùug yd wjfndaO lr .ekSug Ndú;jk

;%sudK Ñ;% w;=frka ld¾ñl fCIa;%fha jvd;a nyq,j Ndú; jk fyd|u ;%sudK Ñ;% l%uh
jkafka idudxYl m%lafCIamK Ñ;% l%uh hs'
iudxYl m%lafCIamK Ñ;% ks;ru ;sria;,hg wxYl 30 ne.ska fomig wdk;jk
w;r" bÈßfhka" by,ska yd me;af;ka neÆúg fmfkk o¾Yk ;=ku idOdrKj iudk jk
whqßka fmfka' tfiau ñkqï fjkia fkdjk ksid idudxYl rEmfhka ñkqï jqj o ,nd
.ekSu myiq h' fuu iudxYl m%lafCIamK rEm fndfyda ÿrg ;d;aúl iajrEmhla .kakd
w;r jD;a; b,smi a dldr yevhla .kS' jia;f
= õ È. m<, Wi wkqj we|.;a >klhl" >kdlNhla"
ms%iauhla fyda p;=ri%hla ;=< rEmh wka;¾ .; jk whqßka w¢kq ,efí' iDcq m%lafCIamK
rEmj, oelajfk fldaKj, w.hka iudxYl rEmj, § fjkia jk neúka tu fldaK ta
whqßkau msgm;a fkdlr fldaK yd iïnkaO mdoj, È. Ndú;fhka fldaK w£kq ,efí'
iduxYl rEmj, oelafjk wdk; ;, me;s follg fyda me;s ;=kgu fmfkk wjia:d we;'

12
• ia M q á l fmkq ï (Exploded View)

hka;% fldgia iúù we;s wdldrh úoyd olajk fuu rEm j,ska fldgia tl,ia úh
hq;= whqre meyeÈ,sj oela fõ' úfYaIfhka .,jd fldgia jYfhka m%jdyKh flfrk hka;%
kej; iú lr .ekSug fuu Ñ;% w;sYhskau m%fhdackj;a fõ'

• m¾hdf,dal Ñ;% (Perspective Drawing)

leurdjlska .kakd ,o Pdhd rEmhla t,sh iy w÷r jd¾;d lr .kakd fiau th

m¾hf,dal Ñ;%hla o fõ' Ñ;% Ys,amSka fndfydaúg w¢k ;d;aúl o¾Yk m¾hdf,dal Ñ;% f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h' tajd Pdhd rEmj,g iudk fõ'
úfYaIfhka úYd, bÈlsÍï" fydag,a ixlS¾K" ukaÈr" f.dvke.s,s ie,iqï Ys,amSka
úiska ie,iqï lrk kuq;a tajd ;kd wjidkfha fmfkk wdldrh oel .ekSu fiajd
odhlhdf.a uy;a wNs,dYhls' tfyhska tla tla oDIaÁ fldaKj,g tu f.dvke.s,, a fmfkk
yeá oelaùug ie,iqï Ys,amshdg isÿ fõ' fï i|yd m¾hdf,dal Ñ;%hla w¢kq ,efí'
tu rEmh fkdfmkS hk ,CIH ^Vanishing Point& tlla" folla fyda ;=kla Ndú;fhka
w¢kq ,nhs' we;eï úg tu Ñ;% jvd;a ;d;aúl lsÍu i|yd fijke,s olajk w;r j¾K
fh§u o isÿ fõ' fï i|yd úYd, uqo,la o wh flf¾'

13
fuh fkdmkS hk tla ,CIHla Ndú;fhka we£uls'
^.Dyhla we;=,; o¾Ykh&

14
15
• ms ß ie,iq ï Ñ;% (Lay Out Drawing)

ks¾udKlrejl= fyda ks¾udKd;aul NdKavhla ;kjd .ekSug wjYH flfkla ;udg

wjYH hka;%h" WmlrKh fyda NdKavh Ys,amshl= ,jd ;kjd .ekSug wjYH jQ úg ta ms<sn|
ks¾udK woyia bÈßm;a lsÍug w¢kq ,nk o, rEm igyk msß ie,iqï Ñ;%h hkqfjka ye¢ka
fõ' fïjd fndfyda úg mßudKhg we| ke;s w;r ksoyia w;ska w¢k ,o rEm igyka fõ'
ñkqï olajd wef;d;a tajd o< jYfhks'
fuu igyka ld¾ñl we¢fï Ys,amsfhl=g mejrE úg Tyq th mßiaiñka yd iQCIuj
wOHhkhlska wod, øjH" nr" ñ, .Kka wd§ ish¨ f;dr;=re yd hdka;l s% f;dr;=re ,ndf.k"
cd;Hka;r iïu;j,g wkql, + j ta i|yd tl,ia Ñ;%hla m<uqj w¢kq ,nhs' my; oelafjkafka
fufia mqgq ll=,a" îr¨ jeks øjH ksmojkafkl= ;u ks¾udK woyi we§ï Ys,amshdg bÈßm;a
lsÍug w¢k ,o msß ie,iqï Ñ;%hls'

fudagrh .,jd wjYH fõ,djg iúl< yels úh hq;= h' t,a whka j,ska nxl=j iy
rduqj ;ekSu iqÿiq h'

• úlik Ñ;% (Developments)

;yvqj,ska fyda >k lvodisj,ska fyda ;kkq ,nk >k jia;=" fmÜá yd l%svd NdKav
jeks øjH È. yer tlu ;,hl ;enQ úg th úlikh kï fõ' lsßmsá fmÜá" ud¨ ák"
nd,a§" l=vd fi,a,ï fudag¾ r:" ,shqï fmÜá fï i|yd ksoiqka f,i oelaúh yels h'

fujeks jia;=j, >klh" >kldNh" m%siauh" msróvh" is,skavrh" fla;=j" f.da,h" wd§
yev we;s fldgia olakg we;' fndfyda úg fuu yev ksYamdolhska úiska iïm;a wju
jYfhka jehjk wdldrhg msßueiqï Ñ;% f,iska we£u idudkH isß;hs'

mksÜgqfõ jl% mDIaGh ;ks ;yvqjlska ;ekSfï § ;yvq wmf;a hk neúka th fldgia
follska uQÜgq lr ;kd we;'

úlik rEmhla lmd th ;nd w¢ñka kej; kej; msgm;a ,nd .ekSfï § th
m;frdu^Stencil& hkqfjka ye¢ka fõ'

16
• rEmK (Graphics)

bxðfkarejka" úoHd{hsk"a wd¾Ól úoHd{hsk"a foaYmd,k{hsk"a udOH fõ§ka" .=rejreka

wd§ ieugu ixLHdf,aLK yd o;a;" úúO úYaf,aIK lghq;= i|yd wjYH fõ' fndfydaúg
ixLHd;aul w.hka j¾.SlrKh fyda jpkj,ska m%ldY lsÍu fyda fjkqjg úúO rEm
igyka u.ska tajd ksrEmKh lsÍu b;d meyeÈ,s fjhs' yeugu myiqfjka CIKslj jegfya'
tfiau rEm udOHh l=vd orejl=g jqjo b;d myiq ir, udOHhla fjhs' my; oelafjkafka
tjeks rEmK j¾. lsysmh ls'

17
1'3 úúO yev we;=,;a >k jia;=

>k jia;=j, iDcq m%lafIamK Ñ;% w¢k wldrh Tn 12 jif¾ § wOHhkh lrkakg
we;' tys § >k jia;=j bÈßfhka" by<ska yd me;af;ka ne¨úg fmfkk o¾Yk ;=k w¢k
iïu; l%u folla jk" m%:u fldaK l%uh iy f;jk fldaK l%uh ms<sn|j wOHhkh
fldg we;' tu l%u fol ixCIsma;j my; oela fõ'

18
1 ms h jr
Tn woyia lrk iDcq m%lafIamK fmkqïj, o< igyfka uq¨ È." m<," Wi fidhdf.k
iïu; rduqj ;=," mr;r iudk jk f,i iDcq fldaKdi% ;=k 2H mekai,lska we|.akk'
tfiau isÿrej, uOH f¾Ld fhdokak' fuys § rEm ;=fkau ;sria f¾Ld tljru à
rEf,ka o isria f¾Ld à rE, yd úys; p;=ri% u.ska o we|.kak'
2 mshjr
jD;a; iy pdm m<uqj we|.kak' ^tfia lrkafka f¾Ld m<uqj we| fojkqj jD;a; yd
pdm tla lsÍug wiSre neúks&
3 mshjr
rEm ;=fkau wod, ;sria" isria f¾Ld tlajru wkq ms<sfj,lg w¢kak'
4 mshjr
ie`.s f¾Ld HB mekaif,ka we|" wkjYH ks¾udK f¾Ld ulkak' rEmh ksjerÈ oehs
mßCId fldg 2B mekai,fhka bï f¾Ld w¢kak' ñkqï" Wm ud;Dld" igyka" m%Odk
ud;Dldj" mßudKh iy m%lafIamK ixfla;h wod, mßÈ olajkak'

by; oelafk wdldrhg w¢k ,o úúO yeve;s >k jia;=j, Rcq m%lafIamK Ñ;%
lSmhla my; oela fõ'
19
20
1'4 iudxYl m%lafIamK Ñ;%

Tn 12 jeks jif¾ § iudxYl m%lfa IamK rEm we£u yd Rcq m%lf

a IamK rEm Ndú;fhka
iudxYl rEm we£u ms<sn|j wOHhkh fldg we;'
iudxYl m%lafIamK Ñ;%j,ska >k jia;=jl iene iajrEmh tl jru myiqfjka
bÈßm;a l< yels h' tfy;a Rcq m%lafIamK Ñ;% j,ska ;rï iúia;rd;aul o;a;hka bÈßm;a
l< fkdyels h' flfia fj;;a jia;=fõ yevh blauKska wjfndaO lrùug;a" ld¾ñl we£u
ms<sn| wjfndaOhla fkdue;s whf.a wjfndaOh msKsi;a iudxYl m%lafIamK Ñ;% Ndú; fõ'
Rcq m%lafIamK rEm Ndú;fhka iudxYl m%lafIamK rEm we£fï yelshdj" ukdj
m%.=K l< w;a oelSï ;=,ska yd we;eï úg iyc l=i,;d ;=,ska" ,nd.; yelsh' fufia
iudxYl rEm we¢u ;=,ska ,efnk ;%sudKuh ixl,amh ks¾udK ìys lsÍu flfrys n,mdk
m%n,;u idOlhls'
fuys my; oelafjk iudxYl m%lafIamK rEm we£u ms<sn| úúO wjia:d wOHhkh
lsÍfuka yd tajd m%dfhda.slj Ndú; lsÍfuka iudxYl rEm we£u myiq fõ'

>klhl iudxYl m%lafIamK rEmhla w¢k ieá;a th wdOdrfhka ;,udre" wdk;

;," pdm" jD;a;" isÿre" fldaK" w¾O jD;a;" w¢k whqre Tn 12 jif¾ § wOHhkh fldg we;'
tajd kej; isys le|jñka" úhqla; yev w£k whqre by; oelafjk rEm wOHhkh lsÍfuka
jeä ÿrg;a wjfndaO lr .; yels h'

21
• iudxYl rEmhl pdmhla we¢fï §" Rcq fmkqfï pdmfha wrh iudxYl rEmfha i,l=Kq
fldg tu ,laIHj,g ,ïNl we| ,nd.;a ,laIH flakaøfldg f¾Ld iam¾Yjk pdm
w¢kak'
• isÿrla we¢fï § isÿf¾ hg pdm by,ska w¢k ,o pdmj, ,laIH >k jia;=fõ >klug
iudk ÿrla ,ïnlj my;ska i,l=Kq lr tu ,laIH wdOdrlr f.k w¢kak'
• ;%sfldaKhla tu whqßkau iudxYl rEmfha we¢h fkdyels h' tu ksid Rcq m%lafIamK
rEmfha oelafjk ;%sfldaKfha wod, mdoj, È. iudxYl rEmfha i,l=Kq lr ;%sfldaKh
w¢kak'
• w¾O jD;a; we¢fï § iïmQ¾K jD;a;h w¢k whqßka th w¢kak' tu ,laIH ,ïnlj
jia;=fõ >klug iudk ÿrla my<ska i,l=Kq lsÍfuka w¾O jD;a;fha my< pdm
fldgia o myiqfjka we|.; yels h'
• úhqla; yev we¢fï § bÈß fmkqfï iudka;r f¾Ld lsysmhla we|" tajd iudxYl rEmfha
o ta whqßka u wdk;j we| .kak' bkamiq tu f¾Ldj, È. iudxYl rEmfha o i,l=Kq
lr tu ,laIH iqug jl%hlska hd lrkak' wjYH kï tu f¾Ld wjYH >klug §¾>
fldg >klu iïmQ¾K lr.; yels h'

22
1'5 tl,ia Ñ;%" iaMqál fmkqï iy yrialv fmkqï

tl,ia Ñ;% hkq fudkjdo@ tajdfha m%fhdack yd jeo.;alu wd§ tl,ia Ñ;%hl
wka;¾.; lreKq ms<sn|j óg fmr mdvul § Tn wOHhkh lrkakg we;' tl,ia Ñ;%
ms<sn|j ;j ÿrg;a wOHhkh lsÍula" w;a oelSï ,nd .ekSula i|yd fuys u;= oelafjk
kso¾Ykd;aul f;dr;=re bjy,a jkq we;'

fuys oelafjkafka iaMqál fmkqula wdOdrfhka tl,ia Ñ;%hla w¢k wdldrhhs'

• iaMqál fmkqu'

úúO hka;% fldgia tlg tl,ia jk wdldrh úoyd oelaùug w¢kq ,nk rEmK iaMqál
fmkqï f,i ye¢ka fõ' iaMqál fmkqï we¢fï § iafMdagkh ,ïNlj fyda 300 wCaI
^iudxYl wCaI& Èf.a tlsfkl fldgia msysgk mßÈ úh hq;= h'

wCI wdOdrlhl iaMqál rEmSh fmkqula fuys my; oelafõ' tys mdou" fnhßx m¨
folla" mshkla" y;/ia ysie;s weK" fjdIr" yh mÜgï uqßÉÑ iy w.=¨ uqßÉÑ wka;¾.;
fõ'
fnhdßu ms;a;,j,ska ;kd we;s w;r tys fomi msysá fld,¾ j,ska wCIfha fjkia
ùï j,ld,hs' fnhdßu N%uKh ùu je,elaùug l%shd lrkqfha tys m;=f,a we;s ;=vhs'
tu ;=fâ mdofï Bg wkqrEmS isÿr ;=, ysr fõ' fnhßx fol iu. YS¾I fldgi ^Cap&
mdoug iú jkafka i;/ia ysi iys; weK ^Bolt& fol" fjdIr" uqßÉÑ iy w.=¨ uqßÉÑ
^Lock Nut& u.s k s '

wCI wdOdrlfha my; oelafjk fmkqï m%:u fldAK m%lafIamK l%uh Ndú;fhka
iïmq¾K m%udKhg w¢kak'

1' A foiska fmfkk w¾O fþÈ; bÈß fmkqu ^jï mi w¾Oh fPAÈ; fmkqu f,i;a" ol=Kq
mi w¾Oh bÈß fmkqu f,i;a& w¢kak' fþÈ; ;,h weKfha uOHj, ,CIHh yryd nj
i,lkak'

2' 1 fmkqfuka ol=Kq mig m%lafIams; me;s fmkqu

3' 1 fmkqfuka m%lafIams; ie,eiau § fkdue;s ñkqï fjf;d;a tajd ;SrKh lr .kak'

fuu kso¾Ykh wOHhkh fldg tys fþÈ; w¾Ofha fldgia fjka fjka jYfhka tla
tla ÈYdjg 450 wdk; >k f¾Ld fhdod fjkafldg we| we;s ieá;a" fþÈ; fldgfia fjk;a
úia;r oelafjk f¾Ld we| ke;s whqre;a" iaMqál o¾Ykhg wkql+,j ñkqï fhdod f.k we;s
ieá;a" fþÈ; fldgi ;=, we;s weKh ^Bolt& fþokh fkdfldg we| we;s ieá;a" weKfha
bial=remamq olajd we;s ieá;a jgyd .kak'

23
24
25
 yrialv fmkqï

hka;% fldgil wod< f;dr;=re Rcq m%lafIamK rEm ;=klska úia;r l< yels h' tfy;a
tu rEmj, fkdfmfkk fldgia w¢kq ,nkafka ie`.S f¾Ld u.sk's tfyhska tu fkdfmfkk
f;dr;=re jvd;a meyeÈ,sj fmkaùug yrialv fmkqï w¢kq ,efí' tajd w¢k whqre iy Bg
wod, Wmfoia yd iïu; my; oela fõ'

• fþÈ; mDIaG 450 wdk; isyska bßj,ska ^Hatching& oelaúh hq;= h' ^450 wdk; bï f¾Ld
we;s úg 600 wdk; bß fï i|yd fhdod .kak'&

• fþÈ; tla tla fldgia fjkalr y÷kd .ekSug tlsfkl úreoaO ÈYdjg wdk; f¾Ld
^Hatching& we¢h hq;= h'

• fldgia fjka ùu jvd;a ixlS¾K wjia:dj, tlsfkl mr;r l=vd jkfia ixlS¾K
fldgiaj, wdk; f¾Ld fhÈh hq;= h'

• wdk; f¾Ld ^450& mr;r iudk jkfia myiqfjka we| .ekSug ir, WmlrKhla
;kd .kakd ieá fuu mdvu wjidkfha olajd we;'

1' w¢k ,o hka;% fldgil wNHka;r fldgia oelaùug w¢k ,o ie`.S f¾Ld fþokh
l< úg fmfkk neúka tajd bï f¾Ld njg m;a fõ'

2' hka;% fldgiaj, jer .ekaùug fhdod we;s lhsre ^Web& fþokh jQ úg tajd yria
wdk; f¾Ldj,ska ^Hatching& olajkafka ke;'

26
 3' hka;% fldgila ia:dk follska fyda lSmhlska fþokh ù we;s úg th tlu ;,hlska
fþokh ù we;s wdldrhg w¢kq ,efí'

4' fldgila wdk;j msysá rEmhl fþÈ; f¾Ldjo wdk;j msysá úg tu rEmfha fþok
wCIh ir, f¾Ldjla jk mßÈ we|" ta wkqj fPAÈ; rEmh w¢kq ,efí'

5' 450 wk;" mr;r iudka;r f¾Ld we¢fï WmlrKh

úys; p;=ri%h Ndú; fldg 450 wdk; f¾Ldj w¢kak' bkamiq úys; p;=ri%h w;ska ;o
lrf.k fldaÿj miqmig ;,a¨ lrkak' kej; úys; p;=ri%h miqmig ;,a¨lr
f¾Ldjla we|.kak' kej; fldaÿj miqmig ;,a¨ lrkak' fufia iudka;r f¾Ld
iudk ÿßka we|.kak' wvq mr;rhlska iudka;r we£u i|yd fldaÿfõ l=vd lÜghla
Ndú; lrkak'

1'6 úlik ^^Development&& iy wka ; ¾ úks ú o jl% ^^Interpenetration Curves&&

27
• úlik
;=kS f,day >k lvodis fyda ma,diaála jeks øjH j,ska l=yrdldr WmlrK fyda úúO
weiqreï fmÜá ;ekSfï § tajd È. yer ;ks u;= ;,hl oelafjk whqßka we|.; hq;= h'
fufia we|.kq ,nk rEm úlik Ñ;% hkqfjka ye¢ka fõ' fïjdfha uQ,sl yev fndfyda
úg m% s i a u ^Prism&" is , s k a v r ^Cylinder&" ms r óv ^Piramid&" fla ; = ^Cone&" fyda f.da ,
^Globe& jYfhka úúO fõ'

• p;=ri% m%siauhl úlikh we¢u ^lsßmsá melÜgqjla&

- m%siaufha bÈß fmkqu yd ie,eiau § we;s ñkqï wkqj w¢kak'
- ie,eiau 1" 2" 3" 4 wd§ jYfhka wxlkh lrkak'
- jl% mDIaGfha úlikh w¢kak'
- mshk iy m;=, thg tla lrkak'
- kjk f¾Ld lv bß j,ska o bï f¾Ld >k wLKav f¾Ld j,ska o w¢kak'

- fï i|yd wjYH kï we,jqï jdis yd mshka weÍug iy jeiSug iqÿiq mßÈ ilia lr
.; yelsh'

• by; m%siauh 450 f¾Ldjlska by< fl<jf¾ isg lemS we;s úg th we£u
- fmr fia jl% mDIaGh we| tys isria f¾Ldj, wxl 1"1 iy 4 i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH
hd lr ¨ma; ^fþÈ;& m%siaufha úlikh w¢kak'
- fuys m;=, fmrfia we| mshk i|yd wdk; f¾Ldfõ fofl<jrg ,ïNl folla we|
m%siaufha >klu tajdfha i,l=Kqlr tu ,CIH hd lrkak' th mshfka ienE yevhhs'

• ¨ma; ^fþÈ;& ;%sfldaKdldr m%siauhl úlikh we£u

- m%siaufha ie,eiau iy bÈß fmkqu § we;s ñkqï iy fldaK wkqj we| .kak'
- fþok f¾Ldj wod< fldaKhg we| .kak'
- ie,eiafï Ys¾I 1" 2" 3" wxl fhdod f.k ta wkqj jl% mDIaGfha úlikh w¢kak'
- úlikfha 1 iy 3 ,CIH flakaø lr .ksñka ie,eiafï 1 isg 2 g ÿr wrh jYfhka
f.k tlsfkl lefmk fia pdm folla we| úlikhg m;=, tl;= lrkak'
- mshk i|yd 1" 2" 3 isria f¾Ld wdk; f¾Ldfjka lemqk ,CIH yryd wdk; f¾Ldjg
,ïnl ;=kla w¢kak'
- ie,eiafï fojeks ,CIHfha isg tys ;sria f¾Ldjg ,ïNlhla we| tu ÿr wdk;
f¾Ldjg iudka;r f¾Ldfõ fojeks ,CIHhg w¢k ,o ,ïn f¾Ldfõ o" 1" 3 ,CIH

28
 wdk; f¾Ldjg iudka;rj w¢k ,o f¾Ldfõ fofl<jr o i,l=Kq fldg hd lrkak'
,CIH ;=k wxl 1" 2" 3" hkqfjka kï lrkak' th mshfka ienE yevhhs' tu ienE
yevh úlikfha isg 3 g we;s wdk; f¾Ldj u; ksjerÈj msgm;a lr .kak' fïjd
lvodisj, we| lmd w,jd ksjerÈ nj ;yjqre lr .kak'

• ¨ma; ^fþÈ;& is,skavrhl úlik we£u

- § we;s ñkqï wkqj is,skavrfha bÈß fmkqu yd ie,eiau uOH wCI tlsfkl m%lafIam
jk f,i we| .kak'
- fþÈ; f¾Ldj kshñ; fldaKhg wod, mßÈ we| .kak'
- ie,eiau ^jD;a;h& iudk fldgia 12 lg fnod wxlkh lrkak'
- fnÿï ,CIH bÈß fmkqug m%lafIam lrkak'
- bÈß fmkqfï isria f¾Ld ie,eiaug wkqj wxlkh lrkak'
- ir, f¾Ldjla we|" tys jD;a;fha fldgia 12 i,l=Kq lr tajdg ,ïNl w¢kak' tajd
wxlkh lrkak'
- bÈß fmkqfï tla tla ,ïN f¾Ldj lemqk ,CIHhg we;s ÿr wxl wkqj úlikfha
,ïN f¾Ldj, i,l=Kq lr tajd iqug jl%hlska hd lrkak'
- m;=, i|yd tla ,ïNlhla È.=fldg ;sria f¾Ldfõ isg jD;a;fha wrh i,l=Kq
fldg th flakaø lr .ksñka ;sria f¾Ldj iam¾Y jk jD;a;h w¢kak'
- mshk i|yd bÈß fmkqfï wdk; f¾Ldj lemS we;s ,CIj,g ,ïNl we|" tajdg
,ïnjkfia fkdfyd;a wdk; f¾Ldjg iduka;r jkfia ir, f¾Ldjla w¢kak' tu
f¾Ldj ie,eiafï 1 isg 7 olajd we;s f¾Ldj ^úYalïNh& f,i i,ld tys isg fomig
2" 12" 3" 10" 5" 9' 6" 8 hk ,CIHj,g we;s ,ïN ÿr lj lgqjg f.k ta ta f¾Ldj,
fomiska i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd lrkak' th mshfka ienE yevhhs'
wjYH kï tu ienE yevh jl% mDIaGfha by,u ,CIHhg hd jk fia msgm;a lrkak'

29
• ¨ma; ^fþÈ;& fla;=jl úlik we£u
- fla;=fõ ie,eiau iy bÈß fmkqu kshñ; ñkqï wkqj uOH wCIH tlsfkl m%lafIam
jk mßÈ we| .kak'
- ie,eiau iudk fldgia 12 lg fnokak'
- tu ,CIH ,ïnlj bÈß fmkqfï mdoug m%lafIam fldg tu ,CIH yd fla;=fõ
Ys¾Ih hd lrkak'
- fþol f¾Ldj wod, fldAKhg wjYH ia:dkh yryd we| .kak'
- fþol f¾Ldfjka ish¨u we, Wi oelafjk f¾Ld lemS we;;a" i;H we, Wi
oelafjkafka fofl<jr we, Wi oelafjk f¾Ld fofla muKs'
- tu ksid fPAÈ; we, Wi ish,a, ;sria ;,hg iudka;rj f¾Ld w¢ñka fl<jr we;s
,CIHj,g we;s ÿr ,nd .; hq;= h'
- bkamiq fla;=fõ Ys¾Ih flakaø fldg i;H we, Wi wrh jYfhka f.k pdmhla
w¢kak'
- ie,eiafï fnod.;a fldgia 12 pdmh jgd i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH Ys¾Ih yd hd
lrkak'
- i;H we, Wfia we;s ,CIH 7" Ys¾Ih flakaø lr .ksñka fla;=fõ úlik f¾Ld
fofl<jr isg wkq ms<sfj,ska i,l=Kq lrkak'
- tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd fldg fþÈ; jl% mDIaGfha úlikh ,nd .kak'
fuhg m;=, tl;= lrkak'
- mshk wjYH kï bÈß fmkqfï fþÈ; f¾Ldfjka wdk; f¾Ld 7 lemqk ,CIH
rEmfha oelafjk mßÈ ie,eiaug m%lafIam lrkak'
- tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd lsÍfï § jD;a;hla ,efí'
- fþÈ; is,skavrhl mshk wekao whqßka" fþÈ; f¾Ldjg iudka;r f¾Ldjla we|"
fþÈ; bÈß fmkqfï ,CIHj,g ,ïn f¾Ld we| ie,eiafï we;s l=vd jD;a;fha
,CIHj,g we;s ÿr tys fomiska ,l=Kqlr tajd iqug jl%hlska hd lrkak' th
b,smaihls'

30
• ¨ma; ^fþÈ;& p;=ri%dldr msróvhl úlik we£u
- § we;s ñkqï wkqj msróvfha bÈß fmkqu yd thska m%lafIams; ie,eiau we| .kak'
- fþÈk f¾Ldj kshñ; fldaKhg wod, ia:dkfha we| .kak'
- fuu msróvfha we, Wi 4 u tl iudk kuq;a bÈß fmkqfï ksjerÈ we, Wi
oelafjkafka fomi we;s 1"3 mdo foflys muKs ^tfia jkafka tu mdo hq.,h muKla
isria ;,hg iudka;r ksihs'&
- 2 iy 4 mdoj, lemqï ,CIH ,nd .ekSug tu ,CIH yryd ;sria ;,hg iudka;r
f¾Ldjla u.ska i;H we, Wi lmd tu f¾Ldfõ i;H lemqï ,CIHfha msysàu
,nd.; hq;= h'
- bkamiq fla;j= l úlikh w¢k whqßkau i;H we, Wi wrh jYfhka f.k msróvfha
Ys¾Ih flakaøfldg f.k pdmh we|" ie,eiafï we;s p;=ri% mdofha ÿr wrh jYfhka
f.k pdmh jgd fldgia 4la ,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH tlsfkl hd fldg tu ,CIh
msróvfha Ys¾Ih yd hd lrkak'
- ie,eiefï 1" 2" 3" 4 g wod, Wi bÈß fmkqfï i;H we, Wfika ,nd f.k tla tla
f¾Ldfõ lj lgqfjka wkq ms<sfj,ska ,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH tlsfkl hd lrkak'
- úlikfha tla mdohlg m;=, hd lrkak'
- mshk i|yd fþÈ; ,CIH bÈß fmkqfuka ie,eiaug m%lafIam lr 2 iy 4 mdoj,
,CIH ;sriaj w¢k ,o f¾Ldjka o ,nd f.k fPAÈ; ie,eiau we| .kak'
- bÈß fmkqfï lemqï f¾Ldfõ lemqï ,CIH ;=kg ,ïnl we| kej; tu ,ïn f¾Ld
,ïnlj lefmk mßÈ lemqï f¾Ldjg iudka;rj f¾Ldjla w¢kak'

31
 - bkamiq ie,eiafï lemqï ,CIHj,g we;s ÿr l,ska we|.;a idudka;r f¾Ldjg
fomiska i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH hd lrkak' th mshfka ienE yevhhs'

• i;H È. Ndú; jk wjiaa:djla

- fuys my; oelafjkafka ksjil jy,fha bÈß fmkqu iy ie,eiauhs'

- bÈß fmkqfï AB j,ska oelafjkafka uq¨ mrd,fha wmg fmfkk È.hs'
- ie,eiafï AB j,ska oelafjkafka o th by, isg ne¨ úg fmfkk È.hs'
- AB f¾Ldj ;sria yd isria ;, folgu wdk; neúka th tla ;,hlg muKla
wdk;jk whqßka yrjd tyska m%lafIam jk fia kej; we£fuka AB j, i;H È.
,nd.; yelsh'

- fuu úlikh wdOdrfhka" uq`: mrd,fh;a" uq`: mrd,fha È." fiiq mrd,j, È."
mshiafia j¾. M,h" wjYH Ímam m%udKh" wjYH W¨ iy uqÿka W`: m%udKh" weianiag¾ia
;yvq m%udKh iy tajdfha uq,a, lemsh hq;= fldaKh ksjerÈj ,nd.; yelsh'

32
• f.da , hl úlikh we£u

- fodvï f.ähla f.k tys keÜg by<g isák f,i ;nd" keÜg yryd folg" y;rg
yd wgg f,,a, muKla lemS hk f,i msys ;=vlska mßiaiñka lmd fjka jYfhka
.,jd rEmfha oelafjk whqßka lvodishla u; ;nkak' tajd yels,Su je,elaùug ta
u; ùÿre ;yvqjla ;eìh yels h'
- fuys fodvï f,,s wfÜ yria w;g tl;=j fodvï f.äfha úYd,;u mßêh nj;a tu
tla fldgil Wi mßêfhka Nd.hla nj;a Tng jegfykq we;'

- by; f.da,fha úYalïNh 28 mm fõ' tys úlikh we£u i|yd f.da,fha mßêh È.
jYfhkq;a" bka wvla m<, jYfhkq;a jkΛ
Rcq fldaKdi%hla we|.; hq;= h'
B O C = 600
22
- fuys mßêfha È. .Kkh lr fyda ^ 28 × = 88 & ta i|yd úfYaIs; /kalska
7
ks¾udKh fhdod fyda mßêh ,nd .; hq;= h'
• /kalska ks¾udKh
- jD;a;fha o flakøa fha isg mßêhg ir, f¾Ldjla we| ,nd.;a B ,CIHhg iam¾Ylhla
w¢kak' la jk whqßka mßêh u; C ,CIH msysgqjkak' BC iïÉfþo lr
tu ,CIHh D f,i kï lrkak' BD kej; iuÉfþo lr E ,CIH ,nd .kak' BE
ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k B flakaø fldg pdmhla we| iam¾Ylh F ys § lmkak' FC
ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k F flakaø jYfhka f.k kej; jrla iam¾Ylh lmd tu
,CIHh G f,i kï lrkak' BG f¾Ldj jD;a;fha mßêfhka 1$6 f,i i,ld
tjeks ÿr yhla È. jYfhka o bka wvla m<, jYfhka o f.k Rcq fldaKdi%fha
we|.kak' ^/kalska ks¾udKh jqjo 100% la ksjerÈ fkdfõ'&

33
 - mßêfha È. ,nd .ekSfuka miq mßêfha È.;a bka wvla m<, f,i;a f.k Rcq
fldaKdY%hla we|" È. mdoh iudk fldgia 8 lg fnod tu ,CIHj,g ,ïnl we|
fldgq 8 lg fjkalr .kak'
- m<, me;a; o iudk fldgia follg fnfok mßÈ È. mdohg iudka;rj uOH
f¾Ldjla we|.kak' th Rcq fldaKdY%fhka fomigu Èla lr .kak'
- Rcq fldaKdY%fha tla fl<jrl wgg fnod .;a l=vd fldgqjla fofl<jr flá
mdoj, uOH ,CIH folla i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH P.Q f,i kï lrkak'
- Rcq fldaKdi%fha ueo msysá ;sria f¾Ldfjka tu l=vd fldgqj lemqKq ,CIH fol
LM jYfhka o kï lrkak'
- P yd Q ,CIH fol;a L ,CIH;a yryd hk pdmhka PQM yryd hk pdmhla we| u,a
fm;a;la jeks rEmh we| .kak' fujeks fm;s 8 la l=vd fldgq 8 ;=, we| .kak'
- P.L.Q ,CIH ;=k kï PL, LQ, PQ mdo ;=kla f,i i,ld tu mdo ;=fkka ´kEu mdo
follg we£ ,ïn iïfþoH tlsfkl lefmk ,CIH PLQ ,CIH ;=kgu iu ÿrla
oelafjk ksid PQ mdohg ,ïn iuÉfþolh oekgu we| we;s ksid ;j;a tl ,ïn
iuÉfþolhla we| u,a fm;s jeks fldgia 8 iïmQ¾K lr.kak'
- f,dl= lvodishl fuh we| lmd w,jd ;yjqre lr.kak' ^lsiús gl f.da,hl úlikh
100% la ksjerÈj we¢h fkdyels nj i,lkak'&

>k jia ; = j , wka ; ¾ fþok ^^Intersection&& $ wka ; ¾ úks ú o fmkq ï

^ Interpenetration Curves&&

• wiudk is,skavr folla tlsfkl wCIu; fþokh ùu

- Rcq m%lafIamK rEm we£u

• ie,eiafï bÈß fmkqfï yd me;s fmkqfï wCI tlsfkl m%lafIam jk mßÈ § we;s
ñkqï wkqj Rcq m%lafIamK fmkqï ;=k w¢kak'
• ie,eiafï l=vd is,skavrh oelafjk fldgfia uOH ,CIHh flakaø fldg tys wrhu
wrh jYfhka f.k l=vd is,skavrfha fl<jr w¾O jD;a;h we| th iudk fldgia
yhlg fnod .kak'
• tu fnod.;a ,CIH wCIHhg iudka;rj f,dl= is,skavrh yryd hk mßÈ Èla lrkak'

34
• me;s fmkqfï l=vd is,skavrh fofl<jr tys uOH wCIHfhka lemS we;s ,CIH folg
,ïNjk f,i f¾Ld folla fmr w¢k ,o f¾Ld fol lefmk f,i w¢kak'
• tu f¾Ld fol lemqk ,CIH fol hd lr 450 f¾Ldj we| .kak'
• tu 450 f¾Ldj wdOdrfhka b;sß ,CIH me;s fmkqfï l=vd jD;a;h lefmk f,i
Èlalr tu lemqk ,CIH kej; bÈß fmkqu olajd Èla lrkak'
• ie,eiafuys f,dl= is,skavrfha lemqï ,CIHj, isg ,ïNl w¢ñka bÈß fmkqfï
wjYH ,CIH ,nd .kak'
• tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd lr bÈß fmkqfï wka;¾ fPAok $ wka;¾ úksúo fmkqï
jl% ,nd .kak'

wka;¾ fþÈ; >k jia;=j, úlik we£u

• tlsfkl fPAokh ù we;s f,dl= is,skavrfha úlikh we|" tys ;sria yd isria uOH yd
wCI f¾Ld fol w¢kak'
• isria uOH wCIHfha isg ms<sfj,ska f,dl= jD;a;h lemS we;s ,CIH wod, mr;rj,ska
hq;=j fomiska i,l=Kq lrkak'
• úlikfha ;sria uOH wCIHfha isg by<ska yd my<ska" me;s fmkqfï ;sria uOH
wCIfha isg by<ska yd my<ska ^fomiska& we;s ,CIH i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH iqug
jl%hlska hd lrkak' ^fuu úlik >k lvodisj, we| lmd w,jd ksrjoH;djh
;yjqre lr.kak'&

35
 wiudk is,skavr folla tlsfkl wCIj,ska neyerj fþokh ùu

is,skavrdldr ÿyqú,s tl;= lrkhla ;j;a k,hlska tlsfkl fþokh ù we;s whqre my;
oelafõ' Bg wod< rEm we£u

Rcq m%lafIamK fmkqï we¢u 36

 • m<uqj bÈß fmkqu" ie,eiau yd me;s fmkqu kshñ; udk wkqj tlsfkl m%lafIam jk
f,i w¢kak'
• ie,eiafï fþokh ù we;s w¾Oh iudk fldgia .Kklg ^fuys 16 ls& fnod.kak'
• tu fldgia ;sriaj 450 f¾Ldjg;a tys isg isriaj me;s fmkqug;a kej; tu f¾Ldj,ska
l=vd jD;a;fha lemqk ,CIH bÈß fmkqug;a m%lafIam lrkak'
• ie,eiafï ;sria f¾Ldj,ska fþokh jQ ,CIH bÈß fmkqug m%lafIam fldg bÈß
fmkqu iqug jl%hlska iïmQ¾K lrkak'

tu jia;= fofla úlik we¢u

• f,dl= is,skavrfha iïmQ¾K úlikh we|" tys ;sria" isria uOH f¾Ldj iy wCIH we|
.kak'
• uOH wCIHfha isg ie,eiafï f,dl= jD;a;h fnod.;a fldgiaj, ÿr ol=Kq me;a;g
i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH yryd isria ,ïn f¾Ld we| .kak'
• uOH wCIHfha 7 jeks ,CIHhla tys isg ol=Kg me;s fmkqfuka ñkqï ,nd .ksñka B
,`. isria f¾Ldfõ uOH wCIfha isg by<ska yd my<ska ^fomiska& 6 iy 8 ,CIH;a
bkamiq B ,`. isria f¾Ldfõ ta whqßkau 5"9 ,CIH;a wd§ jYfhka ,CIH i,l=Kq
lrkak'
• tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd fldg" f,dl= is,skavrfha úlikh ;=, msysá isÿr ,nd
.kak'
• bkamiq ;sria ir, f¾Ldjla we|" tys fl<jrl isg me;s fmkqfï oelafjk l=vd
jD;a;h fn§ .sh ,CIH wkq ms<sfj,ska i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIHj,g ,ïnl we| .kak'
• bkamiq ie,eiafï oelafjk l=vd is,skavrfha tla tla ia:dkfha wxl wkqj fmr w¢k
,o ,ín f¾Ld u; i,l=Kq lrkak'
• tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd fldg l=vd is,skavrfha úlikh we|.kak' ^ fuh
m%dfhda.slj we| lmd w,jd ilia lsÍfuka ;yjqre lr.; yelsh'&

37
38
39
fla;=jla yd is,skavrhla tlsfkl yryd fþokh ù we;s whqre my;
oelafõ' Bg wod< Rcq m%lafIamK yd úlik rEm we£u

40
Rcq m%lafIamK rEm we£u

• m<uqj >k jiaa;= fofla Rcq m%lafIamK rEm kshñ; udk wkqj tlsfkl m%lafIam jk
whqßka we|.akk'
• bÈß fmkqfï yd me;s fmkqfï wCI f¾Ldj;a Bg fomiska mr;r iudk jk f,i
is,skavr flgi muKla fn§ hk mßÈ ;sria iudka;r f¾Ld lSmhla ^ fuys mr;r
yhls & we| .kak' fuys f¾Ld .Kk y;ls'
• me;s fmkqfï is,skavrhg wod, jD;a;h lemS we;s ,CIH isria wCaIhg idudka;rj 450
f¾Ldjg;a tys isg ;sria wCIhg iudka;rj ie,eiaug;a m%lafIAm lrkak'
• bÈß fmkqfï fla;=jg wod, wdk; f¾Ldfjka ;sria f¾aLd lemqK ,CIH y;g fla;=fõ
bÈß fmkqfï uOH wCIfha isg we;s tla tla ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k ie,eiafï
fla;=jg wod, uOH ,CIHh flakaø lrf.k pdm y;la we| .kak'
• tu pdm ;sria f¾Ldj,ska lemS we;s ,CIHj, isg ,ïnl f¾Ld w¢ñka bÈß fmkqu yd
hd lrkak'
• bÈß fmkqfï tu lemqï ,CIH wxl wkq ms<Sfj,ska iqug jl%hlska hd fldg bÈß
fmkqu iïmQ¾K lrkak'
• ta iu. ie,eiafï we;s jl%dldr fldgfia by,g fmfkk fldgia bï f¾Ld fjkq;a
fkfmfkk fldgi ie`.s f¾Ldjlskq;a iqugj hd fldg ie,eiau iïmQ¾K lrkak'

tu jia;= fofla úlik we£u ^fla;= fldgi&

• fla;=fõ we, Wi fomiska tlsfkl yuqjkfia Èlalr tys iïmQ¾K we, Wi ,ndf.k
tu ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k pdmhla w¢kak'
• tu pdmh u;" ie,eiafuys we;s f,dl= jD;a;fha mßêh ´kEu l%uhlg i,l=Kq lr
fla;=fõ úlikh iïmQ¾K lrkak'
• fla;= úlikfha mßêh uOH wCIfha isg Ys¾Ihg ir, f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
• ie,eiafï uOH ,CIHfha isg wod, ,CIH yryd mßêhg ir, f¾Ld we| .kak'
• tu f¾Ldj,ska mßêh lemqKq ,CIHj,g ÿr úlik uOH f¾Ldfõ isg fomiska
i,l=Kq lr tu ,CIH flakaøh yd hd lrkak'
• fla;=fõ bÈß fmkqfï Ys¾Ifha isg 7" 6" 5" 4" 3" 2" 1 ,CIHj,g ÿr wrh jYfhka f.k
úlikfha YS¾I flakaø lr .ksñka pdm we| fmr w¢k ,o f¾Ld lmkak' tu lemqKq
,CIH mßiaiñka iqug jl%hlska hd lr úlikh iïmQ¾K lrkak'

is,skavr fldgfia úlikh we£u

• me;s fmkqu oelafjk jD;a;fha mßêh msysgq ùug ir, f¾Ldjla w¢kak'
• tys me;s fmkqfï wxl 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7 hk ,CIH w;r mr;r fjkia fkdjk whqßka
i,l=K lrkak'
• tu wxlj,ska oelafjk ,CIHj,g ,ïNl we|" bÈß fmkqfï oelafjk is,skavr
fl<jf¾ isg 1" 2" 3" 4" 5" 6" 7 hk ,CIHj,g we;s ÿr fomiska ms<sfj,g i,l=Kq
lrkak'
• tu ,CIH iqug jl%hlska hd fldg úlikh iïmQ¾K lrkak'

41
42
 2' p,k mßj¾;k hka;%

tosfkod yuqjk hka;% iQ;% $ fuj,ï $ wegjqï j,ska m%fhdackj;a ld¾hhla lr

.ekSfï oS tu hka;%h fyda wegjqu ;=< lsishï p,khla we;s lÍu fndfyda úg isÿ fõ'

fndfyda hka;% ;=< uQ,sl p,s; wdldrhka lsysmhla wka;¾.;j we;s nj ta ms<sn|j
úYaf,aIKd;aulj ksÍlaIKh lsÍu u`.ska y÷kd.; yelsh' WodyrKhla f,i uyk ueIsu
flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l<fyd;a uyk ueIsu i|yd uQ,slj cjh ,nd fokafka mdoslh
^Paddle& u.ska h' fuy oS tu mdoslh lsishï wCIh jgd mojkq ,nhs' túg mdoslfha we;s
jk p,s; wdldrh zzfoda,k p,s;hZZ f,i y÷ka jhs'

mdoslh p,kh jk úg mdoslh yd iïnkaO cj frdaoh tys uOH wCIh jgd lrlefõ'
cj frdaofha p,s; wdldrh N%uK p,s;h hkqfjka y÷kajhs' cj frdaoh yd ueIsfï by, we;s
l=vd frdaoh máhla u.ska tlg iïnkaO lr we;s w;r tu`.ska cj frdaofha isg l=vd frdaoh
fj; cjh iïfm%aYKh lrhs' tysoS máh tla osYdjlg p,kh ùu isÿ fõ' máfha p,s;
wldrh f¾Çh p,s;h f,i y÷kajhs '^ fuysoS máfha msyg
s f
q ï tla ia:dkhla muKla ie,ls,,
a g
.; hq;= fõ'& uyk ueIsfï l=vd frdaoh N%uKh ùfuka Bg iïnkaê; hka;%Khla Wmfhda.s
lr f.k bos lgqj ,CI folla w;r fkdlvjd fomig p,khla we;s flf¾" túg
b|slgqfõ isÿjk p,s;h wkqjegqï p,s;hla f,i y÷kajhs'

ta wkqj uQ,sl p,s; wdldr y;rla fjhs' tajd

1' N%uK p,s;h
2' f¾Çh p,s;h
3' wkqjegqï p,s;h
4' foda,k p,s;h
f,i kï l< yelsh'

my; i|yka ir, fuj,ï $ WmlrK wdY%fhka uQ,sl p,s; wdldrhka y÷kd .kak'

43
 p,s; wdldr fjkia lsÍfï hdka;%k

by; idlÉPdl< uyk ueIsfï uQ,sl p,s; wdldrh foda,k p,s;hla jQ w;r
m%fhdackj;a p,s; wdldrh wkq jegqï p,s;h nj meyeos,s h' fuu ueIsu ;=< uQ,sl
p,s;dldr y;ru we;=<;a nj fmfka' fï wkqj hï p,s; wdldrhla fjk;a p,s; wdldrhlg
fjkia lsÍug fhdod .kq ,nk hka;%Khka ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .eksfuka Tfí
wjYH;djla i|yd ksmehqula ilid .ekSug o yels fõ' fï wkqj Tfí ks¾udKYS,S;ajh
u; ld¾hhka myiq lr .ekSu i|yd WmlrK $fuj,ï ie,iqï lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

o`.r l|
hka;K% h

iïnkaOl oKav
mdoslh
rEmh 2

by; rEmh wOHhkh lrkak' fuys oS mdoslh foda,kh jk úg ta yd ine|s oKav o`.r
l| hka;%Khg iïnkaO neúka o`.r l| N%uKh fõ' fï wkqj foda,K p,s;h N%uK
p,s;hla f,i udre lsÍu i|yd o`.r l| hka;%Kh fhdod .; yelsh' tfiau N%uK p,s;hla
foda,K p,s;hla njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug o fuu o`.rl| hka;%Kh fhdod .; yels nj
fmfka'

mdoslh foda,kh lrk úg ueIsfï cj frdaoh N%uK p,s;hla njg m;a lsÍug fhdod
we;s hka;%Kh o`.rl| hka;%Kh fõ'

óg wu;rj o`.rl| hka;%Kh u.ska fjk;a p,s; wdldrhka o fjkia l< yels nj
wjfndaO lr .ekSug my; i|yka wjia:dj úu¾YKd;aulj wOHhkh lrkak'

44
ir, o`.r l| hka;%Kh

jD;a;dldr yeve;s oKavla by; wdldrhg kjd .ekSfuka ir, o`.r l|la idod .;
yels h' tfy;a l¾udka; Yd,dj, jd;a;= fldg ksmojk ,o o`.rl|j,a hka;% ;=, Ndú;d
lrk nj isys ;nd .; hq;= fõ' tjeks o`.r l|l rEmhla my; oelafõ'

m%Odk c¾k,a

uyfldka c¾k,a

o`.rl| ia:djr j ^N%uKh úh yels fia& iúlr we;s mqrela m%Odk c¾k,a f,i
y÷kajk w;r Wml%uh iïnkaO lrk mqrela uyfldka c¾k,h f,i y÷kajhs' fïjd
fnhdßka u; p,kh ùug ie,eia ùfuka >¾IKh wvq flfrk w;r iafkayl f;,a o
tajdg iemfha' o`.r l| N%uKh jk úg uyfldk mqrel p,kh jk jD;a;fha úYalïN ÿr
o`.r l| mqrelg ine|s Wmdx.h p,kh jk ÿr fõ'

o`.r l| hka;%Kh"
wkqjegqï jD;a;dldr

leñ hka;%Kh

jD;a;dldr fldgil uOH ,CIHhg ndysr j msysg jq ,CIhla Tiafia wlaIhla

ks¾udKh lr .ekSfuka úflakaøSl frdaohla ilid .; yels h' tfukau úúO yev j,ska
fukau úúO me;s lvla iys;j o leñ ks¾udKh l< yels fõ'
úflakaøslhla $ leñhla N%uKh lrùfuka Bg iam¾Yjk Wml%uh wkq jegqula f,i
p,s; mßj¾;khl fhfok nj Tng meyeos,s jkq we;' fuys oS Bg iam¾Y fldg we;s
Wml%uh p,s;jk ÿr leñfha úflakaøsldjg iudk jk nj Tng meyeos,s jkq we;'

fï wkqj leñ hka;%Kh"

N%uKh wkqjegqu

45
 p,kh jk jD;a;dldr fldgil flakaøhg tmsáka msysá ,laIhla u; oKavla
új¾;kh lsÍfuka N%uK p,s;h wkqjegqula fyda foda,k p,s;hla f,i fjkia lr .;
yels nj my; rEm igyk weiqfrka meyeos,s fõ'

N%uK p,s;h wkqjegqu N%uK p,s;h foda,kh

bial=remamqj yd uqᐥh

bial=remamq celal=jla u.ska jdykhla Tijk wjia:djka Tn oel we;' fuysoS wm

úiska ñfgys N%uK p,s;hla we;s lrkq ,nk nj;a' ta wkqj fudag¾ r:h tifjk nj;a Tn
oel we;' fuys oS N%uK p,s;hla f¾Çh p,s;hla f,ig mßj¾;kh fõ'
fï wkqj N%uKh f¾Çh" p,s;hla f,i fjkia l< yels Wml%uhla f,i bial=remamq
fmdg ye|skaúh yels h' tjeks wjia:d i|yd ´kE ;rï WodyrK we;' úuis,su;aj yd
ksÍCIKfhka ta ms<sn|j fidhd ne¨j fyd;a l¾udka;Yd,d ;=, oS tjeks WmlrK y÷kd
.ekSug wmyiq fkdfõ' fï u.ska úYd, Ndrhka l=vd Ndrhla u.ska md,kh lsÍug o yels
fõ
Wod#- G lrduh" |vq w`vqj

ñg

bialr
= emamj
q

bial=remamqj iy uqᐥh

bial=remamqj iy uqßÉÑh fyj;a bial=remamq hdka;%Kh u.ska N%uK p,s;hla f¾Çh

p,s;hlg yerúh yelshs.

bial=remamqjla hkq jD;a;dldr yria lvla we;s oKavla Ok i¾ms,dldrj lmk ,o

we,shls ^iEÍuls& jD;a;dldr isÿrl we;=,; we,shka lemQ úg uqßÉÑh ,efnhs. fuu foflys
yrialv úIalïNh yd we,sfhys m%udKh;a tlsfkl .e,fmk úg bial=remamq yd wek
hq.,hla ,efnhs. bial=remamqj u; uqßÉÑh lrljk úg N%uK p,s;hla f¾Çh p,s;h;a
njg m;afjhs.

46
 a a= úYa
l ï Nh

bi la =
r emm
ajq

uq
ᐥh

rEmh 22
fmdg mr;rh

tal, j¾.fha bial=remamqjl fmdg mr;rh hkq tla fmdgl uOH ,laIfha isg
wkqhd; fmdfgys uOH ,laIhg we;s ÿr fjhs.

fmdg
mr;rh YSI_h
uq,

rEmh 2 B
wka;rd,h

- weK iy uqßÉÖ hq.,hl weKh jghla lrlejQ úg uqßÉÑ .uka lrk ÿr wka;rd,hhs
kï"
- ;ks fmdglska hq;= bial=remamq weK fmdg mr;rh wka;rd,hg iudk fjhs'
- oaú;aj fmdglska hqla; jk úg wka;rd,h fmdg mr;rh fuka fo.=Khla fjhs'

Tn ksjfia uq`:;ekaf.hs we;s ;rdosfhka nr lsrd we;sjdg ielhla ke;' tu

WmlrKh u; øjHla ;enQ úg tu øjH iu. ;rdosfha l| my;g .uka lrhs' Bg idfmaCIj
o¾Ylh N%uKh fõ' fuysoS f¾Çh p,s;h N%uK p,s;hla f,i fjkia flf¾' fï i|yd
fhdod we;s Wml%uh oe;s ;,õj yd oj frdaoh ^Rack & Pinion& f,i y÷kajhs'

47
 fuu Wml%uh Ndú; wjia:d f,i nxl= úÿï hka;%h"
oj frdaoh
ieye,a¨ fudag¾ r: i|yd jQ iqlaldkï tl,i WodyrK
f,i oelaúh yelsh' tjeks WmlrK j, N%uK p,s;h f¾Çh
p,s;hla f,i fjkia flf¾'
oe;s ;,õj
oe;s ;,õj yd oj frdaoh "
N%uKh f¾Çh p,s;h

hka;% fuj,ï yd WmlrKj, p,s; wdldrh fukau p,s; osYdj o fjkia lr

.ekSug wjYH fõ' fï i|yd nyq, j Ndú; jk Wml%u f,i"
1' .evú,dj yd .evú,s frdaoh
2' fnj,a .shr
3' oj frdaoh yd rc frdaoh
0
ye|Skaúh yels h' fï u.ska p,s; osYdj 90 lska muK yrjd
.kakd wdldrh my; rEm ksÍCIKfhka jgyd .; yelsh'
rc frdaoh
.evú,dj fnj,a .shr

.evú,s frdaoh
oj frdaoh
p,kh jk fldgila u`.ska fjk;a ia:dkhl msyá s Wmdx.hla fj; cjh iïfm%Y
a Kh
i|yd fjk;a hka;%K o Ndú;d fõ'
1' ,Sjr
2' wEÿï o`vq
3' o`vq $ /yeka
wEÿï o`vq Ndú;fhka p,s; osYdj fjkia lsÍug $ tu osYdjgu cjh iïfm%Y
a Kh
lsÍu o l< yels h'

p,s; fldgia w;r >¾IKh wju lsÍu w;HjYH lreKls' ta i|yd .e,fmk l%ufõo
fhdod .ekSu wjYH fõ'

48
/pÜ hka;%Kh

/pÜ hka;K% h fhdod .ekSfuka p,s;h wdmiq isÿ j,lajd .; yels h' w;ska l%h
s dlrk
nxl= úÿï hka;%Kfha fujeks hka;%Khla fhdod we; '

/pÜgqj

ir, hdka;%K we;=,;a hka;%

^01& w;a fmdïmh

w;a fmdïmh hkq Ok úi¾ck ir, wkqjegqï fmdñmhls' fuh fndfydaúg c,h
fmdïm lsÍu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nhs' fuh msiagka fmdïmh fyda n÷ka (Bucter) fmdïmh
f,io y÷kajkq ,nhs' msiagk fmdïmfha c, fmdïm lsÍï ls%hdj,sh my; i|yka mßÈ
fjhs' Wvq myf¾§ jereï lmdghla ;=,ska c,h" c, uQ,dY%fha isg msiagkh u.ska is,skavrh
;=,g weo.kq ,nhs' kej; msiagkh my<g .uka lsÍfï§ fyj;a há myf¾§ jereï lmdgh
jefik w;r msiagk ysfiys we;s lmdgh weÍ c,h msiagkfha ysi me;a;g fmdïm flfrhs'
kej; Wvq myf¾§ msiagkh by<g tk úg msiagk ysfiys we;s jE,ajh msiagkhg by<ska
we;s c,fha nr u.ska jid ;efnk w;ru c,h fmdïmfhka bj;g úi¾ckh flfrhs' há
myf¾§ msiagkhg háka we;s c,fha nr yd mSvkh ksid jereï lmdgh jid ;nd .kS'

fow;a ms i a g k fmdïmh
w;a fmdïmh u.ska c,h úi¾ckh lrkq ,nkafka msiagkh by,g tafï § fyj;a
Wvq myf¾§ muKs. há myf¾§ msiagkhg háka we;s c,h msiagkh Wvg úi¾ckh ùu
muKla isÿfjhs. fow;a msiagk fmdïmfha§ Wvq yd há hk myr foflys§ u c, úi¾ckh
isÿ flfrhs.

fuu j¾.fha fmdïj, msiagk fjkqjg úi¾ck (Plurger) Ndú; jk wjia:djkao

we;. óg fya;=j jkafka ksuÊclh msiagkhg jvd Yla;su;a jk w;ru fhdod.kq ,nk
c, uqødjkao msiagkj, § fhdod.kq ,nk c, uqødjkag jvd fydÈka c,fha l,jï ù we;s
iSfrk iq¨ wmøjHhkag Tfrd;a;= §u hs'

^02& wNHka ; r oyk tka ð u

tkaðula hkq bkaOkj, we;s ridhksl Yla;sh" ;dm Yla;sh njg;a, th kej;
hdka;s%l Yla;sh njg yrjkq ,nk Wml%uh ls. tkaðu ;=, bkaOk oeùfuka WmÈk n,h
u.ska jdyk Odjkh flfrkq ,nhs. cj n,d.drh (Power plowl) f,i o tkaðu y÷kajkq
,nhs.

49
 tkaðfuys we;s is,skavrh ;=, bkaOk oeùfuka Yla;sh Wmojk neúka wNHka;r
oyk tkaðug tu ku ,eî we;. wNHka;r oyk tkaðï, wkqjegqï tkaðu yd N%uK
tkaðu hkqfjka uQ,sl wdldr follg j¾. l, yelsh. fudag¾ jdyk ;=, nyq,j Ndú;
jkafka wkqjegqï j¾.fha tkaðuhs. fuu tkaðu n,h ksmojkq ,nkafka by< my< hk
^wkqjegqï p,s;h& msiagkhla u.ska neúka wkqjegqï tkaðu f,i y÷kajkq ,nhs. fï ksid
msiagk tkaðï f,i o y÷kajkq ,nhs. N%uK tkaðu ;=, N%uKhla u.ska cj W;amdokhla
flfrhs.

wkqjegqï tkaðu fyj;a msiagk tkaðfï" bkaOk Êj,kh jk wdldrh wkqjo

mq,s`.= Êj,k tkaðu yd iïmSvk Êj,k tkaðu hkqfjka fldgia follg fnod oelaúh
yels h. fuu tkaðï j¾. fol my; i|yka idOl wkqj tlsfklska fjkia fjhs'

* Ndú; jk bkaOk j¾.h wkqj ^fmÜg%,a, ãi,a&

* is,skavrh ;=<g bkaOk ,ndfokq ,nk l%uh wkqj
* bkaOk tkacsu ;=< Êj,kh isÿ flfrk wdldrh wkqj

mq<s`.= Êj,k tkaðu fmÜg%,a fyda uOHidr jeks øj bkaOkhla u.ska idudkHfhka
ls%hd lrkq ,nhs. fuu tkaðu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk bkaOk blaukska jdIam ù Êj,kh
ùu i|yd by, Êj,kdxlhlska hqla; ùu wjYH fjhs. ldìhqf¾grhla ;=,§ bkaOkh
jd;h iu. ñY% lsÍfuka miq is,skavrh ;=,g ,nd fohs. kuq;a kùk mq,s`.= oyk tkaðu
;=,§ bkaOkh yd jd;h fjk fjku is,skavrh ;=,g ,nd fohs. fuys§ is,skavrh ;=,g
we;=,a lrk ,o jd;hg keiskakla u.ska bkaOkh úÈkq ,nhs. kuq;a fuu tkaðï j¾.
foflysu Êj,kh isÿlrkq ,nkafka mq,s`.= fmakqjla u.ska we;slrkq ,nk mq,s`.=jlsks.

bkaOk jd; ñY%Kh is,skavrh ;=, oeùfï§ wêl ;dmhla yd mSvkhla WmÈkq ,nhs.
is,skavrh ;=< we;sjk wêl mSvkh msiagka ysig fh§fuka msiagkh my;g ;,a¨ flfrkq
,nhs. msiagkfha wkqjegqï p,s;h o`.r l|la u.ska N%uK p,s;hla lr" .shr hka;%Kh
yryd jdykfha frdaoj,g ,nd §fuka jdykh Odjkh fjhs.

iïmSvk Êj,k tkaðïj, § m%Odk jYfhka Ndú; jkq ,nk bkaOkh jkqfha"
ãi,ah. tu ksid fuu tkaðï fmdÿfõ ãi,a tkaðï f,io y÷kajkq ,nhs. fuu tkaðï
j¾.fha§ is,skavrh ;=,g m<uqj jd;h we;=,a lr msiagkh u.ska iïmSvkh flfrhs.
iïmSvkh ksid wêl f,i r;ajQ jd;h u;g keiskakla u.ska bkaOk úÈkq ,nhs. ^bkaOk
fmdïmhla u.ska iïmSvkh flfrkq ,nk bkaOk keiskak wdOdrfhka jd;h u;g ú§u
isÿ flfrhs&. iïmSvkh fya;=fjka jd;h" ãi,a bkaOkfha Êj,kdxlh olajdu r;afjhs.
fï ksid bkaOk úÈkq ,enQ jydu Êj,kh isÿfjhs' iïmSvkh u.ska bkaOk Êj,kh
isÿflfrk neúka fuu tkaðu iïmSvk oyk tkaðu f,i o y|kqjkq ,nhs.
mq,s`.= Êj,k tkaðfuys yd iïmSvk Êj,k tkaðfuys ks¾udKh fndfyda ÿrg
tlsfklg iudk fjhs. fuu j¾. foflysu wkqjegqï p,s;hla olajk msiagka we; '`
o.rlf|a N%uKh we;slrhs.

yev ;e,Sfï hka;%

fuu hka;% fhdod.k ,nkafka n/;s yev ;e,Sï fyda yev fjkia lsÍu ^úrEmKhla&
isÿlsÍug wjYH jQ úgh. WodyrKhla f,i >k oKavlska weK ysia ksmoùu oelaúh yelsh.
tfiau BIdj;a iu.u we;s .shr ù, ksmoùuo ;j;a WodyrKhls. fufia yev;eÆ ksIamdok

50
,shùfuka ksmojk ,o tajdg jvd b;d by< uÜgfï Yla;su;a njlska hqla; fjhs.

fy,d ;e,Sfï hka;% Yla;sh úiqrejd yßkafka .egqulska jk w;r fuu Yla;sh f,day
yev.ekaùu i|yd Ndú; fjhs.

fï ksid fuu hka;%h;a b;d b;d Yla;su;a jHqyhka u; f.dvk.kq w;r n/;s
Yla;su;a mokula u; iúlr we;. fy,d ;e,Sfï hka;%hg wu;rj cjfrdaoh jdIamS yd
jdij hk hka;%hla nyq,j Ndú; jk yev;e,Sfï hka;%hka fjhs

;r, .;slh yd iïnkaO WmlrK

;r, Ndú;fha § fhdod.kq ,nk WmlrK

ksjdij,§ fyda l¾udka;j, § ;r, tla ia:dkhkska ;j;a ia:dkhlg mßjykfha

§ fhdod.kq ,nk moaO;sh ;r, mßjyk moaO;sh f,i yeÈkafõ. ;r, Ndú;fha § moaO;Ska
folla fhdod.kq ,nhs. tu moaO;s my; oelafõ.

õÿ,s fudagrhla fyda tkaðula fyda jeks m%d:ñl pd,lhla u.ska ls%hd;aul rjkq ,nk
fmdïmhla wdOdrfhka ;r, iïmSvKhg yelsh wo mß.Kl yd bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh
fhdod .ksñka b;d úYd, nr hka;% yiqrejkq ,nk jev fldgila ir, fufyhùula u.ska
;r, cj moaO;s Ndú;fhka isÿ lrkq ,nhs. ;r, cj moaO;s Ndú;fhka úYd, hka;%
iqugj, ld¾hlaIu j, wdrlaIdldÍ j yd b;d ksjerÈ j yeisrúh yelsh.

øj yd jdhqj moaO;s ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd bf,lafg%dksl yd mß.Kl md,k

moaO;s Ndú; flf¾

;r, cj moaO;s Ndú;h ;=<ska l¾udka; yd ksIamdok lafIa;%fha b;d úYd, jev
fldgila wju úhoulska yd wju ld,hlska isÿlr .ekSug yelsù we;.

iuyr .Dyia; WmlrK ls%hd;aul lrùu i|yd o ;r, cj moaO;s fhdod.kq ,nk
wjia:djla we; .Dyia; Ndú;hka i|yd ksmojd we;s ;r, cj moaO;Ska m%udKfhka
l=vdjg yd myiqfjka tyd fuyd f.k hd yels f,i ksmojd we;.

iïmSvk ld¾hhka yd j¾.hka

jdhq iïmSvkh bxðfkare lafIa;%fha § nyq, jYfhka wjYH jkakdjQ ls%hdj,shls.
jdhq iïmSvkh hkafkka woyia jkafka hï jdhq m%udKhl mSvkh yd >k;ajh b;d úYd,
m%udKhlska by< kexùuhs.

jdhq iïmSvkh fhdod .kq ,nk wjia:djka

1 iïmSä; jdhq fudagr u.ska ls%hd;aul jkq ,nk jdhqj wdjqo Ndú;fha §
2 iajhxlS%h md,k moaO;Skaj, §
3 jdhq ;sßx. Ndú;fõ §
4 k, ;=< øjH mßjykfha §
5 jdhq is,skavr.; lsÍfï §

51
6 wNHka;r oyk tkaðï ls%hdrïN lrùfï §
7 Odrd W!Iaulhla ls%hd lrùfï §
8 ridhksl l¾udka; lafIa;%fha §
9 jdhq iólrK lafIa;%fha §

iïmSvk wdldr

jdhq iïmSvl m%Odk jYfhka fldgia folls.

^w& Ok úia:dmk wdldrh.

wkqjegqï j¾.fha iïmSvl yd Ok úia:dmk wdldrfha N%uK iïmSvl jk lmdg
uqøs; iïmSvlh .shr fmdïm yd rEÜia Oulg fuhg wh;a fjhs.

^wd& N%uK wdldrh

g¾nhsk wdldrfha wkajlaI m%jdy iïmSvkh yd flakaødmidr iïmSvlh óg wh;a
fõ

52
 3' hdka;%sl cj iïfm%aIK moaO;s

ñksid ld¾h nyq, ùu;a iu`. tÈfkod lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu i|yd hka;% iQ;% yd
fuj,ï Ndú;hg yqre j we;' blaukska yd myiqfjka ;u ld¾hh lr .ekSug yels ùu
fuys úfYaI;ajhls' fndfyda hka;% iQ;% yd fuj,ïj, ls%hdldß;aajhg wjYH uQ,sl cjh
imhd .kq ,nkafka tkaðula fyda úÿ,s fudagrhla wdOdrfhks' fujeks hka;% iQ;% fuj,ï
.Dy wjYH;d" l¾udka; wjYH;d iy m%jdyk i|yd o fhdod .efka' cj uQ,slfha isg
Ndú; flfrk WmlrK$fuj,ï fj; cjh ,nd §u cj iïfm%aIKh f,i ye¢kafõ' cj
iïfma%IKfha § uQ,sl j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq lsysmhls'

• cj uQ,slfha isg Ndú; flfrk we;s ÿr

• fõ.h fjkia lsÍfï wjYH;dj
• p,s; ÈYd yiqrejd .ekSu
• jHdj¾;h
• uQ,H ;;a;ajhka ^úhou&
• ld¾hh ;;a;ajh

tfuka u cj iïfm%aIK l%u w;ßka .e<fmk cj iïfma%IK l%uh f;dard .ekSfï

oS my; lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'
• msßjeh
• ld¾hlaIu;dj
• l,a meje;au
• mdßißl .egqï wju lsÍu
• fhda.H;dj
• wmøjH neyer ùu
• ir, nj
• ia:dkSh ;;a;ajh
• wdrlaIdj

cj iïfm%aIK l%u f,i my; i|yka l%ufõo Ndú; flf¾'

• má t<jqu - w;a Ü/lagrh - uyk ueIsu
• oïje,a t<jqu - mdmeÈh
• oe;s frdao t<jqu - .shr fmÜáh
• o`vq ^wjr fm;s l|&
• /yeka ^ mdmeÈ ;sßx.&
¥ria: j msysá ia:dk folla w;r cj iïfm%aIKh i|yd nyq, j fhdod .kq ,nk
l%ufõohka f,i"

1
 • má t<jqu
• oïje, t<jqu
• o`vq$/yeka fhoSu"
ye¢kaúh yels h'

má t<jq u
fï i|yd lmams ^Pulles& yd má fhdod .efka' máfha wdldrhg .e<fmk lmams
fhdod .ekSu w;HjYH fõ' lmamsj, úIalïNh u; t<jk yd t<efjk fldgiaj, fõ.h
r|d mj;S' fuu iïfma%IK l%ufha § >¾IKhla ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' má t<jqul ,siaid
hdu;a we;s úh yels neúka cjh wmf;a hdu;a isÿ fõ' máfha ksoyia nqre, ksIamdol
Wmfoia wkqj iSre udre lsÍu b;d jeo.;a fõ' tfy;a uDÿ wdrïNhla ,nd .ekSu má t<jqu
Ndú;fha jdishls' úúO wdldrfha yevfhka hq;a má Ndú;fha we;s w;r' Bg idfmlaI j
lmamsh o fjkia ùu w;HjYH fõ' Ndú;fha mj;akd má j¾. lsysmhls'
• me;,s má
• V yev;s má - V wdldrfha we,s iys; lmams
• oe;s iys; má - oe;s wdldrfha lmams ^.shr frdao&

oe;s iys; má yd .shr frdao nyq, j Ndú; lrkqfha máh ,siaid hdula u`.ska
ls%hdldß;ajhg wys;lr n,mEï we;s lrk wjia:d je<elaùu i|yd h' tkï t<jk yd
t<efjk fldgia w;r iïu; iïnkaOhla mej;sh hq;= wjia:d i|yd fõ' WodyrKhla
f,i kùk fudag¾ r:j, lmdg uqyq¾;kfha § ^Valve Timing& o`.r lf|a isg leñ oKavg
cjh iïfma%IKh lsÍu oelaúh yels h' fujeks máhl ks;r nqre, ^ksoyia p,s; ÿr&
iajhxl%sh j iSreudre ùu i|yd l%ufõo fhdod we;af;a tu fldgia wNHka;rfha msysgd
;sîu fya;=fjks'

tjeks máhla ksIamdol Wmfoia u; kshñ; ld,hl fyda lsf,daóg¾ ixLHdj

Odjkfhka miq w¨;a máhla fh§u w;HjYH fõ' oe;s iys; má yd .shr frdao Ndú;h
ksid ,siaid hdula isÿ fkdfõ'

me;s,s má fh¥ V wdldrfha má fhÿ oe;s iys; má fhÿ

wjia:djla wjia : djla wjia:djla

2
 óg wu;r j jD;a;hla yria lr we;s rjqï má fhdok wjia:d o oelsh yels fõ' Wod(
uyk ueIsu" jel=ï la,Skrh" jel=ï la,Skrfha rjqï máh fhdod .ekSfuka cjh 900 lska
yerùu isÿ flf¾'

90 0 cjh yrjk rjqï máhla fh¥ wjia:djla

lmams i|yd máh fhdod .kq ,nk wdldrh wkqj p,s; ÈYdj fjkia lr .; yels fõ'

fl<s k a má fh§fuka l;s r wdldrhg máh fh§fuka

tl u ÈYdjlg p,kh l< yels h' t<jk yd t<efjk frda o m% ; s ú reoa O
^újD; j¾.fha t<jq u & ÈYdjg p,kh lr .; yels h'

lmamsj, úIalïNh wkqj lrleùï fõ.h w;r iïnkaO;dj my; oelafõ'

t<efjk lmamsfha fõ.h } t<jk lmamsfha úIalïNh

t<jk lmamsfha fõ.h t<efjk lmamsfha úIalïNh

t<jk máfha ksoyia nqre, iSreudre lsÍu i|yd hdka;s%l l%ufõo fhdod we;'
tjeks Wml%uj, fhdod we;s l%ufõo ksÍlaIKh lsÍu jeo.;a fõ'

t<jqï má u`.ska isÿ jk cj iïfma%IKh my; i|yka iQ;%fhka .Kkh l< yels h'

3
 T1 - ;o me;af;a wd;;sh
T2 - nqre,a me;af;a wd;;sh
r - t<jk frdaofha wrh
- fldaKsl m%fõ.h

má t<jqï moaO;shl m%fõ.h wkqmd;h = t<efjk lmamsfha úIalïNh

t<jk lmamsfha úIalïNh

oe;s frdao t<jqu

oe;s frdao t<jqul m%Odk f,i oe;s frdao yd oïje, fhdod .efka' iïnkaê; oe;s
frdaoj, oe;s tl u iajrEmhl mej;Su w;HjYH fõ' oe;s frdaoj, oe;s ixLHdj u; fõ.h
;SrKh fõ' l=vd oe;s frdaohla u.ska úYd, oe;s frdaohla oïje, u.ska ls%hd;aul lrkafka
kï t<efjk frdaofha fõ.h wvq jk w;r jHdj¾;h jeä fõ' t<jk frdaofha oe;s
ixLHdj jeä jk úg t<efjk frdaofha fõ.h jeä jk w;r jHdj¾;h wvq fõ' t<jqï
oïjef,a wd;;sh ksIamdol Wmfoia wkqj mj;ajd .; hq;= fõ' we;eï oïje,aj, wd;;sh
iajhxl%sh j udre ùu i|yd Wml%u we;=<;a j we;;a iïfma%IK l%uh ndysr j msysgd we;s
úg th hdka;s%l j iSreudre lsÍfï l%ufõohka fhdod we;'

oïje,a u`.ska isÿlrk cj iïfma%IKfha § mqrela oïje,a fhdod .kakd wjia:djla

f,i fodUlr$tijqï hka;% ye¢kaúh yels h' óg wu;r j frda,¾ oïje,a nyq, j fhdod
.efka'

mq r ela oïje,a fh¥ cjiïfma % I K

Wml% u hka

oïje,a yd oe;s frdao l%ufha § o cj ydkshla we;s jk neúka >¾IKh wju lsÍu i|yd
l%ufõo Ndú; l< hq;= h' fï i|yd

• iafkayl fh§u
• fnhdßx Ndú;h oelsh yels h'

4
.shr ^oe;s& frdao Ndú;h
ióm ia:dk folla w;r cjh iïfma%IKhg oe;s frdao fhdod .efka' cj iïfma%IK
i|yd úúOdldr oe;s frdao Ndú; flf¾' tfuka u oe;s tl u iajrEmfhka ;sîu w;HjYH
fõ' ^fmdrlgq" mÜgï" fy,slaiSh" .evú,a,d iy .evú,s frdaoh jeks& fmdrlgq .shrj,
oe;s wlaIhg iudka;r j msysgd we;s w;r n,h iïfma%IKh jkqfha w¾O j h' mÜgï
.shrj, oe;s wlaIhg ,ïn j msysgd we;s w;r fy,slaiSh .shrj, oe;s msysgd we;af;a wdk;
j h' fy,slaiSh .shr Ndú;fhka tajd iïnkaO fldg we;s fnhdßx u; w;HjYH f;rmqula
fhfoa' fuu ;;a;ajh u`. yerùu i|yd oaú;aj fy,slaiSh .shr fhdod .efka' oe;s frdao
fhdod .ekSfï § cjh ydks jkqfha Yíoh f,i h' .evú,a, iy .evú,s frdaoh o cj
iïfma%IKh i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk .shr frdao j¾.hls' fïjd Ndú;fha § we;s jk Yíoh
wvq h' tfuka u myiqfjka cjh 900 lska yerúh yels w;r u .shr wkqmd;h o jeä lr
.ekSfï yelshdj we;'

.shr frdao j¾.

fmdrlgq .shrh mÜgï .shrh

fy,slaiSh .shr oaú;aj fy,slaiSh .shr

.evú,a, yd .evú,s frdaoh

5
 oe;s frdao folla tlg iïnkaO fldg cjh iïfma%IKfha § t<jk yd t<efjk
frdao m%;súreoaO ÈYdjkag N%uKh fõ'

rEmh 11
wlï .shrhla u.ska .shr frdao 2la iïnkaO lsÍfuka m%odkh yd m%;sodkh tl u
ÈYdjlg N%uKh lr .; yels h' tfy;a .shr wkqmd;h fjkia fkdfõ'

rEmh 12
ixhqla; .shr moaO;shla fhdod .ekSfuka .shr wkqmd;h myiqfjka ilid .; yels
fõ'

rEmh 13

N - oe;s .Kk

fõ'

oe;s frdao u`.k

s a cjh iïfmaI
% Kfha § >¾IKh wju lsÍfï l%ufõo Ndú;h w;HjYH
fõ' fndfyda úg .shr frdao iafkayl f;,a u; p,kh fõ'

6
 ÿria: j msysá ia:dk i|yd cjh iïfma%IKh lsÍfï § we;eï úg o`vq fhdod .efka'
Wod'( wjrfm;s l| - .shr fmÜáfha isg ksñ t<jqu olajd cjh iïfma%IKh i|yd wjr
fm;s l| fhdod .efka' tjeks wjia:dj, p,k fldgfia ^wjr fm;s lf|a& p,k Wi yd
fldaKh fjkia ùug Tfrd;a;= §u i|yd oi; uQÜgq Ndú; flf¾' osf.ys we;sjk fjki
i|yd rEgk uQÜgq ^Sliding Joints& fhdod ;Sîfuka o~qj, weoùu j,lajd .efka'

7
 4' ksmehqïj, .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍfuys,d
;dlaIKfõoh fhdod .ekSu

;dlaIKfõoh hkak wo Bfha Ndú; jQjla fkdjk w;r mqrdKfha isg u ;dlaIKfõoh
Ndú; j we;' wE; w;S;fha udkjhd ish wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu msKsi úúO ;dlaIKsl
Ys,am l%u Ndú; fldg we;' tod i;=ka ovhï lsÍu $ uia lene,s lsÍu i|yd W,a .,a
lene,s fhdod f.k we;s nj m%ldY fõ' bka wk;=re j f,day lene,s W,a fldg tu ld¾hh
myiq lsÍug fhdod .;a nj mejfia' wk;=re j jd;a;= Ys,amh yd ;<d .ekSu u`.ska fy,a,"
lvqj jeks WmlrK ksIamdokh lrkq ,eî h' bka miq rgj,a w;r we;s jQ hqoaO n, ;Kaydj
jeks lreKq ;dlaIKfõofha YS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s ùug n,mE nj lsj yels h' rgj,a w;r
mj;akd n, wr.,h fya;=fjka ld¾ñl úma,jh we;s úh'

mqrdKfha mjd ksmehqula ìys jQfha mj;akd .eg¨jlg úi÷ula f,i h' tu úi÷ï
ls%hd;aul flf<a m%foaYfha mqoa.,hl= úiska u h' tu úi÷fï ie,iqfuys ks¾udKh o Tyq
w;ska isÿ úKs' Bg wu;r j m%foaYfha mßirh" iudc wd¾Ól uÜgu fuka u ixialD;sluh
yd wd.ñl jgmsgdj ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq flßKs' tneúka me/Ksfhda mßir ys;ldó"
iudcYS,s fuka u ixialD;sh wdrlaId jk mßÈ lghq;= l< y'

mqrdKfha fndfyda ksmehqï isÿlf<a udkj Yla;sh yd i;a;aj Yla;sh fhdod f.k
jqj o" we;eï wjia:dj, iajdNdúl Yla;Ska o m%fhdackhg f.k ls%hdlr we;s nj fmfka'
YS% ,xldfõ n,xf.dv m%foaYh wdYs%;j iq<x lfmd,a,la Ndú; lrñka f,day WKq lsÍu
isÿfldg úúO ± jd;a;= lr we;s njg idlaIs we;'

mqrdKfha lïu,a wdYS%; úúO ksmehqï isÿlr we;' f,day r;a msßhï l%u i|yd f,day
r;ajk WIaK;ajh ;SrKh lrkqfha r;a jq f,dayfhka Èiajk j¾Kh mokï lr f.k h'

ld¾ñl úma,jh;a iu`. tkï ngysr rgj,a n,h mokï lr.ksñka hqoaO wdrïNh;a
iu`. ñksia Y%uh fjkqjg hka;% iQ;% fhdodf.k ksmehqï ìys lsÍug fm<ôKs' tu.ska
ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu m%Odk wruqK úh' tys § mßirh" ixialD;sh" foaYSh;ajh"
iodpdr ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lr ke;' fï ksid n,h" uqo,a miq mi yUdhdfï
m%;sM,hla f,i iodpdrh" ixialD;sh fuka u mßirhg o whym;a m%;sM, w;a úKs'

fï jk úg tys wksis M, ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq fldg tu ;;a;ajhka wju

lsßug l%ufõo" fidhñka isáhs' tod ks¾udK jvd;a ir, ;;a;ajhl mej;=Ks' tfy;a wo
ksmehqï jvd;a ixlS¾K h' kQ;kfha ksmehqfï ie,iqï ilia lrkafka fjk;a lKavdhï
jk w;r ksmehqu isÿlrkqfha ;j;a lKavdhuls' tfy;a ie,iqïlrejkg ksmehqï ms<sn|j
wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;= fõ'

1
 kQ;kfha f,day WKq lsÍug W!Iaul Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r tajdfha WIaK;ajh
md,kh iys; ;dm md,l Wml%u o wka;¾.; h'
mqrdKfha lïuf,a r;afldg ;,d f,day fldgia iïnkaO lsÍu isÿ l< o kq;kfha
jdhq úoaHq;a ;dm jeks l%ufõo fhdod .efka' ;e,Su" yev .ekaùu i|yd o kQ;kfha úúO
hka;%K fhdod .efka' fï ksid b;d ksjerÈ yd iïu; wdldrfha ld¾hhka isÿ l< yels
fõ'

´kEu rgl idok ksmehqula fjk;a ´kEu rgl idok tu ksmehqfïu fldgila
fjkqjg fhdod .; yels jk fia iïu; udk yd ñkqï fhdod .ekSu ksid wdkhk wmkhk
myiqj we;s úh' fuh f.da,ShlrKfha m%;sM,hls' w;=re udre l< yels ksmehqï ^Inter-
changeable Manufacturing& ksmehqï f,i y÷kajkqfha ´kEu rgl$´kEu ;ekl Ndú; l<
yels hk woyihs' f.da,ShlrKh fya;=fjka iïu; yd iïuq;s fhdod .ekSu ksid fuu
;;ajh we;s úh'

kQ;k ;dlaIKh iu`. NdKavhla läkñka ksmoúh yels w;r ksmojk hka;%fha
iq`: fjkia lsÍï u.ska udÈ,sh o fjkia lr .; yels ùu ;dlaIKfõofha m%n,;dj
fmkakïq lrkakls' mqrdKfha ñksik q a jy¨ka f,i ;ndf.k jev .ekSfuka ld¾hlaIu;dj
by< kexúh yels hehs ms<s.ekSula ;snqKq w;r kq;kfha tu woyi iïmQ¾Kfhka u neyer
fldg ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu i|yd fiajl iqnidOkh ÈhqKq l< hq;= njg ms<sf.k
we;'

• taldldÍ;ajh kssid we;s jk udkisl mSvdj wju lsÍug jev lrk w;r;=r f;a
úfõlh" lEu úfõlh ,nd§u
• jev w;r;=r isyska y`äka hq;a ix.S;hla Y%jKh lsÍug ie,eiaùu
• fiajl wdrlaIdj ;yjqre lsÍu
• udkj .;slhkag wkqj hka;% iq;% ia:dmkh lsÍu' m%udKj;a bv lvla hka;% iq;%
w;r mj;ajd .eksu" kshñ; Wig wiqka mekùu
• mßirhg iodpdrhg yd ixialD;shg jk ydks úYaf,aIKh fldg tajd wju jk
mßÈ lghq;= lsÍu'
• wdf,dallrKh ^iajdNdúl - lD;su&'

ñksia Y%uh wju f,i Ndú; fldg ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kexùu kQ;k ;dlaIKfha
wfmalaIs; wruqKq w;r m%uqLia:dkhla .kshs' fï ksid kQ;k l¾udka;Yd,d fndfyduhla
mß.Kl wdYs%; j ls%hd;aul ^md,kh& jk whqre ilid we;' mß.Kl wdY%s; ls%hdldÍ;ajh
fya;=fjka NdKavhl udÈ,sh jßka jr fjkia lsÍfï myiqlï ie,iS ;sfí'

ñksidf.a ueÈy;a úulska f;drj mß.Kl u`.k

s a isÿlrk ksIm
a dok lsh
% dj,s iajhxlSh
%

2
md,k iys; l¾udka;Yd,d f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' we;eï l¾udka;Yd,dj, ñksidf.a
ueÈy;a ùula iys; iajhxlS%h md,k l%ufõo fhdod .kq ,nk w;r tjeks wjia:d w¾O
iajhxlSh
% md,k wjia:d f,i y÷kajhs' kq;kfha fndfyda ;dlaIKfõ§ lafIa;j
% , mß.Kl
ixLHd; md,k ^C.N.C& fhdod .ekSfuka ksuehqfï .=Kd;aul nj ixj¾Okh lr we;' fï
i|yd úúO uDÿldx. Ndú; flf¾'

f,ai¾ loïn u`.ska ,nd.kakd o;a; o iajhx ksIamdok ls%hdj,Skag odhl fõ' óg
wu;r j kshu l%shdldß;ajh ,nd .ekSug yelsjk fia Wmdx. yd WmlrK b;d l=vd
m%udKhkag ilia lsÍu kefkda ;dlaIKfõoh u`.ska isÿfldg we;' kefkda ;dlaIKh
u`.k
s a Wmdx.$WmlrK b;d l=vd m%udKfhka ksmojd hka;% ilia lr Ndú; flf¾' iuia;hla
f,i i,ld ne,Sfï § mqrdKfha ñksid ;u wjYH;d iïmQ¾K lr .ekSug ksuehqï l<
w;r wo jk úg ksmehqï we;slr ñksidf.a wjYH;d cks; lsÍfuka NdKav wf,úlrKhg
W;aiql fõ' fuh iudÔh jYfhka .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhls'

ksIamdok ls%hdj,sfha § Ndú; øjH

úúO ks¾udK i|yd øjH uQ,sl j fhdod .kS' fuu øjH uQ,sl jYfhka f,day yd
wf,day f,i j¾. flf¾' øjH i;= úúO .=K mokï lr.ksñka f,day yd wf,day kej;
j¾. flf¾' f,day wf,day fjkalr .ekSug /õfok y`v" u;=msg iajNdjh ;dm$úoaHq;a
ikakdhl;dj jeks fN!;sl .=K Woõ fõ'

;dlaIKfõofha § nyq, j u Ndú; jk f,day j¾.hla f,i uDÿ jdfka ye|skaúh

yels fõ' fuu f,dayh Yla;; s dj" ;kH;dj" wdykH;dj hk hdka;l%s .=Kdx.j,ska iukaú;
h' myiqfjka mEiaish yels ùu" u, ne`§ug olajk m%;sfrdaO;dj wvq ùu fuka u mK
;eîu" mkakrh ;eîu jeks r;aa ms<shï l%u Ndú; l< fkd yels h' myiqfjka yev.ekaúh
yels ùu ^we,a;;ajfha § u& lemSu myiq ùu yd by; i|yka .=Kdx. fya;f= jka fuu f,dayh
úúO ld¾hhka i|yd nyq, j fhdod .efka' úúO yrialv iys; uDÿjdfka ovq$k< jYfhka
fjf<ofmdf<a we;'

±ä ldnka jdfka -
±ä nj by< jk w;r ;kH;dj wdykH;dj yd Yla;s;dj wvq h' tfuka u lemSu"
ú§u" f.jd ±óu wmyiq h' mK fmùu" mK nd, lsÍu" jeks r;a ms<shï l%u fhdod .; yels
fõ' lemqï wdjqo jk mSÍ" lsh;a" úÿï lgq" lmk lgq iE§ug Ndú; lrhs'

wêfõ. jdfka -
wêl ±ä njla yd Nx.+r;djla we;' wêl WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fohs' fmdxÑ"
gemalgq" vhskÜ iE§ug fhdod .efka'

3
u, fkd lk jdfka -
±ä nj yd Yla;s;dj by< h' u, lEug yd f.ùug Tfrd;a;= fohs' r;aa ms<shï l%u
Ndú; l< fkd yels h' ye¢" .Eremamq" msys jeks NdKav ;ekSug fhdod .kS'

ÖkÉpÜá-
wêl ±ä nfjka yd wêl Nx.+r;djfhka hqla; h' ÑkÜpÜá mSvkhg Tfrd;a;=
fok w;r keùï yev .ekaùï l< fkd yels h' jd;a;= lsÍfuka wjYH yevhg ilia lr
.ekSfï yelshdj we;' jd;a;=fjka ilia l< ksmehqu .sks.,a hka;%h u`.ska ksuyï flf¾'
o`vq w`vq" tkaðka n|" ysi jeks ± ks¾udKhg fhdod .efka'

ksfmria f,day
hlvj,ska f;dr f,day ksfmria f,day f,i y÷kajhs'

we¨óks h ï -
by< ;dm yd úoHq;a ikakdhl;dj iys; ieye,a¨ f,dayhls' mEiaiSu wmyiq h' Tm
±ófï yelshdj we;' o`vq" ;yvq" yd k< wdldrfhka fjf<| fmdf<a we;' úfYaIfhka
uq`:;ekaf.hs NdKav ksIamdokhg fhdod .kS'

;U -
by< ;dmdxlhla yd by< úoHq;a ikakdhl;djhla iys; h' m%idrK ix.=Klh
by< h' ;kH;dj wd;kH;dj jeks .=Kdx.j,ska hqla; fõ' óg wu;rj ksl,a fl%dañhï"
Bhï" ;=;a;kd.ï jeks f,day o ksfmria f,day .Khg wh;a fõ' uQ,sl f,day f,i
i,lkqfha fmdf<dfjka m<uq j ,nd.kakd f,day h' ñY% f,day hkq uQ,sl f,day folla
fyda Bg jeä ixLHdjla ñY% lsÍfuka iEfok f,day f,i ±laúh yels h' ms;a;," f,dalv
ähq.¨ókshï ;dlaIKfõofha § nyq, j Ndú; lrkq ,nk ñY% f,day lsysmhls'

ms;a;, -
fuu f,dayh ilia lrkqfha ;U yd ;=;a;kd.ï f,day ñY%Kfhks' u, lEug
Tfrd;a;= fohs" ;U j,g jvd Yla;su;ah ;em yd úoaHq;a ikakdhl .=K olajhs' Èiakhla
,nd.; yels f,dayhls' jd;h yd .eàfï§ u,sk fõ' irfkare" bial=remamq weK" fidhsn"
myka iE§ug fhdod .kS'

f,dalv -
;U yd áka ñY% f,dayhls' u,lEug" f.ùug Tfrd;a;= fohs' Èiakhla ,nd.; yel'

ähq / ¨óks h ï -

4
 uDÿ hlv ;rï Yla;su;a h' ieye,a¨ ñY% f,dayhls' wyia hdkd fldgia ksmoùug"
fla;, jeks NdKav ksmoùug fhdod .kshs'

;dlaIKfõ§ ld¾hhka i|yd f,dayj,g wu;r j wf,day o Ndú; flf¾' wf,day

lD;s%u wf,day yd iajdNdúl wf,day f,i j¾. l< yelsh' wf,day fndfyda úg úoHq;a yd
;dm mßjdrl f,i ls%hd lrhs'

ksIamdok ;dlaIKfha oS Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ñkqï WmlrK

(a) iam¾Yl wdudkh (Fealer Gauge)

>k;d wdudk fyj;a iam¾Yl wdudk (Fealer Gaudge) hkq úúO >klïj,g ksmojk
f,day m;=re úfYaIhls' fïjd u.ska l=vd mr;rhka fyda fldgia folla w;r ;sìh hq;=
jdish ukskq ,nhs'

ms,a iam¾Yl wdudkfha ;=v fiiq fldgfia >klug ;rula wvq >klñka hq;=j
ksmojd we;' iSreudre lsÍï l< hq;= hka;% fldgiaj, iSreudre uqreÉÑhla ^fyda weKhla&
ta fjkqfjka ;nd we;' ksjerÈ iSreudrej jkafka iam¾Yl wdudkh fkd keó mr;rh ;=<
fyd¢ka tyd fuyd l< yels úg h' ms,a iam¾Yl wdudk Ndú; lrkqfha ishqï iSreudre
lsÍïj,g h' fndfyda >k;d wdudk ksmojd we;af;a jdfkaj,sks' kuq;a pqïNls; WmlrK
fyda pqïnl iómfha Ndú; lsÍu i|yd ms;a;, iam¾Yl wdudk fhdod .kS' bf,lafg%dksl
Êj,k äiaáì % hqgrfha jd mr;rh ;eîu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nkafka ms;;
a , iam¾Yl wdudkhs'
fï i|yd jdfka wdudkh fhdod.; fkdyelafla äiaá%ìhqgrh ;=< we;s iaÓr pqïnlhg th
wdl¾IKh jk neúks' fïjeks wjia:dj, Ndú; lsÍug ma,diaála iam¾Yl wdudkhka o
we;'

(b) lïì wdudkh (Wire Gauge)

b;du;a ksjerÈ m%udKhkag rjqï yrialvlska hq;j
= ksmojd we;' w,a¨fjys lïìfha
úIalïNh i|yka fldg we;' b;d ishqï isÿre wdldr mr;rhka uekSug Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'
lïì wdudkh ukskq ,nk isÿrg keóulska fyda nqre,lska f;dr j we;=`: l< yels úh
hq;h
= 's

(c) uhsfl%dógrh (Fealer Gaudge)

uhsfl%dógrh hkq b;d ishqï f,i ksjerÈ j ñkqï .; yels jk fia ^h:d;:H& ;kd
we;s wf;ys ;ndf.k Ndú; lrkq ,nk ñkqï WmlrKhls' fï u.ska ñ,sógrfhka
ishfhka mx.=j olajd ksjerÈ j ñkqï ,nd.; yels h' we;=<; ñkqï ,nd.kakd uhsfl%dógrh
yd msg; ñkqï ,nd.kakd uhsfl%dógrh fukau .eUqre ñkqï i|yd .eUqre uhsfl%dógr o
we;' msg; uhsfl%dógrh fndfyda ÿrg Ndú; jkqfha jdyk w¨;ajeähd lrk ia:dkj,

5
h'
ñkqïj, ksrjµ;dj iy;sl lsÍu i|yd uhsfl%dógr ksr;=rej u wxl fYdaOkh
^calibrate& l< hq;= fjhs' wxl fYdaOkh hkq okakd ñkqï wdY%fhka uhsfl%dógrfha ukq
lsheúu ;yjqre lr .ekSuhs' fuys § m<uqj ñkqï ,nd.efkk iam¾Yl ;=vq wmøjH bj;a
fldg mú;% fldg.; hq;=hs' bka miqj mÍlaIl wdudkh ;=vq w;r ;nd mÍlaIl wdudkfha
ñkqu yd uhsfl%dógr ñkqu ii|kq ,nhs' fuu mÍlaIl wdudkh uhsfld%ógrh iu`.
,ndfokq ,nkakls' ñkqu ksjerÈ ke;akï" uhsfld%ógr WmlrKfha ksIamdolhdf.a
Wmfoiaud,dj wkqj uhsfl%dógrh ksjerÈ ñkqu ,efnk fia ilid .; hq;= fjhs'

ksjerÈ j Ndú; fkd lsÍfuka uhsfl%dógr WmlrKhg ydks isÿúh yels h'

ms g ; uhs f l% d ógrh
msg; uhsfl%dógrh rduqjlska yd tyd fuyd l< yels boaolska ^sprindle& iukaú;
fjhs' ñkqu ,nd.ekSug wjYH fldgi boao yd lsKsysrh w;r ;eìh hq;= h' Èod,
lrleùfuka boao" lsKsysrh f,ig fyda bka bj;g .uka lrúh yels h' Èod,fhys
h:d;:H bial=remamq fmdgla we;' fï ksid Èod, lrljk úg boao .uka lrhs'

uhsfl%dógrfha ner,h u; we;s ñkqï f¾Ldj yd Èod,h jgd we;s ñkqï pl%h
wdOdrfhka lsheùu .kq ,efnhs' ñkqï f¾Ldjg Wäka ñ,sógr ,l=Kq o háka w¾O ñ,sógr
,l=K o fhdod we;'

j¾ks h ¾ le,s m rh
ksjerÈ iqlaIu ñkqï ,nd .ekSu i|yd nyq, j Ndú; jkafka j¾ksh¾ le,smrh fõ'
fï u.ska we;=<; fuka u yd .eUqre ,nd .ekSug yels h' 150 ó'ó' isg 2000 ó'ó' olajd
mrdihl ñkqï ,en .ekSug yels h'

j¾ksh¾ le,smrh Ndú; lrñka ñkqï ,nd.ekSfï § p,kh l< yels ykqj p,s;
lsÍug w.=¨ ±óug fhdod we;s bial=remamqj nqre,a l< hq;=hs' p,kh l< yels ykqj ñkSug
we;s fldgi yiqjk f;la .uka lrúh hq;= fjhs' ykq fol w;rg ñksh hq;= fldgi isrjq
miq w.=¨ bial=remamqj ;o lrñka ykqj fkd fi,afjk fia w.=¨ ±ñh hq;=hs' ñkqï .eksug
iqÿiq jk mßoafoka ykqj w.=¨ jeà we;s ±hs kej; mßlaId fldg ne,Sfuka wk;=re j ñkqu
lshjd .; hq;= h'

6
hka;% wdjqo Ndú;fhka f,day yevhï lsÍu

lemqï wdjqohla f;dard .ekSfï§ my; lreKq ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= fõ' • wdjqoh iú
lrkq ,nk hka;%h" jev fldgi idod we;s f,dayh" wdjqoh iúlrkq ,nk fldaKh" Ndú;
l< hq;= fõ.h" lemqï Èhr Ndú; lrkafka o hkak jev fldgi ;kd we;s f,dayh' tfia
u lemqï wdjqo fyd| ;;ajfhka mj;ajd .ekSug Ndú; fkdlrk úg § jqj o fyd¢ka uqjy;
;sfí±hs ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= hs'

lemqï wdjqo ;kd we;s øjHj, .=K

M,odhS j Ndú; lsÍu i|yd lemqï wdjqoh ;kkq ,nk øjHfha my; i|yka .=Kdx.
wvx.= j ;sìh hq;= hs' r;= ±ähu" ±ä isÍug Tfrd;a;= §u" .;sl;dj" hdka;s%l yd ;dm
.eiaiqïj,g Tfrd;a;= Èu" wvq >¾IKh" jev fldgi yd lemqï wdjqoh w;r ridhksl
jYfhka wvq in|;djla ;sîu yd oeßh yels ñ, wdjqohla f;dard .eksfï È i,ld ne,Sfï
È i,ld ne,sh hq;= .=Kdx. fõ'

rla; oeähu ^^Red Hardness&&

jev fldgfia lemqula we;s lsÍug" lemqï wdjqoh jev fldgig jvd oeä njlska
hq;= ùu wjYH fõ' tfuka u lemSfï § we;s jk wêl ;dmhg Tfrd;a;= foñka jev fldgi
ish oeä nj r|jd .; hq;= fõ' b;d wêl WIaK;ajhlg ,la fjñka lemqï wdjqohlg ish
oeä nj r|jd .; yels ùu rla; oeähu f,i y÷ka jhs'

iSÍug Tfrd;a;= §u
lemSfï § jev fldgi u; wdjqoh u; wêl mSvkfhka f;rfmk úg lemqï ;,h
;u uqjy; wdrCId lr .ksñka mej;sh hq;= fõ' lemqï wdjqoh ;kd we;s øjH oeä nj
jeäùu iu. iSÍug Tfrd;a;= foñka uqjy; /lSfï .=Kh o by< hhs'

Yla;s;dj ^^Taughness&&
b;d u;a oeä núka hq;= ùu;a iu.u øjHfha ìf|k iq¨ .;sh o jeä fõ' fï ksid
r`: u;= msgla u;ska lemqï ;,h .uka lrk úg th lvf;d`: úh yel' fuh j,lajd
.ekSug lemqï ;,h by, Yla;s ;djhlska hqla; úh hq;= h'

hdka;%sl yd ;dm .eiaiqïj,g Tfrd;a;= §u

øjHla f.ù hdug Tfrd;a;= fokafka oeä nj jeä jQ úg h' oeä nj jeä jk úg
.egqïj,g ,la ùfï § myiqfjka ì£ hhs' fï wdldrhgu lemqïj,§ jßka jr we;s jk
wêl ;dmh o fya;= fjka lemqï wdjqoh ydks fjhs' fï ksid lemqï wdjqo hdka;%sl yd ;dm
.eiaiqïj,g Tfrd;a;= fok f,i ksmojd ;sìh hq;= fõ'

7
wvq >¾IKh
mDIaG folla tlsfkl we;s,,
a f
S ï § WmÈk ;dmh ksid >¾IKh Wm §' wvq >¾IKhl
§ WmÈk ;dmh wvq h' fï ksid lemqï wdjqo ;kd we;s øjH wvq >¾IKhlska hqla; úh hq;=
h' túg ld¾hCIu;dj o by< k.s'

wju ridhks l iïnka O h

wdjqoh yd jev fldgi w;r by< ridhksl iïnkAOhla we;s úg lemqï ;,h
fõ.fhka f.ù hhs' fï ksid lemqfï ksudjg ydks fõ' tneúka wdjqoh yd jev fldgi
w;r wju ridhksl iïnkaO;djla mej;s hq;= h'

ñ,
wdjqo f;dard .ekSfï § tys ñ, o jeo.;a idOlhls' wdjqo b;d wêl ñ,la jk úg
ksYamdok úhou o by< hhs'

lemqï wdjqo ksmoùu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk øjH

1' ldnka wdjqo jdfka'

2' uOH ñY% jdfka'
3' wê fõ. jdfka'
4' jd;a;= ñY% f,day'
5' ine¢ wdjqo ldnhsÜ jdfka'
6' firñla wdjqo jdfka'
7' Èhuka;s'

hka ; % l¾u ;;a j ^^Mechining Conditions&&

1' lemq ï fõ.h

f*âßla ví' fÜ,¾f.a mÍCIKhg wkqj lemqï fõ.h yd lemqï wdjqofha wdhq
ld,h w;r my; iïnkaOh ,nd f.k we;'
VT n = C
V= lemqï fõ.h
T= wdhq ld,h
n= wdjqo wdhq ld, o¾Ylh ^fuh wdjqo øjH yd jev fldgi ;kd we;s øjH fukau lemqï
mßirh u; r|d mj;s'&

2' fmdaIK m%udKh yd lemqï .eUqr

fmdaIK m%udKh jeäfj;au fukau lemqï .eUqr jeäfj;au wdjqofha wdhq ld,h wvq
fõ'
8
3' lemq ï ia j Ndjh
lemSu tldldrj fkdkj;ajd isÿ fkdfldg jßka jr lrkq ,nhs kï" wdjqoh u;
fhfok .egqï Ndrh fya;=fjka wdjqoh blauKska leã hdug mq¿jk'

4' lemqï øj
lemqula isÿ lrk w;r ;=r tu ia:dkhg øj fh§u isÿ lrhs' fuhska my; wjYH;djka
bgq lr.; yels fjhs
1' lemqï wdjqoj, f.ùu wvq lr .ekSu
2' wêl lemqï fõ.hla yd by< fmdAIK m%udKhla we;s lsÍu'
3' lemqfï u;= msg ksudj by< uÜgulg f.k tau'
4' wvq n, Yla;shla fhdod .ekSu'
5' lemqu jvd ksjerÈ ùu'
by; i|yka ;;ajhka ,nd .ekSug lemqï øjh ;=< my; i|yka .=K ;sìh hq;= fõ'
1' lemqï wdjqoh fyda jev fldgi u, lEulg ,la fkdúh hq;= h'
2' wvq jdYamSlrK wxlhlska hqla; ùu'
3' fmk iys; iajNdjhla we;s fkdl< hq;= h'
4' hka;% l%shdldref.a fi!LHg wys;lr fkdúh hq;= h'

lemqï øjH Ndú;fha § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

my; i|yka oE .ek ie,ls,su;a ùfuka lemqï øjH Ndú;fha § úh yels wk;=re
wju lr .; yels h'
1' YÍrh iu. øjH fkd.efgk mßÈ j. n,d.; hq;= h' fuys § lemqï øjH bj;g úisùu
je,ela ùu" wdjrK Ndú;h fukau ksjerÈ wdldrhg hka;%h Ndú; lsÍu o jeo.;a fõ'
2' øjH Ndú; lsÍfï § we;sjk jdIam bj;aùu i|yd fyd| jd;dY%hla ;sîu'
3' wdrCIs; we÷ï Ndú;h'
4' mdúÉÑfhka miq bj; ouk msßisÿ lsÍfï frÈ Ndú; h'
5' hka;%h Ndú; lsÍug fmr" lemqï øjH YÍrh iu. iam¾Yh j,la jk wdf,am .e,A ùu'
6' hka;%h Ndú;fhka miq w;a iy øjH .egqkq ;eka" w;a msßisÿ ldrl fhdod WKqiqï
c,fhka fyd¢ka fidaod .ekSu' wdydr .ekSug fmr yd jeisls,s hdug fmr o fufia
msrisÿ ùu jeo.;a h'
7' hka;%h Ndú;fhka miq ifuys .eà we;s oE bj;a lsÍug iqÿiq wdf,amk .e,a ùu' fufia
lsÍfuka iu úh,S hdu o j,ls'
8' øjH .Ejqkq we÷ï" kej; Ndú;hg fmr fyd¢ka fidaod úh,d .; hq;= h'
9' jev lsÍfï § Wäka w¢k we÷ï ks;r fyd¢ka msßisÿ lr .; hq;= h'
10' YÍrh msßisÿ lr .ekSfï § mer*ska" fmg%,a jeks øjH Ndú; fkdl< hq;= h'
11' YÍrh u; we;sjk ish¨u lemSï yd iSÍïj,g jydu m%:udOdr ,nd Èh hq;= h'
12' hka;%h Ndú; lsÍu ksid hï wdidokhla isÿ ù we;akï jydu ffjoH m%;sldr ,nd .;
h;= h'
9
yevhï lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kakd hka;%

1' yev l= r ej ^^Shaper&&

yev l=rejg jev fldgi iú lr .kq ,nkafka jev fïih u;g l,ïm lsÍfuka
fyda o~q w~qjla Ndú;fhks' o~q w~qjg jev fldgi iú lsÍug fmr fyd¢ka iúùu j,la
jk ndOdj,ska o~q w~qj f;drù we;s njg j. n,d.; hq;= h' hka;% lsÍfï § we;s jk r¿
odr bj;a lr .ekSuo" yev l=rejg fldgi iú lsÍug fmr lr .; hq;= fjhs'
jev fldgi o~q w~qjg iú lsÍfï § Bg ñghla fyda w; fld¿jla Ndú;fhka ;Èka
myr §u isÿ fkdl< hq;= h' wjYH kï muKla w; fld¿jla Ndú;fhka ;Ügq lsÍfuka
l=vd iSre udre lsÍï lr .; yels h'
jev fldgi o~q w~qjg iú jk ;eka w;rg iSreï lvodis ;nd o~q w~qj ;o fldg"
lvodis weo ne,Sfuka jev fldgi fyd¢ka iú ù we;a oehs mÍCId l< yels h'

2' f,a h ;
úúO j¾.fha ilalhka" uqyqK;a lv" f,ah;a oKav Ndú;fhka kshu flakaøldr
yevhlska hq;= fkdjk jev fldgila f,ah;g iú lr .; yels h' wjia;d lsysmhl § yer
ilalh Ndú;fhka fndfyda wdldrfha jev fldgia f,ah;a hka;%hg iú lr .; yelsh' ykq
ilia l< yels wdldrh wkqj ixfhdack tal flakaøSh fyda iajdh;a; kï j,ska ilalhla
y÷kajkq ,nhs' fljqkq ilalh ^Colleto Chuck& hkqfjka j¾.hka o we;'

ixfhdack ilalh ^^Combination Chunk&&

fïjdfha ykq tlsfklska fjkaj fyda tla jrgu tyd fuyd l< yels h' fndfyda
p,kh jk fldgia wvx.=j ksmojd we;s neúka l,la Ndú;d lrk úg ksrjoH;dj wvq
fjhs'

tal flakaøSh ilalh

ish¨u ykq tlg tyd fuyd jk f,i ksmojd we;' l,la Ndú; jk úg jev
fldgi flakaø.; ùu ksrjoH;djfhka wvqjk fyhska iQCIu jevj,g fhda.H fkdfjhs'
jev fldgfiys we;=,;ska fyda msg;ska ykqj,g isrlr .; yels mßÈ ykq ielish yels h'
l=vd m%udKfha f,ah; i|yd Ndú; jkqfha fuu j¾.h muKs'

iajdh;a; ykq ilalh

iEu úYd, m%udKfha f,ah;la i|ydu Ndú; jkqfha ykq y;r fjk fjku p,kh
l< yels iajdh;a; ykq ilalhka h' ´kEu wdldrfha jev fldgila flakaø .; jk mßÈ
fuu ykqj wdOdrfhka f,ah;g iú lr .; yels h' jev fldgi we;=,;ska fyda msg;ska
ykqj,g ;o lr .; yels mßÈ ykqj, msysàu fjkia lsÍug yels h' l=vd m%udKfha jev
fldgia iú lsÍug yelsjk mßÈ wdOdrlj,ska hqla; h'

10
jev fldgi ila l hg iú ls Í u
iajdh;a; ilalhg jev fldgi iú lsÍfï § jev fldgfiys úYalïNhg iß,k
fia ykq y;r wE;alr .; hq;= h' bka miqj jev fldgi ykq w;r ;nd jev fldgi tl
wCaIShj N%uKh jk mßÈ ykq tlska tl l%udKq l=,j ;o l< hq;= h' bka miqj ykq
wdikakhgu wdjqoh ,x l< yels jk mßÈ wdjqo w,a¨j ilia lr.; hq;= h' bkamiqj
f,ah; ksoyiaj N%uKh l< yels wjia:dfõ ;o ilalh w;ska lr ljñka wdjqoh" jev
fldgig iam¾Yj ;sfí oehs ne,sh hq;= h' ke;akï wod, ykqj iSreudre lsÍfuka taldldrj
wdjqoh" jev fldgfiys iam¾Y jk wjia;d ,nd .; hq;= h'

3' fufy¨ï h; ^^Milling Machine&&

o~q w~q # jev fldgia iú lsÍu i|yd j¾. y;rl o~q w~q nyq,j Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
tkï me;,a fkß.eá" jgk fkß.eá" oi; jgk yd isria o~q w~q hkqfjks' fïjdfha
mdolhka" fufy¨ï hf;ys fïihg iú l< yels jk mßoafoka lÜg fyda isÿrej ;nd we;'
weK iy uqßÉÑ wdOdrfhka w~q w~qj fufy¨ï h;a fïihg iú lrkq ,n hs'

me;,s fkß.eá o~q w~qj ^^Plain Flanged Vise&&

me;,s fufy¨ï lsÍula u.ska .eUqre lemqï isÿ lr .ekSu wjYH jQ úg fuu o~q
w~qj Ndú; lrhs' fuh Wiska wvqjk f,i ksmojd we;s neúka jev fldgi b;d wvqfjka
lïmkh jk f,i iúlr .; yels h'

jgk fkß.eá o~q w~qj ^^Swivel Flanged Vise&&

jev fldgfiys fldaKsl u;= msgla fufy,Sfï §" jev fldgi iú lsÍu i|yd
ksmojd we;' fldaKsl u;= msg ilia lsßfï § jev fldgi o~q w~qfjka fkd.,jd" o~q
w~qj u.skau jev fldgi N%uKh lsÍuo l< yels h' o~q w~qj mdolh u;g T ysi weK
u.ska iú lr we;' fuu weK nqre,a fldg o~q w~qj" mdolh jvd lrleúh yelsh' mdolh
fufy¨ï fïihg iú lrkq ,nkafka me;,s fkß .eá o~q w~qj iú lrk wdldrfhkau
fjhs'

oi; jgk o~q w~qj ^^Universial Swivel Vise&&

jev fldgi o~q w~qfjka .e,ùulska f;drj úúO fldaK j,ska fufy,Sug yels
jk mßÈ jev fldgi lrljd .ekSug fuu o~q w~qj Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' jev fldgi u;
ixhqla; fldaKhkaf.ka hq;=j fufy,Sï l< yels h' úúO fldaKj,g o~q w~qj yerúh
yels jk mßÈ mdolh l%udxlKh fldg we;' o~q w~q isria wCIfhys 00-900 olajd o ;sria
wCIfhys 00- 1800 olajd o lr leúh yels h'

is r ia o~q w~q j ^^Vertical Vise&&

fuu o~q w~qj me;,s o~q w~qfjka fjkia jkafka ykq isria w;g msysgd ;sîu ksid

11
muKs' jev fldgil tla wka;hl fufy,Sug we;s úg m%fhdackj;a fjhs'

l,ïm
fuy¨ï ysfiys fïih u;g jev fldgi iú lsÍug fhdod .kS' jev fldgfiys
l,ïm jk fldgi isÿre yd fkÍïj,ska f;drúh hq;= h' l,ïm lsÍug fmr jev fldgi
yd fïih fyd¢ka msi oeñh hq;= h' jev fldgi yd fïih w;r mDIaGh jeä lsÍfuka
,siaiSu je,elaùug hï øjHhla ^ldâfndaâ jeks& ;eìh hq;= h' tfuka u jev fldgi
;rula È.ska hq;= tlla jk úg È.ska jeä fldgi fkdfi,a fjk mßÈ ;nd .ekSug
wdOdrl Ndú; l< hq;= fjhs'
jev fldgi fïihg iú lsÍug úúOdldrfha má l,ïm Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs' T
ysi weKhla" l,ïm o; lsÍug yd nqre,a lsÍug fhdod we;' má l,ïm Ndú;fha § my;
i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= hs'
1' l,ïm" fïihg iudka;rj iú fldg we;s nj'
11' jev fldgi u; fyd¢ka mSvkh fhfok mßÈ l,ïmh iú l< hq;= hs'
111' l,ïmh fyd¢ka iú lsÍug m%udKj;a È.lska hq;= weK f;dard.; hq;= hs'
È.ska jeä fldgig fnhdßx l,ïm fhdod tu fldgi celal=j u; ;eìh hq;= hs'

uÜgï hka;%hg jev fldgi iú lsÍu

uÜgï hka;%hg jev fldgi l,ïm u.ska fyda w;a md ykq iy fmdmÜgq u.ska fyda
iúlrkq ,nhs' úúO yevfha iy m%udKfha jev fldgia fuu hka;%h u; Ndú; lrk
neúka úúOdldrfha iú lsÍfï Wml%u Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' jev fldgi úfYaI yevhlska
hqla; jk úg iú lsÍu i|yd úfYaIs;j ksmojd .;a iú lsÍfï Wml%u Ndú; lsÍug isÿ
fjhs' tfukau È.ska jeä fldgia fhdod .ekSfï § wdOdrl u; tu fldgi fkdfi,a fjk
mßÈ iú l< hq;= h' hï wjia:djkaj, § pqïNls; ilalhka o fï i|yd Ndú; fjhs'
uÜgï hka;%hg jev fldgia iú lsÍug fndfyda ÿrg fhdod.kq ,nkafka l,ïm
fyhska" jev fldgi hka;% fïih u; iSreudre lsÍug ie,lsh hq;= ld,hla jeh fjhs'

i,l=Kq lsÍfï wdjqo

i,l=Kq lsÍu hkq jev fldgfiys u;= msg bß we£u u.ska i,l=Kq ;nd .ekSuhs'
fuh w;ska lrKq ,nkafka ;ks jev fldgil fyda jev fldgia m%udKh l=vd jQ úg h'
i,l=Kq lsÍfï m%Odk wjYH ;djhka fol jkqfha'
1' jev fldgfiys msg udhsu" isÿre l< hq;= ;eka" lÜg lemsh hq;= ;eka wdÈh ,l=Kq
lr .eksug hï f,day m%udKhla bj;a l< hq;= jQ úg lemsh hq;= fyda mSß .E hq;=
m%udKh ,l=Kq lr .ekSug
11' jev fldgi f,ah; jeks hka;%hlg iúl< hq;= wldrh oela ùu'
fuu i,l=Kq bß" o< igyka muKla jk fyhska kej; uek .ekSfuka ksrjoH;djh

12
;yjqre lr.; hq;=hs'

wdrïNh ^^Datum&&
wdrïNh ;nd .ekSfï jeo.;alu jkqfha jev fldgi ms<sn| ish¨ uekSï ms<sn|
iuqof
a oaYh f,i fhdod .ekSuhs' ,o jev fldgfiys iajrEmh wkqj wdrïNh jev fldgfiys
odrhka fyda uOH f¾Ldj fyda úh yels h' ´kEu u;= msgl hï ia:dkhla i,l=Kq lr
.ekSug wdrïNl f¾Ld folla wjYH jk w;r fuu wdrïNl f¾Ldjka fol tlsfklg
,ïNl fjhs'
ks¾udK Ys,amshd úiska jev fldgi ms<sn| we£u isÿlrk úg wdrïNhka ;nkq
,nhs' i,l=Kq lsÍu hkq ie,eiau" jev fldgi u;g msgm;a lsÍula jk fyhska tu
wdrïNfhkau jev fldgi u; o fhdod .kq ,nhs'

i,l=Kq lsÍfï WmlrK

1&' uÜgï fïih yd uÜgï ;eáh

jev fldgi u; wdrïNh ;nd .ekSu i|yd iuqoafoaY u;= msgla wjYH fjhs' fuu
iuqoafoaY u;= msg f,i fhdod .kq ,nkafka úYd, iu;,hla jk uÜgï fïih hs' i,l=Kq
lsÍfï WmlrK Ndú; lrKq ,nkafka fuu uÜgï fïih u;= msg ;nd .ksñka h' uÜgï
;eá hkq l=vd m%udKfha iuqof
a oaY iu;,hka jk w;r nxl= u; ;nd .ksñka l=vd m%udKfha
jev fldgia u; i,l=Kq ;nd .ekSu i|yd fhdod .kS'

2&' iudka ; rl ^^Parallels&&

iuqoafoaY u;=msáka u|la by<g jev fldgi ;nd .ekSug wjYH jq úg iudka;rl
fhdod .kq ,nhs' iudka;rl hq., jYfhka we;s w;r fuu hq.,u iudk udk mj;sk
f,i oeähï jdfka u.ska iqug u;= msgla mj;sk f,i ksmojd we;' fuys úreoaO uqyqK;a
tlsfklg iudka;r jk w;r hdno uqyqK;a tlsfklg Rcq fldaKslj mj;S' úúO
m%udKhkaf.ka hq;= iudka;rlhka we;'

3&' fldaK ;eáh

jev fldgi" iuqoafoaY u;=msg u; iúlr .kq ,nkafka fldaK ;eá fhdo .ksñks'
fuúg jev fldgi fldaK ;eáhg l,ïm lrkq ,nhs' ÖkÉpÜá f,dayfhka ksmojd
uqyqK;a yd odr b;d ishqïj uÜgï fldg we;' fldaK ;eáfhys uqyqKf;ys jev fldgi
myiqfjka l,ïm lr.; yels jk mßÈ lÜg ;nd we;' fïjd iSreudre l< yels fyda
iSreudre fkdl< yels wdldhkaf.ka ksmojd we;'

4 & ' V legh ^^V Block&&

rjqï yeve;s jev fldgila i,l=Kq lsÍfï § fyda hka;% lsÍfï § V leg u; ;nd

13
.kS' úYd, m%udKfha V leg ÖkÉpÜáfhka ksmojd we;s w;r l=vd m%udKfha tajd oeähï
lrk ,o jdfka j,ska ksmojd we;' hq., jYfhka ksmojkq ,nhs'
uqyqK;a b;d ksjerÈ iu;,hla ,efnk mßÈ ksmojd we;' tfukau Rcq fldaKs
;djo uqyqK;a w;r iudka;rj o b;d ksjerÈj ;nd we;'

5&' bxðfkare uq¿ uÜgu ^^Engineering Square&&

fuh jev fldgi iuqoafoaY u;=msg u; ilid .kakd úg fyda jev fldgi u;
i,l=Kq ;eîfï § fhdod .kS' fuh w,a¨jlska yd ;,hlska hqla; fjhs' oeähï jdfka j,ska
ksmojd ish¨u uqyqK;a b;d ksjerÈj Tm uÜgï fldg we;' Rcq nj" iudka;r;dj yd Rcq
fldAK b;du;a by< ksrjoH;djhlska hq;= fjhs' úúO È. m%udKhka f.ka ,nd .; yels
h'

6&' ixfhdack lÜg,h ^^Combination Set&&

ixfhdack lÜg,h oeähï jdfka j,ska ksmojd l%udxlKh lrk ,o fldaÿjlska
yd ta fldaÿj u; fjk fjku iúl< yels ysij,a jk fldaK udkhlska" uq¨ uÜgulska
yd flakaøhlska iukaú; fjhs' fuu ysia u; rE, .uka lrúh yels jk mßÈ lÜghka ;nd
we;' tfuka u tla ia:dkhl ;nd w.=¨ oeóu o l< yels h'

fldaK udk ysi # fuh 00 isg 1800 olajd iSreudre l< yels jk mßÈ ;kd we;' jev
fldgil wdrïN odrfha isg úúO fldaKhkaf.ka hq;j
= ,l=Kq ;eîug
wjYH jQ úg Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'
uq¨ uÜgï ysi # fuh bxðfkare uq¨ uÜgu Ndú; lrk f,iu fhdod .kq ,nk uq;
iSre udre l< yels neúka t;rï u ksjerÈ fkdfjhs' fojeks uqyqK;
450 lska hq;= j ;nd we;s w;r iam%S;= f,j,hla o iú fldg we;' fuu
iam%S;= f,j,h" jev fldgi iuqoafoaY ;,hg iudka;rj iú lr
.ekSfï § m%fhdackj;a fjhs' .eUqr uekSu i|yd o fhdod .; yels h'
flakaø ysi # fuu ysi fhdod .ksñka V lÜghla u; ;nk ,o jD;a;dldr jev
fldgil flakaøh ,l=Kq lr .; yels h'

7&' ,l=Kq lgqj

oeähï fldg" mK fmdjk ,o f,day mDIaGhka u; iSÍu u.ska i,l=Kq ;eîug
fhdod .kS' ksjerÈ i,l=Kq ;eîug lgqj fyd¢ka W,a fldg ;nd.; hq;= h'

8&' ksjerÈ jdfka rE,

oeähï lr" mK fmdjk ,o jdfkaj,ska ksmojd we;' b;d ishqï ksjerÈ ñkqï
,nd.; yelsjk f,i ilia fldg we;' ñ,s ógr 150 iy 300 hk È. m%udKhkaf.ka hq;=
fjhs' tla uqyqK;la u; fyda uqyqK;a foflysu ñ,s ógrj,ska l%udxlKh fldg we;'

14
9&' mDIa Á h wdudkh
iuqoafoaY ;,hg iudka;r jk mßÈ jev fldgi u; bß we¢fï § ,l=Kq lgqj
iu.ska fhdod .kS' fuh ,l=Kq lÜgh f,i o y÷kajkq ,nhs' ,l=Kq lgqj úúO Wiska hq;=j
mDIaÀh wdudkhg iú fldg .; yels h'

10&' fnÿï lgq yd g%eu,

fnÿï lgqj jD;a; ,l=Kq lr .ekSug iudk wka;rhka f.ka hq;= isÿre flakaøhka
,l=Kq lr .ekSug fhdod .kS' fuh W,amdo follska hq;= jk w;r ÿkq ls%hdldÍ;ajhla
u.ska mdo wE;a ùug i,iajd we;' úYalïNh ñ,s ógr 150 la muK jk jD;a;hka we£h
yels fjhs' úYd, úYalïNhka f.ka hq;= jD;a; we£ug g%eu, fhdod .kS" fuys § ,l=Kq
lgqj fuys mdo u; tyd fuyd lrñka iSreudre lr.; yels h' fnÿï lgqj yd g%eu,h"
jdfka rE, iu.u Ndú; fjhs' tla fldkla l%udxls; f¾Ldfjys ;nd wfkla fldk"
l%udxls; f¾Ldj Èf.ys wjYH È.ska hq;=j ilid .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

11&' WNh le,s m rh

Rcq fnÿï lgq mdohla yd jl% le,smr mdohla tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍfuka ksmojd
we;' jev fldgfiys odrhg iudka;rj jev fldgi u; f¾Ld we£ug fhdod .kq ,nhs'

12&' ueÈ fmdxÑh

fnÿï lgqj yd g%eu,h Ndú;fha § flakaøh ,nd .ekSu i|yd ueÈ fmdxÑh fhdod
.ksñka jev fldgi u; ,l=Kla ;nd .kS' túg ,siaiSulska f;drj fnÿï lgqj jev
fldgi u; r|jd .; yels h' tfiau jev fldgi u; isÿre úÈfï § wdrïNh .kq ,nkafka
ueÈ fmdxÑ ,l=K u.sks'
wê ldnka jdfka j,ska ksmojd oeähï fldg mK fmdjd ueÈ fmdxÑ ksmojkq ,nhs'
fnÿï lgq iu. Ndú; lrk ueÈ fmdxÑ ;=v 300 lska hq;= jk f,i o" wfkla wjia;djka
i|yd jk ueÈ fmdxÑ ;=v 900 la jk f,i o ksmojd we;'

15
hka;% fldgia iïnkAO lsÍu

ysr h;=r u.ska iïnkaO lsßu

ysr h;=r fhdod .kq ,nkafka hï fldgila ;ekl kj;ajd ysr fldg ;eîugh'
fuh fndfyda úg oKavlg frdaohla iú lsÍfï § fhdod .kq ,efí' fuys § oKafâ l=vd
we,shla lmk w;r" tu m<, u we;s we,shla oKav ;=,ska hEúug we;s frdaofha isÿr ;=, o
lemsh hq;= fõ' fuu we,s fol w;rg tu m<,g jvd uola l=vd jk f,i ilia lrk ,o
ysr h;=r ;nd fldgia fol iïnkaO lsÍu u.ska" oKav iu.u frdaoho lr leùu isÿ fjhs'
isÍ lsÍug isÿjk wjiaa:dj wkqj fkdfhla wdldr j,ska ksmojkq ,nk ysr h;=re Nú;
lÍu isÿ fjhs' fï wkqj iuyr ysr h;=re RcqfldaKdi%dldr fldgia f,i idokq ,nk w;r
;j;a tajd wv i| wdldrhg fukau fÜmr yevhg o ksmojkq ,n hs'

fÜmr yeve;a ysr h;=re fndfyda úg ysi fldgila o iys;j ksmojkq ,nhs' tu ysi
fldgi ysr h;=r iúlsÍfï § fukau .e,ùfï § o fhdod .kq ,nhs'

weK iy uqßÉÑ Ndú;d lsÍfuka fldgia iú lsÍu

weK iy uqßÉÑ Ndú;fha we;s úfYaIu jdish jkqfha fldgia blauKska iú lsÍug
yd .e,ùu isÿ l< yels ùuhs'

wEK
weK n| u; wjYH wdldrhg fmdg lmd we;s w;r tla fl<jrl ysila iys; jk
f,ig ksmojd we;' fuu fldgi fnfyda úg h;=re fyda bial=remamq kshkla wdOdrfhka
weKh lrleùu i|yd fhdod .kS' óg wu;rj ysfiys we;s jeo.;alu tkï m%Odk ld¾hh
jkqfha weK yd uqßÉÑ Ndú;fhka iïnkaO lrk ,o fldgia fol tla fldg r|jd ;nd
.ekSu hs' úfYaI wjYH;djka i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk tajd yereKq úg weK yd uqßÉÑ
ksmoùug m%Odk jYfhkau fhdod .kq ,nkafka uDÿ jdfka h' úfYaI wjia:djka oeä
;dmh" oeä wd;;sh fyda b;d oeä iïnkaO lsÍï wjYH jk úg muKla ta i|yd iqÿiq jk
f,i by< ;;a;ajfha jdfka fhdod .kq ,n hs' óg wu;rj ms;a;," ;U fyda f,dalv jeks
f,dayhka u.ska o weK yd uqᐥ ksmojkq ,n hs'
weKh iu. iïnkaO lsÍug yelsjk f,i uqßÉÑfha we;=,a fmdg lmkq ,n hs'
úfYaI wjia:djkaj, § m%Od uqßÉÑhg msg;ska ;j;a uqßÉÑhla fh§u u.ska fooÍï jeks
wjia:dj, § isÿjk" uqßÉÑh bfí lr leùu u.ska iïnkaOh nqre,a ùu kj;d.kq ,n hs'
fuu uqßÉÑh" m%Odk uqßÉÑfh ys Wiska wvla jk mßÈ idokq ,nk w;r w.=¨ uqßÉÑ f,i
y÷kajkq ,nhs' w.=¨ uqßÉÑhla fhdokq ,nk wjia;djka ysÈ weKh È.g isák f,i
ksmojd ta wkqj fmdg lemSu o isÿl< hq;= fjhs'

16
 weK yd uqßÉÑ fhdod .ekSfï § weKfhys fmdg u;" f;,a" .S%ia jeks iafkayl
øjHhla wdf,am lsÍfuka miq uqßÉÑh ;o lsÍu u.ska uqßÉÑh f,fyisfhka lrleúh
yelsjdla fukau ;o iïnkaOhla o ,nd .; yels h' tfukau fuys § weKh u, lEfuka
wdrCId ùu o isÿ fjhs' tfukau kej; uqßÉÑh .e,ùfï § myiqfjka lr.; yels ùu ksid
jákd ld,h b;sß lr .ekSula o fuu ir, mQ¾j l%shdj tkï iafkayl fh§u u.ska lr.;
yels fjhs'

tl,ia lsÍfï l%ufõo

ñáhï lsÍu

ñáhï lsÍu fldgia iaÓr f,i iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd fhdod .kS' fuu l%ufõoh
fndfyda úg fhdod .kq ,nkafka f,day ;yvq tlsfkl iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd h' tfukau
mEiaiSu u.ska iïnkaO l< fkdyels we¨ñkshï jeks f,day ;yvq iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd o
fuu l%uh fhdod .kq ,nhs' fndhs,r ksYamdokfha § fukau f,day gexls ksIamdofha § o
;yvq iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd uq¨ uKskau mdfya fhdod.kq ,nkafka ñáhï lsÍu hs'
ñáhï weK ksYamdokh i|yd m%Odk jYfhkau fhdod.kq ,nkafka hlv fyda uDÿ
jdfka h' óg wu;rj fhdod .kq ,nk ;yvq fyda wjYH iú Yla;sh wkqj ;U" ms;a;, fyda
we¨ñkshï ñáhï weK Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' ñáhï lrkq ,nk wdldrh wkqj r;a fyda isis,a
ñáhï lsÍu f,i y÷ka jkq ,nhs'
isis,a ñáhï lsÍfï § ñáhï weK n| w;a ñáhla Ndú; lsÍu u.ska ñáhï lrkq
,nhs' r;a ñáhï lsÍfï § w;a ñáh fyda iïmSä; jdhqj u.ska l%shd lrkq ,nk hka;% fhdod
.ekSu isÿ lrkq ,n hs'
ñáhï weKfha myiqfjka ßx. ùu i|yd ;yvq ;=, ilia lrkq ,nk isÿr weKhg
jvd u|la úYalïNfhka jeäúh hq;= fjhs' bka miq weK ysi wdmiq fkdfhk mßÈ ;o
fldg ;nd f.k weKfhys wfkla fl<jrg fhdok n,h u.ska weK n| uy;a lsÍu ;=,ska
weKh isÿrg ysrl< hq;= fjhs' fuys § ñá myr fhdok fl<jr tkï weK ysig m%;s úreoaO
fl<jr o ysila wdldrhg ksufjk mßÈ j.n,d .; hq;= fjhs'

mEiaiSu

mEiaiSu u.ska f,day iïnkaO lsÍu m%Odk fldgu l%u ;=klg isÿ lrkq ,nhs'
tkï"
1' uDÿ mEiaisu
2' oeä mEiaisu
3' fj,aäka lsÍu
uDÿ mEiaisu fhdod .kq ,nkafka ;=kS f,day i|yd h' fuys § njq;hla wdOdr

17
fldg f.k ikaêh r;a fldg ikaêh u; iHkao wdf,am fldg tu njq;h u.ska u
fudf,dla fmdä fyj;a Bhï áka ñY%Kh r;a fldg ikaêh u; wdf,am lsÍfuka mEiaiSu
isÿ lrkq ,n hs' fuys § Ndú; flfrk iHdkao wl%Sh iHkao fyj;a ÿïu, yd il%Sh iHkao
tkï iskala laf,darhsâ" ;kql yhsfv%dalaf,daßla wï,h wd§ jYfhka fohdldr h' wl%SH
iHdkao úÿ,s" bf,lafg%daksl mßm:j, Wmdx. mEiaisfï § fhdod .kq ,nk w;r il%Sh
iHkao ;=kS f,day ;yvq mEiaisfï § fhdod .kq ,n hs'
oeã mEiaisu fhdod .kq ,nkafka u|la >klñka jeä ;yvq mEiaiSu i|yd h' fuys
§ njq;hlska iemfhk ;dmh m%udKj;a fkdjk neúka Ouks ,dïmqjla fyda lïu,a ,smla
fhdod ;dmh imhd .kq ,n hs' f,day iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd Ndú; jkafka oeä fmdä fyj;aa"
;U" ;=;a;kd.ï fyda ;U" ߧ ñY%Kh hs' iHkao f,i Ndú; lrkq ,nk fnd/laia yd oeä
fmdä ;,mhla jk f,ig ñY% lr.ksñka mEiaiSu isÿ lrkq ,n hs' iHkao fhdod .kq
,nkafka mdiaikq ,nk ikaêh msßisÿ lr .ekSu i|yd h' fuys § wl%Sh iHkao fhdod
.ekSfï § m<uq fldg mdiaikq ,nk m%foaYh msßisÿ fldg ;sìh hq;= w;r iHkao u.ska
mEiaiSfuka wk;=rej m%foaYh u,sk ùu j,lajkq ,n hs' il%Sh iHkao u.ska ikaêh msßisÿ
lsÍu fukau wdrCId lsÍu o isÿ fjhs' kuq;a il%Sh iHkao fyj;a iskala laf,darhsâ fyda
;kql i,a*shqßla fhdod .ekSfï we;s .eg¨j jkafka fuu øjH u.ska hlv u, lEu
blauka lrùuhs' tu ksid mEiaiSfuka wk;=rej tu m%foaYh c,fhka fidaod yeßh hq;= fjhs'
uDÿ mEiaisfï § ikaêh yd uDÿ fmdä r;a lrkq ,nk WIAK;aj mrdih jkafka 1800C -
2200C h' kuq;a oeä mEiaisfï § Ouks ,dïmqj wdOdrfhka ikaêh 6000C - 9000C w;r
WIaK;ajhlg m;al< hq;= fjhs' fuu WIAK;ajh oeä fmdä f,i fhdod .kq ,nk f,day
ñY%Kh wkqj fjkia fjhs' fuys § fhdod .kq ,nk iHkao jk fnd/laia by, WIaKj;ajfha
§ ùÿre jeks øjHhka idoñka mdiaik ,o ikaêh u, lEfuka wdrCId lrkq ,nhs' oeä
mEiaiSu fhdod iïnkaO lrkq ,nk f,dayhka jkafka jdfka" ÖkÉpÜá " ;U" f,dalv yd
ms;a;, hs' j¾. foll f,day iïnkaO lsÍfï § mEiaisfuka miq mqmqrd hk iq¨ f,day
ixfhda.hla fkdiefok whqßka oeä fmdäh f;dard .; hq;= fjhs'

fj,aäx lsÍu

f,day iïnkaO lsßï u.ska hula ksmoùfï § nyq,j fhdod .kq ,nkafka fj,aäx
lsÍu hs' f,day iïnkao w¨;a jeähd lsÍï j, § o nyq,j fhdod .kq ,nhs' fj,aäx lrk
l%u m%Odk jYfhka folls' tkï" úoHq;a pdm fj,aäx l%uh ^Electric Arc Welding& yd jdhq
fj,aäx l%uh ^Gas Welding& hs' fuu l%u fofla § u fj,aäx l+rla ;dmh wdOdrfhka øj
ùug i,iajd r;alrk ,o ikaêh u; je.SÍfuka iïnkaOh we;s lrkq ,nhs'

jdhq fj,aäx l%uh

fuys § weisá,ska jdhqj imhk ,o Tlaiscka jdhqj iu. oeùug ie,eiaùu u.ska
3500 0C l muK wêl WIaK;ajhla ksmojkq ,n hs' fuys § fj,aäx lre msrjqï l+r tla

18
w;lska o wfkla wf;ys fj,aäx ,dïmqj o ;nd f.k fj,aäx lrK m%foaYh yd msrjqï l+r
l%udkq l+,j wjYH WIaK;ajhg r;a lrkq ,nhs' fuys § wod, ikaêh øj njg m;ajk w;r
øj jQ msrjqï f,dayh úisrkq úg ta u.ska f,day ikaêh iïnkaO ùu isÿ fjhs' tl yd iudk
j¾.fha f,dayhka folla fj,aäx lrkq ,nk úg fhdod.kq ,nk msrjqï f,dayho tu
j¾.fhau fjhs' uDÿ jdfka mEiaisfï § yer wfkl=;a hlv wxY= f,day j¾. mEiaiSfï È
iHkao wjYH fjhs' fuu iHkao WKQù mdiaik ,o ikaêh u; wdrCIl mg,hla idoñka
tu m%foaYh úLdokh ùu j,lkq ,nhs' fj,aäx lsÍfï È we;s jk wêl wdf,dalh foi
ksrdjß; weiska ne,Su iqÿiq fkdjk neúka wdrCIl weia wdjrK Ndú; l< hq;= fjhs' ke;
fyd;a kej; ilial< fkdyels f,i we;eï úg weia wk;=rg ,laúh yels h'

úoHq;a pdm fj,aäx lsÍu

fuys § wêl úÿ,s Odrdjla fj,aäx lsÍug wjYH ia:dkhg fhduq lrùfuka tu
Odrdj ksid WmÈk wêl ;dm Yla;sfhka tu ia:dkfh ys f,dayh WKq ùug i,iajd
øùlrKh jQ msrjqï øjH fhdod .ksñka mdiaikq ,nhs' fuys È .Dyia;j Ndú; lrkq ,nk
úÿ,sh mßKdulhla u.ska jeä Odrdjla ,nd .; yels wdldrhg ilia lrkq ,nhs' fuu
mßKdulfha w.% foflka tla w.%hla mEiaish hq;= f,dayhg iïnkaO lrkq ,nhs' wfkla
w.%h bf,lafg%davhlg iú lrkq ,n hs' msrjqï øjH f,i Ndú; jkafka o fuu
bf,alafg%davhu fõ' bf,alafg%davh f,dayhg fndfyda fihska ,x l< úg .,d hk wêl
Odrdj ksid úoHq;a pdmhla we;s fõ' fuu úoHq;a pdmh u.ska f,dayh fukau bf,lafg%davh
o øj fjñka iúu;a iïnkaOhla we;s lrhs' fuys È bf,lafg%davh fyj;a fj,aäx l+r jgd
iHkao ljrhla f,i wdf,am fldg we;' bf,lafg%davh øj jk úg ta iu. iHkao h o øj
ù mdiaik ,o ia:dkh jid .ksñka je.sfrhs' fï ksid we;sjk wêl WKqiqu ksid tu
ia:dkh fõ.fhka jd;fha we;s Tlaiscka iu. m%;sl%shd fldg úLdokh ùu iHkaoh ksid
j,lS' tfukau fj,aäx pdmh we;s úfï È fuu iHkao h u.ska wdrCIs; wdjdrKhla iE§u
fya;=fjka pdmh kshu wdldrfhka t,a, lsÍu l< yels fjhs'
jdhqj fj,aäx l%uhg jvd fuu l%ufha we;s jdish jkafka úhou wvq ùu;a blauKska
mEiaish yels ùu;a h' kuq;a ñ,s óg¾ 3 g wvq ;yvq i|yd úoHq;a pdm fj,aäx l%uh wid¾:l
fõ' uka o we;sjk wêl ;dmh yuqfõ ;=kS ;yvq ms<siais hk neúks' fuu l%ufha § oeä
wdf,dalhla fukau mdr cïnQ, lsrK yd fkdfhl=;a wys;lr jdhq j¾. ksl=;a jk neúka
wdrCIs; Wml%u Ndú; l< hq;= fjhs'

iafmdÜ fj,aäx l%uh

fuu l%uh ir,u iy f,day ;yvq iïnkaO lsÍfï § nyq,j Ndú; jk l%uh fõ'
f,day ;yvq ñáhï lsÍu fjkqjg fhdod .; yels l%uh ls' fuys § iïnkaO lrkq ,nk
ikaê b;d fyd¢ka msßisÿ lr .; hq;= fõ' fuys § ;yvqfõ >klu wkqj iafmdÜ fj,aäx

19
hka;%h ilid .; hq;= w;r fuh uq¨uKskau hdka;%sl l%uh ls' ^l,ska i|yka l< fj,aäx
l%u fofla § fj,aäx lref.a m< mqreoaO wkqj ikaê lsÍfï .=Kd;aul nj r|d mj;s &

iafmdÜ fj,aäx hka;% m%Odk jYfhka wdldr 3 ls'

1' iaA:dk .; fldg we;s ;ks iafmdÜ
2' tyd fuyd f.k hd yels ;ks iafmdÜ
3' nyq úO iafmdÜ
iafmdÜ fj,aäx l%ufh ys m%Ok úp,Hka 3 jkqfha fj,aäug wod< Odrdj" fhdok mSvkh"
yd Odrdj .,k ld,h hs'

ikaê fj,aäx l%uh

fuys § fhdod .kq ,nkafka ljdldr bf,lafg%dak úfYaIh ls' fuu ljh ikaêh
u; lr leùfuka wkdjr; uQÜgqjla idohs' fuu l%ufha § isÿre rys; iïnkaOhla ,nd .;
yels neúka øj yd jdhq j¾. f.k hk k<" gexls wdÈfhys isÿ l< hq;= jk ikaê lsÍïj,g
fhdod .kq ,n hs' fuu l%uh iafmdÜ fj,aäx l%ufhka fjkia jkq ,nkafka" iafmdÜ
fj,aäx l%ufha § tla ;s;la ;eîfuka miq bf,lafg%davh bj;g .kakd kuq;a" fuys § uQÜgqj
wjika jk f;lau bf,lafg%davh úÿ,s iïnkaOh mj;ajd .kakd neúks' ikaêh yd
bf,alafg%davh issis,a lsÍu i|yd c,h fhdo .kq ,nhs' fuu l%ufha § oeä ikaê ,nd .;
yels jkjd fukau øjH úhou b;sß fõ'

we,ùu

bxðfkareuh fh§ïj, § we,ùu u.ska fldgia iïnkaO lsÍu Ndú; lrkq ,nkafka
by; i|yka l< tla lsßfï l%uj,g jvd úfYaI jdis we;akï muKls'

we,ùfï jdis '

1' wvq úhou'
2' ikaêh w,xldr f,i ksuùfï yelshdj'
3' myiqfjka Ndú; l< yels úu'
4' myiqfjka we,jqï øjH ,nd .; yels úu'
5' wvq wdhdihlska l< yels ùu'
6' kqmqyqKq mqoa.,hkag mjd l< yels ùu'

we,ùfï we;s wjdis

1' ikaêh oeä ùug hk ld,h È.= ùu'
2' kej; fjka lsÍug we;eï úg wmyiq ùu'

20
 3' WKqiqu yd ridhk øjH iu. .eàfï § ikaêh ÿ¾j, úh yels ùu'
4' foaY.=Ksl idOl u; ikaêfha Ôj ld,h flá úh yels ùu'

nxl=" w;a wdjqo yd tajdfha m%fhdack

l=vd ld¾hhka ys È yd uyd mßudK hka;% Ndú;hg .; fkdyels wjia:dj, § fïjd

Ndú; lrhs' fïjd Ndú;fha § ld¾hhg iqÿiq wdjqoh f;dard .eksu yd ksjerÈ Ndú;h
flfrys ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ'

1&' jeoaÿï lref.a o~q w~qj

jev fldgila fkdfi,a ù mj;sk fia iú lr .kq ,nkafka o~q w~qjgh' fuh
jev fïih u; weK fhdod oeäj iú lr ;sfí' fuys ia:djr yd p,kh l< yels ykq
hq.,hlska hqla; jk w;r ykq hq., w;rg wod, jev fldgi tys jQ uqßÉÑh lr leùfuka
isr lr .kq ,nhs'

2&' bxðfkare mSr

mDIaG iqug lsÍfï ,d fhdod .kS' tajd úúOdldr yevfhka yd È.ska hqla; fõ' ;jo
lemqï odr tlla" folla wd§ jYfhka jk mSß olakg ,efí' idudkHfhka È. ñ,s ñg¾ 150
isg 350 w;r fõ' tla w;lg muKla lemqï odr we;akï tajd ;ks lemqï mSr f,i o" fo
w;g u lemqï odr we;akï" oaú;aj lemqï mSr f,i y÷kajhs' lemqï odr folla w;r mr;rh
wvq jk úg mSß .dk ,o u;= msg jvd ishqï fõ' fï wkqj r`:" ishqï yd b;d ishqï f,i mSß
j¾. fõ'

w;a mSr
iu;, u;= msgla ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk ir,;u wdldrfha mSrhs' fuh
taldldr jQ RcqfldaKdi%dldr yria lvlska hqla; w;r fl<jr muKla uola fÜmr
yevhlska hqla; fõ' fuys uqyqK;a foflys oaú;aj lemqï odr iys;j o wfkla odrh
me;,S o fõ'

geï mSr
w;a mSf¾ fN!;sl ,CIK we;s uq;a" Bg jvd ;=kS yria lvlska hqla; h'

me;,s mSr
w;a mSrg jvd fuys we;s fjki jkafka fl<jr È. yd m<, hk fome;af;ysu fÜmr
yevh .ekSuhs' uq¨ Èf.ka ;=fkka tlla muK fÜmr yevh mj;s' fÜmr yev;s mgq
lÜghka .Eu i|yd Ndú; fõ'

21
y;/ia mSr
iajrEmfhka w;a mSr fukau jqj o uqyqK;a y;frysu oaú;aj lemqï odr we;'

;=ka yq,ia mSr

yria lv iumd; ;%sfldaKhls' fl<jrg jkakg fÜmr yevh .kS' uqyqK;a ;=ku
oaú;aj lemqï odr j,ska hqla; fõ'

rjqï mSr
yria lv jD;a;dldrh' fl<jr fÜmr yevfhka hqla;h' ;ks yd oaú;aj lemqï hk
wdldr foflkau ksmojhs' isÿre úYd, lrùug Ndú; lrhs'

wv i| mSr
fuys yria lv w¾O jD;a;dldrh' fl<jr fÜmr yevhla .ks'

;=kS mSr
fuh ;=ka yq,ia mSf¾ jvd mgq wdldrhlss' msyshl wdldrh .kS' oaú;aj lemqï odrj,ska
hqla;h' b;d ksjerÈ fldaKdldr yevh ,nd .ekSug Ndú; lrhs'

bÈ lgq mSr
b;d ishqï wdldrfhka l=vd f,day m%udKhla bj;alr .ekSug fhdod .kS' wjysr iys;
;ekaj,§ o Ndú;hg .kS'

3&' f,day lmk lsh;

lsh;a ;,h" lshf;a rduqjg weK follska fofl<jßka iïnkaO flf¾' fuh
Ndú;fhka úYd, f,day fldgila bj;a lr .; yels fõ' lemSug wod, øjh wkqj ;,h
f;dard .; hq;= fõ'

4&' lmk lgq j

f,day lemSug fyda iEysug fhdod .kS' lemSfï § lemqï mDIaGhg 900 la jk f,i
o" iEySfï § lemqï mDIaGhg 450 la jQ wdk;sfhka hq;=j lmk lgqj ;eìh hq;= fõ' me;,s
yd yria lmk lgqj f,i j¾. folls'

me;,s lmk lgq j

m<,a me;,s ;,hla we;' ;=kS ;yvq lemSu i|yd fhdod .ks' ;j o ñáhï weK bj;a
lsÍug fukau u, lE weK uqßÉÑ lemSug o fhdod .ks' lemqï ;, w;r fldaKh 600
la jkfia uqjy;a lrkq ,nhs'

22
yria lmk lgqj
fuys ;,h me;,s lmk lgqjg jvd mgq h' mgq odr" uq¨ ilia lsÍu" ;=kS ;yvq isÿre
ú§u yd h;=re ux lemSfï § Ndú; lrhs'

5&' bxðfka r e ñáh

,S ñgla iys;j ;kd we;s w;r ysfiys nr 0.1 Kg isg 1.5 Kg mrdih ;=, ksYamdokh
lrhs' ysi oeä fldg mkakrh ;nk ,o jdfka j,ska ;kd we;' fuh fnda, fm;s" yria
fm;s" È.á fm;s f,i ksYamdokh flf¾'
ñáhï lsÍu i|yd fnda, ñá fhdod .ks' yria yd È.á fm;s j¾. fol wvq bvl §
ñáhï lsÍug Ndú; l< yels h' tfukau f,day ;yvqj, keuqï È. yeÍfï § o m%fhdackj;a
fõ'
we¨ñkshï fyda fyd¢ka ilia lrk ,o u;= msg iys; mDIaGj, Ndú;hg ma,diaála
;U jeks øjHfhka ;ekQ ysi iys; ñá ;kd we;'

6&' gema lgqj

we;=,; fmdg lemSu i|yd" Ndú; lrhs' oeä wêfõ.S jdfka j,ska ;kd we;s w;r
tla fmdg lemSula i|yd gema lgq ;=kla fhdod .kS' tla tla gema lgqj fmdg lefmk
ms<sfj,g Ndú; l< hq;= h'

7&' legh
Ndysr fmdg lemSu i|yd fhdod .kS'

gema lgqj yd legh tlu fmdglska hqla;j yd tlu úYalïNhlska hqla;j Ndú;
lsÍfuka weKh yd .e,fmk uqßÉÑh ilid .; yels fõ' +

23
 5' oej l¾udka;fha tl,ia lsÍfï l%u

wjYH m%udKj,g lmd h;= .d ilia lr.;a oej Wmfhda.S lr f.k NdKavh fyda
ld¾hhg wod< jk fia fufia tla lrk fldgiaj,ska"
• È. jeä lsÍu fyda
• m<, jeä lsÍu fyda
• fldaKdldr j iïnkaO lsÍula fyda isÿ flf¾'

fï wdldrfhka tl,ia lrk fldgia iaÓr j mj;ajd f.k hdu i|yd"

• we,ùu
• weK ;eîu fyda
• uQÜgq fh§u hk Ys,amsh l%u Ndú; flf¾'

we,ùu
oej we,úu i|yd ue,shï j¾. rdYshla fjf<| fmdf<a we;' fuu ue,shï we,úh
hq;= ia:dkh oejj, ;rd;sru" fyda Ndú; flfrk ld¾h wkqj tajd wjYH mßÈ f;dard
.ekSug o yelshdj we;'

we,ùu u`.ska ikaê lsÍug wjYH ia:dkh

• f;,a l=Kq ÿú,s wdÈfhka f;dr úh hq;= fõ'
• we,jqï mDIaG tlsfkl .e<msh hq;= h'
• we, jq miq nkaOkh oeä jk f;la ysr lr ;eîu yd fkdfid,ajd ;eîu o w;HjYH
lreKls'

i;a ; a j ue,s h ï
i;=kaf.a iïj,ska ,nd.kakd fldgia" ksh" l+r" wegñÿ¨" u;aiH fldr fmd;=
msßisÿ lr laIKsl j by< WIaK;ajhlg r;a lsÍfuka øj njg m;a lr wÉpqj,g j;alr
>k ùug i,iajd fï ue,shï ksIamdokh flf¾' fï ue,shï .aÆ ^Glue& f,i fjf<|
fmdf<a mj;S'
fï .a¨ Ndú;hg fmr l=vd fldgiaj,g lvd .a¨ Ndú;fha oS yd 6500C muK
WIaK;ajhlg r;alr .ekSfuka we,úug iqÿiq ;;ajhlg m;alr .; yels h'

oê ue,s h ï
lsßj, fïoh bj;a l< miq b;sß jk øjH fidaähï laf,darhsâ" fidaähï fmdiafmaÜ'
fnd/laia jeks ridhksl øjH iu`. ñY% fldg kshñ; WIaK;aj hgf;a úh,d l=vq f,i
ksIamdokh flf¾'
fï ue,shï c,hg Tfrd;a;= §fï .=Kfhka hqla; h' fïjd lD;s%u oej ksIamdokfha §
oej fldgia tlg we,ùug fndfydaúg fhdod .kq ,efí'

1
Ydl fm% d a à k ue,s h ï
bß`.=" fidahd fndaxÑ" rglcq" wd§ îcj,ska ,nd.kakd fm%daàk" ridhk øjH lSmhla
ñY% lsÍfuka fï ue,shï ksmojkq ,efí'

reêr we,aìhquka ue,shï

i;a;aj reêrfha we;s we,aìhquka ridhk øjH iu`. ñY% lsÍfuka fï ue,shï
ksIamdokh flfrhs' ;=kS ,E,s ksIamdokfha § fï ue,shï jeä jYfhka Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

lD;% s u ue,s h ï
úúO ridhksl øjH Wmfhda.S lrf.k ksmojd.kakd fï ue,shï j¾. oej
l¾udka;fha we,ùfï ld¾hhka i|yd Ndú; flf¾' fuu ue,shï weiqreï lrKfha oS yd
Ndú;fha § f,day n÷ka Ndú; fkd lrkafka f,day iu`. ridhksl øjH m%;sls%hd lrk
neúks' ms`.ka ueá Ndck" ùÿre Ndck" ma,diaála Ndckj, nyd Ndú;hg .kq ,nhs' fuys
olajk ue,shï j¾. w;ßka mS'ù'ta' j¾.h yer b;sß tajd nqreiq u`.ska fyda jdhq úisrK hka;%
^Spray Machine& u`.ska fyda mDIaG u; wdf,am l< yels h' ridhksl øjHj,ska hqla; ksid
YÍrfha ;ejÍu fi!LHg wys;lr neúka Ndú;fha § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= fõ'

fu,uhska f*daue,aäyhsâ ue,shï ^^M.F.&&

úfYaIfhka j;=rg ridhksl øjHj,g Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj we;' jhsÜ mjqv¾
friSka kï øjH iu`. ia:djr ldrlhla ñY% lr fuu ue,shï j¾.h ksIamdokh flf¾'

f;;ukh iys; ia:dkj, Ndú; lrk oej NdKav fldgia we,ùu" ;=kS ,E,s
we,ùu" ma,diaála ;yvq we,ùu i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,efí'

*S f kda , a f*da u e,a ä yhs â ue,s h ï

fräIa n%jqka friskaz kï Èhrh fyda l=vq iu`. mjqv¾ *s,¾ kï øjH c,fha Èh lr
ñY% lr .ekSfuka fï ue,shï fhdod .kq ,efí' 900C - 1380C WIaK;ajhla hgf;a
f;rmSug Ndckh lsÍfuka ikaêh oeä l< yels h'
c,hg Tfrd;a;= fok ;=kS ,E,s *hsn¾ fndaâ ksmoùfï § Ndú;hg .efka'

ßfida * s k ,a f*da u e,a ä yhs â ue,s h ï

fräIa n%jqka friska kï Èhrh iu`. ia:djr ldrlhla ñY%lr fï ue,shï idokq
,efí' fï ue,shï j¾.h ;ejrE oej fldgia f;rmSug ,la lr meh 16 - 24 w;r ld,hla
;eîfuka oeä nkaOkhla we;s fõ' c,hg yd WIaK;ajhg Tfrd;a;= fohs' ;=ks ,E,s' ;=kS
,E,s u; iSÜ ;yvq we,ùug fhdod .kq ,efí'

2
hq ß hd f*da u e,a ä yhs â ue,s h ï
l=vq fyda Èhr jYfhka we;' Ndú;hg .ekSug fmr ia:djr ldrlh ñY% lr .; hq;=
h' fï fol u fjk fjk u wiqrd we;' ;=ks ,E,s we,ùug;a úúO oej uQÜgq j¾. Yla;su;a
lsÍug;a Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí'

wefmdla i a ue,s h ï
úialia kï ridhksl øjH iu`. ia:djr ldrlhla ñY% lr .ekSfuka ue,shï
ñY%Kh idod .kq ,efí' idod.;a ue,shï ñY%Kh mehla muK ld,hl § Ndú;hg f.k
wjika l< hq;= h' ;=kS m<,a ;,hla u`.ska ;ejÍu l< hq;= fõ' wod< fkdjk ia:dkj,
;ejrE ue,shï jyd u bj;a l< hq;= h' f;rmSug ,lalr meh 48l muK ld,hla ;=< §
fyd¢ka oeä fõ'

c,h" WIaK;ajh" ridhksl øjH yd lïmkhg Tfrd;a;= §fï yelshdj we;' oej
we,ùug fuka u f,day ùÿre" rn¾" ma,diaála wdÈh we,ùug o .; yels h'

fmd,sùkhs,a weisfÜÜ ue,shï ^^P.V.A&&

weisá,ska iy weisála wï, m%;sls%hd lsÍfuka iEfok >k øjH wjYH muKg c,h
fhdod ;kql lsÍfuka fï ue,shï idod .kq ,efí' ma,diaála fnda;,j, fyda f;rmsh yels
n÷kaj, fyda wiqrd we;' iSudiys; ld,hla ;=< § Ndú;hg .; hq;= h' fuh nqreiqjlska
fyda oe;s iys; ;=kS ;yvqjlska fyda ;jrkq ,efí' we, jq mDIaG meh 1-2 w;r ld,hla
f;rmd ;eîfuka oeä fõ'

úI rys; h' .skakg yd È,Sr j¾.j,g Tfrd;a;= §u isÿ jqj;a f;;ukh iys;
ia:dkj,g yd by< WIaK;ajh iys; ia:dkj, fldgia we,ùug fï ue,shï kqiqÿiq h'

la I Ks l j wef,k ue,s h ï
lD;s%u rn¾ j¾. iu`. *s,¾ia *Sfkda,a jeks jdIamSlrK øjH iu`. ñY% lsÍfuka fï
ue,shï idod .kq ,efí' nqreiq" oe;s iys; ;=kS ;yvq" frda,¾ u`.ska wdf,am l< yels h'
w,jk mDIaG fol u; ;ejrE miq ñks;a;= 10-20 muK ld,hla úhf<kakg yer miq j ta
mDIaG tlg ;nd f;rmSug ,la l< hq;= h'

idudkH oej jeoaÿï" iï" ùÿre" ma,diaála" ;=kS ,E,s" we,ùug .kq ,efnhs'

3
 oej uQÜgq j¾.
yq,ia fya;a;= uQÜgqj oej fldgiaj, m<, jeä lsÍu i|yd;a" pdï fya;a;= uQÜgqj iy
Wr fya;a;= uQÜgj fldaKsl jEoaÿï i|yd;a fhdod .efka'

yq,ia fya;a;= uQÜgqj pdï fya;a;= uQÜgqj Wr fya;a;= uQÜgqj

.ssß uQÜgqj
fldaKsl j fhdok uQÜgq j¾.hls' oej ueog fyda fl<jrlg fhÈh yels h'
jeoa§ug wjYH we,sh ,Sfha >klñka 1$3 m%udKhg lmd.; hq;= h' ue,shï u`.ska we,ùu
fyda ue,shï oud weK u`.ska iïnkaO lsÍu fyda lrkq ,nhs'

mila .sß uQÜgqj l;a;=u,a,s .sß uQÜgqj wv .sß uQÜgqj

l=vqïì .sß uQÜgqj

4
m`: uQ Ü gq
fldgia Èla lsÍfï § wv m`: yd yev wvm`: uQÜgq fhdod .kq ,nhs' l;sr m`: uQÜgqj
yd l;a;=u,a,s m`: uQÜgqj fldaKsl j fhdokq ,efnhs' È. jeä lsÍug uQÜgq fhdok úg
uQÜgqfõ È. ,Sfha >klu fuka ;=ka .=Khla úh hq;= h'

wvm`: uQ Ü gq j ^È.& yevm`: uQÜgqj wvm`: uQÜgqj ^fldaKsl j&

l;sr m`: uQÜgqj l;a;=u,a,s m`: uQÜgqj

rduq uq`: uQÜgq

iDcq fldaKsl j fyda úúO w.hj,ska hq;a fldaK iys; rduq jeoa§ug fï uQÜgq Ndú;
flf¾' mska;+r rduq" kdu mqjre" lerï fndaâ wdÈh ;ekSfï § Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí'

pdï rduq uQÜgqj wvm`: rduq uq`: uQÜgqj Èj; iys; rduq uq`: uQÜgqj

5
m`: weK uq Ü gQ j
fk;a;s m`: weK uQÜgqj fldaKslj o" yq,ia m`: weK uQÜgqj m<, jeä lsÍug o
fhdod .kq ,efí' fï uQÜgq fh§fï § ue,shï j¾. ;jrd .ekSfuka Yla;sh jeä fõ'

yq,ia m`: weK uQÜgqj fk;a;s m`: weK uQÜgqj

mq ¨ la l = uQ Ü gq j
oej mq`:,a lsÍug fhdod .kq ,efí'

mq¨lal= uQÜgqj Èj; iys; mq¨lal= uQÜgqj

;Ügq uQ Ü gq j
oej mq`:,a lsÍug fhdod .kq ,efí'

;Ügq uQÜgqj

6
lhs f kda l a l = uQ Ü gq j
f.dvke.s,s jy,j, nd,al" hg,Sj, È. jeä lsÍu i|yd Ndú;hg .efka' lsU,
q ;
a ,a,
uQÜgqj f,i o ye¢kafõ'

lhs f kda l a l = uQ Ü gq j

l= v q ï ì uQ Ü gq j

wv l=vqïì uQÜgqj midre l=vqïì uQÜgqj fmdxÑh iys; l=vqïì uQÜgqj

l+[a[h iys; midre l=vqïì uQÜgqj

7
 oej ks¾udK i|yd Ndú; wdjqo yd WmlrK

oej NdKav ksIamdokfha § brE oej l|ka" ,E,s fyda Ímam imhd f.k wjYH mßÈ
lmd .ekSu l< hq;= h' tajdfha l%uj;a njla we;s lsÍu i|yd;a w,xldrh yd l%uj;aj
jeoa§ï lsÍu i|yd;a h;= .Eu yd .; hq;= h'
• uqyqK; .Eu
• yq,y .Eu
• m<, .Eu
• .klu .Eu
hkdÈ mshjr j,ska yd .ekSu l< hq;= h'

uQ,sl j .Eu nr .Eu fõ' fuys § ;ks ;,hla iys; frdaú,a hkak o" iDcq nj yd
uÜgu nj ,nd .ekSu i|yd uÜgu .Eu o l< hq;= h' fï i|yd uÜgu hkak Ndú;hg
.kq ,efí'

wjYH mßÈ fldgia lemSu i|yd f¾Ld we| .ekSu lrk wjia:dj, § odrhlg ,ïn
f,i f¾Ld we| .ekSug uq¨ uÜgï ,E,a, o" odrhlg wek; f¾Ld we\ .ekSug ijdh
uÜgï ,E,a,o Wmfhda.S lr .kq ,efí' we§fï Wmlrk jYfhka mekai, fyda mEk msysh
fyda Ndú;hg .efka'

l=vqïì ú§fï § fyda ;Ügq weÍfï § fyda mq¨la weÍfï § iSud oelaùu i|yd udxYh
È.g odrhg iudka;rj f¾L tlla fyda lSmhla fyda we| .ekSug isÿ fõ' odrhlg
iudka;rj f¾Ld tlla we| .ekSug frlal,hla' odrhlg iudka;rj f¾L folla tljr
we| .ekSug l=vqïì jrlal,hska Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'

jrla l ,h l=vqïì jrlal,h

uQÜgqjlg wh;a fya;a;=jla lmd .ekSug Ndú; lrkafka ;yvq lsh; fõ' fuys o;a l=vd h'
by< odrfha jdfka máhla we;s ksid ;,h fkdkefï'

8
 ;yvq lsh;

fldaKdldr fya;a;= lsÍï i|yd ;õ ú§ug isÿfõ' fï i|yd we|.kakd ,o f¾Ld w;r
;õ ú§u .eUqrg isÿlrkafka kï f¾.,a lsh;la Ndú;h iqÿiqhs' f¾.,a kshkl ;,fha
>klu jeä h' fï l+r me;s kshka" mÜgï kshka wdÈh l=yr ;=< Y=oaO lsÍug yd /ysug
Ndú;hg .efka'

f¾.,a kshk

me;s kshk

mÜgï kshk

kshka j,ska jev lsÍfï § kshka ñgg ;Ügq lsÍug Wmfhda.S lr.kafka ,S j,ska ;ekq
w; fld`:jls' weK ;eîfï È wvq ñáh o bial=remamq weK ;o lsÍfï § bial=remamq kshk
o Ndú; flfrhs'

w; fld¨j w`vq ñáh bial=remamq kshk

9
 ,E,a, ;Ügq weÍu i|yd ;Ügq hkak Ndú; lrk w;r udjYh È.g mq¨la lsÍu i|yd
mq¨la hkak Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'

;Ügq h;a;

,S j, ljdldr isÿre úo .ekSfï § úÿï hka;%h fyda nqreuh yd nqreu lgq fyda
Ndú;hg .kq ,efí'

nqreuh úÿï w;a hka;%h

n,fõ. úÿï hka ; % h

by; oelajqfha oej l¾udka;fha § Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;a wdjqo lSmhls' fuys ld¾h
jeä ixLHdjla lr .; yels nyq ld¾h ,S jev hka;% kQ;k ld¾ñlfhda nyq, jYfhka

10
fhdod .ks;s' nyq ld¾h ,S jev hka;%h yer h;= .Eu" lemSu" ú§u" ue§u wdÈ ld¾hhka fjk
fjka u lr.; yels hka;% o Ndú;fha mj;S'

úÿ,s hka;%

úÿ,s nyq ld¾h jvq ld¾ñl hka;%h

11
12
 6'1 fudag¾ r:hl we;s moaO;s

• fudag¾ jdyk m%Odk jYfhka j¾. follg fjkalr ±laúh yels h' ieye,a¨
jdyk iy jdKsc jdyk jYfhks'

• ieye,a¨ jdyk" ld¾" jEka" msla wma jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels w;r jdKsc jdyk
f,dß" nia" g%la r: jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels nj h'

• fudag¾ jdyk m%Odk jYfhka moaO;s lsysmhlska iukaú; fõ' tajd tkaðu"
iïfma%IK moaO;sh" iqlaldkï moaO;sh" frdaOl moaO;sh" wj,ïNk moaO;sh" úÿ,s
moaO;sh" peish yd fndäh f,i ±laúh yels h'

• fudag¾ jdyk tkaðu wNHka;r oyk tkaðuls' tkaðka is,skavr ;=< bkaOk
oykfhka ,nd.kakd ;dm Yla;sh" hdka;s%l Yla;shlg m;alsÍu tkaðul ld¾hh
Ndrh fõ'

• tkaðfuka ksmofjk hdka;s%l Yla;sh mojk frdao lrd iïfma%IKh lsÍug

iïfma%IK moaO;shla wjYH fõ' iïfma%IK moaO;sh la,ph" .shr fmÜáh"
wjrfm;s l|" ksñ t<jqu" wlaIs l|ka yd mojk frdaoj,ska iukaú; fjhs'

• Odjkh jk jdykhl Odjk ÈYdj yiqrjd .ekSug iqlaldkï moaO;sh wjYH

fjhs'

• fudag¾ jdykhl tkaðu" fndäh" iy wksl=;a fldgia iels,a,g iïnkaOj mj;S'

• u.Ska iy nvq ndysrdÈh i|yd bv i,id foñka" tajd foaY.=Ksl ;;ajhkaf.ka

wdrlaId lr§u jdyk fndäh u.ska isÿlrhs'

• fudag¾ r: úÿ,s moaO;sh" mK.ekaùfï moaO;sh" wdfrdamK moaO;sh iy wdf,dal

moaO;sh jYfhka fjkalr ±laúh yels h' mK .ekakqï moaO;sh tkaðu mK
.ekaùug wjYH jk w;r wdfrdamK moaO;sh fudag¾ jdyk negßh wdfrdamKh
lsÍu i|yd wjYH fõ' wdf,dal moaO;sh fudag¾ r:fha ish¨ myka ±,aùug
Wmldß fõ' m%Odk myka" ix{d myka" me;s myka" miq .eiqï myka frdaOl myka"
WmlrK mqjrefõ myka fuu moaO;shg wh;a fjhs'

1
 6'2 tkaðul m%Odk ixrpl

• is,skavr n| - CYLINDER BLOCK

tl u fldgila f,i ÖkÜpÜá f,dayfhka fyda fjk;a ñY% f,day u.ska jd;a;=
lr we;' jd;a;= lsÍfï § msiagka p,s;h i|yd is,skavr fndarhka o" o`.r l| N%uKh
i|yd uõfndarhka o" leñoKafâ ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd lEïfndarhka o" c, l=yr"
f;,a ud¾. iy weK iúlsÍu i|yd isÿre o wjYH mßÈ jd;a;= lr we;' is,skavr
n|" ;ks is,skavr yd nyq is,skavr f,i mej;sh yels w;r tkaðfï fndfyda ndysr
fldgia iú lrkq ,nkafka is,skavr n|g h'

• is,skavr ysi - CYLINDER HEAD

is,k
s va r ysi o ÖkÜpÜá f,dayfhka jd;a;= lr we;s w;r iuyr tkaðka we¨ókshï
ñY% f,dayh fhdod ksIamdokh lr we;' is,skavr n|l by< fldgi wdjrKh
jkqfha fuu is,skavr ysfiks' pQIK yd msgdr jE,aj" fuh ;=< ls%hdlrkq ,nk
w;r oyk l=àr" pQIK yd msgdr jdhq ud¾." mq,s`.= fmakQ fyda bkaOk úÈk" ;dm
fmakq" iúlsÍug isÿre o" n| yd ysi iïnkaO lsÍug;a frdal¾ wdï tl,i yd gemÜ
ljrh iïnkaO lsÍug weK ;õ o fuys ilia lr we;'

• o`.r l| - CRANK SHAFT

bkaOk oykfhka ksmofjk n,h msiagka" msiagka w;a Tiafia o`.r l|g ,ndf.k
tu n,h msg;g ksl=;a lsÍu i|yd o`.r l| Yla;su;a j ;sìh hq;= neúka th ñY%
jdfkaj,ska ksmojkq ,nk w;r msiga kaj,g ,efnk f¾Çh p,s;h" N%uK p,s;hlg
m;alsÍu o`.r l| u.ska isÿ flf¾' o`.r lf|a c¾k,a j¾. folla we;' bka m%Odk
c¾k, is,skavr n|g o" uyfldka c¾k,a msiagka w;g o fnhdßka wdOdrfhka
iïnkaOj mj;S' c¾k,j g f;,a iemhSu i|yd o`.r lf|a f;,a isÿre úo we;'

• leñ okav - CAM SHAFT

tkaðfï pQIK yd msgdr jE,aj kshñ; fj,djg újD; lsÍu leñ oKav u.ska isÿ
fõ' tkaðka nf|a fyda ysfia we;s leñ c¾k, ;=< we;s nqyq u; leñ oKav N%uKh
fõ' iuyr tkaðkaj, leñ ovq folla mej;sh yel' leñ oKafâ we;s leñ u.ska
jE,aõ újD; lsßu isÿlrkq ,nk w;r tys u mj;sk ±;s frdao u.ska fmg%,a tkaðul
äiaá%ìhqgrh fyda iafkayl f;,a fmdïmh ls%hd lrjkq ,nhs' leñ oKavo Yla;su;a
j ;sìh hq;= neúka ñY% jdfkaj,ska ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí'

• msiagkh - PISTON
msiagkh" msiagka w; u.ska o`.r l|g iïnkaO j mj;sk w;r oykfha È tkaðu
;=< ksmojk Yla;sh msiagk ysi u;g ,ndf.k msiagka w; yryd o`.r l|g ,nd§u

2
 isÿ fõ' msiagka we¨ñkshï ñY% f,dayfhka ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk w;r m%idrK
jdish ie,ls,a,g f.k fÜm¾-´j,a yevhlg ks¾udKh flf¾' msiagka nfoa
iïmSvk j<¨ iy f;,a j<¨ i|yd we,s ilia lr we;' msiagkh msiagka w;g
iïnkaO lsÍu i|yd msiagka n| yryd .sh isÿrla ;=< ˜msiagka weKh˜ kï f,day
ú,a,la we;' m%idrK jdish ie,ls,a,g f.k msiagka nf|a úúO ks¾udK isÿ lr
we;s w;r msiagka ysi o úúO yevj,g ks¾udKh flf¾'

• msiagka w; - CONNECTING ROD

msiagkh" o`.r l|g msiagka w; u`.ska iïnkaO lrkq ,nk w;r tys tla fl<jrla
l=vd fldk f,i o wfkla fldk uyd fldk f,i y÷kajkq ,nk w;r l=vd
fldk msiagkfha we;s msiagka weKhg o uyfldk o`.r l|g o iïnkaO jk w;r
msiagka w;a m%n, n,hkag Tfrd;a;= Èh yels f,i ñY% jdfkaj,ska I wl=f¾ yevh
we;s yrialvla msysgk f,i ksmojd we;'

• jE,aj - VALVES
isõmyr tkaðul iEu is,skavrhla i|yd jE,aj fol ne.ska fhdod we;s w;r tajd
pQIK yd msgdr jE,aj f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' pQIK jE,ajh yryd fmg%,a jd;
ñY%Kh fyda jd;h is,skavrh ;=<g we;=`: lsÍu;a msgdr jE,ajh yryd ±jqKq jdhq msg
lsÍu;a isÿ flf¾' iuyr tkaðkaj, is,skavr ;=<g jeä fmg%,a jd; ñY%Khla fyda
jd; m%udKhla ,nd § n,h jeä lr .ekSu i|yd pQIK je,ajfha ysi úYd, j
ksmojd we;s w;r iuyr tkaðkaj, tla is,skavrhla i|yd jE,aj 3la fyda 4la we;'
fuu ks¾udKhka iys; tkaðkaj, n,h jeä w;r jE,ajhka ksl,a" fl%dañhï"
fldfnda,aÜ wvx.= ñY% jdfkaj,ska ksIamdokh lrkq ,efí'

• k<yuqj - MANIFOLD
tkaðka ysig fuu k< yuq weK iy uqßÉÑ u.ska iïnkaO j mj;sk w;r fïjd
pQIK k< yuq yd msgdr k< yuq jYfhka ye¢kaúh yel' fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kfha "
jd;h pQIK k< yuqj Tiafia is,skavr lrd .uka lrkq ,nk w;r ±jqKq jdhqj
msgdr k< yuqj Tiafia msgdr k<h lrd .uka flf¾' ÑkÜpÜá f,dayfhka jd;a;=
lr fuu k< yuq ksIamdokh lr we;s w;r iuyr tkaðkaj, pQIK k< yuq
we¨ñkshï ñY% f,dayfhka o ksIamdokh lr we;'

3
 6'3 tkaðul ls%hdldÍ;ajfha uQ,O¾u

tkaðka j¾.SlrKh (
tkaðka wdldr lsysmhlska j¾.SlrKh l< yels h' tkï ls%hdldß uQ,O¾uh" Ndú;d
jk bkaOk wkqj j¾. lsÍu" caj,k l%shdj wkqj j¾. lsÍu wdoS f,i h'

ls%hdldÍ uq,O¾uh wkqj tkaðka j¾.SlrKh

fuu ls%hdldÍ uq,O¾uh wkqj m%Odk j¾. folla mj;S'
i' isõ myr - Four Stroke
ii' oaú myr - Two Stroke

isõ myr - Four Stroke tkaðu

fuys myrj,a 4la we;' myrla hkq msiagkh is,skavrh ;=<" by< iSudj(TDC) yd
my< isudj(BDC) w;r tla jrla .uka lsÍu fõ''

TDC - Top Dead Center - by< iSudj

BDC - Bottom Dead Center - my< iSudj

i' pQIK myr - fmÜr,a tkaðkaj, bkaOk ñY% jd;h o ãi,a tkaðkaj, kï jd;h muKla
o fuu myr ;=<§ ,nd.kS' pQIK je,ajh újD; j o msgdr jE,ajh jeiS o
mj;S'

ii' iïmSvk myr - iïmSvkh isÿfõ' pQIK yd msgdr jE,ajhka fol u jeiS mj;S'

iii' n, myr - bkaOk jd; ñY%Kh mq,s.=jla u.ska oykh ù we;sjk m%idrK n,fhka
msiagkh my<g ;,a¨lr n, myr we;s fõ' pQIK yd msgdr jE,ajhka jeiS
we;'

iv' msgdr myr - oykh jq bkaOk jd; ñY%Kfha oejqK jdhq bj;a fõ' msgdr je,ajh újD;
ù pQIK jE,ajh jeiS we;'

4
oaú myr - Two Stroke tkaðu

fuys msiagkfha myrj,a foll § iïmQ¾K pl%hla iïmQ¾K fõ' tkï msiagkh
by< p,s;fha § ^BDC isg TDC olajd& o`.r l| l=àrhg bkaOk ñY% jd;h ^fmÜr,a
tkaðu& ,nd.ekSu;a" is,skavrh ;=< iïmSvkh;a isÿfõ' by< iSudfõ § mq,s.=j we;s ù
bkaOk ñY% jd;h oykh ù jdhqj m%idrKh fõ' tu.ska we;s jk ;dm Yla;sfhka msiagkh
my<g .uka lrk ^n, myr& w;r wjidkfha bkaOk ñY% jd;h oeùfuka b;sß jq
ldnkavfhdlaihsâ bj;a fõ'

Ndú; jk bkaOk wkqj tkaðka j¾.SlrKh

oykh lrk úg ;dm Yla;sh msg lsÍu bkaOkhla u.ska isÿlrhs' fudag¾ r: Ndú;h
i|yd bkaOk j¾. lsysmhla w;ayod ne,Su yd m¾fhaIK isÿlrhs' ±kg Ndú; bkaOk j¾.
f,i" ãi,a" fmg%,a" t,a ms .Eia hk bkaOk i,ld ne,sh yels h' tu ksid fudag¾ r:
tkaðu Ndú; lrk bkaOk j¾.h wkqj fmg%,a tkaðu" ãi,a tkaðu yd fmg%,a iy t,a mS
.Eia tkaðu f,i j¾. l< yels h'

fmg%,a tkaðul mq,s.= fmaKq mj;sk w;r ãi,a tkaðul ãi,a úÿï fmdïm yd ãi,a
úÈkhka ±lsh yels h' t,a mS .Eia tkaðu l jdhq k< yd jdIamSldrlhla mj;S'

5
Êj,k ls%hdj wkqj tkaðka j¾.SlrKh
Êj,k ls%hdj,sh wkqj m%Odk j¾. folls'
1' mq,s`.= Êj,k tkaðu (Spark Ignition Engine)
2' iïmSvk Êj,k ^iajhx Êj,k& tkaðu (Compression Ignition Engine)

fmg%,a" N=ñf;,a" t,a mS .Eia bkaOk Ndú; tkaðkaj, bkaOk oykhg mq,s.=jla
^Spark& ,nd§u i|yd Êj,k moaO;shla wjYH fõ' fuu ls%hdj,sh mj;sk tkaðka mq,s.=
Êj,k tkaðka kï fõ' tfiau ãi,a bkaOk Ndú; tkaðul bkaOk oykh ùu jdhq
iïmSvkh yd ãi,a ú§u u.ska isÿlrhs' fuu tkaðka iïmSvk Êj,k tkaðka kï fõ'

by; úia;r l< isõmyr tkaðka my; mßÈ kej; j¾. l< yels h'
1' isõ myr mq,s.= Êj,k tkaðu
11' isõ myr iïmSvk Êj,k ^iajhx Êj,k& tkaðu

isõmyr mq,s`.= ðj,k tkaðula hkq ls%hdldÍ uq,O¾uh isõmyr jk w;r Êj,kh
mq,s.= Êj,kh fõ' fuhg WodyrK f,i fmg%,a isõmyr mq,s`.= Êj,k tkaðula .; yels
h'

tfia u isõmyr ls%hdldÍ uQ,O¾uh we;s iïmSvk Êj,kh ^iajhx Êj,k& isÿjk
tkaðu" isõmyr iïmSvk Êj,k tkaðu f,i j¾. l< yels h' fuhg WodyrK f,i
ãi,a isõmyr iïmSvk oyk .; yels h'

6
 6'4 bkaOk iemhqï moaO;s

• Ndú; bka O k
fudag¾ r: tkaðka fndfyda úg øj bkaOk Wmfhda.s lr .ksñka ls%hd lrjkq ,nhs'
bkaOk jYfhka fmg%,a" ãi,a" Ndú; lrk w;r iuyr fmg%,a tkaðkaj, t,a mS
.Eiao bkaOk jYfhka fhdod .ksñka ls%hd lrjkq ,efí'

• bkaOk ,nd .ekSu

fmdis, bkaOk msß myÿ lsÍfuka fuu bkaOk ,nd.kS' fmdf<dfjka fndrf;,a
jYfhka ,nd.kakd fïjd msßmyÿ lsÍfuka fudag¾ r: tkaðka ls%hdldÍ lsÍug
wjYH øj bkaOk ,nd.kS'

• ixhq ; s h
øj bkaOkhka jk fmg%,a yhsfv%da ldnkhls' m%Odk jYfhka yhsv%cka ^H& iy
ldnka ^C& uQ, øjH folska iE§ we;s fuys i,a*¾ ^S& iq`: jYfhka wka;¾.; ù
we;s w;r fmg%,aj, >k;ajh c,fha >k;ajhg jvd wvq h' .kaOfhka fyd¢ka
y÷kd.; yel' jdIamYS,s øjhls'a fmg%,a bkaOk ±ùfuka ;dm Yla;sh ,nd .ekSfï
§ we;sjk ridhk ls%hdj,sh my; i|yka f,i ±laúh yels h'

fmg%,a + jd;h ldnkavfhdlaihsâ + c,h + khsg%cka + ;dmh

CH + N2O2 CO2 + H2O + N2 + ;dmh

oykfha § bkaOkj, we;s ridhk Yla;sh" ;dm Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh fõ' fmg%,a
ls'.%Eï 1la iïmQ¾Kfhka ±ùfuka lsf,da cQ,a 43"000l muK ;dm Yla;shla ,nd .; yels h'

fudag¾ r:j, fmg%,a bkaOk oykh mq,s`.= fmakqjla wdOdrfhka wdrïN fõ' fmg%,aj,
bkaOk .=Kh tys TlafÜka wxlfhka fmkakqï lrkq ,nk w;r TlafÜka wxlh jeä
fmg%,a ksid tkaðu fkdla (Knock) lsÍfï wvq m%jK;djla fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs'

øj bkaOk f,i Ndú; lrk ãi,a o m%Odk jYfhka yhsv%cka ^H& yd ldnka ^C&
uQ,øjH f,i iE§ we;s" yhsfv%dldnkhla jk w;r" ãi,a bkaOkhla f,i Ndú; lsÍfï
§ iïmSä; jd;hg bkafclag¾j, wdOdrfhka bkaOk l=vd wxY=j,g lvd ú§fuka iajhx
Êj,kh isÿùug u. i,ihs' ãi,aj, iajhx Êj,k WIaK;ajh fi'f.%a' 2500 - 3500 w;r
fõ' ãi,aj, >k;ajh c,fha >k;ajhg jvd wvq jk w;r fuys Êj,k .=Kh iSfÜka
wxlfhka fmkakqï lrkq ,nhs' tys w.h 40-50 w;rh' ãi,a bkaOk ls'.%Eï 1la ±ùfuka
ls'cQ,a 44000l muK ;dm ckk w.hla ,nd.; yels fõ'

7
• moa O ;s
fmg%,a ( ^ldìhqf¾grh& (CARBURETER)
fmg%,a bkaOk jYfhka Ndú; lrk fudag¾ r:hl bkaOk moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrpl
f,i bkaOk gexlsh" fmg%,a fmdïmh" fmryk iy ldìhqf¾grh y\qkajd Èh yels
h' ls%hdldÍ;ajfha § bkaOk gexlsfha we;s fmg%,a" fmg%,a fmdïmh u.ska fmryk
Tiafia ldìhqf¾gfha bms,s l=àrhg meñK ldìHqf¾grfha ñY%K l=àrh u.ska
tkaðfï wjYH;djg .e,fmk f,i fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ilid" pqIK jE,ajh
Tiafia is,skavr ;=<g ,nd fohs'

úoHq;a bkaOk ú§u - bf,lafg%dksl bkaOk úÿu

(ELECTRONIC FUEL INJECTION)
fmg%,a bkaOk jYfhka Ndú; lrk kùk fudag¾ r:j, fmg%,a úÿï moaO;s fhdod
we;s w;r fuys ldìhqf¾grhla Ndú; lrkq fkd ,efí' tys § bkaOk ú§u i|yd
bkaOk úÈkhka ^INJECTORS& Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fndfyda tkaðkaj, tla is,k s v
a rhlg
tla úÈkh ne.ska bkaOk úÈkhka fhdod we;s w;r tu.ska is,skavr ;=<g fhduq jk
f,i bkaOk ú§u isÿ lrkq ,nhs' iuyr tkaðkaj, tla úÈkhla u.ska muKla bkaOk
ú§u isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r tu úÈkh pQIk k< yuqfõ k< yuqjk ikaêfha fhdod we;'
tkaðfï ls%hdldÍ;ajfha § úÈkq ,nk fmg%,a pQIK k< yuqj ;=<ska we§ tk jd; oyrdj
iu`. pQIK myf¾§ is,skavr ;=<g .uka lrkq ,efí'

fujeks moaO;shl m%Odk ixrpl jYfhka fmg%,a gexlsh" fmg%,a úÿ,s fmdïmh"
welsHqñf,agrh ^Accumulator& fmg%,a fmrkh" fmg%,a äiaá%nHqgr k<h ^Petrol
Distributor&" úÈkhka yd jd m%jdy ixfõolh ^Air Flow Sensor& iy wfkl=;a
bf,lafg%dksl ixfõolhka wka;¾.; fõ'

úúO ks¾udKhkaf.ka yd ls%hdldß;ajhkaf.ka hqla; úÿï moaO;s rdYshla fudag¾

r:j, fhdod we;' tajd iEu tlla mdfya u bf,lafg%dksl md,kh iys; moaO;s fõ'
bf,lafg%dksl md,k tallh ^E.C.U - ELECTRONIC CONTROL UNIT& f,i
ye¢kafjk Wmdx.hls'

bf,lafg%dksl bkaOk úÿï l%uhla fhdod we;s fudag¾ r:hl jd fYdaOlh ^AIR
CLEANER& ;=< jd-m%jdy ixfõolhla ^AIR FLOR SENSOR& f,i oelaúh yel'
tu.ska tkaðï is,skavr ;=<g .,d tk jd; m%udKh ksjerÈ j ueKSu isÿ lrkq ,nk
w;r ta wkqj ,nd fok ix{dj u.ska kshñ; bkaOk m%udKh uek bkaOk úÈk fj;
bkaOk iemhSu fmg%,a fnÿï k<h yryd ^PETROL DISTRIBUTOR& isÿfõ' moaO;sh
;=< mSvkhla r|jd .ekSu welsHqñf,agrh u.ska isÿ fõ'

8
• ãi,a ( DIESEL
• bka O k úÿï fmdïmh
ãi,a bkaOk jYfhka Ndú; lrk fudag¾ r:j, bkaOk úÿï moaO;sfha m%Odk
ixrpl f,i ãi,a gexlsh" bkaOk úÿï fmdïmh iy fmryka oelaúh yel'
bkaOk fmdaIK fmdïmh u.ska weo fmryka u.ska fmrd bkaOk fmdïmh fj;
imhkq ,nk w;r fmdïmh u.ska tkaðu ls%hd lrk ;;a;ajhka hgf;a tkaðug
wjYH lrk bkaOk ksjerÈ j uekSu o" wê mSvkhlg m;a lsßu o" tkaðfï oyk
ms<sfj< wkqj kshñ; úÈk ^INJECTORS& lrd bkaOk fnod yeÍu o isÿ lrkq
,efí' m%Odk úÿï fmdïm j¾. f,i bka,hska (In Line) j¾.fha úÿï fmdïmh yd
äiaá%nHqgr ^Distributor& j¾.fha úÿï fmdïm ye¢kaúh yel'
• bkaOk úÈk - FUEL INJECTORS
bkaOk fmdïmfhka imhkq ,enq bkaOk oyk l=àr lrd ú§u" bkaOk úÈkhka
u.ska isÿ lrkq ,efí' úúO j¾.fha úÈkhka fudag¾ r:j, fhdokq ,nk w;r
úÈkhla m%Odk jYfhka keisks n|lska ^NOZZLE BODY&& yd keisks jE,ajhlska
^NOZZLE VALVE&& iukaú; fõ' bkaOk úÈkhka u.ska is,skavr ;=<g l=vd
bkaOk m%udKhla ^100-200 nd¾& wê mSvkhlska úÈkq ,nk w;r bkaOk kshñ;
mSvkhlg m;a jk ;=re oyk l=àrh fj; ,nd fkd§ kshñ; mSvkhg t<UqK jyd
u oyk l=àrhg ,nd §fuka úÈkh" jE,ajhla f,i;a ls%hd lrk nj m%ldY l<
yel'
• Rcq
cq úÿu - DIRECT INJECTION
bkaOk úÈk u.ska fl<ska u msiagka ysi m%foaYhg bkaOk ú§u Rcq úÿï l%uh
f,i y÷kajdÈh yel' úúO yevhkaf.ka hq;a oyk l=àr msiagka ysia u; ilia lr
we;s w;r bkaOk úÈkhka f,i nyq isÿre iys; úÈkhka Ndú; lrkq ,efí' fuu
úÿï l%uh iys; tkaðkaj, bkaOk jd;h iu`. fyd¢ka ñY% ù oykh isÿ lsÍu
i|yd úÈkhkaf.a mSvkh ^125-300 nd¾& muK úh hq;= fõ' is,skavr ysi ixlS¾K
fkd ùu" wvq bkaOk m%udKhla mßfNdackh ùu jeä ;dm ld¾hlaIu;djla ,nd
.ekSug yels ùu yd È,shqïfmakqj, ^HEATER PLUG&& wjYH;djla fkdue;s ùu
ksid kùk ãi,a jdykj, fuu l%uh nyq, j Ndú; lrk nj fmfka'
• wkshï úÿï l%uh - INDIRECT INJECTION
oyk l=àr tkaðka ysfia ilid we;s w;r tajd fmr oyk l=àr" le<Uqï oyk
l=àr iy jd-fldaI oyk l=àr f,i j¾. l< yel' úÈkhka u.ska bkaOk ú§u
fuu oyk l=àr ;=<g isÿlrkq ,efí' iïmSvk myf¾ wjidkfha§ oyk l=àrhg
we;=`: jq iïmSvk jd;fhka fldgilg úÈkhkaf.ka bkaOk ú§fuka oyk lsh % dj,sh
wdrïN fõ' fuu ks¾udKfhaÈ úÈkh u.ska bkaOk ú§u isÿlrkafka fjk u msysá
oyk l=àrhlg ksid wkshï úÿï l%uh f,i y|kajd Èh yels h' fuu l%uh iys;
tkaðkaj, wvq bkaOk mSvkhla fhdod .ksñka oyk ls%hdj,sh isÿ l< yels w;r
tkaðka mK .eksùfï § È,shqï fmakq ^HEATER PLUG& Ndú; lsÍfuka tkaðu
mK .ekaùug fmr oyk l=àr wNhka;r ;dmj;a lr.; hq;= fõ'
9
 6'5 negß fldhs,a Êj,k moaO;shl
ks¾udKh yd ls%hdldÍ;ajh

fmg%,a tkaðul iïmSvk myr wjidkfha § fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh oykh lrkq ,nkafka
úÿ,s mq,s`.=jla u.sks' mq,s`.=j we;s jkafka is,skavr ysig iúlr we;s mq,s`.= fmakqjl
ñ'ñ'0'6 la muK jk jd ysvila yryd úÿ,s Odrdj mekak ùfuks' ta i|yd wêl fjda,à a h;djla
wjYH fjhs' tkaðula by< fõ.fhka ls%hd lrk úg b;du;a YS>%fhka mq,s`.= we;s ùu
isÿúh hq;= h' tfuka u mq,s`.=j we;s ú ñY%Kh ±ùu i|yd hï ld,hla ,nd Èh hq;= h' fï
ksid tkaðfï fõ.h fjkia jk úg" ta wkqj mq,s.=j we;s úh hq;= fufyd; o fjkia úh
hq;= fõ'

by; ish¨ wjYH;djka imqrñka tkaðul jd;fmg%,a ñY%Kh oykh i|yd wjYH
mq,s`.= iemhsu Êj,k moaO;sh u.ska bgqflf¾' fudag¾ r: tkaðka i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk
Êj,k l%u lsysmhla we;'

negß fldhs,a Êj,k moaO;sh - BATTERY COIL IGNITION SYSTEM

negß fldhs,a Êj,k moaO;sfha m%Odk ixrpl iy tajdys ls%hdldÍ;ajh'

Êj,k o`.rh - (Ignition Coil)

mq,s.= fmakqjlska mq,s`.=jla we;s lsÍu i|yd fjda,aÜ 16000 fjda,aÜ 20000la muK
wêfjda,aàh;djla wjYH fjhs' kuq;a fudag¾ r: úÿ,s moaO;s i|yd Ndú; lrk negßj,
fjda,aàh;dj jkafka 6V fyda 12V ls' fï ksid 12Vl fjda,aàh;djla wêfjda,aàh;djla
njg m;a lsÍu ðj,k o`.rh u.ska bgq lrkq ,nhs' Êj,k o`.rh ks¾udKh ù we;af;a
wdia;rKh lrk ,o hlv yrhla (Core) jgd T;d we;s mßjrKh lrk ,o lïì o`.r
follsks'

10
 we;=<;ska T;d we;s oaú;Shsl o`.rh (SECONDARY COIL) jg 20000la muK T;d
we;' msg;ska T;d we;s m%d:ñl o`.rh (PRIMARY COIL) jg 400lska muK iukaú; fjhs'
hlv yrh iy o`.rhkaa fol f,day fyda ma,diaála wdjrKhla ;=< nyd th f;,aj,ska mqrjd
uqødlr we;' m%d:ñl o`.rh iam¾Yl ;=vq hq.,hla yryd negßhg iïnkaO lr ;sfí'
oaú;sl o`.rfha fl<jr mq,s`.= fmakqfõ uOH bf,lafg%dvhg (CENTRE ELECTRODE)
iïnkaO fõ' iam¾Yl ;=vq iam¾Y ù we;s úg m%d:ñl o`.rh ;=<ska úÿ,s Odrdjla .,dhhs'
túg tys yrh wjg pqïNl flaIa;%hla we;s fjhs' iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;a l< úg m%d:ñl o`.rfha
.,dhk Odrdj tla jr u kej;S pqïnl flaIa;%h o laIKsl j ke;s ù hhs' fuys m%;sM,hla
jYfhka wêfjda,aàh;djla fm%arKh fõ'

fnodyßkh (DISTRIBUTOR)

11
fnodyßkfhka ^äia á % ì hq g rfhka & bgq lrk ld¾hhka ;= k ls '

(i) Êj,k o`.rfha wêfjda,aàh;djla we;s lsÍu i|yd m%d:ñl mßm:fha Odrdj leãu'
(ii) oaú;Shsl o`.rh u.ska we;s lrk wêfjda,aàh;dj tkaðfï tla tla is,skavrfha
mq,s`.= fmakq fj; fnod yeÍu'
(iii) tkaðu ls%hd lrk fõ.hkag wkqj mq,s`.=fõ fmr oykh (SPARK ADVANCE) we;s
lsÍu'

fnodyßkfha ^äiaá%ìhqgrh& n| (BODY) iy mshk (CUP) jYfhka fldgia folls'

fuys n| fldgfia wp, ;eáhl iam¾Yl ;=vq iúlr we;' fnodyßkfha BIdj .shr
frdaohla u.ska tkaðfï leñoKavg iïnkaO j tkaðfï fõ.fhka wvla jq fõ.fhka
lrlefõ'

BIdj uqÿfka leñhla fjhs' leñfha we;s LKaäld (LOBES) ixLHdj tkaðfï
is,skavr ixLHdjg iudk fjhs' fnodyßkfha BIdfjys uqÿfka N%ulh (ROTOR) iú fõ'
fnodyßkfha BIdj lrlefjk úg N%uKhl o ta iu`. lrlefõ' N%ulh BIdj u;
msysgkafka iam¾Yl ;=vq újD; jk fudfydf;a N%ulh" fnodyßkfha mshfka tla w.%hla
t,af,a msysgk f,i h' iam¾Yl ;=vq újD; jk úg oaú;Shslfha we;s jk wêfjda,aàh;dj
fnodyßkfha mshfka uOH w.%h yryd N%ulhg meñfKa' t;ekska N%ulh t,a,ù we;s
w.%hg udrefõ' tu.ska tu w.%h iïnkaO mq,s`.= fmakqfõ mq,s`.= we;s lrhs'

tkaðfï fõ.h ñY%Kfha iajNdjh wkqj fmr hejqï fldaKh iajhxlS%h j fjkia
lsÍu i|yd hka;%Khla äiaá%ìhqgrh ;=< we;' tu hka;%Kh tall follska iukaú; h'
(i) flakaødmidÍ fmr hejqï tallh (CENTRIFUGAL ADVANCE UNIT)
(ii) ßla; fmr hejqï tallh (VACUM ADVANCE UNIT)

12
lkafvkairh (CONDENSER)

mq,s`.= fmakqfõ mq,s`.=jla we;s lsÍu i|yd wêfjda,aàh;djla wjYH fõ' fuu
fjda,aàh;dj Êj,k o`.rfha fma%rKh lsÍu i|yd m%d:ñl o`.rh u.ska oaú;sl o`.rh u;
we;s lrk pqïNl flaIa;%h b;d blaukska lmd yeßh hq;= h' ta i|yd m%d:ñlfha .,k
Odrdj iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;aùu;aa iu`. u kej;sh hq;= h' iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;a ùu wdrïN jkjd;a
iu`. u m%d:ñl o`.rfha fkd kej;S mq,s`.= we;s lrñka iam¾Yl ;=vq yryd ;j ÿrg;a .,d
hdug ;e;a lrhs' fï ksid pqïNl flaIa;%h ì| jeàfï YS>%;dj wvq fõ' iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;a
jq miq o ;=vq w;ßka Odrdj .,d hEug W;aidy lsÍfï§ we;sjk mq,s`.= fya;=fjka iam¾Yl
;=vq b;d blaukska ms,siaiS hEuo isÿfõ' fuu wjdish u`. yrjd .ekSug iam¾Yl ;=vqj,g
iudka;r j lkafvkairhla iïnkaO lrhs'

lkafvkairhg úoahq;a Yla;sh .nvd lr .ekSfï Yla;sh we;s ksid iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;a
ùug mgka.;a fudfydf;a u m%d:ñl Odrdj iam¾Yl ;=vq yryd .,d hEu kj;d lkafvkairh
yryd f.dia th wdfrdamKh lrhs' fï ksid m%d:ñl o`.rh u.ska we;s lrkq ,enq pqïNl
flaIa;%h b;d blaukska kej;S oaú;Shsl o`.rfha wêfjda,aàh fm%arKh lrkq ,nhs' tfuka
u iam¾Yl ;=vq ms,siaiS hEu o wvq ù th wdrlaId fõ' iam¾Yl ;=vq kej; iam¾Y jq miq
lkafvkairh iam¾Yl ;=vq ;=<ska úi¾ckh ù kej; uq,a ;;ajhg m;afõ'

fla k a ø dmidÍ fmr hejq ï ta l lh -

äiaá%ìhqgr leñh iys; BId fldgi äiaá%ìhqgr BIdjg Ndr (WEIGHS) folla
;=<ska iïnkaO jk f,i ;kd we;' tkaðfï fõ.h jeä jk úg flakaømidÍ n,h ksid
Ndr fol ÿkq wd;;sh wìnjd msg;g úis fõ' fï ksid äiaá%ìhqgr leñh th lerflk
ÈYdjg u l=vd fldaKhlska yef¾' fï ksid iam¾Yl ;=vq l,ska újD; ù mq,s`.=j we;s ùu
l,ska isÿfõ' tkaðfï fõ.h jeäjk úg Ndr u; ls%hd lrk flakaødmidÍ n,h o jeä
ù Ndr jeä m%udKhlska bj;g úis fõ' tu.ska jeä fldaKhlska leñh yrjhs' tkï
mq,s`.=j we;sùu o jvd;a l,ska isÿ fõ'

13
ßla; fmr hejqï tallh
ßla; fmr hejqï tallh pQIK k< yuqfõ ßla;fha m%udKh idOlhla f,i f.k
ls%hdldÍ fjhs' wu;r jE,ajh wefrk úg pQIK k< yuqfõ we;s jk pQIKh ßla; fmr
hejqï tallfha m%dÖr l=àrhg meñK tys ÿkak wìnjñka m%dÖrh p,kh lrhs' túg
m%dÖrhg iïnkaO ,Sjrh we§ iam¾Yl ;=vq we;s ;eáh leñh lrlefjk ÈYdjg úreoaO
Èydjg lrljhs' tu`.ska iam¾Yl ;=vq l,ska újD; fõ' tkï mq,s`.=j l,ska we;s fõ'
wjlr jE,ajh iïmQ¾Kfhka weÍ we;sú g pQIK k<fha we;s jk ßla;h b;d wvq h' túg
m%dÖrfha p,khla we;s fkd jk ;rï h' fï wjia:dfõ § mq,s`.= fmr hejqula we;s jkafka
flakaødmidÍ fmr hejqï tallfhka muKla ßla; fmr hejqï tallhla wjYH jkafka
tkaðfuka .kakd n,h jeä lrk úg ta wkqj isÿ jk fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kfha irnj ksid
mq<s.=j we;s jk fudfyd; md,kh l< hq;= neúks'

mq<s`.= fmakqj (SPARK PLUG)

fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh oykh lsÍu i|yd wjYH mq,s`.=j we;s lsÍu mq,s`.= fmakqj u.ska
isÿ lrhs' mq,s`.= fmakqfõ bf,lafg%dv fol muKla tkaðfï oyk l=àrh ;=< msysgk mßÈ
is,skavr ysig bial=remamq fmdg u.ska iú fõ' thg wêl fjda,aàh;djla fhfok neúka
úÿ,sh ldkaÿ fkd jk f,i fmdaisf,aka mßjdrl fhdod we;' is,skavrh ;=<§ we;s jk
mSvkh yd WIaK;ajh hgf;a ls%hdlsÍfï § thg Tfrd;a;= §u i|yd bf,lafg%dv ksl,a ñY%
f,dayfhka ;kd we;' bf,lafg%dv w;r mr;rh mq,s`.= fmakq mr;rh f,i ye¢kafõ' fuu
mr;rh tkaðka j¾.h wkqj fjkia fjhs' kshñ; w.h tkaðka ksIamdolhska úiska kshu
lrkq ,efí'

14
 bf,lafg%daksl Êj,k moaO;s

negß fldhs,a Êj,k moaO;shl we;s wjdis

• iam¾Yl ;=vq úáka úg msßisÿ lsÍug yd ;=vq mr;rh ieliSug yd w¨;ska fh§ug
isÿfõ'
• tkaðfï by< fõ.j, § iam¾Yl ;=vq jeiS we;s ld,h wvqùfuka Êj,k o`.rfha
ksmojk wêfjda,aàh;dj wvq ù mq,s`.= ÿ¾j, ùu'
• iam¾Yl ;=vq u.ska md,kh l< yels Odrdj weïmshr ;=klg muK iSud lsÍug isÿùu
fya;=fjka m%d:ñl Odrdj jeä lr .ekSug fkd yels ùu'
• tkaðfï by< fõ.j, § iam¾Yl ;=vqj, isÿ jk mdùu yd fmd<d mekSu ksid vqfj,a
fldaKh wvq ùfuka ðj,k o`.rfha W;amdokh lrk fjda,aàh;dj wvq ùu'
negß fldhs,a ðj,k moaO;s we;s by; ÿ¾j,;d u`. yrjd .ekSug bf,lafg%dksl
Êj,k moaO;s ìys úh'

(i) iam¾Yl ;=vq iys; g%dkaisiag¾ Êj,k moaaO;sh'

(Breaker Triggered Transisteriged Coil Ignition System)
(ii) weys¨ï o`.r j¾.fha bf,lafg%dksl Êj,k moaO;sh'
(Pick-up Coil Type Electronic Ignition System)
(iii) fyda,a wdjrK j¾.fha bf,lafg%dksl Êj,k moaO;sh'
(Hall Effect Type Electronic Ignition System)
(iv) lkafvkai¾ úi¾ck bf,lafg%dksl Êj,k moaO;sh'
(Capacitor Discharge Electronic Ignition System)

iam¾Yl ;=vq iys; g%dkaisiag¾ ðj,k moaO;sh

15
 Êj,k moaO;sfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh yd Êj,k iaúph ls%hd;aul l< úg äiaá%ìhqgr
leñh lrleù iam¾Yl ;=vq jeiqK úg iam¾Yl ;=vq yryd g%dkaisiagrfha B yd E ;=<ska l=vd
Odrdjla .,d hhs' fuúg g%dkaisiagrfha C yd E w;r mßjdrl;dj ke;s ùu fya;=fjka
ðj,k o`.rfha m%d:ñl o`.rh yryd jeä Odrdjla .,d hhs' fï ksid m%d:ñl o`.rh u.ska
m%n, pqïnl flaIa;%hla Êj,k o`.rh ;=< we;s lrhs'

leñh ;j ÿrg;a lrleù iam¾Yl ;=vq újD; jq úg g%dkaisiagrfha B yd E olajd

.,k Odrdj kj;S' fuúg g%dkaisiagrfha C yd E w;r mßjdrl;djla we;s ùu fya;=fjka
m%d:ñl o`.rh yryd .,k Odrdj o laIksl j kj;S' fï ksid we;s ù ;snq m%n, pqïnl
flaIa;%h o tlajr kej;Su fya;= fldg f.k oaú;Shsl o`.rfha wêfjda,aàh;djla fma%rKh
ù ta u.ska mq,s`.= fmakqfõ m%n, mq,s`.=jla we;s fõ'

fuu moaO;sfha iam¾Yl ;=vq yd leñh idudkH f,i äiaá%ìhqgrh ;=< ilia lr
we;' fuu moaO;sfha we;s jdish jkafka iam¾Yl ;=vq ;=<ska l=vd Odrdjla .,d hEug
ie,eiaùfuka m%d:ñl o`.rhg m%n, Odrdjla ,nd §ug yels ùu h' fï ksid iamaYl ;=vq
ms,i
s i
a h
S dfuka wdrlaId jk w;r u iam¾Yl ;=vq yryd .,k Odrdj l=vd neúka lkafvkairhl
wjYH;dj o ke;s fõ'

jdykj, Ndú; lrk fuu j¾.fha Êj,k moaO;shl rEm igykla my; olajd
we;s w;r g%dkaisiagrhg wu;r j ;j;a bf,lafg%dksl ixrpl wvx.= fõ' tajd ish,a, tla
tallhla f,i ilia lr we;' fuu tallh bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallh (E.C.U) f,i
ye¢kafõ'

bf,la f g% d a k s l Êj,k moa O ;s h l uQ , s l ixrpl

16
 weys¨ï o`.r j¾.fha bf,lafg%dksl Êj,k moaO;sh
PICK-UP COIL TYPE ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM

Êj,k iaúph jeiq úg m%d:ñl o`.rh ;=<ska úÿ,s Odrdjla .,d hk w;r mQrk
Wml%uh u.ska fjda,aàh;d iamkaohla we;s l< úg th bf,lafg%dksl md,k tallh
(E.C.U.) úiska ix{djla f,i f.k m%d:ñl mßirh ;=<ska .,dhk Odrdj kj;hs' fuúg
oaú;Shsl o`.rfha wêfjda,aàh;djla fma%rKh ù kshñ; mq,s`.= fmakqfõ mq,s`.=jla we;s fõ'
fuu mQrk Wml%uh iukaú; jkafka" äiaáì % hqgr BIdj iu`. lerflk uDÿ hlv uOHhlska
(SOFT IRON CORE) iy weys¨ï o`.r tl,ilsks (PICK UP COIL)' fuu tl,i
iukaú; j we;af;a" iaÓr pqïnlhlska yd thg iïnkaO l=vd f,day oKavla u; T;d we;s
o`.rhlsks' fuu ish¨ fldgia wvx.= j we;af;a äiaá%ìhqgrh ;=< h'

uDÿ hlv uOHh äiaá%ìhqgr BIdj iu`. N%uKh fõ' uOHfha oe;a;la weys¨ï o`.r
tl,i wi,g wd úg' jd mr;rh wvq ù m%n, pqïnl flaIa;%hla f,day oKav ;=< we;s fõ'
oe;a; wE;a jk úg jd mr;rh jeä jk neúka oKav ;=< flaIa;% m%n,;dj h l%ufhka wvqù
hhs' uOHh fõ.fhka lrlefjk úg jd-mr;rh o fõ.fhka fjkia ùu fya;=fjka f,day
oKav ;=< pqïnl lafIa;h% YS>f
% hka wvq jeä fõ' fuúg oKav u; T;d we;s weys¨ï o`.rfha
l=vd fjda,aàh;djla we;s ù ke;s fõ' fï wkqj uOHfha oe;a;la o`.r tl,i miq lrk iEu
úg u o`.rfha l=vd fjd,aàh;d iamkaohla we;s fõ' fuu iamkaoh md,k tallhg

17
ix{djla f,i ls%hd lrk úg tu ix{dj wkqj bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallh m%d:ñl
mßm:fha .,k Odrdj is|,hs' túg oaú;shSl o`.rfha wêfjda,aàh;djla fma%rKh ù kshñ;
mq,s`.= fmakqfõ mq,s`.=jla we;s lrhs'

uOHfha we;s oe;s ixLHdj tkaðfï is,skavr .Kkg iudk h' fï ksid uOHh tla
jghla lrlefjk úg is,skavr ixLHdjg iudk iamkao ixLHdjla we;s ù ta wkqj Êj,k
o`.rfha wêfjd,aàh;djla fma%rKh fõ' Êj,k ms<sfj<g wkqj kshñ; wjia:dfõ kshñ;
is,skavrj, mq,s`.= we;s lsÍu äiaá%ìhqgrh wdOdr lrf.k idudkH mßÈ isÿ lrhs'

fyda,a wdjrK j¾.fha bf,lafg%dksl Êj,k moaO;sh

(HALL EFFECT TYPE ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM)

fuu j¾.fha § o isÿ lrkqfha mQrk Wml%uhla wdOdrfhka ,nd.kakd jq fjda,à

a h;d
iamkao ix{d f,i wdOdr lrf.k kshñ; wjia:fõ § m%d:ñl Odrdj leãu h' fuu mQrk
Wml%uh ls%hdldÍjkafka fyda,a wdjrKh hkqfjka ye¢kafjk uQ, O¾uhka Wmfhda.S
lrf.k h' fuu uQ,O¾ufhka lshfjkafka úÿ,s Odrdjka f.k hk ;=kS w¾O ikakdhl
;yvqjlg ,ïNl j pqïnl flaIa;%hla we;s l< úg" .,d hk Odrdfõ ÈYdjg ,ïnl j
l=vd fjda,aàh;djla we;s fõ hkakh' pqïnl lafIa;%h bj;a l< úg fjda,aàh;dj o ke;s
ù hhs'

by; oela jq wdldrhg fjda,aáh;d iamkao ix{d we;s lsÍu i|yd Wmldr jk m%Odk
tall folla fjhs' bka m<uq jekak iudk jeiqï yd ljq`: .Kkdjlska hqla; úfYaI
N%ulhls' fuys ljq`: ixLHdj tkaðfï is,skavr ixLHdjg iudk fõ'

fojekak ixfõol tl,ihs' fuh iukaú; jkafka iaÓr pqïnlhlska yd w¾O

ikakdhlhla iys; ixfõokhlsks' pqïnlh yd ixfõolh w;r jd- mr;rhla we;'

18
 äiaá%ìhqgr BIdj uqÿfka iú jk w;r ixfõolh äiaá%ìhqgrh ;=< iú fõ'
äiaá%ìhqgr BIdj iu`. N%ulh lrlefjk úg N%uKfha jeiqï yd ljq`: ixfõok tl,fia
jd-mr;rh ;=<ska .uka lrhs' N%ulfha ljq`:jka jd-mr;rhg meñKsúg" pqïNl flaIa;%h
w¾O ikakdhl lrd .uka lr tys l=vd fjd,aàh;djka we;s lrk w;r jeiqula meñKs úg
pqïNl lafIa;% u. jeiS hk neúka fjda,aàh;dj ke;s fõ' Êj,k moaO;sfha m%d:ñl
mßm:fha .,k Odrdj keje;aùu i|yd bf,lafg%dksl md,k tallhg ix{djla f,i
,nd.kqfha ljq`:jla jd-mr;rhg meñK ixfõolfha l=vd fjda,aàh;djla we;s ùuhs'
tkï N%ulfha ljq`:jla jd-mr;rhg meñfkk yeuúgu m%d:ñl mr;rfha .,k Odrdj
kej;S" oaú;Sl o`.rfha wêfjda,aàh;djla fma%rKh fõ' fuu wêfjda,aàh;dj äiaá%ìhqgr
mshk yryd kshñ; mq,s`.= fmakqjg .,df.dia tys mq,s`.=jla we;s lrhs'

lkafvkairh úi¾ck bf,lafg%dksl Êj,k moaO;sh

(CAPACITOR DISCHARGE ELECTRONIC IGNITION SYSTEM)

fuu moaO;sfha È Êj,k o`.rfha m%d:ñl o`.rhg úÿ,s Odrdjla imhkq ,nkafka
lkafvkairhla wdOdrfhka' lkafvkairh idudkHfhka 400V l muK fjda,aàh;djlg
wdfrdamKh lrkq ,efí' fï i|yd 12V l negß iemhqu m<uqj DC-DC mßj¾;lhla
(DC-DC CONVERTER) wdOdrfhka wêfjda,aáh;djka we;s ir, Odrdjkag mßj¾;kh
lr .; hq;= fõ' fuu Odrdj lkafvkairh ;=<ska heùfuka lkafvkairh wdfrdamKh
lr.kq ,efí'

mq,`s .j
= la wjYH fudfydf;a § äiaáì
% hqgrfha we;s lrk Wml%uhla u.ska bf,lafg%dksla
md,k tallh fj; ix{djla ksl=;a lrk w;r yd ta u.ska lkafvkairfha .nvd ù we;s
úoaJq;a Yla;sh m%d:ñl o`.rh fj; b;d blaukska uqod yÍ' m%d:ñl o`.rhg ,efnk Odrdj
by< fjda,aàh;djhl we;s ksid;a' jeä iS>%;djlska .,d hdu ksid;a m%d:ñl o`.rfhka we;s
lrk pqïNl flaIa;%fha f.dvke.Sfï fõ.h b;d YS>%fõ' fï ksid oaú;sl o`.rfha b;d
wêl fjda,aàh;djla fmA%rKh ù mq,s`.= fmakqfõ fyd| mq,s`.=jla we;s lrhs'

óg fmr úia;r lrk ,o moaO;sj,§ oaú;sl o`.rfha fjda,aàh;djla fma%rKh ù

mq,s`.jla we;s jqfha m%d:ñl o`.rfha lefvk wjia:dfõ § h' tfy;a fuu moaO;sfha È
fjda,aàh;djhla oaú;sl o`.rfha Odrdj f.dvkef.k wjia:dfõ § h' fuu l%ufha we;s
jdish jkafka wêl fõ.fhka m%d:ñl Odrdj f.dvke.Su fya;= lrf.k b;d wêl
fjda,aàh;djka oaú;sl o`.rfhka ,nd .ekSug yelsùuhs'

bf,la f g% d ks l moa O ;s h l we;s jdis

iam¾Yl ;=vq iys; idudkH Êj,k moaO;shl we;s wjdis ish,a,u mdfya bf,lafg%dksl
moaO;shla Ndú;fhka bj;alr .; yelsfõ' tfiau jeä fjda,aàh;djhlska hq;a m%n, mq,s`.=
,nd.ekSug yelsfõ'
19
 6'6 isis,k moaO;sh

isis,k moAO;sfha wjYH;dj

tkaðu ;=< § bkaOk oykfhka we;s jk ;dm Yla;sh" iïmQ¾Kfhkau hdka;%sl

Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh lsÍug tkaðula iu;a fkdfõ' tfia b;sß jk ;dm Yla;sh jdhq
f.da,hg uqod yeÍug isÿjk w;r" tfia fkdjqk fyd;a wêl ;dmh ord .ekSug fkdyelsj
tkaðu idod we;s f,day fldgia úkdY ù hkq we;' tkaðul WmÈk ;dm Yla;sh úúO ux
Tiafia fn§ hk whqre my; rEm igyfkka oela fõ'
25 % m%
f h dca k j ; ah dk ;a %
sl Yl ;a sh nj g
mßj ¾; k h f õ'

10 % t k ð
a u wj ák aúl sr K u. sk a
; dmh f , i bj ; af õ'

30 % i si s, k moa
O; sh u. sk awj g j dhq
f . d,a hg uq
od y ef ¾'

35 % msg dr j dhq
j u. sk a; dm Yl ;a h
s
f , i bj ; af õ'

100 %

bk Oa k u. sk a
, ef nk ; dm
Yl ;a sh

tkaðul ;dmh fn§ hk whqre ^m%;sY; w.hka wdikak w.hka nj i,lkak&

by; rEm igyk u.ska Tng fmkS hk lreKla jkafka isis,k moaO;sh u.ska
tkaðka ;dmfhka 30% l muK jQ m%udKh uqod yßk njhs' fuu ;dm fldgi uqod yeÍug
isis,k moaO;sh úúO fya;= ksid iu;a fkdjqk fyd;a" tfia b;sß jk ;dmh ksid tkaðu
wêl f,i r;a jk w;r" th —tkaðu wêl f,i r;a ùu˜ ^Engine Over Heating& f,i
y÷ka jkq ,nhs'

tkaðka l%shdldÍ WIaK;ajh - Engine Operating Temperature

isis,k moaO;sfha wjYH ;dj .ek l:d lsÍfï § tkaðu isis,a lsÍu u tys mrjD;sh
fkdjk nj wm úiska f;areï .; hq;= h' th hï m%Yia: WIaK;ajhl wLKav mj;ajd .ekSu
isis,k moaO;sh u.ska bgq lrkq ,nk nj fuys § wm wjOdkhg .; hq;= fõ' fufia tkaðu
l%shd;aul úh hq;= m%Yia: WIaK;ajh ˜ tkaðka l%shdldß WIaK;ajh˜ f,i ye¢kafjk w;r"
th o< jYfhka fikaáf.%aâ wxYl 90 - 95 la muK fõ'

20
ld¾hlaIu isis,kh

kùk wê l%shdldß tkaðka i|yd b;d ld¾hCIu isis,k moaO;s wjYH fõ' kuq;a
isis,k moaO;sh ksid tl;= jk wu;r nr o" yels ;rï wju lr .; hq;= fõ' fuu ;;a;a
jh Wod lr .; yelafla isis,k ^Coolant& Odrdfõ fõ.h jeä lr .ekSfuka iy jeä
fCIa;%M,hla iys; ieye,a¨ ñY% f,day ^Alloy& j,ska ;ekQ f¾äfhagr Ndú; lsÍfuka fõ'

ld¾hCIu is i s , khla ks i d ,efnk jdis "

• b;d fyd¢ka is,skav¾ jd;fhka msÍhdu ksid by< tkaðka n,hla ,efí'
• fmg%,a tkaðul kï" iajhx oykhla ^Self Ignition& isÿ fkdù jd;-bkaOk ñY%Kh ;Èka
iïmSvkh lr.; yels fõ'

isis,k moaO;sfha m%Odk m%fNao

fudg¾ r: isis,k moaO;s m%Odk m%fNao follg fjka lr oelaúh yel' tkï"
1' jd is i s , kh ^Air Cooling&
2' øj ^c,& is i s , kh ^Liquid Water Cooling& f,ih'

jd is i s , kh ^ Air Cooling&&
tkaðula jd;h u.ska isis,a jk úg" w;sßla; tkaðka ;dmh tkaðfï isg fl,skau
wjg jd;hg uqod yßkq ,efí' fuys § tkaðka fldgia jk is,skav¾ iy is,skav¾ ysiaj,
;dm ikakdhl ;dj fyd¢ka mej;sh hq;= neúka" tajd ieye,a¨ ñY% f,day ^Light Alloys&
u.ska jd;a;= lr idokq ,nk w;r isis,k u;=;, fCIa;% jeä lr .ekSu i|yd jdhq jr,a
^Air Fins& is,skav¾ iy is,skav¾ ysia jgd ks¾udKh lrkq ,n hs'
fndfyda fudg¾ ihsl,a tkaðka jdhq isis,k l%uh Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r tajdfha
tkaðka jgd we;s jdhq jr,a ksÍCIKh l< yels fõ'

fudag¾ ihsl,a tkaðka Ndú; lrkq ,nk Rcq jdhq Odr ^Direct Air Stream& isis,k
l%ufha § tkaðka fl,skau ndysr jd; Odrdj yd .efgk w;r th jgd wdjrKhla fkdue;sj
ksmo fõ' l,ska lS f,i Wmßu isis,k l%shdjla ,nd .ekSug is,skav¾" is,skav¾ ysfia iy
úfgl o`.r l| l=àrh jgd jdhq jr,a ks¾udKh flf¾'
21
íf,da j ¾ u.s k a is i s , a lrk jd-is i s , k tka ð k
kaa ^^Blower or Fan Cooling&&

air cooled diesel engine with blower

tkaðka jgd jdyk fndäh msysgk úg ^ld¾ fyda g%la r: j,& iy tu tkaðu jd-
isis,k tkaðula kï" m%udKj;a f,i tkaðu isis,a lr .ekSu i|yd mxldjla fyda
íf,dajrhla fhdod .ekSu isÿ lrhs'

mxldj fyda íf,dajrh u.ska th jgd we;s bïfm,rh u.ska tkaðu wjgg jd;h
úiqrejd yßkq ,nhs' fuh l%uj;aj isÿ ùug tkaðka is,skav¾ jgd jd;h fhduq lrjkq
,nk f,day ;yvq wdjrKh ks¾udKh lr we;' ^rEm igyk n,kak& fuu mxldj fyda
íf,dajrh tkaðu wOdrfhka fl,skau fyda V- máhla wdOdrfhka N%uKh lr ùu isÿ
flf¾'

jd-is i s , kfha jdis

• tkaðka n,hg idfmaCIj tys nfrys wkqmd;h b;d m%Yia: uÜgulg ;nd .; yels fõ'
• jd-isis,kh úYajdikSh;ajh we;s lrhs' kv;a;=jla fkdue;s ;rï h'
• tkaðu tys l%shdldß WIAK;ajhg CIKslj ,`.d lr .; yels fõ'
• l%shdldß WIaK;ajh uola by<ska ;nd .; yelafla c, isis,kfha fuka Boil ùula isÿ
fkdjk neúks'

jd-is i s , kfha wjdis

• tkaðu jgd c, ud¾. fkdue;s ksid tkaðka Yíoh jeä h'

• íf,dajrhla fhdod .kakd úg idfmaCIj by< Yla;shla Bg jeh fõ'

øj ^c,& isis,kh Liquid ^^Water Cooling&&

øj isis,k tkaðul" is,skavr n| jgd iy is,skav¾ ysi jgd c, ux ^Water Jacket&

ks¾udKh jk w;r" tajd ;=<ska isis,l ^Coolant& .uka lrk w;r isis,k mßm:fhau
^Coolent Circuit& fldgia njg m;a fõ'

22
;dm ks k d, ixirK l% u h ^^Thermo - Siphon Cooling&&

;dm kskd, ixirK l%ufha §" WKq c,fha >k;ajh" isis,a c,fha >k;ajhg jvd
wvqh hk uQ,O¾uh fhdod .efka' tkaðu ;=, c,fha WKqiqu jeä jk úg tu WKqiqï c,h"
c, ux ^Water Jacket& j, by,g meñfKk w;r" tu wvqj msrùu i|yd c, ux j, my<
fldgig f¾äfhagrfha isg isis,a c,h meñfKa' fuu p,kh c, fmdïmhla fkdue;sj
isÿjk ksid uq¿ moaO;shu iïmQ¾Kfhkau c,fhka msÍ mej;Su wjYH fõ' fuu ;dm
kskd, l%ufha § isis,k ld¾hCIu;djh idfmaCIj wvq h' ula ksido h;a c,h b;d
fifuka ixirKh jk neúks'

lD; fmdaIK ixirK l%uh ^^Forced-Circulation Cooling&&

m%Odk jYfhkau fudag¾ r:j, oekg fhdod .kq ,nk w;r" ixjD; mßm:hl
isis,k ixirK fmdïmhla wdOdrfhka isÿ lrkq ,nhs' tkaðu isis,aj we;s úg c,
fmdïmh u.ska tkaðu jgd we;s c, ux j,g isis,l imhkq ,nk w;r" th tkaðfï c,
ux ;=,ska ixirKh ù" ;dm md,l jE,ajh jeis we;s neúka kej; fmdïmh fj;g meñfKa'
tkaðu tys l%shdldß WIaK;ajhg <`.d jq úg ;dm md,l jE,ajh újD; ù isis,lh"
f¾äfhagrh ^úlsrlh& foig yrjd .efka' w;sf¾l gexlsfha ^Equalising Tank& we;s w;sf¾l
isis,lh ksid moaO;sfha isis,l uÜgu ksh;j ;nd .; yels fõ'

lD; fmda I K ixirK l% u fha m% O dk fldgia

• c, fmdïmh
• f¾äfhagrh - úlsrlh
• ;dm md,k jE,a j h ^Termostat Valve&
• isis,k mxldj

23
c, fmdïmh - Water Pump

c, fmdïmh idudkHfhka tkaðka o`.r l| u.ska V-máhl wdOdrfhka t<jkq ,efí'

isis,lfha msÍ we;s fmdïm ksfjiakdj ^Pump Housing& ;=, N%uKh jk fmdïm bïms,¾
ksid mßm:h ;=, we;s isis,lhg mSvkhla t,a, fõ' isis,k mxldfõ ^Cooling Fan& iú
jkafka fmdïmfha t<jqï oKav u;gh'
isis,k mxldfõ ld¾hNdrh jkqfha m%udKj;a jd; Odrdjla f¾äfhagrh yryd weo
.ekSuhs' fndfyda fudag¾ r:j, mxldj" ;dm md,k l%uhg ilia ù we;s w;r" tkaðu
m%udKj;a f,i r;ajk ;=re mxldj l%shd;aul fkdjk wdldrhg ilia ù we;'

f¾äfha g r ^úls r lh& - Radiator

f¾äfhagrfha fyj;a úlsrlfha ld¾h Ndrh jkqfha isis,kh u.ska tkaðfuka Wrd.kq
,nk ;dmh jd;hg uqod yeÍu fõ'
th m%Odk jYfhka
• by< gexlsh
• my< gexlsh
• uoh fyda oe,si ^Core& f,i fldgia fõ'
by< gexlshg we;=¿jk fid~ k<h ^Inlet hose& iïnkaO fõ' my< gexlshg msgjk

24
fid~ ^Outlet hose& k<h yd c,h uqod yßk wenh ^Drain Plug& iïnkaO ù mj;S' fuu
gexls ms;a;, ;yvq" ieye,a¨ ñY% f,day fyda ma,diaálaj,ska ksIamdokh fõ' tkacska n|
f¾äfhagrfha we;=,a jk iy msg jk rn¾ fid~ k<j,g iïnkaO ù mj;S'
f¾äfhagrfha ueo fldgi fyj;a oe,si l=vd k< rdYshlska iukaú; fõ' fïjd ;=kS
ì;a;s iys; f,day k, fõ' fuu k, u.ska f¾äfhagrfha by< gexlsh yd my< gexlsh
iïnkaO lrk w;r" tajd ;=,ska isis,lh .uka flf¾' fuu k, w;r ;=kS ;U fyda
we¨ñkshï ;yvq jr,a wdldrhg w;=rd we;' wjg jd;h .uka lrkqfha fuu jr,a ^Fins&
yryd fõ' isria k,j, ;=kS ì;a;s yryd jdhq jr,a fj; meñfKk ;dmh" úYd, fCIa;%hlg
úysoS hk w;r tajd yryd hk jd; oyrdjg CIKSlj tu ;dmh uqod yÍ'

;dm md,k jE,a j h ^^Inlet hose&&

isis,k moaO;sfha tla j.lSula jkafka" tkacsu tys l%shdldÍ WIaK;ajhg yels ;rï
blauKska ,`.d ùug Bg bv yeÍu hs' bka miq tu l%shdldÍ WIAK;ajfhau yels ;rï
fkdfjkiaj mj;ajd .ekSu o Bg wod, fõ' tkacsfï isg tk msgjqï k<hg iïnkaO ;dm
md,k jE,ajfhka by; ld¾hh bgq fõ'
tkacsfï ;dmh by< hk úg ;dm md<k jE,ajh újD; ù" f¾äfhagrh yryd isis,lh
ixirKh ùug bv yßkq ,nk w;r ta wkqj f¾äfhagrh ;=, oS isis,lh isis,a ù h,s
tkacsug meñfKa'
tkacsu isis,a úg" ;dm md,k jE,ajh u.ska mßm:h jid f¾äfhagrh u. yer h,s
fmdïmh fj; isis,lh yrjd .ekSu isÿ fõ' túg f¾äfhagrh fj; fkdhk isis,l
blauKska r;aùug NdcKh ù" tkacsu b;d blauKska l%shdldÍ WIaK;ajhg meñfKa'

øj is i s , kfha jdis
1' jd-isis,khg jvd jeä taldldß WIaK;ajhla imh hs'
2' c, ud¾. ksid tkacska Yíoh wjfYdaIKh ù Yíoh wvq lrhs'
3' isis,k l%shdj,sh ld¾hCIu úg mxldj md,Kh lsÍfuka idfmaCIj wvq Yla;shla
jeh fõ'
øj is i s , kfha wjdis
1' øj isis,k moaO;sh jeä nrlska hqla; w;r jeä bv m%udKhla ,nd .kS'
2' ldkaÿùï jeks fodaY we;s fõ' u< lEu we;s fõ' kv;a;= lsÍug isÿ fõ'
3' tkacsu r;aùug uo fõ,djla .; fõ'

25
 6'7 iafkayk moaO;sj,
wjYH;djh iy tajdfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh

fudag¾ r: tkaðula ;=< f,day fldgia jeä m%udKhla p,s; ls%hdjka isÿlrhs' fuu
p,s;hka ksid >¾IKh we;s jk w;r >¾IK n, uev mj;ajñka f,day fldgia p,s; úh
hq;=fõ' >¾IK n, iys;j f,day fldgia p,s; ùfuka fldgia f.ùhdu" WIaK;ajh
jeäùu" wmøjH tl;=ùu jeks .eg`: we;sfõ' fuh Yla;s ydkshla fõ' fï ksid fuu
>¾IKh wju l< hq;= fõ' tkaðul p,s; fldgiaj, we;sjk fuu >¾IKh wju lsÍfï
ls%hdj tkaðka iafkaykh jk w;r tkaðka iafkaykh i|yd we;s moaO;sh jk iafkaykh
moaO;sh u.ska my; ld¾hhka bgq lrhs'

1' p,s; fldgia u; we;sjk >¾IKh wju lr >¾IK n, wju lrhs'

2' Yla;s ydks wvq lrhs'
3' WIaK;ajh jeäùu md,kh lrhs'
4' úLdokh ke;s lrhs'
5' fldgia f.ùhdu wvqlrhs'
6' fldgia f.ùfuka we;sjk wmøjH bj;alr msßisÿ ldrlhla f,i ls%hdlrhs'
7' lïmk ,nd.ksñka lïmk jdrlhla f,i ls%hdlrhs'
8' fldgia w;r uqødjla we;s lrhs'

fudag¾ r: tkaðul p,s; fldgia .kkdjla we;s w;r my; wjia:d b;d jeo.;a fõ'
• is,skavr ì;a;s u; msiagka" msiagka j<¨ p,s;h
• o`.r l| c¾k,a" fnhdßx u; we;sjk p,s;h

P - fhdok n,h
W - jia;=fõ nr
R - wNs,ïN m%;sls%hdj
F - >¾IK n,h

26
 by< rEmigyfka fmkajd we;af;a ;,hla u; we;s W nr jia;=j P kï ndysr
n,hla fhÿúgF >¾IK n,hla we;s nj fõ' fuu >¾IK n,h wNs,ïN m%;sls%hdj u;
fjkia fõ' wNs,ïN m%;sls%hdj jia;=fõ nr wkqj fjkia fõ'

rEmigyfka mßÈ jia;= .eà we;s mDIaG w;rg tkï jia;=j yd ;,h w;rg iafkayl
fh§fuka fuu >¾IKh wju l, yels h' .eà we;s mDIaG w;r iafkayl mg,hla we;s
lsÍfuka mDIaGhg mDIaGh mj;sk iïnkaOh ke;s lrhs' mDIaG w;r >¾IK wvq iafkayl
mg,hla we;s lsÍfuka mDIaGhg mDIaGh .eà we;sjk >¾IKh wju fõ'

tkaðfï iafkayl m%Odk l%u folls'

1' isxpk iafkayl l%u - Splash Lubrication System
2'lD; fmdaIK iafkayl l%u - Forced Feed Lubrication System

isxpk iafkayl l%u - Splash Lubrication System

fuu iafkayl l%uh l=vd tkaðka i|yd fndfyda úg Ndú; lrhs' b;d u ir<
iafkayl l%uhla fõ' iafkayl moaO;sfha fldgia wvq jk w;r kv;a;=j wvqh'
fuu iafkayl l%uh my; mßÈ ls%hd lrhs' msiagka w; iújk fnhdßx mshk hg
yekaola jeks fldgila we;s w;r iafkayl f;,a oyr l| yd msiagka wf;ys p,s;h iu`.
iafkayl f;,a j, .s,S .uka lrk w;r túg yekao u.ska f;,a úislrhs' fuu f;,a
oyrl o fnhdßx leñ oKav msiagka" msiagka j<¨" msiagka wekh jeks fldgia j,g .uka
lr tajd iafkaykh lrhs'

27
lD; fmdaIK iafkayl l%u - Force Feed Lubrication System

fuu iafkayll%ufha § f;,a fmdïmhla we;' f;,a oyr l| my< f;,a fok kï
fldgi ;=< r|jd we;' tu f;,a " f;,a fmdïmhla u.ska ,ndf.k wjYH iafkayl
fldgia lrd hjkq ,efí' f;,a fmdïmhla mj;sk ksid jeä ÿrl mj;sk fldgia olajd
iafkayl f;,a .uka lrúh yels h'

f;,a fofkys we;s f;,a oe,a fmryKla yryd f;,a fmdïmh fj; ,ndf.k
ishqï fmryKla u.ska fmrd hdka;s%l fldgia lrd f;,a .uka lrjhs' fuu f;,a" oyr l|
fnhdßx" leñ oKav fnhdßx" je,aj hdka;%k fldgia fj; .uka lrhs' is,skavr ì;a;s o`.r
l| u.ska ùislrk f;,aj,ska iafkaykh fõ'

fuu iafkayl l%ufha my; i|yka f;,a fmdïm Ndú; lrhs'

(i) .shr j¾.fha f;,a fmdïm - Gear Type Pump

(ii) N%ul j¾.fha f;,a fmdïm - Rotor Type Pump
(iii) wvi| j¾.fha f;,a fmdïm- Crescent Type Pump

28
.shr j¾.fha f;,a fmdïm

fuys .shr frdao folla ksfjiakdjla ;=< r|jd we;' tla .shr frdaohla tkaðka
p,s;h iu`. leñ oKav fyda fjk;a tallhla yryd p,s; lrhs' fuh t,jk frdaoh jk
w;r fuu frdaofha p,s;h iu`. p,s;jk fkla frdaoh t,efjk frdaoh fõ' fuu p,s;h
iu`. f;,a tla me;a;lska ,ndf.k p,s; frdao yd ksfjiakd w;ßka .ukalr f;,a tla
;eklg tl;= fõ' fuu ia:dkfh;a msgdr ud¾.h wdrïn jk w;r fuys§ f;,a mSvkhla
mj;S'
f;,a msvkhg m;a lsÍfï§ msgdr f;,a kshñ; mßÈ bj;a fkdfõ kï f;,a
fmdïmh u; wêl Ndrhla we;s ú fmdïmhg ydks meñfKa' fuh je,elaùug msgdr ud¾.h
yd pQIK ud¾.h w;r mSvk iyk je,ajhla r|jd we;' hï f,ilska msgdr u. wêl
mSvkh jeä jqjfyd;a tu f;,a mSvkfhka mSvk iyk je,ajh újD; ù f;,a kej;
fmdïmfha pQIK ud¾.hg .uka lr fmdïm u; we;sjk wêl Ndrh ke;s lrhs'

N% u l j¾.fha f;,a fmdïm

fuu f;,a fmdïmfha wNHka;r N%ulh yd ndysr N%ulh f,i N%ul folls' ndysr
N%ulfha oe;s wNHka;r N%ulfha oe;s j,g jvd tla oe;a;la jeä h' wNHka;r N%ulh
tkaðka p,s;h iu`. leñ oKav fyda fjk;a tallhla u.ska N%uKh lrhs' fuu.ska ndysr
N%ulho N%ulh fõ' N%ul foflys udOHhka tlsfklg ÿriaj msysg hs' tkï úflakaøslj
msysghs' fï ksid N%ul p,s;fha § oe;s w;r tla ia:dkhl mßudj jeäjk w;r tla
ia:dkhla È fuu mßudj wvq ù hhs'
mßudj jeä jk úg mSvkh wvq jk w;r mßudj wvq jk úg mSvkh jeä fõ' fï
ksid mßudj jeä jk ia:dkhg pQIKh;a mßudj wvqjk ia:dkhg msgdr ud¾.h;a iïnkaO
lrhs' fuu fmdïmh i|ydo mSvk iyk (Pressure Relief Valve) jE,ajhla Ndú; lrhs'

29
tkï msgdr ud¾.fha f;,a mSvkh jeä ù fmdïmh u;g meñfKk wêl Ndrfhka fmdïmh
wdrlaId lsÍug fuu mSvk iyk jE,ajh újD; ù msgdr u. f;,a kej; fmdïm pQIKhg
,nd§ fmdïmfha wêl Ndrh ke;s lrhs'

wvi| j¾.fha f;,a fmdïmh ^^Crescent Type Oil Pump&&

fuys .shr frdao folla mj;S' tla .shr frdaohl ndysr oe;s we;s w;r wfkla .shr
frdaofha wNHka;r oe;s we;' ndysr oe;s we;s .shr frdaoh wNHka;r oe;s .shr frdaoh ;=<
mj;sk w;r fuu .shr frdao uOHhka tlsfklg fjkiaj tkï úflakaøslj ilia lr
we;' ndysr oe;s .shr frdaoh tkaðka p,s;h iu`. leñ oKav u.ska fyda fjk;a
tallhlska N%uKh fõ' .shr frdaoj, úflakaøsld;dj ksid .shr frdao fofla oe;s w;r
mßudj jeäùu yd wvqùu isÿ fõ' mßudj jeäjk úg mSvkh wvqjk neúka fuu ia:dkhg
pQIK ud¾.h;a' mßudj wvqjk úg mSvkh jeäjk neúka tu ia:dkhg msgdr ud¾.hla
iïnkaO lr we;' .shr frdao w;r mßudj jeäjk ia:dkfha wvi| kï ^Crescent& wp,
fldgila r|jd we;'

f;,a fmryka
iafkayl moaO;sfha f;,a fmryka lsÍu m%Odk l%u folllska isÿfõ'
^i& mQ¾K oyrd f;,a fmryka l%uh - Full Flow Oil Filter System
^ii& w;=re ud¾. f;,a fmryka l%uh - By Pass Oil Filter System

mQ¾K oyrd f;,a fmryka l%uh - Full Flow Oil Filter System

mQ¾K oyrd f;,a fmryka l%ufha§ iaafkayl fldgiaj,g ,efnk ish¨ f;,a ishqï
fmryka u.ska fmryka lr ,ndfohs' tu f;,a f;,a fokg .uka lrhs'

f;,a fofkys f;,a oe,a fmryk yryd f;,a fmdïmh ,ndf.k tu f;,a ishqï
fmrykg ,ndfohs' ishqï fmryk u.ska ish¨ f;,a fmryka lr msßisÿ f;,a u.ska tkaðka
fldgia iafkaykh lrhs' hï f,ilska f;,a fmryk f;,a msßisÿ fkdlrhs kï tkï hï
wjysr;djla fmryk olajhs kï tkaðka fldgiaj,g f;,a .uka fkdlr tu fldgia
iafkaykh fkdù fldgia ydksfõ' fuh je,elaùug fmryk ;=< iyk jE,ajhla r|jd
we;' tkï f;,a fmdïmh u.ska f;,a mSvkh ,nd ÿkak;a f;,a fmryk wjysr kï
fmryfka mSvkh jeä fõ' kshñ; m%udKhg jvd jeä jqjfyd;a fmryka iyk jE,ajh
újD; ù fmryka fkdjq f;,a tkaðka fldgiaj,g .uka lrjd" fldgia tu f;,a j,ska
iafkaykh lr fmryka fkdjq f;,a jqjo tkaðka fldgiaj,g hï wdrlaIdjla ,ndfohs'

30
 f mr y k ai y k j E, ja h

w; =
r e ud¾. h
i s
h ïq f mr y k

mS
v k i y k j E, ja h

i fak ya l f l dgi a
f ; , af mdï mh

f ; , af ok
oe, af mr y k

w;=re ud¾. f;,a fmryka l%uh - Full Flow Oil Filter System
fuu iafkayl fmryka l%ufha§ tkaðka fldgia j,g ,efnk ish¨ f;,a fmryka
ù fkdhhs'

i s
h ïq f mr y k

mS
v k i y k j E, ja h

i fak y
al f l dgi a
f ; , af mdï mh

f ; , af ok
oe, af mr y k

fuys§ f;,a fofKys f;,a oe,a fmrykh yryd msßisÿ lr f;,a fmdïmhg ,nd.kS'
tu f;,a j,ska fldgila f;,a fmrykg .uka lrjd msßisÿ lr f;,a tu f;,a foKg
hjhs' ;j;a f;,a m%udKhla tkaðka fldgiaj,g .uka lrhs' fuys fmryka iyk
jE,ajhla fkdue;' fmryk wjysr jqjfyd;a f;,a tkaðka fldgia yryd muKla .uka
lrhs'

31
 6'8 cj iïfma%YK moaO;sh

la,ph - Clutch
fudag¾ jdykhl tkaðu ls%hdrïNl, jydu tu lrleùfï n,h frdao fj;
,enqKfyd;a ta iefKlska Odjkh werfUhs' ke;fyd;a m%n, .eiaiSula we;s lrñka
tkaðfï ls%hdldÍ;ajh kj;shs' fujeks ;;ajhka we;sùu wka;rdodhl fõ' tksid tkaðfï
cj frdaoh iy .shr fmÜáh w;r iaÓr iïnkaOhla ;sîu iqÿiq ke;' tkaðu ls%hdlrk
wjia:dj, § jdykh ksYap,j ;nd .ekSfï yelshdj we;slrk tla l%uhla f,io la,ph
fhdod.; yelsfõ'

la,phl ;sìh hq;= .=Kdx.

• ksrjq,aj iïnkaL lsÍug yd úikaê lsÍug yelsùu'
• iïnkaO lsÍfï § ,siaid fkdhdu" Yío we;s fkdùu" fooÍu we;s fkdùu'
• >¾IK uqyqK;a Wiia >¾IK ix.=Klhla iys; ùu yd f.ùug Tfrd;a;= §u'
• >¾IKfha W;amdokh jk ;dmh myiqfjka bj;aùug bv ie,iS ;sîu'
• myiq yd ir, iSreudre l%u iys; ùu'
• l=vd bv m%udkhla ;=, msysgqúh yels ùu'

la,É j¾. - Types of Clutch

fudag¾ jdykj, Ndú;djk la,É j¾. lSmhls'

la,É - Clutch

úh <sl ,a É f ; ; al ,a É

o. r ÿk ql ,a É ny q; eá f ; ; al ,a É

os
h r l ,a É l ,a ph
md
%
Ör ÿk ql ,a É $os
hr . = r e f r do
ah

fl k
aøami%dß l ,a É

fïjd w;ßka nyq, j Ndú;d jkafka úh<s j¾.hg wh;a o`.r ÿkq la,ph yd m%dÖr
ÿkq la,phkah' flakaømidÍ la,ph iy nyq ;eá la,Éh Ndú;d jkafka fudag¾ ihsl,a
jeks l=vd jdykj,hs' Èhr la,ph fyj;a Èhr .=re frdaoh Ndú; jkafka iajhxlS%h .sh¾
fmÜá iys; kùk jdykj,hs' >¾IK ;eáhg ,efnk ÿkq mSvkh ksoyia lsÍug fhdod

32
we;s ,Sjr l%uh la,p mdohg iïnkaOlr we;'
la,É mdoslh mE.= úg >¾IK ;eáh mSvkfhka ñÈ cj frdaofhka fjkafõ'

• o`.r ÿkq iys; la,ph

• m%dÖk ÿkak iys; ;eá la,ph

33
 • nyq ;eá la,ph

• Èhr la,É fyj;a Èhr .=re frdaoh

.sh¾ fmÜáh - Gear Box

tkacsfï ksmojk n,h la,É yryd .shr fmÜáhg iïfm%aYKh flf¾' .shr fmÜáh
;=< jq .shr frdao iuqyh w;ßka .e,fmk f,i iïnkaO l< .shr moaO;sh yryd ksñ t<jqu
fj; cjh iïfm%aYKh lrhs'

.shr fmÜáh u.ska my; ld¾hhka bgq lrhs'

• fõ.h $ jHdj¾;h md,kh lsÍu'

• Odjkhg iqÿiq .shrh f;dard .ekSfï yelshdj'
• miq .eiqï .shrhla Ndú;fha yelshdj ,nd oSu'
• tkacsu yd mojk frdao w;r iïnkaOh we;s - ke;s lsÍu'

.s h ¾ fmÜá j¾.
• rEgk uqÜgq .sh¾ fmÜáh
• ks;H iïnkaê; .sh¾ fmÜáh
• iskafl%dfuIa .sh¾ fmÜáh
• tms pl% .sh¾ fmÜáh

34
.s h ¾ fmÜáfha ls % h dldÍ;a j h

wjr fm;sl| yd ksï t,jqu

t<jq ï l% u hka
• bÈß tkaðu miqmi frdao t<jqu
• bÈß tkaðu bÈß frdao t<jqu
• miqmi tkaðu miqmi frdao t<jqu
• ueo tkaðu miqmi frdao t<jqu
• bÈß tkaðu isú frdao t<jqu

wdka ; r tl,ifha Wmdx.

• rc frdaoh • oj frdaoh
• ;re frdaoh • ysre frdao

kùk fudag¾ r:j, Ndú;d jk oi; uQÜgq

• l=rei j¾.fha oi; uQÜgqj
• f,arí j¾.fha oi; uQÜgqj
• iqkuH j<¨ oi; uQÜgqj
• ksh; m%fõ. oi; uQÜgqj

35
ksï t<jqu iy wdka;r lÜg,h
ksï t<jqfï tkï oj frdaofha iy rc frdaofha msysàu iy oe;s j¾.h wkqj j¾.
lSmhls'
• W÷ oe;s mÜgï oj frdaoh iy rc frdaoh
• i¾ms, mÜgï oj frdaoh iy rc frdaoh
• yhsfmdhsâ mÜgï oj frdaoh iy rc frdaoh
• .evú,h yd .evú,s frdaoh

wdka ; r tl,ihl ls % h dldÍ;a j h

• n,h 900lg yerùu'
• jx.=jl OdjkfhaoS jx.=j we;=`:me;af;a frdaoh wvq jg .kklska yd msg me;af;a
frdaoh jeä jg .Kklska lerleùu'
• bÈß Odjkfha § jeä lrleùula ,nd§u'

la , ph
• f;,a cj frdaoh ^Èhr .=re frdaoh&
iajhxlS%h iïfm%aIK moaO;shl tkaðfï isg .shr fmÜáh olajd Èhr .=re frdaohla
wdOdrfhka n,h iïfma%IKh isÿ flf¾' n,h iïfma%IK lsÍu i|yd øjhla wdOdr
lr.kq ,nk w;r Èhr .=re frdaoh m%Odk fldgia follska iukaú; fõ' tajd
bïfm,rh yd g¾nhskh f,i ye¢kafõ' bïfm,rh tkaðfï cjfrdaohg iïnkaOj
mj;sk w;r g¾nhskh .shr fmÜáfha t<jqï BIdjg iïnkaOj mj;sk nj;a" tkaðu
ls%hdldÍ ùu;a iu`. cjfrdaohg iïnkaOj we;s bïms,rh N%uKh jk nj;a bïms,rfha
fm;s w;r we;s f;,a g¾nhskfha fm;sj, je§fuka g¾nhskh N%uKh ùug mgka
.ekSu ksid .shr fmÜáfha t<jqï BIdj N%uKhùfuka tkaðfï jHdj¾:h Èhr .=re
frdaoh Tiafia .shr fmÜáhg iïfma%IKùu isÿfõ'

• jHdj¾;l mßj¾;lh
jHdj¾;l mßj¾;lh fndfydaÿrg Èhr .=re frdaohg iudk jk w;r fuys bïms,rh
yd g¾nhskh w;r ia:dhqlhla fhdod we;' ia:dhqlh u.ska jHdj¾;h jeälr fok
neúka øjh ,Sjrhla f,i lsh
% dlrñka jHdj¾;l mßj¾;lhla fhdod we;s úg tkaðfuka
,ndfok lerl=ï n,h jeälr .shr fmÜáhg ,nd§u isÿfõ'

• .s h r fmÜá
isxfl%dafuIa .shr fmÜáh - SYNCHROMESH GEAR BOX
ßhÿrd .shr ,Sjrhla wdOdrfhka .shr wkqmd; f;dark .shr fmÜáhla jk w;r fuu
.shr fmÜáho ks¾udKfhka ksh; uqÜgq .shr fmÜáhg iudk fjhs' fuys fvda.a la,É
fjkqjg isxfl%dafuIa tall fhdod we;s nj;a" fuu tallh u.ska" iïnkaO l< hq;=
.shrh yd isxfl%dafuIa tallh iïnkaO lsÍug fmr tlu fõ.hlg f.k tau isÿ l<
36
yels jk w;r fuu tall ksid la,É mev,h tla jrla md.d .shr f;aÍu isÿl< yels
fõ'

wmspl% .shr moaO;sh - EPICYCLIC GEAR SYSTEM

.shr moaO;shla f,i ks¾udKh ù we;s fuys ysre .shrh" .%y .shrh" uqÿ .shrh" .%y .shr
jdylhlao we;s w;r jdylfha we;s weK u; ksoyiaj ls%hd lsßug .%y .shrj,g
yelshdjla we;' .%y .shrj, oe;s ysre .shrfha oe;s yd iïnkaOj mj;S' we;=,; oe;s
iys; uqÿ .shrfha oe;s o .%y .shrj, oe;s iu`. weñKS mj;sk w;r uqÿ .shrh" ysre .shrh
yd .%y .shr jdylh hk wx. ;=fkka ´kEu tlla .shr fmÜáfha m%odk BIdjg
^INPUT SHAFT& iïnkaO l< yelsùuo b;sß wx. foflka ´kEu tlla m%;sodk BIdjg
^OUT PUT SHAFT& iïnkaO l< yelsùuo fuys§ isÿfõ'
iajhxlS%h .shr fmÜáh - AUTOMATIC GEAR BOX
wms pdls%l .shr moaO;s iajhxlS%h .shr fmÜáj, Ndú; fõ' .shr moaO;s lSmhla tlg
hd lr fuu .shr moaO;sh ks¾udKh lr we;' fuys m%Odk ixrpk f,i ixhqla;
wmspdls%l .shr moaO;s" má frdaOl" nyq ;eá la,p" tla ÈYd la,p" f;,a fmdïmh" jE,aj
iys; jE,aõ n| ye¢kaúh yel' .shr moaO;s u.ska WodiSk msysàu" bÈß .shr wkqmd;"
miq.eiqï .shrh wdÈh ,ndfohs' tla .shr moaO;shlska .shr wkqmd; lSmhla ,nd.;
yels w;r Odjkfha tkaðfï wjYH;dj u; iajhxlS%hj .shr wkqmd; ,ndfokq ,nhs'
Odjkfha § iajhxls%h j .shr wkqmd; f;dardfok ksid .shr udre lsÍu i|yd la,É
mev,hl wjYH;djla fkdue;s ù hhs'

wjr fm;s l| - PROPERLER SHAFT

fudag¾ r:fha bÈßmi tkaðu msysgqjd miqmi frdaoj,ska t,jqu isÿ lrk fudag¾ r:j,
.shr fmÜáfha isg ksñ t<jqu olajd hdka;s%l Yla;sh iïfma%IKh lsÍu wjr fm;s l|
u.ska isÿflf¾' fuh keùulg Ndckh fkdúh hq;= w;r N%uKh ùfï § weUÍug yd
fooÍug Tfrd;a;= Èh hq;= fõ' fyd¢ka ;=,s; ù ;sìh hq;= wjrfm;s l|" ieye,a¨ úh
hq;= o fõ' tu wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd jdfka ng j,ska ksIamdokh lr we;'

oi; uQÜgq - UNIVERSAL JOINT

fudag¾ r:j, .shr fmÜáh yd ksñ t<jqu tl u uÜgul msysgqjd fkdue;s ksid
OdjkfhA§ fuu tall fol w;r wdk;sh o" ÿro fjkia fõ' wdk;s fjkiaùï j,g
bv ie,eiaùu i|yd wjr fm;s l| iïnkaO lsÍfï§ oi; uqÜgq fhdod iïnkaO lrkq
,efí' oi; uqÜgq úúO ks¾udkhkaf.ka hq;=j fudag¾ r:j, fhdod we;'

ksñ t<jqu - FINAL DRIVE

fuh mÜgï .shr hq.<ls' tajd rcfrdaoh yd oj frdaoh f,i y÷kajkq ,efí' fudag¾
r:hl wjr fm;s l| fyda .shr fmÜáfha m%;sodk BIdj oj frdaoh yd iïnkaO ù

37
mj;sk w;r oj frdaoh" rc frdaoh yd iïnkaOj mj;S' ksñ t<jqu u.ska m%Odk
ld¾hhka folla bgq lrkq ,efí' tkï wjr fm;s lf|ka tk t<jqu wxYl 90lska
yrjd wjr wlaI ovqj,g ,nd§u yd iaÓr .shr wkqmd;hla u.ska jHdj¾;h jeälr wjr
wlaI ovqj,g ,nd§u;a fõ'

wdka ; rh
ksñ t<jqfï we;s wdka;r ueÈßh ;=< wdka;rh tl,ia j we;' m%Odk jYfhka ysre .shr
^me;s .shr& follska yd .%y.shr follska fyda y;rlska iukaú; fõ' fudag¾ r:h
fl<ska mdrl Odjkfha § t<jqï frdao tl u fõ.fhka lerleùug ie,eiaùu;a"
jx.=jl Odjkfha § jx.=j we;=`: foig we;s t<jqï frdaohg jvd jeä fõ.hlska msg;
foig we;s t<jqï frdaoh lrleùug bv i,iajd iqug j jx.=jl Odjkh lsÍug bv
ie,eiaùu wdka;rfha ld¾h Ndrh fõ'

38
 6'9 wj,ïnk moaO;sh
wjYH;djh
jdykhl .uka .kakd u.skfa .a iqjmyiqj i|yd;a jdykfha f.k hk nvq ndysrdÈfha
wdrlaIdj i|yd;a wj,ïNl moaO;shla fhdod we;' jdykhka ud¾.fha Odjkfha fhfok
úg ud¾.fha we;s ndOl yd ud¾. úIu;d frdaoj, .eàfuka jdykfha we;sjk .eiaiSï ÿkq
u.ska wjfYdaIKh lsÍu ksid ÿkq yels,su yd È. yeÍu isÿfjhs' fuksid tu .eiaiSï
jdykfha .uka .kakd u.Skag yd nvqndysrdÈhg wjfYdaIKh ùu j,ls' by; .eiaiSï" ÿkq
u.ska wjfYdaIKh lsÍu ksid ÿkqj, we;sjk foda,k blaukska u¾okh lsÍug lïmk
jdrl fhdod we;'

wj,ïNl l%u (-
1' oDV wj,ïNl l%uh
2'ksoyia wj,ïNl l%uh

oDV wj,ïNl l%uh

oDV wj,ïNl l%uh jdksc jdyk iy nrjdykj, nyq, j fhfoa' fuu l%ufha §
jdykfha frdao fjka fjkaj Wia my;a úh fkdyels jk fia welai, j,g iïnkaO fjhs'
fuksid OdjkfhaoS jdykfha tla frdaohla ud¾.fha ndOlhla Wäka .uka l< úg iïmQ¾K
jdykhu we,úu isÿfjhs' tu ;;ajh jdykfha .uka .kakd u.skag wmyiqjla we;slrhs'
fuu l%uh iys; jdykhka ud¾.fha we,jq ;ekl kj;d we;súg úfYaIfhka jdykfha
ysgf.k hk u.skag fuu ;;ajh wmyiq;djla we;s lrhs'

oDV wj,ïNl l%uhla we;s jdyk j, bÈß wlaI oKav ;ks oKavlska ksujd we;s w;r
tu oKafâ yrialvh bx.S%is I wl=f¾ yevh .kS' oKafâ fofl<jfrg flá w,jx.= ^Stub
axle& folla iïnkaO lr we;s w;r tajdg frdao" fndiaf.äh ^Hub& wdOdrfhka iúfjhs'
oDV wj,ïNl l%uhla fhfok msgqmi welai, fldmqj ;=< wdka;r .shr yd w¾O wlaI ovq
^Half Shafts& r|jd .kshs' welai, fldmqfjka msg;g ÿkq iúfjá' ÿkq peis rduqjg iúú
jdykfha fndäfha nr ord isáhs'

u.S jdyk i|yd fuu l%uh t;rï .e<fmkafka ke;s kuq;a u.S jdyk i|yd fhdod
.kakd wjia:d o we;' frdao fjka fjka jYfhka Wia my;a úug fkd yels ùu fuu l%ufha
wjdishla jk w;r nr jdykj,g fuu l%uh fhda.Hùu jdishla f,i ie,lsh yels h'
;j o wj,ïnk l%uhg fhdod .kakd wdOdrl fldgia wvqùu o fuys we;s ;j;a jdishls'

ksoyia wj,ïnk l%uh (

1' bÈßmi frdao i|yd fhdod we;s wj,ïnk l%u'
2' bÈßmi yd miqmi frdao i|yd fhdod we;s wj,ïnk l%u
3' miqmi frdao ksoyia wj,ïnk l%uh
39
 1' bÈßmi frdao i|yd fhdod we;s ksoyia wj,ïnk l%u'
• úIafndaka j¾.h (WISHBONE TYPE)
• uelam¾ika j¾.h (MAC PHERSON TYPE)

• úIafndaka j¾.h (WISHBONE TYPE)

by; rEm igyfka olajd we;s úIafndaka ksoyia wj,ïnk l%ufha o`.r ÿkq ueÈka
lïmk jdrl fhdod we;' jdykh Odjkfha § fuu o`.r ÿkq yels,su yd os. yeÍu isÿfõ'
lïmk jdrl tajd u¾okh lsßu isÿ lrhs' fuu wj,ïnk l%ufha o`vq moaO;sh ie,l+úg
Wäka msysá oKavg jvd hg oKav È.ska jeä h' fï ksid frdaoh mdf¾ we;s ndOlhka Wäka
.uka l<úg tu frdaoh we,ù Wvg tifõ' fï ksid frdaoh fmdf<dfõ we;s,a,Su wvqfjhs'
by< iy my< o`vq fofla u È.j,a iudk jqfha kï frdaoh fmd<fõ ;Èka we;s,a,Su
isÿfjhs' fuu l%uh merKs fudag¾ ld¾j, fhdod we;s ckms%h l%uhls'

• uelam¾ika j¾.h (MAC PHERSON TYPE)

fuu l%uh b;d ir< w;r nßka o wvq h' fuys È o o`.r ÿkakla ueÈka Èfjk lïmk
jdrlhla fhdod we;' lïmk jdrlfha Wv fldgi jdykfha fndähg iïnkaOfjhs'
hg fldgi flá w,jx.=jlg ^STUB AXLE& iïnkaOfjhs'

ovq moao;sfha hg msysá Tfrd;a;= oKav ^STABILIZER& u.ska fndäh ;sriaj ;nd .kS'
uelam¾ika l%ufha we;s tlu wjdish jkafka tu l%uh nrjdyk i|yd fhda.H fkdùuhs'
bÈß t<jqï l%uh ^FRONT WHEEL DRIVE& we;s kùk ld¾j, fuu l%uh nyq, j
fhdod .kS'

40
miqmi frdao ksoyia wj,ïnk l%uh
bÈß t<jqï l%uhla we;s jdykj, msgqmi frdao fjka fjka jYfhka Wia my;a úug
ilia lsÍu t;rï wmyiq ke;' tfy;a msgqmi frdao t<jqï ^BACK WHEEL DRIVE&
l%u we;s jdykj, msgqmi frdao fjka jYfhka Wi my;aùug ks¾udKh lsÍu wmyiqh'
ta i|yd oi; uQÜgq w¾O wlaI o`vqj,g fh§ug isÿfõ' moaO;sfha nr wvqlr .ekSu i|yd
o`.r ÿkq fhdod we;' ks¾udKh ixlS¾K jk w;r ksIamdok úhou by< h' fuksid
miq mi frdao t,jqï l%u we;s jdykj, ksoyia wj,ïNkh fhdokqfha ñ, jeä ld¾
i|ydh' jdykhl frdao y;r u fjka fjka jYfhka Wia my;a úh yels kï u.skag
iqj myiqj ie,fik w;r jdykfha ßhÿrdg o jdykh yeisrùu myiqfjhs'

wj,ïNk l%u foflys we;s fjkialï iy tajdys jdis wjdis

wj,ïNk l% u h jdis wjdis

oDV wj,ïNk l%uh (i) nr iy jdKsc jdykj, • Odjkfha§ jdykfha tla
nyq, j fhfoa' frdaohla ndOlhla Wäka
.uka lrk úg jdykh
(ii) wj,ïnk moaO;shg iïmQ¾Kfhka we,ùu ksid
fhdod we;s fldgia wvq h' u.Skag wmyiq;djla we;s
lrhs'

• frdao fjka fjka j Wia

my;a ùug fkdyel'

ksoyia wj,ïNk l%uh (i) ieye,a¨ jdykj, • moaO;sfha fldgia jeãùu'

nyq, j fhfoa' • moaO;sh ixlS¾K ùu'
• moaO;sfha fldgia ñ, wêl
ùu'
(ii) Odjkfha § jdykfha • kv;a;= úhou wêlùu'
fndäh ;sria j r|jd .;
yels neúka u.Skag
myiqjla ±fka'

wj,ïNk moa O ;s h g wh;a ixrpl iy ixrpl iïnka O jk wdldrh

1' frdao yd ghr
jdykhl ghrh iys; frdao yí ^Hub& tl u.ska wlaI oKavg iïnkaOj mj;S'

2' ÿkq

41
 (i) fld< ÿkq - ÿkq ñáhla f,i mj;sk w;r" ÿkq ñáfha we;s m%Odk fld<fha tla
fl<jrla peis rduqjgo wfkla fl<jr ÿkq pxpqj yryd peis rduqjg
o iïnkaOj mj;S'

(ii) o`.r ÿkq - oDV wj,ïNk l%ufha § o`.r ÿkak peis yd wlaI oKav w;r iïnkaOj
mj;sk w;r ksoyia wj,ïNk l%ufha § fpis rduqj yd jEoaÿï w;
w;r fyda peis rduqj yd md,k w; ^Control Arm& fyda lïmk
jdrKh yd fpis rduqj iu`. iïnkaOj mj;S'

(iii) jd ÿkq - ksoyia wj,ïNk moaO;shla iys; jdykj, fhdod .kS' jd ÿkq
w;=, oKav yd fjis rduqj w;r iïnkaOj mj;S'
(iv) rn¾ ÿkq - fld< ÿkq ñáfha m%Odk fld<fha Wv hq la,sma (U-Clips) iu`.;a"
lïmk ^Rubber Springs&jdrl j, nqyq ^Bush& f,i;a fhdod we;'

(v) weUreï o`vq - yrialvh" jD;a;dldr fyda y;/ia jk fuu o`vq j, tla fl<jrla
fpis rduqjg o wfkla fl,jr bÈß frdaoh yd Wia my;a úh yels
ÿkq l=remdjkago ^Spring Struct& iïnkaOj mj;S'

lïmk jdrkh
jdyk peish yd úIafndaka wdï ^Wishborn Arm& w;r fyda peish yd wlai oKav w;r
iïnkaOj mj;S'

lïmk jdrl j, idudkHfhka we;af;a jE,aj" msiagka yd øjhls' merKs jdykj,

nyq, jYfhka oaú msiagka j,ska hqla; jq lïmk jdrl fhdod ;snqK o j¾;udkfha nyq,
j olakg we;af;a fg,ia fldmsla j¾.fha ^TELESCOPIC TYPE& lïmk jdrlh' fïjd
w`:;ajeähd l< fkdyels jk w;r fldgia uqødlr we;s neúka kv;a;= lsÍï o l< fkdyelsh'

lïmk jdrlhkg fhfok n, wkqj th we§ulg fyda iïmSvkhg ,lafõ' th

42
we§ug;a iïmSvkhg;a tlfia m%;sfrdaOh olajhs' u,ne§u je,elaùu i|yd msiagka w;
oeähdjg ,lafldg fl%dañhï wdf,am lr we;' fï ksid msiagka w; f.ùug Tfrd;a;=
fohs' úúo wj,ïNl l%u wkqj iújk ia:dk fjkia jk w;r fld< ÿkq ñá we;s jdyk
j, peis iels,a, yd ÿkak w;r fhfoa'

ÿkq j¾. lsysmhla iú ù we;s wdldr

fld< ÿkq ñáhla iels,a,g iú ù we;s wdldrh weUreï oKavla

jd-wj,ïnk l%uh

wj,ïnk moa O ;s f ha ls % h dldÍ;a j h

43
 wj,ïnk moaO;sh u.ska frdao Tiafia we;sjk úúO n," u.Ska g iy m%jdykh
lrkq ,nk NdKav lrd hEu wju lrkq ,nhs' fuys§ jdykfha iq<x mqrjk ,o ghr"
ud¾.fha we;s l=vd úIu;d" ghrh we;=<g tîu u.ska wjfYdaIKh lrkq ,nhs'

fld< ÿkq fhdod we;s wj,ïnk moaO;shka iys; jdykhla Odjkfha§ ud¾.fha we;s
ndol yd ud¾. úIu;d frdao yd .eàfuka we;sjk n, ^.eiaiSï& ksid fld< ÿkq yels,s tlS
>Ügk ksid WmÈk n, wjfYdaIKh lrhs' tu yels,s .sh ÿkq fiñka È. yeÍu u.ska tu
n, jdykfha .uka lrk u.Skag yd m%jdyk lrkq ,nk NdKav j,g iïfma%YKh ùu
j,lS'

fndfyda úg ksoyia wj,ïnk moaO;shla iys; ieye,a¨ jdykj, o`.r ÿkq iys;
wj,ïnk moaO;shla fhdod we;s w;r Odjkfha § ud¾.fha we;s ndOl frdao yd .eàfuka
we;sjk n, ksid o`.r ÿkq yel,S tu >Ügk wjfYdaIKh lr.kS' yels¨kq o`.r fiñka
È. yeÍu ksid tu n, jdykfha .uka lrkq ,nk u.Skag yd m%jdykh lrkq ,nk NdKav
j,g iïfma%IKh ùu j,lhs'

;jo weUreï o`vq fhdod we;akï Odjkfha § ud¾.fha we;s úIu;d ksid we;sjk n,
weUreï oKafâ Wia my;a úh yels fldgig ,eîfuka weUÍulg ,la ù Yla;sh .nvdlr"
úIu;dj ksoyia jq úg kej; uq,a msysàug m;aùu u.ska tu n, peishg iïfma%IKh ùu
j,ld,hs' wj,ïnk moaO;sfha we;s lïmk jdrl u.ska ÿkqj, we;sjk foda,k n, b;d
flá l,l§ u¾okh lsÍu isÿ lrkq ,nhs'

6'10

44
 jdyk fndäh yd peish

jdykh = fndäh + peish

jdykhla foi ne¨ úg m%:ufhka Èiajkafka tys fndähhs' mßir n,mEïj,ska

iq<`." jeiai" ysre t<sh jdykfha .uka lrk u.Ska yd tys /f.k hk NdKav wdrlaId
lsÍug fndäh WmldÍ fjhs' m%Odk jYfhka uDÿ jdfka ;yvq" *hsn¾ jeks o%jH fhdod
fndäh ks¾udkh lr we;' jdykhla Odjkh jk úg iq<`.ska we;s lrk m%;sfrdaOh tys
.ukg ndOd we;s lrhs' fufia we;s lrk m%;sfrdaO ksid my; i|yka mdvq isÿfõ'
• bkaOk jeämqr jehùu
• jeä fõ.j, § jdykh wia:dhs ùu
• jd;fhka we;s lrk Yíoh

iq<f`.a m%;sfrdaOh ksid jdykhg ndysr n, ;=klg uqyqK §ug isÿfõ' tajdkï"
• jd;h jdykfha we;s,a,Su ksid we;sjk m%;sfrdaO n,h
• jd;fhka jdykh by<g tiùu ksid we;s jk n,h
• jdykfha iels,af,ka we;s lrk n,h

jdykhl È. jeäjk úg jd; m%;sfrdaO n,h wvq h' jdykhl m<, jeäjk úg jd;
m%;sfrdaO n,h wvq h' tfy;a jdykhl Wi jeäjk úg jd; m%;sfrdaO n,h jeä h' fï
ksid Odjkfha§ jd; m%;sfrdaOh wju lsÍu ksIamdolhska jdyk fndäfha yev .ekaùï lr
we;' Wi jdyk i|yd úkaâ ä*af,lag¾ fhdokq ,nk w;r l=vd jdyk i|yd jdykfha
msgqmi fldgfia iafmdhs,rhla fhdod we;'

jdyk fndä ks¾udKh ù we;s wdldrhka

jd; m%;sfrdaOh lmd yeÍug fndäh yev.ekaùu

45
 A - úkaâ ä*af,lagrh
B - iafmdhs,rh
jdykhl peish hkq jdykfha fndäh bj;a l,úg b;sßjk fldgihs' peish ñY%
jdfka j,ska ksIamdokh lr we;' jdykhl peish my; i|yka n,j,g Tfrd;a;= Èh hq;=
h'
• jdyk fndäfha yd u.Skaf.a iy tys mgjkq ,nk NdKavj, nr biss,sh hq;= h'
• yÈis ;ajrK lsÍï yd frdaOl fh§ï j, § we;s jk n, oeßh hq;= h'
• >Ügkhl § we;s jk n,j,g m%;sfrdaOh oelaúh hq;= h'
• Odjkfha § jdykfha we;s jk lïmk n, fuka u ud¾. ndOl yd .efgk úg
we;sjk n, o oeßh hq;= h'
by; n,j,g wu;r j jdykfha iels,a,g iúlrkq ,nk úúO fldgia j, nr yd
tajdg we;sjk n, o oeßh hq;= h'
kùk ieye,a¨ jdykj, iels,a, fjkqjg fhdod we;af;a jdfka ìuls' ^STEEL
FLOOR& fuu jdfka ìu fl<sakau fndähg fj,aäka lr we|d we;' fuh ixhqla;
ks¾udKhls' nßka wvq h' fndäh yd peish ;ks fldgila jk neúka tajd .eàfuka Yío
we;s fkdfõ' fuu ixhqla; ks¾udKfha we;s wjdish jkafka >Ügk j,g miq w`:;ajeähd
lsÍï ;rula wmyiqùuhs'

1- osla o`vq 2- yria o`vq

46
jdKsc jdyk iy nia r:j, iels,a, ks¾udKh lr we;af;a idudkHfhka bksu`.l
iajrEmfhks' Èla o`vq follg yria o`vq lSmhla weod fj,aäka lsÍfuka tu fldgia
iïnkaO lr we;' tfy;a w;S;fha fuu o`vq ßjÜ lsÍfuka wE|kq ,en we;' fndäh yd
iels,a, .eàfuka WmÈk Yío ke;s lsÍug tajd w;rg rn¾ fyda wf,day fldgia fhdokq
,nhs' iels,a, u; Bg Wäka úúO fldgia we£ug isÿjk neúka yria ovq i|yd y;/ia
yevfhka hq;= o`vqo" weUreï n, oeÍug fyd|u yria lvh" jD;a;dldr yria lvh jqjo"
u;=msg fldgia iú lsÍug we;s wmyiqj ksid Èla ovq i|yd o yrialvh y;/ia yevfhka
hq;= o`vq fhdod .kS'

msß ie,eiau ^^LAY OUT&&

jdykj, nyq,j Ndú;d lrkq ,nk iïfma%IK ieliqï j¾. y;rla fjhs' tajd kï"
(i) tkaðu jdykfha bÈßmi msysgqjd miq mi frdaoj,ska t,jqu
(ii) tkaðu jdykfha bÈßmi msysgqjd bÈßmi frdaoj,ska t,jqu
(iii) tkaðu jdykfha miqmi msysgqjd miq mi frdaoj,ska t,jqu
(iv) tkaðu jdykfha bÈßmi msysgqjd frdao y;ßka u t,jqu

fuys § tkaðfuka ,efnk hdka;s%l Yla;sh" la,ph" .shr fmÜáh wjr fm;s l|
ksñ t<jqu yd wdka;rh yryd iïfma%IKh ù w¾O wlaI ovqj,g ,efí' frdao lerleùu
isÿ lrkq ,nkafka w¾O wlaI o`vq u.sks' fuu ieleiafï § iïfm%aIK moaO;shg wh;a ish`:
ixrpl fjka fjka j msysgd we;' l=vd jdyk yerekq úg wfkla ish¨ jdyk i|yd jvd;a
m%p,s; ieleiau fuh fjhs'

47
 fuu ieleiafï § tkaðu jdykfha bÈßmi osla w;g fyda yria w;g msysgqjd we;'
fuys§ o tkaðu" la,ph" .shr fmÜáh ksñ t<jqu yd wdka;rh tlg f.dkq lr ilid we;'
wdka;rfha isg frdao lrd Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lrkqfha oi; uQÜgq fol ne.ska fhdod we;s
wlaI ovq foll wdOdrfhks' fuu ieleiafï we;s jdis fya;=fjka kùk ieye,a¨ fudag¾
r: j, fuu ieleiau Ndú; lrkq ,nhs'

tkaðu jdykfha miqmi msysgqjd miq mi frdao j,ska t<jqu

fuys§ tkaðu fuka u iïfma%IK moaO;shg wh;a ish¨ ixrpl msysgqjd we;af;a
jdykfha miqmih' fndfyda wjia:dj, tkaðu" la,ph" .shr fmÜáh" ksñ t<jqu yd
wdka;rh tlg f.dkq lr ilia lr we;' wdka;rfha isg frdao lrd Yla;sh iïfma%OKh
lrkqfha oi; uQÜgq fol ne.ska fhdod we;s o`vq folla wdOdrfhks' fuu ieleiafï§ wjr
fm;s l|l wjYH;djhla fkdue;'

48
 tkaðu jdykfha bÈßmi msysgqjd frdao y;frkau t,jqu fuu ieleiafï§ fndfyda úg
tkaðu bÈßmi msysgqjd we;' tkaðfï isg la,ph" .shr fmÜáh" yryd iïfma%IK jk
hdka;s%l Yla;sh meñfKkqfha n, mejreï fmÜáhla ^TRANSFER BOX& fjku h' n,
mejreï fmÜáh ;=< we;s .shr ieleiau;a wdOdrfhka fuu Yla;sh bÈßmi yd miqmi
wjrfm;s l|ka fj; fnod yßkq ,nhs' fuys § bÈßmi frdao i|yd tla wdka;rhlao miqmi
frdao i|yd ;j;a wdka;rhla o fhdod we;' iuyr jdykj, n, mejreï fmÜáh ;=< o
wdka;rhla fhdod we;' fuh ;=kajk wdka;rh ^Third Differential& f,i ye¢kafõ'

49
 6'11 ;srsx. moaO;sh
;sßx. moaO;sfha ld¾h Ndrh

tkaðfuka frdao fj; iemfhk n,h fya;=fjka jdykhla Odjkh ùu isÿfõ' tfia
Odjkh jk w;r;=r tkaðu k;r l< o" jdykh k;r ùula isÿ fkdfõ' tfia u la,Éph
úikaaê lsÍfuka fyda .shr kshqg%,a lr" welai,a o`vq fj; hk tkaðï cjh lmd yeßh o"
jdykh Odjk ;;ajh È.g u mj;ajd .kafka wjiaÓ;sh fya;= fldg f.k h'
;sßx. wjYH jkafka jdykfha fõ.h wvq lsÍug;a" jdykh iïmQ¾Kfhka k;r lr
.ekSug;a h' tfia u nEjqï ia:dkhl jdykh kj;d ;eîug;a fjk;a ia:dkhl jqj o
jdykh kj;ajd hk úg;a ;sßx. Ndú; lsÍu wjYH fõ' wo fudag¾ r: m%Odk ;sßx.
hdka;%Kh f,i ls%hd;aul jkafka md ;sßx. iy w;sf¾l j we;s" jdykh kj;d ;nd hdug
wjYH w;a ;sßx. jYfhks'
;sßx. moaO;shg" >¾IKh u.ska ;sßx. n,h we;s lrk ;sßx. hdka;%Khla we;'
tfiau tu n,h" ;sßx. hdka;%Khg ,nd fok w;ska fyda mdofhka ls%hdlrjk ødjl
moaO;shla" iïnkaOl fyda flan,a ;sßx. moaO;shg we;<;a fõ'
;sßx. hdka;%Kh m%fNao folls'

fnr ;sßx. - Drum Brake iy ;eá ;sßx. - Disc Brake jYfhks'

;sßx. n,h - Brake Force

;sßx. l%shd;aul lsÍug ;sßx. mdoslh mE.= úg tljr frdao y;r k;r jqjfyd;a"
tkï frdao y;ru lrleùu tljr laIKslj kej;Su ksid r:h ,siaid hhs' tu.ska úYd,
wk;=rla isÿúh yels h'
ta wkqj ;sßx. lsh
% d;aul úh hq;f
a ;a jdykh k;rùu i|yd hï ld,hla ,ndfok

50
whqßks' fuh ;j ÿrg;a meyeÈ,s lrkafka kï" ;sßx. fho jQ úg jdykh i;= pd,l Yla;sh
^hdka;s%l ld¾hh& ;dmh njg mßj¾;kh úh hq;= h' fuh isÿ jk úg >¾IKh we;s jk
fldgiaj, ;dmh we;s ù tajd wêl f,i r;afõ' fuu ;dmh" wjg jd;hg úlsrKh ù hhs'
fuu ish¨ ldrKd i,ld n,k úg ;sßx. ms<sn|j lsj yelafla tajd ksYaÑ;
wjia:dfõ jdykh i;= pd,l Yla;sh .;sl >¾IKh Wmfhda.S lr.ksñka ;dmh njg
mßj¾;kh lrk Wmdx.hka nj h' fuu ld¾h l,ska i|yka l< f,i ndysr j ixl%uKh
jk w;r" l%ufhka Odjk fõ.h wvqfjñka f.dia jdykh k;r ùu bka isÿfõ' jdykhl
we;s jvd;a jeo.;a wdrlaIl Wml%uh ;sßx. moaO;sh fõ' jdykfha Wmßu fõ.hg jqjo
l%Shd;aul l< yels" ;sßx. moaO;shla ie,iqï lr fhdod ;sîu muKla fkdj" my; i|yka
lreKq bka imqrd,Su jeo.;a fõ'
- úYajdiS nj iy l,a meje;au
- fyd| ;sßx. m%;spdr
- ia:djr ;sßx. ls%hdld¾;j
;sßx. n,h f.dvke.Su i|yd Wml%uhla ;sßx. moaO;sh i;= úh hq;=fõ' tu.ska ßh
mojkakd mdofhka fhdok n,h" jeä lr ;sßx. Wmdx. ls%hd;aul ùu i|yd hdka;s%l"
Wml%uhlska ;sßx. n,h frdaOl m¿ fj; ,nd osh hq;= fõ'

ødj ;sßx. moaO;sh

ødj ;sßx. moaO;sh iukaú; jkqfha "

• ;s ß x. mdos l h ^Brak Paddle&
• m% O dk is , s k a v rh ^Master Cylinder&
• ;sßx. ødj k,
• frdao ;sßx. is,skavr iy"
frdao ;sßx. tl,i hk fldgia j,sks'
m%Odk is,skavrh idudkH l%shdldß;ajh jkafka cj iyhlhla ^Servo& yryd fõ'
ta wkqj b;d úYd, mSvkhla frdao is,skavr fj; t,a, fõ'
kùk r:j, fndfyda úg bosß frdao i|yd ;eá ;sßx. o" miqmi frdao i|yd fnr
;sßx. o fhdod .kq ,efí' ld¾ r:j, kï frdao y;r i|ydu ;eá ;sßx. fhdod .kq o oelsh
yels h'

m% O dk is , s k a v rh ^ Master Cylinder&&

;sßx. mßm:j, mSvkh f.dvk.kq ,nkafka m%Odk is,skavrh u.sks' m%Odk

is,skavrh l%shd;aul jkqfha ;sßx. mdoslh u.sks' ;sßx. mdosl wdhdih ;Sj% lsÍu i|yd cj
iyhlhla fyj;a fí%la nQiagrhl iyh ,nd .kS' th idudkHfhka msysgkq ,nkafka
mdoslh;a" m%Odk is,skavrh;a w;r h'

51
 kùk r:j, we;s oaú;aj l%shdldß m%Odk is,skavrj, fmdÿ is,skavrh ;=< msiagka
folla oelsh yels h' tkï" m%d:ñl msiagkh yd oaú;shSl msiagkh f,ihs' ;sßx. mdoslh
md.k úg fuu msiagka ;,a¨ ù ;sßx. mSvkh Wmojkq ,nhs'

cj iyhl
ßheÿrd u.ska ;sßx. mdoslfhka ,nd fok n,h jvd jeälr ,nd oSu i|yd ndysr n,
m%Njhl wdOdr ,nd .ekSu" n, iyhl u.ska bgq fõ' flfia jqj o cj iyhl l%shdldß;ajh
weK ysáh o" mdosl wdhdih u.ska jqj o ;sßx. l%shd;aul lrúh yels fia fuu moaO;sh
ks¾udKh lr we;'

ßla; iyhl i¾fjda ^^Vacume Servo Brake System)

ßla; iyhl i¾fjda l%ufha we;s jdish kï óg wjYH jk ßla;h yeu úgu pQIK
ueks f*da,avrh ;=< mej;Su hs' tu ßla;h fl,skau i¾fjda WmlrKh i|yd fhdod .;
yels fõ' i¾fjda WmlrKfha tl milg ,ndj .kakd ßla;h ksid fomi mSvk fjkila
we;s fõ' fuu mSvk fjki u.ska m%Odk iss,skavrh fj; t,a, jk mSvkh ,nd f.k
;sßx. mdosl n,hg th iyh lr .kq ,n hs'

frdao ;sßx. Wmdx.

fnr frdOl
frdaOl fnrh ;=< wNHka;rj úodrKh jk ;sßx. m¿ ^Brake Shore& u.ska ;sßx.
n,h we;s lrhs' ;sßx. fnrh frdaohg iúù we;' ;sßx. tl,i msgqmi ;yvqj ^Brake Plate&
iú ù we;s w;r" ;sßx. m¿" ;sßx. fnrhg tfrysj ;o ùfuka ;sßx. l%shd;aul fõ'
;sßx. fhdok úg ;sßx. m¿" ;sßx. fnrfha wNHka;r ì;a;shg ;o fõ' túg ;sßx.
m¿j, iúlr we;s ;sßx. fldÜg ^Brake Liners& u.ska >¾YKh Wm oS' ta wkqj frdaoj,
fõ. nd, ùula isÿ fõ'

52
;eá ;s ß x.
le,smrh ;=< ;sßx. is,skv¾ folla úreoaO osYdj,ska msysgkq ,nhs' ñka tla tla
is,skavrhla ;=< ;sßx. fldÜg ^Brake Poch& iïnkaO jQ msiagka mj;S' ;sßx. ;eáh ^Brake
Disk& frdaoh iu. lr lefõ' ;sßx. fhdok úg is,skav¾ ;=< we;s msiagka u.ska ;sßx.
fldÜg" ;sßx. ;eáfha u;= msgg ;o ù frdaoj, ;sßx. n,h we;s lrkq ,nhs'

iïmQ¾K ;sßx. moaO;shl rEm igykla my; oela fõ"

53
ABS ;sßx. moaO;shl l%shdldß;ajh

rEm igyfka oelafjk frdaOl moaO;sfha frdao iïnkaO frdaOl k< fidf,dfkdhsâ
jE,aj y;rla yryd yhsfv%d,sla fudähqf,agrhg iïnkaOj mj;S' fuys fidf,dfkdhsâ
jE,aj y;r md,kh jkafka bf,lafg%dksla md,k tallh u.sks' frdaOl fh§ul § hï
frdaohla ysrùulg W;aidy l< úg tu frdaOl ud¾.fha fidf,dfkdhsâ jE,ajh jid tu
frdaohg iemhq frdaOl øjH md,kh lr ,siaiqï m%;sY; w.h md,kh lsÍug bf,lafg%dksl
md,k tallhg yels fjhs' fï wkqj ud¾.fha ´kEu ;;ajhla hgf;a wdrlaIldÍ j fudag¾
r:h k;r lr .; yels fjhs'

54
 6'12 iqlaldkï moaO;sh

fudag¾ r:hla yeisrùfï oS iqlaldkï moaO;sh w;HjYH u nj fmfka' tjeks

wjYH;d fudkjd oehs n,uq'

1' ßheÿrdg wNsu; mßos wvq wdhdihlska fudag¾ r:fha .uka u. fjkia lsÍug yels ùu'

2' ßheÿrl= fhdok jD;a;dldr p,s;hla" bosß frdao j, fldaKsl p,s;hlg yerùu'

3' fudag¾ r:fha osid ia:dhs;dj ;nd .ekSu'

4' jdykh fl<ska .uka lrk úg frdao bfíu .uka osYdjg fhduqùu'

5' ud¾.fha we;s ndOl yd .efgk úg frdao fjk;a osydjkag yerùu fkdúh hq;= w;r
tu >Ügk ^fooÍï yd .eiAiSï& ßhÿrd fj; iïfm%aIKh ùu wju ùu'

fudag¾ r:j, olakg ,efnk iqlaldkï moaO;s m%Odk jYfhka my; i|yka whqßka
j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
1' ,U ndyq j¾.h ^Drop Arm Type&
11' oe;s ;,õj yd oj frdao j¾.h ^Rack And Pinion Type&

55
 iqlaldkï moaO;shl ixrplj, ld¾hhka

iqlaldkï frdaoh ^^Steering Wheel&&

ßheÿrdg bosßfhka we;s fuu frdaoh jD;a;dldrj p,kh l< yels f,i ks¾udKh
lr we;' fmd,shq;ska fyda ;o ma,diaála j,ska ;kkq ,nk fuu iqlaldkï frdaoh ßheÿrdg
fyd|ska .%yKh lr .ekSug yelsùu i|yd tu frdaofha my; osYdjg b,smaidldr yevhka
ks¾udKh lr we;'

iqlaldkï lKqj ^^Steering Column)

fuh jD;a;dldr l=yr iys; lKqjls' fuh ;=<k

s a .uka lrk iqll
a dkï oKav fnhdßï
j, wdOdrfhka iqlaldkï lKqj ;=< r|jd we;' lKqj í/lÜgqj, wdOdrfhka fudag¾ r:
fndähg iïnkaO ù we;' wdf,dal iaúÉÑ" jd uqjd msiakd md,l yd k<d iaúÉÑh fuu
lKqjg iïnkaO lr we;' kùk jdykj, ßheÿrdg myiqjk mßos iqlaldku we, lsÍu yd
os. iSreudre lsÍfï myiqlï o we;'

iqlaldkï oKav ^^Steering Shaft&&

iqlaldkï lKqj ;=< lrlefjk fuu oKafâ tla fl<jrla iqlaldkï frdaohg o"
wksla fl<jr iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáhg o iïnkaO fõ' >Ügkhl oS os. wvq" jeä ùu i|yd
úúO wdldrfha uQÜgq fhdod fuu o+`vq ks¾udKh flfrhs'

,U ndyqj ^^Drop Arm&&

,U ndyq j¾.fha iqlaldkï moaO;sfha iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáfha isg isriaj my<g
t,af,k fuu oKafâ tla fl<jrla iqlaldkï fmÜáh ;=< jQ ie<`.s,s oKavg o" wfkla

56
fl<jr ;sria ndyqjg o iïnkaO fjhs' ie<`.s,s oKav flakaø lr .ksñka isria jD;a;
pdmhl" ,U ndyqfõ ;sria oKavg iújk fl<jr .uka lrhs' fuh mÜuka wxl ^Pitman
Arm& kñka ye|ska fõ'

;sria ndyqj ^^Drag Arm&&

,U ndyq j¾.fha iqll

a dkï moAO;sfha ,U ndyqj yd iqll
a dkï mqrel ^Steering Knuckle&
iïnkaO lrkq ,nkafka ;sria ndyqj u.sks' ñY% jdfkaj,ska ks¾udKh lr we;s fuys
fofl<jrg .=,d uQÜgq ^Ball Joint& fhdod we;'

.=,d uQÜgqj ^^Ball Joint&&

.=,d uQÜgqjl ld¾hh jkafka fldgia folla iïnkaO lr ;nd .kakd wdldr tu
fldgiaj,g jD;a;dldrj fyda fldaKslj p,kh ùug bv yeÍuhs' .=,d uQÜgqjl >¾IKh
wvq úh hq;= w;r" th nqre,ska iïnkaO fkdúh hq;= h' >¾IKh wvq lsÍug uQÜgqjg .%Sia
fhdokq ,efí' ikaêfha nqre,a nj wvq lsÍug th ;=< jQ ÿkafka wd;;sh iSreudre l< yels
jk mßos o iuyr .=,d uQÜgq ilia lr we;'

iqlaldkï moaO;sfha we;s úh yels fodaI yd ms<shï

fodaIh ms<shu

1' iqlaldkï frdaoh lrleùu wmyiq ùu iqlaldkï fmÜáhg f;,a oeóu

.=,d uQÜgq iafkaykh lsßu
gh¾j, mSvk ksjeros lsÍu
2' iqlaldkï frdaofha ksoyia p,k ÿr jeä ùu iqlaldkï fmÜáh udre lsÍu
.=,d uQÜgqj iSreudre lsÍu fyda udre
lsÍu
3' fudag¾ r:h me;a;g weoS hdu gh¾j, mSvk iudk lsÍu
bosß frdaoj, fnhdßï kshñ; m%udKhg
;o lsÍu
frdaoj, tfl,s nj ilia lsßu
tl u m%udKfha yd tl u wdldrfha
gh¾ fhoSu
4' iqlaldkï moaO;sfha Yío we;s ùu moAO;sh iafkaykh lsÍu
f.ù we;s o~q udre lsÍu
nqre,a ù we;s fldgia ;o lsÍu fyda
iSreudre lsÍu

iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáhla u.ska iqlaldkï frdaoh u; ßheÿrd fhdok wvq wdhdihla
jeä lr frdao lrd fhduq flfrhs' iqll
a dkï frdaoh u; ßheÿrd fhdok jD;a;dldr p,s;hla
ie<`.s,s oKafâ tyd fuyd hk p,s;hlg iqlaldkï fmÜáh ;=< oS mßj¾;kh fjhs'
iqlaldkï fmÜáhl .shr wkqmd;h ieye,a¨ fudag¾ r:j, idudkHfhka 12#1 muK jk
w;r nr jdykj, th 35#1 muK fjhs'

57
iq l a l dkï .s h r fmÜá j¾.

1' oe;s ;,õj yd oj frdao j¾. ^Rack and Pinion&

2' .evú,a,dj yd .evú,s frdao j¾.h ^Worm and Worm Wheel Type&
3' .evú,a,dj yd frda,¾ j¾.h ^Worm and Roller Type&
4' m%;i
s xirK .=,d j¾.h ^Recirculation Ball Type&

fïjdg wu;r j ;j;a .shr fmÜá j¾. fudag¾ r:j, fhdokq ,nhs'

iq l a l dkï fmÜáhl ks ¾ udKh yd l% s h dldß;a j h

Wod #- .evú,a,dj yd .evú,s frdao j¾.h'

.evú,a,dj yd .evú,s frdao j¾.fha iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáh ;rula merKs ks¾udKhls'
fuys iqll
a dkï oKafâ w. fl<jrl we;s .evú,a,dj" fnhdßï u.ska ksfjiakdjg iïnkaO
fõ' iqlaldku u.ska .evú,a,dj lrlefjk úg tu.ska .evú,s frdaoh N%uKh ùu isÿ fõ'
thg iïnkaO ,U ndyq BIdj ta wkqj p,Kh ùu isÿ fõ' iqlaldkï oKafâ fl<jr
p,kh ^End Play & iSreudre bial=remamqj u.ska iSreudre l< yels h'

58
iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáhl we;s úh yels fodaI yd ms<shï

fodaIh ms<shu
1' iqlaldku ;o ùu - iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáfha f;,a uÜgu mßlaId lr
f;,a fhoSu'
- fnhdßï udre lsÍu fyda iSreudre lsÍu'
2' ksoyia nqre, jeä ùu - iqlaldkï .shr fmÜáfha w.=¨ uqßÉÑh nqre,a lr
iSreudre lsÍu'
- iqlaldkï lKqfõ weK uqßÉÑ ;o lsÍu'

n, iqlaldkï moaO;sh

n, iqlaldkï moaO;shla u.ska ßheÿrd iqlaldku u; fhosh hq;= wdhdih wvq lrhs'
nr jdykj,g fuh b;d jeo.;a jqj;a kùk ieye,a¨ fudag¾ r:j, o n, iydhl
iqlaldkï l%u fhdod we;' fï wkqj fuu iy hl moaO;s ßheÿrdf.a ld¾hh myiq lr
fjfyi ÿr ,hs' iydhl n,h ,nd .ekSu i|yd iïmSä; jd;h fyda øj mSvkh fyda fhdod
.kq ,efnhs' n,h md,kh lsÍu i|yd jE,aj" bf,lafg%daksl md,l WmlrK fhdod we;'

n, iydhl iqlaldkï l%uhl uQ,sl ks¾udKh

f ; , agexl s
h

ms
<s. uk u.
f ; , af mdï mh

md, k j E, ja h

mS
vk l =
àr h

n, i s
,sk va r h n , ms
i g
ak h

tkacsu úiskau lrljkq ,nk fmdïmh u.ska øj mSvkh we;s lrkq ,efnhs' tlS
mSvkh moaO;sh fufyh k msiagkhl fome;af;a iudk úYd,;ajhlska l%shd lrhs' ßheÿrd

59
iqlaldku lrljk úg ta iu. u md,k jE,aj l%shd;aul ù msiagkfha tla me;a;l øj
mSvkh jeä flfrhs' ta wkqj msiagkh p,kh ù iqlaldkï o`vq fufyhùfuka frdao
yerùu isÿfjhs'

n, iqlaldkï l%uj, n, moaO;sh ndysrj fyda iqlaldkï tl,i ;=< msysgqjd we;'
n, moaO;sh ndysrj msysgqjd we;s ks¾udKj, n, is,skavrh fjka fjka j msysgd ;sìh
yelsh' n, is,skavrh oKavl wdOdrfhka iqlaldkï moaO;shg iïnkaO fõ' md,l jE,ajh
iqlaldkï .shr ksfjiakdj wi,ska msysgk w;r tys isg k< ud¾.j,ska n, is,skavrfha
fomig f;,a .,d hhs'

n, moaO;sh iqlaldkï tl,i ;=< msysgqjk n, iydhl moaO;s idfmalaI j nßka yd

m%udKfhka wvq fõ' tjeks ks¾udKhl n, is,skavrh yd md,l jE,aj iqlaldkï .shr
ksfjiakdj ;=< u wvx.= flfrhs' fuu wdldrfha n, iydhl iqlaldkï moaO;s ieye,a¨
fudag¾ r:j, fuka u nr jdykj, o oelsh yels h'

iqlaldkï cHdñ;sh

iqlaldkï cHdñ;sfhka bgqjk ld¾hhka'

- Odjkfha oS fudag¾ r:hg fyd| ia:dhs;djla ,efí'
- myiqfjka r:h wNsu; osYdjg f.k hd yels h'
- ghr f.ùu wju fõ'
- jdykh fl<ska Odjkh lrk úg frdao" .uka u.g bfíu fhduq fõ'

60
- u.Skag wmyiqjla fkdoefkk wdldrhg fudag¾ r:h Odjkh fõ'
by; ld¾hhka bgq lr oSu i|yd iqlaldkï cHdñ;sfha m%Odk fldaK ;=kla Ndú; fõ'

1' leïn¾ fldaKh ^yev fldaKh& - Camber Angle

11' leiag¾ fldaKh ^wkq.dó fldaKh& - Caster Angle
111' rc weKfha wdk;sh - Kingpin Inclination

leïn¾ fldaKh ^yev fldaKh& - Camber Angle

ghrhl lÜgd we;s me;af;a uOH f¾Ldj isrig ork wdk;sh leïn¾ fldaKh kï
fõ' fuu fldaKh ksid ghrh th iïnkaO jk welai,hg we, j msysghs' tu we,h
leïn¾ we,h kñka o ye`oskafjhs' fudag¾ r:fha bosßmiska isák úg fuu leïn¾ yevh
oel .; yels h'
´kEu frdaohla th .uka lrk mDIaGhg ,ïnj msysghs kï th myiqfjka fmr<S hhs'
fï wkqj welai,hg ,ïn frdaohlg jvd we, jQ frdaohla myiqfjka fmr,S hhs' leïn¾
fldaKh 30g jvd wvq h' fuu fldaKh jeä jQ úg ghrfha odr f.ù hd yels h' ghrfha Wvq
fldgi jdykh ;=<g we,ù we;akï iDK leïn¾ fldaKhla we;s w;r" Wvq fldgi msgg
we,ù we;akï Ok leïn¾ fldaKhla we;' msgqmi frdaoj,ska t<jqï lrk iuyr jdykj,

61
msgqmi frdaoj, iDK leïn¾ yevhla ;nd we;' leïn¾ yevh ksid flá w,jx.=jg yd rc
weKhg we;s jk kuH >Q¾Kh wvq jk w;r myiqfjka fudag¾ r:h iqlaldkï l< yels
h' ;j o jeä fõ.j, oS frdao ud¾. ndOl yd .eà we;s jk lïmk n, iqlaldkï frdaoh
lrd hdu o wvq fõ'

leiag¾ fldaKh ^wkq.dó fldaKh& - Caster Angle

.=,d uQÜgqj, uOH f¾Ldj fyda rc weKfha uOH f¾Ldj" fudag¾ r:fha bosß osYdjg
fyda msgmi osYdjg isriaj olajk wdk;sh leiag¾ fldaKh fyj;a wkq.dó fldaKh kï
fõ' .=,d uQÜgqj fyda rc weKh msgqmig we,j we;akï Ok leiag¾ fldaKh f,i o"
bosßmig we,j we;akï iDK leiag¾ fldaKh f,i o ye`oskafjhs' fuu fldaKfha w.h 20
isg 70 olajd fjkia fõ' Ok leiag¾ yevh ksid .=,d uQÜgqj, uOH wlaIh fmdf<djg
iam¾Y jk ia:dkhg jvd bosßfhka msysghs' ^Wod #- leiag¾ frdao fhdod we;s wjia:d&
leiag¾ fldaKh ksid osYd ia:dhs;dj we;s fõ' fï ksid fudag¾ r:h iDcqj .uka lrk úg
frdao bfíu .uka u.g fhduq fõ'

rc weKfha wdk;sh - Kingpin Inclination

fudag¾ r:fha bosßmi isg thg uqyqK ,d neÆ úg .=,d uQÜgqj, uOH wCIh fyda rc
weKfha uOH wCIh isrig olajk wdk;sh" rc weK wdk;sh kï fõ' fuu fldaKfha w.h
3'50 - 8'50 ;a w;r fõ'

62
 fudag¾ r:hla Odjkh jk úg ghrh fmdf<dj u; jeoSfuka tu ia:dkfha we;s
flfrk n,fhka ghrh u.ska rc weKh fyda .=,d uQÜgqj weUÍug ,lalsÍug bv we;' tu
weUreï >Q¾Kh ke;s lsÍug rc weK wkd;shla ;nkq ,efnhs' fuu wdk;sh ksid jx.=jla
.kakd úg oS r:fha bosßmi fldgi biaiS hdula isÿ fõ' tfia jkafka we,jQ frdaohla rc
weKh $ .=,d uQÜgqj jgd yefrk fyhsks' my<g fhduq jk fudag¾ r:fha bosß fldgfia
nr o" r:fha frdao iDcq u.g fhduq lsÍug Woõ lrhs' fï ksid rc weKfha wdk;sh o fudag¾
r:fha osYd ia:dhs;dj we;s lsÍug Woõ fõ'

we;=¿ we,h yd msg; we,h

jdykhl bosß frdaoj, ie,eiaul o¾Ykhla neÆ úg we;=¿ we,h fyda msg; we,h
n,d.; yels h' by; rEm igyfka olajd we;s mßos B>A kï th we;=¿ we,h kñka
ye`oskafjhs' A yd B os.j,a w;r wdka;rh 3mm ;a 5mm ;a w;r fõ' jdykj, ;nd we;s
leïn¾ yevh ksid jdyk .uka lrk úg we;s jk n,j,ska bosß frdao tlsfklska wE;a
lsÍu isÿ fjhs' fuu ;;a;ajh uev meje;aùug bosß frdaoj,g we;=¿ we,hla ;nkq ,efnhs'
leïn¾ yev fkdue;s jdykj,g we;=¿ we,hla ;nkq fkd,efí' bosßmi t<jqï l%u we;s
jdykj, iuyr bosß frdao iudka;rj ;nkq ,efnhs'

63
msg; we,h (TOE-OUT)

by; rEm igyk wkqj A>B kï tjeks ;;a;ajhla y÷kajkqfha msg; we,h kñks'
iuyr bosßmi t<jqï l%u we;s jdyk i|yd msg; we,h ;nkq ,efnhs'

wel¾uka isoaOdka;h ^^ACKERMAN PRINCIPLE&&

fuu isoaOdka;fhka lshfjkafka jdykhla jx.=jla .kakd úg oS frdao me;a;lg

,siaid hdfuka f;dr j ksoyfia fmr<S hdug kï tu frdao y;r u fmdÿ flakaøhla jgd
p,kh úh hq;= njhs' tu fmdÿ flakaøh msysgkafka bosrsmi frdaoj, flakaø ;=<ska w|sk
f¾Ld" msgqmi welai,fha osla l< wlaIh yuq jk ia:dkfha h' tu f¾Ld fmdÿ ,laIhl oS
yuqùug jx.=fõ we;=¿ me;af;a .uka lrk frdaoh msg me;af;a .uka lrk frdaohg jvd
jeä fldaKhlska yeßh hq;= fjhs'

64
 6'13 fudag¾ r: úÿ,s moaO;sh

• fudag¾ r: úÿ,s moaO;sh m%Odk jYfhka my; i|yka moaO;sj,ska iukaú;

fjhs '
• wdfrdamK moaO;sh
• mK .ekakqï moaO;sh
• myka moaO;sh - ^wdf,dal moaO;sh&

fuu moaO;sj,g wu;r j k<d moaO;sh jeks moaO;s o we;'

• wdfrdamK moaO;sh (
fudag¾ r:fha negßh wdfrdamKh lsÍu wdfrdamK moaO;sh u.ska isÿ lrkq
,efnhs' negßh wdfrdamKh ùfï § fjda,aàh;dj iy Odrdj md,kh l< hq;= w;r
ta i|yd mßm:hg md,k tall fhdod we;'

merKs fudag¾ r:j, negßh wdfrdamKh vhskfudaj u.ska isÿ lrkq ,nk w;r
vhskfudaj u.ska ir, Odrdjla ksmeoefjhs' Odrdj yd fjda,aàh;dj md,kh
lsÍug;a negßfha isg vhskfudajg Odrdj .e,Su je<elaùug;a md,k tall fhdod
we;' fjda,aàh;dj yd Odrdj md,kh lsÍug Odrd$fjda,aàh;d md,k tallhla yd
negßfha isg vhskfudajg Odrdj .e,Su je<elaùug jdrlhla (Cut-Out) mßm:hg
fhdod we;'

kùk fudag¾ r:j, negßh wdfrdamKh lsÍu ´,agfkagrh u.ska isÿ lrkq
,nk w;r ´,agfkagrfhka m%;Hdj¾; Odrdjla ksmojkq ,nk w;r tu Odrdj
´,agfkagrfha we;s Èfhdav u.ska ir, Odrdjla njg m;a lrkq ,efnhs' fuu
Odrdfõ" Odrdj yd fjda,à
a h;dj md,kh lsÍu i|yd Odrd$fjda,à
a h;d md,k tallhla
mßm:hg fhdod we;' iuyr kùk jdykj, bf,lafg%dksl md,k tall fhdod
we;'

• mK .ekakqï moaO;sh (
fudag¾ r:hla mK .ekaùu i|yd o`.r l| lrleúh hq;= w;r o`.r l|g iïnkaO
cjfrdaoh (Fly Wheel) mK .ekakqï fudagrh wdOdrfhka lrleùfuka tkaðu mK
.ekaùu isÿ fjhs' o`.r l| lrleùu i|yd mK .ekakqï fudagrhg wêl úoHq;a
Odrdjla ,nd Èh hq;= h ^weïmshr 150-300&' fujeks Odrdjla mK .ekakqï fudagrhg
,nd §ug negßh fyd¢ka wdfrdamKh ù ;sìh hq;= h' iaúÉÑhla Tiafia wêl
Odrdjla mK .ekakqï fudagrhg ,nd §ug isÿ jqj fyd;a iaúÉÑh ms,siaiS hd yels
neúka mK .ekakqï moaO;shg mßkd,sld iaúÉÑhla (SOLENOID SWITCH) fhdod
we;'
65
 wdfrdamK moaO;shl wjYH;dj

fudag¾ r:hla mK.ekaùu i|yd mK .ekakqï fudagrhla wjYH jk w;r tys

ls%hdldß;ajh i|yd fudag¾ r: negßhlska úoJq;a Yla;sh ,nd .; hq;= h' óg wu;r j
fudag¾ r:fha we;s úúO úÿ,s WmlrK ls%hdlrùu i|yd wjYH úoHq;a Yla;sh o negßfhka
,nd.efka' negßfhka úÿ,sh ,nd.ekSu ksid negßh úi¾ckh ùug mgka .kS' úi¾ckh
jk negßh wdfrdamKh l< hq;= h' negßh wdfrdamKh lsÍu i|yd fudag¾ r:fha wdfrdamK
moaO;shla we;'

wdfrdamK moaO;shg wh;a m%Odk ixrplh jkafka úÿ,s cklhhs' úÿ,s cklhla hkq
hdka;s%l Yla;sh úoHq;a Yla;sh njg m;a lrk úoHq;a pqïnl Wml%uhls' fudag¾ r: i|yd
j¾. follg wh;a ckl Ndú; flf¾' merKs jdykj, ir, Odrd ckl fyj;a vhskfuda
^Dynamo& Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r kùk jdykj, m%;Hdj¾;k Odrd ckl fyj;a
´,agfkagr ^Alternator& Ndú; flf¾'

vhskfudajla iys; wdfrdamK moaO;sh

fudag¾ r: tkaðug iïnkaO lr we;s vhskfudaj" tkaðu ls%hd lrk úg wjdka máh
wdOdrfhka lsh% dldÍ fõ' vhskfudafõ wdfïprh bÈßmi we;s lmamh
s g wjdka máh iïnkaO
lr we;s ksid tkaðu ls%hd lrk úg wdfïprh N%uKh ùug mgka .kS' wdfïprh N%uKh
ùfï § vhskfudafjka ,nd fok úoHq;a Yla;sh negßhg ,nd §fuka negßh wdfrdamKh
fjhs'

fudag¾ r:hl Ndú; lrk vhskfudajla" negßhg úÿ,s mßm:hg fl<ska u iïnkaO

66
l< fkdyels h' thg fya;= jkafka negßh fl<ska u vhskfudajg iïnkaO l< fyd;a
vhskfudaj ls%hd fkdlrk wjia:dfõ § yd vhskfudafõ ksmojk fjda,aàh;dj negß
fjda,aàh;djg jvd wvq wjia:dj, § negßfha isg vhskfudajg Odrdj .,d f.dia negßh
úi¾cKhùuhs'

vhskfudafjka ksmeoefjk fjda,aàh;dfõ yd Odrdfõ úYd,;ajh wdfïprfha fõ.h;a"

pqïnl lafIa;%fha m%n,;dj u; r|d mj;S' tkaðfï fõ.h jeäùu;a iu`. wdfïprfha
fõ.h;a jeä jk ksid pqïnl lafIa;%h o jeä ù vhskfudafjka ksmeoefjk fjda,aàh;dj
o Odrdj o jeä ù negßhg yd úÿ,s WmlrKj,g o ydks isÿúh yels h' fï ksid
vhskfudaj negßhg yd mßm:hg iïnkaO lr we;af;a md,k fmÜáh;a ^Control Box&
yrydh'

md,l fmÜáh u.ska ld¾hhka ;=kla bgq lrkq ,efnhs'

• vhskfudfjka ksmeoefjk fjda,aàh;dj negßfha fjda,aàh;djg jvd wvq jk

wjia:dj, §" negßfha isg vhskfudajg Odrdj .,d hEu je<elaùu'

• vhskfudafjka ksmeoefjk fjda,aàh;dj kshñ; m%udKhg jvd by< hEug bv

fkd§ md,kh lsÍu'

• vhskfudafjka ksmeoefjk Odrdj kshñ; m%udKhg jvd by< heug bv fkd§

md,kh lsÍu'

negßfha isg vhskfudajg Odrdj .,d hdu je<elaùu md,k fmÜáfha we;s mßm:
jdrlh ^Cut-Out& hkqfjka ye¢kafjk tallh u.ska isÿ flf¾' iuyr md,k fmÜáj,
Odrdj yd fjda,aàh;dj md,kh lsÍu tla tallhla u.ska isÿ flfrhs' tu j¾.fha
md,k fmÜá ydks mQß; fjda,aàh;d md,kh iys; md,k fmÜá (Control Box with
Comoeìeted Voltage Control) f,i ye¢kafõ'

;j;a iuyr j¾.j, Odrdj yd fjda,aàh;dj md,kh i|yd fjka fjka j tall
folla we;' fuu j¾.fha md,k fmÜá Odrd-fjda,aàh;d md,k fmÜá ^Current-Voltage
Control Box& f,i ye¢kafõ' fujeks md,k fmÜáhla iys; vhskfuda wdfrdamK moaO;shla
my; rEm igykska oelafõ'

67
 vhskfudaj ls%hd fkdlrk wjia:fõ Odrd md,kfha yd fjda,aàh;d md,kfha iam¾Yl
;=vq jeiS mj;S' mßm: jdrlfha iam¾Yl ;=vq weÍ mj;S' vhskfudaj ls%hd lrk úg
Odrdfjka fldgila Wmm: o`.rh yd fYa%Ks.; o`.rh yryd vhskfudafjka md,l fmÜáhg
.,d hhs' ;j;a fldgila fy<k o`.rh ^Bucking Coil& yryd vhskfudafjka fCIa;%
o`.rj,g .,d hhs' vhskfudafõ W;amdokh jk fjda,aàh;dj negß fjd,aàh;djg jvd
jeä jk úg mßm: jdrlfha fYa%Ks.; o`.r yryd mßm: jdrlfha iam¾Yl ;=vq ;=<ska Odrdj
.,d f.dia megßh wdfrdamKh lrhs' negßh wvq wdfrdamK ;;a;ajhl we;s wjia:dj jeks
wjia:dj, § jeä Odrdjla Odrd md,lfha o`.rh ;=<ska .,d hhs' ta fya;=fjka tu uOHh
pqïnlkh ù tys wdfïprh weo .ksñka iam¾Yl ;=vq újD; lrhs'

túg vhskfudafõ lafIa;% o`.rj,g Odrdj iemfhkqfha m%;sfrdaOh ;=<sks' tu.ska

lafIa;% o`.rj,g ,efnk Odrdj wvq ù vhskfudafõ ksmeoefjk Odrdj o wvq fõ' túg
Odrd md,lfha o`.rh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wvq ù tys pqïnl m%n,;dj o wvq fõ' túg ÿkq
máfha wd;;sfhka wdfïprh by<g p,kh ù iam¾Yl ;=vq jid ,hs' fuf,i iam¾Yl ;=vq
wßñka yd jiñka vhskfudafõ W;amdokh jk Odrdj Wmßu w.hl ;nd.efka'

vhskfudaj ls%hd fkdlrk wjia:dfõ md,k fmÜáfha we;s fjda,aàh;d md,kfha

iam¾Yl ;=vq jeiS mj;S' vhskfudaj ls%hd lsÍug mgka .;a úg wdfïprfha isg md,lfha

68
wdfïprh yd iam¾Yl ;=vq yryd lafIa;% o`.rj,g Odrdj .,d hhs' vhskfudafjka ksmeoefjk
fjda,aàh;dj jeäùu;a iu. u fjda,aàh;d md,lfha Wmm: t;=u ;=<ska .,d hk Odrdj
o jeä fõ' túg uOHh pqïnlkh ùu o jeä fõ' md,kh l< hq;= kshñ; fjda,aàh;dfõ
§ pqïnl ÿkq máfha wd;;shg jvd jeä ù uOHh u.ska wdfïprh weo .kS' túg iam¾Yl
;=vq wE;a fõ' fuúg vhskfudafõ lafIa;% o`.rj,g ,efnk Odrdj wvq ù W;amdokh jk
fjda,aàh;dj o wvq fõ' fuúg Wmm: o`.rh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj wvq ù pqïnl n,h o wvq
fõ' túg ÿkafka wd;;sh u.ska wdfïprh by<g weo iam¾Yl ;=vq jid ,hs' túg lafIa;%
o`.rj,g jeä Odrdjla ,efí' fuf,i ;;amrhg 40-60la muK jdrhla iam¾Yl ;=vq weÍu
yd jeiSu isÿùfuka vhskfudafõ ksmojk fjda,aàh;dj kshñ; Wmßu w.h blaujd hEu
j<lajhs'

fjda,aàh;d md,lh ls%hd lsÍug mgka .;a úg Odrd md,lfha o`.rh ;=<ska .,d hk
Odrdj wvq fõ' túg Odrd md,lfha wdfïprh my<g weo .ekSug ;rï m%n, pqïnl;ajhla
uOHfha we;s fkdùfuka Odrd md,lfha ;=vq jeiS hhs' vhskfudaj u.ska negßh wdfrdamKh
lrkafka oehs ßheÿrdg oek.ekSu i|yd fudag¾ r:fha WmlrK mqjrefõ o¾Yl n,anhla
we;' n,anfha tla w.%hla Êj,k iaúÉÑh yryd negßfha Ok w.%hg iïnkaO fjhs'
wfkla w.%h vhskfudafõ ^D& w.%h yryd wfïprh ;=<ska N+.; fõ' Êj,k iaúÉÑh jeiQ
úg o¾Yl n,anh oe,afõ' tkaðu lsh
% d lsÍu wdrïN jQ úg vhskfudafõ D w.%fha fjda,à
a h;dj
fya;=fjka Odrdj o¾Yl n,anh yryd .,d hEug ;e;a lrhs' fuu Odrdfõ osYdj negßfhka
Odrdj .,k ÈYdjg úreoaO ÈYdj fjhs' fï ksid n,anh yryd .,k Odrdfõ úNj wka;rh
l%ufhka wvq fõ' túg n,anfha §ma;sh l%ufhka wvq fõ' mßm: jdrlfha iam¾Yl ;=vq jeiS
vhskfudafõ isg negßhg Odrdj .,d hdug mgka .;a úg n,anfha fomi u úNjhka
iudk ùfuka n,anh ksù hhs'

fudag¾ r:fha Êj,k iaúÉÑh jid¨ úg wdfrdamK o¾Yl n,anh oe,aù tkaðu
mK.ekaùu;a iu`.u n,anh ksù hhs kï" negßh wdfrdamKh jk nj olajhs' tkaðu
ls%hd;aulj mj;sk úg o wdfrdamK o¾Yl n,anh oe,aù we;akï wdfrdamK moaO;sfha fodaI
we;s nj oelafjhs'

merKs jdykj, vhskfudajla iys; wdfrdamK moaO;s jeä jYfhka Ndú; úh' kuq;a
kùk jdyk fndfyduhl ´,agfkagr iys; wdfrdamK moaO;s Ndú; flf¾' thg fya;=j
jkqfha vhskfudajlg jvd ´,agfkagrhl we;s jdisodhl ;;a;ajhka h'

´,agfkagr Ndú;fha jdis lsysmhla we;' tajd kï

(i) iudk úoHq;a Yla;shla ksmojk vhskfudajla yd ´,agfkagrhla ie,l+ úg
´,agfkagr ieye,a¨h" m%udKfhka l=vd h'

69
 (ii) wvq fõ.hkays § o ´,agfkagrhlska negßh wdfrdamKh lsÍug m%udKj;a ;rï
Odrdjla ksmoúh yels h'

(iii) ´,agfkagrfha Odrdj ksmofjkafka iaÓrj we;s t;=ï j,ska neúka vhskfudajl
fuka mq,s`.= we;sùula fkdue;' fï ksid fodaI we;sùu wvq h'

´,agfkagrhl o úÿ,sh W;amdokh jkafka úoahq;a pqïnl fma%rKh fya;=fldg f.k h'
vhskfudajlg jvd fuys we;s fjkialu jkqfha úoHq;a pqïnl fma%rKh isÿ jk o`.r wp,
j we;s w;r" pqïnlh p,kh ùu hS' pqïnlh lerflk fõ.h jeä jk úg fma%rKh jk
Odrdj o jeä fõ' fuys § o`.r ;=< fmar
% Kh jkqfha m%;Hdj¾;k Odrdjls' th iDcqldrlhla
^Rectifier& u.ska ir, Odrdjla njg mßj¾;kh lr .kS'

´,agfkagrhla m%Odk fldgia follska iukaú; h' tajd ia:dhqlh ^Stator& yd N%ulh
^Rotor& kï fõ' úoHq;a .dul n,h fm%aKh jk o`.r ia:dhqlfha we;' th ia:dhql t;=ï
^Stator Windings& f,i ye|skafjk t;=ï ;=klska iukaú; h' úoHq;a .dul n,h fm%arKh
ùu i|yd wjYH pqïnl fCI;%h we;s lrkqfha ia:dhql ueo lrlefjk N%ulh u.sks' tys
we;s t;=u u.ska N%ulh úoHq;a pqïnlhla njg m;a fõ'

70
N%ulh - ROTOR

BIdj u;g iú jk uOHh u; T;d we;s fCIa;% o`.rfha fofl<jr we;s,a¨ï ú,s ^Slip
Rings& folg iïnkaO lr we;' we;s,a¨ï ú,s fol tlsfklg yd BIdjg mßjrKh lr
we;' pqïnl O%ej m¿ fCIa;% o`.rfha fomiska BIdjg iú fõ' we;=,a¨ï ú,sj,g fya;a;= ù
we;s we;s,s folla u.ska we;=,a¨ï ú,s yryd flaI;% o`.rhg úÿ,s Odrdjla imhhs' ta
fya;=fjka tla O%ej m¿jla W;a;r O%ejhla o" wfkl olaIsK O%ejhla o f,i pqïnlkh fõ'
N%ulfha lmamsh" V- máhla ^wjdka máhla& u.ska o`.r l| lmamshg iïnkaOj mj;s' tu.ska
N%ulh lrlefjhs' fCIa;% o`.rhg imhk Odrdj md,kh lsÍfuka pqïnl fCIa;f % ha m%n,;dj
md,kh l< yels h'

ia:dhqlh - STATOR

71
 jvd iqug yd wLKav Odrdjla ,nd .ekSu i|yd ia:dhqlfha t;=ï mßm: ;=kla we;'
fuu t;=ï iïnkaO lrk l%u folls' tkï ;drld ine÷u ^Star Connection& yd fv,agd
ine÷u ^Delta Connection& hkqfjks' fudag¾ r: ´,agfkag¾ j, jeä jYfhka Ndú;
flfrkqfha ;drld ine÷u hs'

fuu t;=ï iu ÿßka msysgk f,i wdia;D; ia:dhql uOHfha ^Laminated Stator Core&
we;=<; we;s we,s ^Grooves& ;=< wvx.= lr we;' ia:dhqlfha t;=ï mßm: ;=kla we;s ksid"
ia:dhqlh ueo N%ulh lrlefjk úg N%ulfhka we;s flfrk pqïnl fCIa;%h fya;=fjka
ia:dhql t;=ïj, f;l,d ^Three Phase& úÿ,shla fm%arKh fõ'

we;s,s yd we;s,a¨ï ú,s ;=<ska fCIa;% o`.rhg Odrdjla iemhQ úg N%ulfha O%ej m¿
pqïNlkh fõ' N%ulh lrlefjk úg tys pqïnl fCIa;%h u.ska ia:dhqlfha ikakdhl
t;=ï lemSu fya;=fjka tu t;=ïj, úoHq;a .dul n,hla fm%arKh fõ' ia:dhqlfha t;=ï
msysgd we;af;a 1200 l mr;rhla we;s j neúka we;s jk úoHq;a .dul n,hka o 1200 l
mr;rhla we;s j we;s fõ'

fufia W;amdokh jk f;l,d m%;Hdj¾;k Odrdj negrsh wdfrdamKh lsÍu i|yd

ir, Odrdjla njg m;a l< hq;= h' ta i|yd iDcqldrl osfhdav Ndú; flf¾' fuu Èfhdav
u.ska ld¾hhka folla bgq lrkq ,efí' tkï" t;=ï o`.rfha fmar
% Kh jkakd jQ m%;Hdj¾;k
Odrdj ir, Odrdjla njg m;a lsÍu yd negßfha isg wdmiq Odrdj .,d tau je<elaùu;a h'

md,k fmÜáh ^^CONTROL BOX&&

´,agfkagr i|yd Ndú; lrk md,k fmÜá i|yd mßm: jdrlhl ^CUT-OUT&
wjYH;djla fkdue;' ´,agfkagr ia:dhql t;=ï yd negßh iïnkaO jkafka Èfhdav ;=<ska
neúka Odrdj .,d hkafka tla ÈYdjlg muKs' tkï ia:dhqlfha isg negßhg Odrdj .,d
hk w;r negßfha isg ia:dhqlhg Odrdj .,d hEula isÿ fkdfõ'

fndfyda ´,agfkagr ks¾udKh lr we;af;a kshñ; Wmßu Odrdjlg jvd jeä

Odrdjka W;amdokh fkdjk f,ig h' fï ksid ´,agfkagr i|yd Odrd md,khl
wjYH;djla ke;' tfy;a" ´,agfkagrfha W;amdokh jk fjda,aàh;dj md,kh lsÍu isÿ
l< hq;= h' fï ksid fndfyda ´,agfkagr md,k fmÜáj, we;af;a fjda,aàh;d md,lhla
muKS'

´,agfkagr i|yd fkdfhla wdldrfha md,k fmÜá Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs' tkï"
(i) úoahq;a pqïnl j¾.h - ELECTRO MAGNETIC TYPE
(ii) g%dkaisiagr j¾.h - TRANSISTORIZED TYPE
(iii) bf,lafg%daksl j¾.h - ELECTRONIC TYPE

72
kùk jdykj, Ndú; lrk ´,agfkagr ieu tlla u mdfya bf,lafg%dksl j¾.fha md,l
fmÜá Ndú; lrkq ,nhs' bf,lafg%daksl j¾.fha md,k fmÜáj, we;s jdis lsysmhls'
(i) p,kh jk fldgia ke;sùu
(ii) m%udKfhka l=vdùu
(iii) jvd;a ksjerÈj fjda,aàh;dj md,kh lsÍug yelsùu'
(iv) jeäl,la Ndú; lsÍug yelsùu

bf,lafg%daksl md,k fmÜá fndfyda úg ´,agfkagrh ;=< u iú fõ' iuyr j¾.j,

we.s,s r|jkh iu. u fhdod we;' kùk fudag¾ r:j, wdfrdamK moaO;sfha bf,lafg%dak
md,k ia:dk fhdod we;s neúka" bf,lafg%dk
a l
s md,k tall iys; ´,agfkagrhl l%h
s dldß;aj
h i,ld n,uq'

bf,lafg%daksl md,k fmÜáj, o ´,agfkagrfha fjda,àh;dj md,kh lrkqfha fCIa;%

o`.rhg imhk Odrdj md,kh lsÍfuks' ta i|yd bf,lafg%dak wjhj iys; mßm: Ndú;
flfrhs' fuys oS md,k tallfha l%shdldß;ajh we;s lrkqfha fikr osfhdavhla ^Zener
Diode& u.sks' fikr osfhdav o tajd ks¾udKh lr we;s kshñ; fjda,aáh;djg meñfKk
;=re idudkH osfhdav fuka úÿ,s Odrdj tla osYdjlg muKla .,d hdug bv i,ihs' tfy;a
kshñ; fjda,aá;djg jvd jeä fjda,aàh;djla fikr osfhdav u; fhÿKq úg fomig u
úÿ,s Odrdj .,d hdug bv i,ihs'

´,agfkagrfha fjda,aàh;dj kshñ; fjda,aàh;djg jvd wvq jQ wjia:dj, oS Tr1

g%dkaii
s g
a rfha mdou yd úfudaplh yryd Odrdj .,d f.dia N+.; fjhs' túg Tr2 g%dkaii
s g
a rfha
ix.%dylh yd úfudaplh ;=<ska fCIa;% t;=ï N+.; fjhs' túg fCIa;% t;=u ;=<ska Odrdj .,d
hEfuka fCIa;% o`.r pqïnlk fõ' tu.ska ´,agfkagrfha by< Odrdjla W;amdokh fõ'

tkacsfï fõ.h jeä jk úg ´,agfkagrfha fjda,aàh;dj by< hhs' ´,agfkagrfha

ksmojk fjda,aàh;dj fhdod we;s fik¾ osfhdavfha fjda,aàh;djg jvd jeä jQ úg fik¾
osfhdavh ;=<ska Tr1 g%dkaisiagrfha mdou fj; Odrdj iemfha' túg g%dkaisiagrfha mdou -
úfudaplh yryd Odrdj .,d hhs' túg Tr1 ys ix.%dylh-úfudaplh ;=<ska o jeä Odrdjla
.,d hhs' ta fya;=fjka Tr2 g%dkaisiagrfha mdou-úfudaplh yryd .,k Odrdj kj;S' ta wkqj
Tr2 g%dkaisiagrfha ix.%dylh-úfudaplh ;=<ska .,k Odrdj o kj;S' tkï N%ulfha fCIa;%
t;=ï ;=<ska Odrdj .,d hdu kj;S' ta fya;=fjka ´,agfkagrfha fjda,aàh;dj wvq fõ' túg
fik¾ osfhdavfha Odrdj .,d hdu kj;S' túg kej; Tr2 g%dkaisiagrfha mdou-úfudaplh
yryd Odrdj .,d hhs' tu`.ska fCIa;% o`.rh ;=<ska Odrdj .,d hhs' fï ksid ´,agfkagrfha
fjda,à a h;dj jeä fõ' fuu l%h s dj ;;amrhg ;=kia h
S j;djla muK isÿ fjñka ´,agfkagrfha
ksmofjk fjda,aàh;dj kshñ; w.hl mj;ajd .kS'

73
mK.eka k q ï moa O ;s h
fudag¾ r:j, tkaðu mK.ekaùu i|yd o`.r l| lrljd .; hq;= h' fï i|yd
mK.ekaùfï fudagrh kñka ye¢kafjk úÿ,s fudagrhla Ndú; fjhs' tu fudagrh ls%hd
lrùu i|yd we;s moaO;sh mK.ekakqï moaO;sh kï fjhs'

mK.ekakqï fudagrfha we;s oj frdaoh ^Pinion& keue;s l=vd .shr frdaohla tkaðfï
cjfrdaoh we;s .shr j<,a,la ^Ring Gear& yd iïnkaO lsÍfuka fudagrh u.ska tkaðu
lrljhs' tkaðu mK.ekajqKq jyd u fudagrh yd tkaðu w;r ;snQ iïnkaOh is|,Su i|yd
hdka;s%l Wml%uhla fhdod we;'

mK.ekajqï fudagrhla hkq (- flá ld,hla ;=<§ by< cjhla ksmoúh yels ir, Odrd úÿ,s
fudagrhls'

úÿ,s fudagrhla ls%hd lrkqfha" pqïnl fCIa;%hlg ,ïNj msysgd we;s úÿ,s Odrdjka
.,d hk ikakdhlhla u; n,hla we;s ùu;a ikakdhlhg p,kh úh yels kï" tu n,h
u.ska n,h ls%hdlrk ÈYdjg ikakdhlfha p,khla we;s lrhs" hk úoahq;a uQ,O¾uhg
wkql+, j h'

ikakdhlhla u; we;s n,fha úYd,;ajh lreKq lsysmhla u; r|d mj;S'

(i) ikakdhlh ;=<ska .,k Odrdfõ úYd,;ajh
(ii) pqïnl lafIa;%fha úYd,;ajh
(iii) ikakdhlfha È.
(iv) ikakdhlh pqïnl fCIa;%h ;=< msysàu

74
mK.eka k q ï fuda g rh
mK.ekakqï fudagrhla m%Odk wx. follska hqla; h' tajd kï wdfïprh" lafIa;% o`.r"
we;s,s wdos úÿ,s fudagrhg wh;a fldgia yd fudagrh" cjfrdaoh yd iïnkaO lr tkaðu
lrljd .ekSug WmldÍ jk t,jqï hdka;%Kh ^Drive Mechanism& fõ'

wdfïprh - ARMATURE
wdfïprh BIdjlska ^SHAFT&" wdia;D; hlv uOHhlska ^Laminated Iron Core& yd
fldñhqfÜgrhlska iukaú; h' hlv uOHfha we,s ^Grooves& ;=< we;s t;=ï tlsfklska
yd uOHfhka mßjD; fõ' o`.rj, fl<jrj,a fldñhqfÜgrhg iïnkaO lr we;'
fudagrfhka by< cjhla ksmoùu i|yd wdfïpr o`.r ;=<ska jeä Odrdjla .,d hEug
yelshdjla ;sìh hq;= h' ta i\yd wdfïpr t;=ï uy; ;U fyda we¨ókshï máj,ska idod
we;'

fCIa;% o`.r - FIELD COILS

fudagrfha ls%hdldß;ajhg wjYH m%n, pqïnl lafIa;%h" lafIa;% o`.r u.ska ,nd foa'
m<, ;U fyda we¨ñkshïj,ska ;kd we;s lafIa;% o`.r iys; O%ej m`: wdfïpr n|g iú lr
we;'

we;s,s - BRUSHES
fldñhqfÜgr ;eáfha we;s we;s,s r|jkhla ^Brushes Holder& ;=< we;s,s r|jd we;'
we;s,s ÿkqj, wd;;sh hgf;a fldñhqfÜgrhg fya;a;= ù mj;S' N=.; we;s,s ;eáhg N+.;
lr we;' wfkla we;s,s ;eáfhka mßjrKh lr we;'

75
t<jqï hdka;%Kh - DRIVE MECHANISM
t<jqï hdka;%Kh u.ska isÿ lrkqfha" tkaðu mK.kajd .ekSug wjYH wjia:dj,
§ fudagrfha ojfrdaoh" cjfrdaofha .shr j<,a, yd iïnkaO lsÍu;a" tkaðu mK .ekajqK
miq tu iïnkaOh bj;a lsÍu;a h' oj frdaoh yd .shr j<,a, w;r oe;s ixLHdfõ wkqmd;h
1(13 muK fõ'

t<jqï hdka;%K j¾. lSmhls'

(i) wjiaÓ;s j¾.h - Inertia Type
(ii) fmr weuqKqï j¾.h- Pre-Engaged Type
(iii) ?gk wdfïpr j¾.h - Sliding Aramature Type

kùk fudag¾ r:j, Ndú; lrk mK.ekakqï fudagrj, fhdod we;af;a mßkd,sldj
iys; fmr weuqKqï j¾.fha t<jqï hka;% fjhs'

mßkd,sldj iys; fmr weuqKqï j¾.fha t<jqï hdka;%Khl ls%hdldß;ajh

kùk jdykj, jeä jYfhka Ndú; lrkqfha mßkd,sld tl,ilska ;ekaudre

,Sjrh lsh% d lrjk j¾.hhs' mßkd,sldj" weÿï o`.rh ^Pull-in Coil& yd /|jqï o`.rh ^Hold-
in Coil& hkqfjka o`.r follska hqla; h'

tkacsu mK.ekaùu i|yd mK .ekakqï iaúÉÑh jid ¨ úg mßkd,sld o`.rj,g

Odrdj ,efí' túg mßkd,sldfõ pqïnl;ajh we;s ù ;ekaudre ,Sjrhg iïnkaO ksuÊclh
weo .kS' túg t<jqï tl,i iys; ojfrdaoh" cjfrdaofha .shr j<,a, yd iïnkaO flfrhs'
ksuÊclh ;j ÿrg;a mßkd,sldj ;=< g weoS wd úg' iam¾Yl ;eáh u.ska negßh yd
fudagrhg iïnkaO w.% hd lrhs' túg fudagrhg Odrdj .,d hEfuka fudagrh lrleù
tkaðu mK.kajhs'

weÿï o`.rh N+.; jkqfha fudagrhg iïnkaO w.%hg iïnkaO ùfuks' fudagrhg
Odrdj imhk úg tu o`.rh ¨yqj;a j Odrdj kj;S' kuq;a /|jqï o`.rh N+.; j we;s ksid
tys Odrdj ;jÿrg;a .,dhñka ksuÊclh ;jÿrg;a mßkd,sldj ;=< u r`ojd ;nd.efka'

tkaðu mK.ekaùfuka miq ßhÿre mK.ekakqï iaúÉÑh uqod yÍ' túg /|jqï o`.rh
;=<ska .,k Odrdj kej;Sfuka mßkd,sldfõ pqïnl;ajh ke;s fõ' túg ÿkq wd;;sfhka
ksuÊclh yd iam¾Y ;eáh bj;g we§ hhs' túg fudagrhg iemfhk Odrdj kj;S'
;ekaudre ,Sjrh p,kh ù ojfrdaoh o .shr j<,af,ka uqojd .kS'

76
myka moaO;sh
fudag¾ r:hl myka moaO;shg wh;a myka .Kkdjla fjhs' tajd kï
(i) m%Odk myka - Head Lamps
(ii) me;s myka - Side Lamps
(iii) frdaOl myka - Brake Lamps
(iv) ÈYd ix{d myka - Directional Sidgnal Lamps
(v) we;=<; myka - Interior Lamps
(vi) WmlrK mqjrefõ myka - Instrument Panel Lamps
(vii) miq .eiqï myka - Reverse Lamps
(viii) o¾Yl myka - Indicator Lamps

m%Odk myka (HEAD LAMPS)

jdykh rd;s% ld,fha Odjkh lrùu i|yd wjYH jk wdf,dalh ,nd §u m%Odk
mykaj, ld¾hh fõ' m%Odk myka" m%Odk iQ;s%ldjlska ^Main Filament& yd we¢ß iQ;s%ldjlska
^Dim Filament& hqla; h' m%Odk iaúÉÑh jid we¢ß lr iaúÉÑh ls%hdlrùfuka m%Odk fyda
we¢ß iQ;s%ld oe,aúh yels h' m%Odk iQ;s%ld oe,afjk úg m%n, wdf,dal loïnhla u.ska
r:fha bÈßh m%udKj;a ;rï ÿßka wdf,dalj;a flfrhs'

we¢ß iQ;s%ld oe,aùfuka bÈßfhka tk jdykj, ßheÿrkag wmyiqjla we;s fkdjk"

fmdf<dj foig fhduq jQ wvq ;Sj%;djlska hqla; wdf,dal loïnhla ,efí' m%Odk loïn
o¾Yk n,anh ^Main Beam Indicator Lamp& WmlrK mqjrefõ msysgqjd we;' m%Odk iQ;s%ld
±,aù we;súg muKla fuu n,anh ±,aù" m%Odk myka iQ;s%ld ±,aù we;s nj ßheÿrdg okajhs'

77
 m%Odk myka wx. ;=klska hqla; h' iQ;s%ldjla iys; n,anh" mrdj¾;h iy ldph'
m%Odk myka i|yd iQ;s%ld folla iys; n,anh Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r m%Odk loïnh i|yd
jeä m%n,;djlska hqla; iq;s%ldj o" we¢ß loïnh i|yd wvq m%n,;djlska hqla;iQ;s%ldjla
o" m%Odk myka i|yd Ndú; lrkq ,nk n,an ;=< wd.ka jeks ksIals%h jdhq mqrjd jvd by<
WIaK;ajhl ls%hd lsÍug i,iajd we;' tu.ska jvd §ma;su;a wdf,dalhla ,nd .; yels
fjhs' fuu n,an ;=< ye,cka ksIal%sh jdhqjg whãka fyda fn%daóka iaj,amhla tla lr we;'
tu.ska gxiagka jdIam ù ùÿrej u; l`: meyefhka ;ekam;a ùu j<lajd .; yels h' fï
ksid n,anfha Ôú; ld,h uq`:,af,a §ma;sfha wvqùula fkdue;s j wdf,dalh ,nd.; yels
h'
kshñ; f,i t,a, jqKq wdf,dal loïNhla ,nd .ekSu i|yd m%Odk myka iSre udre
l< hq;= h' m%Odk myka isriaj yd ;sriaj iSre udre lsÍu i|yd iSreudre bial=remamq we;'
iSreudre l<hq;= wdldrh ksIamdok Wmfoia fmd;aj, olajd we;s w;r úfYaI WmlrK
Ndú;fhka ksjerÈ j iSreudre l< yels fõ'

m%Odk mykA (Head Lamps)

rd;s% ld,fha fudag¾ r:h Odjkh ùfï § wdf,dalh ,nd §u m%Odk mykaj, ld¾hhhs'
m%Odk myk" m%Odk iQ;s%ldjlska yd we|ß iQ;s%ldjlska hqla; h' m%Odk iQ;s%ldfõ wdf,dal
loïnh m%n, jk w;r rd;s%fha § bÈßfhka tk jdykj,g myiqfjka Odjkfha fhoSug
yelsùu i|yd we¢ßlr iaúÉÑh ls%hd;aul lr we¢ß iQ;s%ldj o,ajd Odjkfha fhfohs'

me;s myka (Side Lamps)

fudag¾ r:hl bÈßmi yd miqmi me;s myka we;' miqmi me;s myka r;= meye;s
wdjrKhlska hqla; h' tajd miqmi myka f,i o ye¢kafjhs' rd;s% Odjkfha § m%Odk myka
±,ajq úg ta iu`. me;s myka o ±,afõ' rd;s% ld,fha ud¾.h wi< r:hla kj;d ;nk
wjia:dj, § me;s myka o,ajd ;nkq ,efnhs'
me;s myka moaO;sh" negßh" ú,dhl" myka iaúÉÑh" bÈßmi iy me;s mykaj,ska
iukaú; fjhs' me;s myka ±,aùu i|yd Ndú; jkqfha myka iaúÉÑhhs' tu iaúÉÑfha m<uq
msysàfï § me;s myka ±,afõ' fojk msysàfï § m%Odk myka ±,afõ' fï wkqj me;s myka
fkdo,ajd m%Odk myka ±,aúh fkdyels h' iuyr jdykj, bÈß me;s myka m%Odk myka
mrdj¾;lh ;=< u iú lr we;' me;s myka i|yd wvq m%n,;djla we;s n,an ^5W& Ndú;
flfrhs'

frdaOl myka (Brake Lamps)

Odjkh jk fudag¾ r:hla frdaOl fhdok úg frdaOl myka ±,afõ' fuu myka
±,aùfuka miq miska meñfKk jdykj,g tu jdykh frdaOl fhdok nj ±k .; yels
fjhs' frdaOl myka i|yd Ndú; lrk n,an i|yd jeä m%n,;djka we;s iQ;s%ld Ndú;
flfrhs'

78
Èid ix{d myka (Directional Signal Lamps)
Odjkh jk fudag¾ r:hla yerùug wjYH jQ úg tu wjYH;dj bÈßmiska yd
miqmiska meñfKk jdykj,g ±kaùu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka ÈYd ix{d myka u.sks' Èid
ix{d iaúÉÑh wjYH;djg wkqj ls%hd;aul l< úg wod< bÈßmi iy miqmi ix{d myka
ksú ksù ±,afõ' ÈYd ix{d myka moaO;sfha fhdod we;s iefK<shk tallfha wdOdrfhka
myka ksú ksù ±,aúu isÿfõ' ix{d myka i|yd cjh 21W jQ n,an Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'

miq .eiqï myka (Reverse Lamps)

fudag¾ r:h miqmig Odjkh jk nj ye`.ùug fuu myka fhdod we;' ßheÿrd
miqmi .shrh fhdod miqmig Odjkh lrùfï § fuu myka ±,afõ'

we;=<; myka (Interior Lamps)

fuu myk fudag¾ r:fha jy,h we;=<; iú fõ' fodrla újD; lsÍfï § fuu
myk ±,afõ' rd;s% ld,fha fodrla újD; lr fudag¾ r:hg f.dvùfï § fuu myk jvd;a
m%fhdackj;a fjhs'

ix{d myka moaO;shg wh;a ixrpl

negßh ^Battery&
Êj,k iaúph ^Ignition Switch&
ix{d myka iaúph ^Signal Lamp Switch&
iefk,shk tallh ^Flasher Unit&
ix{d myka ^Signal Lamp&
o¾Yl myka ^Indicator Lamp&

ix{d myka moaO;sj, úúO j¾.fha iefK<shk tall Ndú; lrkq ,efnhs'
tajd kï"
(i) ;dmk lïì j¾. - Heating Wire Type
(ii) ;yvq j¾. - Vane Type
(iii) bf,lafg%dksl j¾.h - Electronic Type

fndfyda r:j, ix{d myka moaO;s i|yd ;yvq j¾.fha iefK,shk tall Ndú;
lrkq ,nk w;r kùk fudag¾ r:j, bf,lafg%daksl j¾.fha iefK<shk tall fhdod
we;'

;yvq j¾.fha iefK<shk tallhla iys; ix{d myka moaO;shl ls%hdldß;ajh

fuu ix{d myka moaO;sfha fhdod we;s iefK<shk tallh iukaú; jkafka f,day
máhla u.ska wd;;shla hgf;a r|jd we;s f,day ;yvqjlska ^Metal Vane& yd iam¾Yl ;=vq

79
hq.,hlsks' iefK<shk tallh ls%hd fkdlrk wjia:dfõ § iam¾Yl ;=vq jeiS mj;S'
iefK<shk tallfha B yd L hkqfjka w.% folla we;' B w.%hg tla iam¾Yl ;=vla
iïnkaO j we;s w;r f,day ;yvqjg L w.%h iïnkaO fõ'

ndysr mßm:fha § B w.%h Êj,k iaúÉÑh yryd negßhg o" B w.%h ix{d myka
iaúÉÑhg o iïnkaO fõ' olKq mi fyda jï mi ix{d myka oe,aùu i|yd myka iaúÉÑh
jeiq úg B w.%h iam¾Yl ;=vq" f,day máh" f,day ;yvqj" L w.%h yryd .uka lrk Odrdj
u.ska tu ix{d myka yd thg wod< o¾Yl myk o,ajhs' ta iu.u f,day máh ;=<ska .uka
lrk Odrdj u.ska tu máh r;a lr m%idrKh lrk neúka" f,day ;yvqj y`vla k.ñka
,sys,a fjñka iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;a lrhs' iam¾Yl ;=vq wE;a ùu ksid ix{d myka lrd .,k
Odrdj kj;sk neúka" ix{d myka yd o¾Yl myk o ksù hhs' .,d .sh Odrdj kej;Su ksid
isis,a jk f,day máh ixfldapkh ù ;yvqj weo .ksñka iam¾Yl ;=vq jid ,hs' fuúg
kej;;a ix{d myka yd wod< o¾Yl myk oe,aùug mgka .kS' fï ls%hdj,sh ñks;a;=jlg
60-120 jrla isÿ fjñka ix{d myka o o¾Yl myk o ksú ksù o,ajhs'

80
 6'14 fudag¾ r:j, Ndú; flfrk wdrlaIl Wml%u

• wdrlaIl Wml%u
Odjkh jk fudag¾ r:j, .uka lsÍfï § ßheÿrd iy u.Ska r:h ;=< §;a" ud¾.
wk;=rej, §;a wdrlaId lsÍug úúO wdrlaIl Wml%u fudag¾ r:j, fhdod we;' fudag¾
r:hl .uka .kakd mqoa.,hkaf.a wdrlaIdj i|yd wdikj, iSÜ má ^Safety Seat Belts&
fhdod we;' fuu iSÜ má me<| wjYH m%udKhg iSre udre lr .; hq;= h' Odjkh jk
fudag¾ r:hl laIKsl frdaOl fh§ul § ßheÿrd we;=`: u.Ska r:h ;=< úis ù hd yels h'
tfy;a iSÜ má me<| isàfuka r:h ;=< úis ù hEfuka je<fla' fudag¾ r:h ud¾.
wk;=rlg ,laùfï § ßheÿrdg iy u.Skag isÿ jk wk;=re wju lr .ekSu i|yd fuu iSÜ
má fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fjhs' fudag¾ r:h ud¾. wk;=rlg ,laùfï § r:fha fodrj,a
újD; ùfuka r:fhka msg;g úis ù hd yels h' tfy;a iSÜ má me<| isàfuka r:fhka
msg;g úisù fkdhk w;r wk;=ßka isÿ jk ydksh o wju lr.; yels h' fndfyda rgj,a
r:hl .uka .kakd whg wdrlaIdj i|yd iSÜ má me<| .uka lsÍu i|yd ks;s Í;s y÷kajd
§ we;'

kùk fudag¾ r:j, ud¾. wk;=rl § lsh % d;aul jk jdhq neÆk ^Air Balloons& ßheÿrdg
iy r:fha bÈßmi .uka .kakd mqoa.,hdg udrdka;sl wk;=re isÿ ùu j<lajd we;' fudag¾
r:fha bÈßmi ud¾. wk;=rlg ,laùfï § b;d flá ld,hla ;=< jdhq neÆk ls%hd;aul
fjhs' ßheÿre i|yd we;s jdhq neÆkh iqlaldkï frdaoh ;=< ;ekam;a lr we;s w;r r:fha
bÈßmi .uka .kaakd u.shd i|yd we;s neÆk" vEIa fndaâ ^Dash Board& tl ;=< fyda
lìfyda,a ^Caby Hole& mshk ;=< ;ekam;a lr we;' r:fha bÈßmi wk;=rlg ,la jQ jyd u
^tkï ñ,s;;amr 5la ;=<& neÆk ls%hd;aul ùu isÿ fõ' wk;=rg ,la ù ñ,s;;amr 15la ;=<
neÆka msïî YÍrhg wdrlaIdj ,nd fohs' wk;=rg ,la ù ñ,s;;amr 25la ;=< neÆk yels<S
hhs' ud¾. wk;=rl § jdhq neÆkhl ls%hdldß;ajh my; rEmigyfkka ±lafjhs'

wk;=rlg ,la ùfï § neÆk msïîug wjYH jdhqj ,nd fokqfha tu moaO;shg fhdod
we;s jdhq cklh u.sks' jdhq cklh ;=< Ndú; jkafka m%Odjlh ^Propellent& kï ridhk
øjHhhs' th l=vd úh<s leg f,i cklh ;=< wiqrd we;' wk;=rlg ,laùfuka fm%dfm,kaÜ
leg ±ù khsg%cka jdhqj ksmojhs' tu khsg%cka jdhqj u.ska neÆk msïîu isÿ fõ' jdhq
cklh ;=< we;s fm%dfm,kaÜ leg ±ùu isÿ lrkq ,nkafka wk;=rl § ls%hd;aul jk
m%iafMdaglhl ^Detornator& iy caj,lhl ^Igniter& wdOdrfhks'

81
 fldgia lrk ,o ßheÿre thd¾ nE.h

.Eia fckf¾grhl yria lvla

• ld¾hla I u;dj by< kexùu

kùk fudag¾ r: tkaðïj, ld¾hlaIu;dj by< kxjd .ekSu i|yd n,j¾Ol

^Super Chargers& fhdod we;' n,j¾Ol fhdod we;s tkaðï n,j¾ê; tkaðï f,i y÷kajkq
,efí' n,j¾Ol u.ska jdhqf.da,Sh mSvkhg jvd jeä mSvkhla hgf;a jd;h fyda fmg%,a
jd; ñY%Khla tkaðfï is,skavr ;=<g ,nd §fuka tkaðfï ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä lr .;
yels h'
n,j¾Ol fldgia folls'
(i) hdka;l%s n,j¾Ol ^Mechanical Supercharges&
(ii) ;,nuk n,j¾Ol ^Turbo Supercharges&

82
 hdka;s%l n,j¾Ol" o`.r l| V máhla u.ska fyda .shr frdao u.ska iïnkaO lr ls%hd
lrjkq ,nhs' ;,nuk n, j¾Ol ls%hdlrjkq ,nkafka tkaðfuka msg jk msgdr jdhqj
Wmfhda.S lr f.k h' fkdfhl=;a ks¾udKhkaf.ka yd ls%hdldß;ajfhka hqla; jQ n,j¾Ol
fudag¾ r: i|yd fhdokq ,efí'

g¾fnda pdcrhla

g¾fnda pdcrhla m%Odk wx. ;=klska iukaú;h' tajd kï"

(i) ;,nuk tl,i - ^Turbine Assembly&
(ii) flakaømidÍ iïmSvl tl,i - ^Centrifugal Compressor Assembly&
(iii) fnhdßï ksfjiakd tl,i - ^Bearing Housing Assembly&

83
 tkaðfuka msg jk msgdr jdhqj ;,nuk tl,i lrd f.dia ;,nur frdaoh ^Turbine
Wheel& lrljhs' ;,nur frdaoh yd pQIK jdhqj iïmSvkh lrk fmd<Uk frdaoh
^Impeller wheel& BIdjla u.ska iïnkaO lr we;' tneúka ;,nur frdaoh iu`. fmd<Uuk
frdaoh o lrlefõ' tfia lerflk fmd<Uk frdaoh u.ska jd;h weo .ksñka iïmSvkh
lr tkaðfï is,skavrj,g ,eîug i,iajhs'
tkaðu ls%hd lrk úg msgdr jE,aj ;=<ska msgdr k< yuqjg .,d tk by< mSvkhla
iys; msgdr jdhq oyrdj ;,nuk ksfjiakdjg we;¿ fõ' fï jdhq oyrdj ksfjiakdfõ
l%ufhka wvq jk úIalïNh iys; o`.r yevh Èf.a uOHh foig .,d hdfï § jdhq oyrdfõ
mSvkh wvq ù m%fõ.h jeä fõ' fufia jeä m%fõ.hlska hq;a jdhq oyrdj ;,nuk frdaofha
fm;s u; fh§ ;,nur frdaoh o BIdj o thg iïnkaO fmd<Uk frdaoh o lrljhs' fufia
;,nur frdaoh lrleùfuka miq msgdr jdhq msgù tkaðfï msgdr k<h ;=<ska jdhqf.da,hg
msgù hhs' msgdr jdhqj u.ska ;,nur frdaoh b;d by< fõ.fhka lrljhs'

msgdr jdhqj u.ska ;,nur frdaoh lrljk úg ta iu`. u fmd<Uk frdaoho

lrlefõ' iïmSvk tl,i ;=<g jd;h weo.kqfha tkaðfï jdhqfYdaOlh yryd wlaISh
f,i fmd<Uk frdaofha uOHhg h' frdaoh lrlefjk úg fm;sj,g ueÈjk jd;h
flakaømidÍ n,h fya;=fjka jeä fõ.fhka msg;g úis ù f.dia úirlhg we;¿ fõ'
úisrlh ;=<ska .,d hdfï § jd;fha fõ.h wvq ù mSvkh jeä fõ' fï ksid fmd<Uk
frdaofhka msg jk jd;h jeä mSvkhlska hqla; h'

;,nuk n,j¾Olfha ueo fldgi fnhdßï ksfjiakd tl,i fjhs' ;,nur yd

fmd<Uk frdao iú ù we;s BIdj r|jd f.k isák fnhdßï wvx.= j we;af;a fnhdßï
ksfjiakdjg h' tu fnhdßï fndarhg ^;õjg& fyda BIdjg fyda iú ù fkdue;' fnhdßï
iafkaylh isÿ jkqfha tkaðï iafkayl moaO;sfhka u h' ;,nuk n,j¾Olh isis,a lsÍu
isÿ jkafka o fuu f;,aj,sks'

fõia Ü f.a Ü jE,a j h - Waste Gate Valve

msgdr k< yuqj yd ;,nuk tl,fika jdhqj msgù hk k<h hd lrk w;=re
ud¾.hla o tu w;=re ud¾.h weßh yd jeish yels f,i fh¥ lmdghla o fõ' jE,ajfha l|"
l=àrhla ;=< jQ m%dÖrhlg iïnkaO lr we;' m%dÖrfha tla me;a;lg ÿkakla fhdod
jdhqf.da,hg újD; lr we;s w;r wfkla l=àrh k<hla u.ska pQIK k< yuqjg hd lr
we;' fï ksid pQIK k< yuqfõ we;s jk jd; mSvkhg iudk mSvkhla m%dÖr l=àrfha tu
me;af;a we;s fõ' ;,nuk n,j¾Olh ls%hd fkdlrk wjia:dfõ § m%dÖr ÿkafka wd;;sh
hgf;a m%dÖrh ;,a¨ ù lmdgh jeiS mj;S' fï wjia:dfõ § tkaðu ls%hd lr jQ úg msgdr
k< yuqfjka tk iïmQ¾K msgdr jdhq m%udKh u ;,nur frdaoh lrleùu i|yd fhfoa'

fï ksid ;,nur frdaoh o ta iu`.u fmd<Uk frdaoh o wêl fõ.fhka lr leù

84
jeä jd; m%udKhla iïmSvkh lrñka jd;h is,skavrj,g iemfha' tkaðu lrlefjk
fõ.h jeä jk úg ta iu`. ;,nuk n,j¾Olfha fõ.h o jeä ù thska W;amdokh lrk
ysjqï mSvkh ^Boost Pressure& jeä fõ' fï ksid ;,nuk n,j¾Olh u.ska we;s lrk
ysjqï mSvkh hï Wml%uhla u.ska md,kh l< hq;=fõ' fuu ysjqï mSvkh md,kh lsÍu
i|yd wm; fodrgq lmdgh ^Waste Gate Valve& fhdod we;'

fõia Ü f.a Ü jE,a j h iys ; g¾fnda pdcrh

fõia Ü f.a Ü jE,a j h iys ; g¾fnda pdcrh

pqIK k< yuqfõ mSvkh kshñ; m%udKhg jvd jeä jq úg tu mSvkh" k<h ;=<ska
m%dÖrh u; ls%hd lrhs' túg ÿkak yl=<jñka m%dÖrh p,kh fõ' tu.ska lmdgh we§ w;=re
ud¾.h újD; ù msgdr jdhqfjka fldgila tu ud¾.h Tiafia msgdr k<h fj; .,d hhs'
fï ksid ;,nur frdaohg ,efnk msgdr jdhq m%udKh wvq ù ;,nur yd fmd<Uk frdaoj,
fõ.h wvq fõ' fï ksid pQIK k< yuqfõ jd; mSvkh o wvùu fya;=fjka is,skavrj,g
wvq ySjqï mSvkhla iys; j jd;h .,d hhs' fuf,i wm; fodrgq lmdgfha wdOdrfhka
pQIK k< yuqfõ jd; mSvkh iajhxlS%h j kshñ; mSvkhlg ;nd .ekSug yels fõ'

tka ð ulg ;,nuk n,j¾Olhla fh§fuka ,eìh yels jdis

(i) ;,nuk n,j¾Olh msgdr jdhqj u.ska ls%hd lrk ksid tkaðfuka Yla;sh jeh
fkdfõ'
(ii) tkaðfï ksmeoefjk cjh yd jHdj¾;h 35]lska muK jeä lr .ekSug yels
h'
(iii) jdhq iamkao Wrd .eksu ksid tkaðu ls%hd lsÍfï § Yíoh wvq h'
(iv) tla cj tallhla fjkqfjka jeh l< hq;= bkaOk m%udKh wvq h'

85
úfudapk md,kh - Emmision Control
tkaðulska msg jk mßirhg ydkslr jdhq yd øjH wju lsÍu msgdr jdhq md,kh
^Emmision Control& kñka ye¢kafõ' fudag¾ r:hlska mßirh ¥IKh isÿ lrk m%Nj lsym
s hla
we;' tajdkï (
(i) msgdr jdhqj msg lrk ksy`vlrh ^Silencer&
(ii) o`.r l| l=àrh
(iii)fmÜr,a gexlsh iy ldìhqf¾grh

tkaðfï bkaOk oykfha § msg ù hd yels jdhqka yd jdIam jkafka ldnkavfhdlaihsâ

^CO2&" c,jdIam" ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ ^CO&" yhsfv%dldnka ^HC& yd khsg%ia Tlaihsâ
^NOX& fjhs'
tkaðula mK.kajd we;súg o`.r l| l=àrfhka iafkayl f;,a jdIam jdhqf.da,hg
tla fjhs'

fmg% , a jdhq f õ we;s mßir ¥IKhg bjy,a jk jdhQ k a yd jdIa m jka f ka

ldnkafufkdlaihsâ ^CO&" yhsfv%ldnk ^HC&" iy khsg%ia Tlaihsâ ^NOX& h' fïjd úI
iys; jdhqka fjhs' úI iys; mßirhg wys;lr jdhqka wju lr mßirhg uqod yeÍu i|yd
úfYaI WmlrK fudag¾ r:j, fhdod we;' msgdr jdhqj kej; ixirKh lr NOX iE§u
wju lsÍu i|yd msglre jdhq m%;sixialrK lmdgh Exhaust Gas Re Circulation Valve
(E.G..R. Valve) fhdod we;s w;r" ksy`vlrfhka msg jk úI jdhqka wju lsÍu i|yd W;afm%r
a l
mßj¾;lhla ^Catalytic Converter & fhdod we;'

msgl=re jdhq m%;sixirK l%uh -

fmg%,a tkaðul ±fjñka mj;sk bkaOk jdhq ñY%Kfha WIaK;ajh 5000C by<
WIaK;aj mrdihl mj;sk úg tu jdhqfõ we;s khsg%cka ^N2&" Tlaiscka ^O2& iu`. ñY%úug
h;ak orhs' fuu ls%hdj,sfhka khsg%ia Tlaihsv ^NOX& iEfoa'

msgl=re jdhq m%;sixirKfha § msgdr jdhqfjka fldgila wdmiq pQIK k< yuqjg
fhduq lrjd is,skavrj, WIaK;ajh wvq ùug ie,eiaùfuka khsg%ia Tlaihsv ^NOX& iE§u
wvq fõ' msgdr jdhq m%;sixirKh i|yd moaO;shg msgl=re jdhq m%;sixirK lmdghla
(E.G..R. Valve) fhdod we;' tkaðu ,eis Èjqfï ls%hd lrk úg iy wjlr lmdgh Wmßu
jYfhka újD; j ls%hd lrk l,ays E.G..R. lmdgh jeiS mj;S' tkaðu ls%hdlsÍu;a iu`.
wjlrh újD; lsÍfuka pQIK k< yuqfõ' ßla;h j¾Okh úu;a iu`. E.G.R. lmdgfh ys
m%dÖrh u.ska tys md,k lmdgh ^Control Valve& újD; ùu isÿ fõ' ßla;h ;jÿrg;a
j¾Okh ùfï § md,k lmdgh iïmQ¾Kfhka újD; ù msgdr jdhqfjka fldgila pQIK
k<h fj; fhduq lrjhs' fudag¾ r:j, úúO E.G.R. lmdg Ndú; lrkq ,nk w;r bka tla
j¾.hl E.G.R. lmdghl ls%hdldß;ajh rEm igykska ±lafõ'

86
W;a f m% a r l mßj¾;lh - Catalytic Converter.
fudag¾ r:hl msgdr jdhq k<fhka msg jk mßirhg wys;lr úI jdÆka wju lsÍu
i|yd W;a f m% a r l mßj¾;lhla Ndú; flf¾' fuh u.s k a ms g dr jdhq f õ we;s
ldnkafudfkdlaihsâ ^CO& yd fkd±jqKq yhsfv%dldnka ^HC& iïmQ¾Kfhka u msßisÿ flf¾'
we;a; jYfhka u fuys § isÿ jkafka w¾O oykhg m;aùfuka we;s jQ tu úI jdhQka
W;afm%arl mßj¾;lh ;=< § kej; oykhg m;a lsÍuhs' tkaðul oykfha § msgdr jdhqfõ
ldnka fudfkdlaihsâ ^CO&" fukau yhsfv%dldnk ^HC&" we;s ùug fya;= jkafka Tlaiscka
u|ùu h' we;a; jYfhka u msgdr jdhqfõ úI jdhq ;=ka j¾.hla we;' tajd kï CO" HC
iy khsg%ia Tlaihsâ ^NOx&fõ" khsg%ia Tlaihsâ N2O, NO yd NO2 wdldr f,i mej;sh
yels h' fuu ish¨ úI iys; jdhq f;ux W;afm%arl mßj¾;lh ;=<ska .uka lsßug
ie,eiaùfuka ldnkavfhdlaihsâ" c, jdIam" iy khsg%cka njg m;a fõ'

87
 W;afm%arl mßj¾;lh ;=< firñla iels,a,la" ó johl we;s l=yr wdldrhg ilid
we;' fï ksid msgdr jdhqjg fuu iels,af,a jeä lafIa;%hl iam¾Y ùug wjia:dj ie,fia'
iels,a, ;=< frdaähï yd ma,eákï wdf,am lr we;' frdaähï u.ska msßisÿ lsÍu lrkq ,nk
w;r ma,eákï u.ska ldnkavfhdlaihsâ iy yhsfv%dldnk msrsisoq flf¾' fuu ridhksl
m%;sls%hdj i|yd leg,hsgh" 3000C muK WIaK;ajhlg m;a úh hq;= w;r tu WIaK;ajh
msgdr jdhqfjka u ,nd.kS' leg,hsghla laIhùula isÿfkdjk w;r Bhï iys; fmg%,a
Ndú; l< fyd;a leg,hsgh wlS%h fjhs' Bhï wxY= frdaähï yd ma,eákï wdf,amh u;
;ekam;a ùu ksid by; i|yka l< úI jdhq msßisÿ lsÍug fkdyels ùfuka leg,hsgh wls%h
ùu isÿ fõ'

88
 7' ;dm .;sl úoHdfõ uQ,O¾u

;dmh
bkaOk oykfha §" m%;sfrdaOhla ;=<ska úÿ,sh .,d hdfï §" mDIaG w;r isÿjk
msßue§fï § ;dmh WmÈk nj wms w;aú| we;af;uq'

WmÈk ;dmh úiska fndfyda wjia:dj, § WIaK;aj jeäùula we;s lrkq kSßlaIKh
l< yels fjhs' ;jo ;dmh" úúO ld¾h bgqlr .ekSug iyh fjhs' ;dmh úiska ld¾hh
bgq lrk neúka ;dmh hkak Yla;s úfYaIhla f,i y÷kajuq'

;dmfha m%fhdack
mod¾:hlg ;dmh ,nd§fuka we;eï úg ridhksl úm¾hdihka we;sjk w;r we;eï
úg fN!;sl fjkia ùï we;s lrhs'

wdydr msisfï § wdydrj, iajNdjh fjkia ùï" ;dmh ,nd §u ksid we;s jk
ridhksl fjkiaùuls'

;dmh ,nd§fuka mod¾:hl isÿjk fN!;sl fjkia ùu m%fhdackj;a f,i fhdod

.;a wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafõ'
• f,day øj njg m;alr jd;a;= ksIamdok i|yd fhdod .ekSu
• ;dmh ,nd§fuka f,day m;=rej, isÿjk m%idrKh WIaK;aj md,l iaúÉpj,
ls%hdldÍ;ajh i|yd fhdod .ekSu
• jd;fha isÿjk m%idrKh hdka;s%l ld¾hh i|yd fhdod .ekSu
^fmg%,a$ãi,a tkaðu" yqud, tkaðu" y`vk k<d fhÿ fla;,&

;dm Yla;sfhka hdka;s%l ld¾hh yd wNHka;r Yla;sh

;dm .;sl úoHdj ;=< úYd, bvla fjkaj we;af;a mod¾: wxY=j, fN!;sl fjkia
ùï ms<sn|j idlÉPdj i|yd h'
my; oelafjkafka msiagk is,skavr moaO;shla ;=< isrù we;s jdhq ialkaOhls'

jdhqj

;dmh
ndysrska fhdokq ,nk ;dm Yla;sh fya;=fjka isrù we;s jd;fha we;sjk m%Odk fN!;sl
fjkiaùï folla oelsh yelsfõ'
1' WIaK;ajh by< hdu'
2' jdhq mßudj jeä ùu'

182
jdhqjl isÿjk Wla; fN!;sl fjkiaùï we;sùug uQ,sl jk lreKq ms<sn| j mq`:,a f,i
úu¾Ykh lsÍfï § jdhq wxY= ;=< .nvd jk ;dm Yla;sh tlaflda úNj Yla;sh jYfhka
ke;skï pd,l Yla;sh jYfhka fyda tu Yla;s úfYaI folu jYfhka mj;akd nj y÷kd.;
yels fjhs' jdhq wxY= u`.ska wjfYdaIkh l< uq¨ ;dm m%udKh moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh by<
hdu u`.ska fukau mßudj jeäùu u`.ska m%o¾Ykh flf¾'

jdhq wxY=j, pd,l Yla;sh by< hdu fya;=fjka msiagkh is,skavrh Tiafia bj;g
;,a¨ùhdu" ;dm Yla;sh ,nd§fï hdka;s%l M,hhs' fuh ;dmfhka bgqjk ndysr ld¾hhhs'

tfiau WIaK;ajh by< hdu u`.ska m%o¾Ykh lrkakdjQ Yla;sh wxY=j, wNHka;r
Yla;sh f,i y÷kajuq'
tkafg%dmsh
WodyrKhla f,i jdykhla ;=< ms<sfj,lg f.dv .eiQ .fvd,a f.dvla i<luq'
jdykh .uka lrk úg tu .fvd,a ta fï w; úisù tajdfha ;snQ ms<sfj, is|S f.dia
wms<sfj, j¾Okh fõ'

fmr ms<sfj, miq wms<sfj,

fï jQ l,S Yla;sh ,efnk úg mod¾: ;=< isÿjk idudkH isÿùuls' tkï Yla;sh
,efnk úg wms<sfj, j¾Okh ùuhs'
lsishï jdhq ialkaOhla i<luq' thg ;dmh ,nd ÿka úg tys wxY=j, yeisÍu
fõ.j;a jk nj tu ialkaOh ;=< mSvkh fyda mßudj fyda jeäùfuka fmkakqï lrhs' fï
wdldrhg u >k" øj hk mod¾: wxY= j, mjd yeisÍfï fjkila m%o¾Ykh lrhs'
tneúka mod¾:hla ;=< mj;akd wxY= j, p,s;fhys wms<sfj, ijNdjfha lsishu
ñKqula tkafg%damsh jYfhka y÷kajhs'

ldrl ;r,
;r, f,i mj;akd mod¾:hlg ;dmh ,nd§fï § th ridhksl f,i fjkia
fkdjkafkakï tjka ;r, —ldrl ;r,˜ f,i y÷kajuq'
c,h" N2, O2, CO2 jeks wñY% ;r, Bg WodyrK fõ'

ixjD; yd újD; moaO;s

lsishï moaO;shl mj;akd ;r, ialkaOh fyda bka fldgila ls%hdj,sh ;=< §
moaO;sfhka bj;afõ kï fyda ndysßka ;r, ialkaO m%udKhla moaO;shg we;=`:fõ kï
tjka moaO;shla újD; moaO;shla f,i y÷kajuq'

183
 iuia; ls%hdj,sh ;=< § moaO;sh ;=< mj;akd ;r, ialkaOh fkdfjkiaj mj;S kï
moaO;sh ixjD; moaO;shla f,i y÷kajuq'

ixjD; újD; újD;

fndhsf,arej" mSvk Wÿk jeks Wmlrk ;=, mj;akd ;r, ialkaOh ls%hdj,sh ;=<
§ fkdfjkia j mj;S' ^Wmßu mSvk iSudj ;=<& tneúka tjeks moaO;s ixjD; moaO;s f,i
ie<lsh yel'
YS;lrKhl ls%hdj,sh ie,l+úg tys iuia; ;r, ialkaOh ksh;j mj;sk uq;a
YS;lrKfha m%Odk ls%hdj,s fol ^>kSlrKh" jdIamSlrKh& fjk fjk u ie,l+ úg
;r,h tla milska we;=`: ù wfkla miska bj;aùu isÿfjhs'

>kSlrKh jdIamS lrKh

;dm .;sl ls%hdj,s
fndfyda ls%hdj,s ;dmh ,nd §fuka ndysr ld¾h bgqlr .ekSug fhdod f.k we;s nj
olakg ,efnhs' tys m%;sj¾;l ls%hdj isÿl< úg ;dmh msgjk nj oelsh yels fjhs'

ndysr ld¾h bgqlr .ekSu ndysrska ld¾h isÿ lsrSu

msiagk-is,skavr moaO;shla ;=< mj;akd jd;h tu wjldYh ;=< isrjk fia msiagkh
u`.ska f;rmkq ,nk úg bka wxY= w;r mr;rh wvqjk w;r ta i|yd jehl, Yla;sh jdhq
wxY=j, wNHka;r Yla;sh f,i .nvd fõ' túg jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh by< hhs' jdhqfõ
WIaK;ajh mßir WIaK;ajhg jvd jeä jk neúka mßirhg ;dmh .,hs'
ndysßka isÿlrk ld¾hh u`.ska jdhq mßudj jeä lruq' túg wNHka;r Yla;sfhka
fldgila jdhq wxY= w;r mr;rh jeälr .ekSu fjkqfjka jehfõ' túg jdhqj isis,a fõ'

184
jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh mßir WIaK;ajhg jvd wvq neúka mßirfhka ;dmh jdhqjg .,hs'
fujeks ;dm .;sl ls%hdj,s ie,l+úg moaO;sh yd ne÷kq ;dm yqjudrej" wNHka;r
Yla;sh fjkia ùu yd ndysr ld¾hh w;r ir< iïnkaOhla we;s nj fmkS hhs'

;dm .;sl úoHdfõ m<uq kshuh

lsishï moaO;shlg ;dmh ,nd ÿka úg tu ;dm m%udKh moaO;sh ;=< mj;akd ldrl
;r,fha wNHka;r Yla;sfha jeäùfï;a ndysrj isÿ jq ld¾hfha;a tl;=jgiudk fõ hkak
;dm .;sl úoHdfõ m<uq kshufhka lshfõ'

;dmh iemhSu } wNHka;r Yla;sh + ndysrg isÿ jq ld¾hh

ndysr mSvkh Pg tfrysj msiagkh ÿrla p,kh jqfha kï A j¾.M,fhka hqla;

msiagkfhka bgq jq ndysr ld¾hh g iudk fõ' ^ msiagkh yd is,skavrh w;r
>¾IKh fkdmj;S hhs Wml,amkh lrkak'&

hkq jeä jq mßudjhs ^ &

túg
ta wkqj ;dm .;sl úoHdfõ m<uq kshuh my; iólaIKh mßÈ o oelaúh yels h'

;dm .;s l úoHdfõ fojk ks h uh

iajNdjfhka ;dmh .,d hkafka WKqiqï ;efkl isg isis,a ;eklg nj;a" m%;sj¾;H
f,i ;dmh .,dhdu i|yd ta u; ndysßka ld¾hh l, hq;= nj;a fuhska lshefõ'
;jo " lsishï mod¾:hl tkafg%dmsh fjkiaùu" moaO;sfhka ,nd .;a ;dm m%udKh
mod¾:fha ;dm .;sl WIaK;ajhg orK wkqmd;hg iudk fõ'

úúO ls%hdj,s ;=< mSvkh" mßudj" WIaK;ajh" ;dmh w;r iïnkaOh

ksh; mSvk l%shdj,s
lsishï l%shdj,shla ;=< moaO;sfha mSvkh fkdfjkiaj mj;S kï" tjeks l%shdj,shla
ksh; mSvk l%shdj,shla f,i y÷kajuq'

185
 WodyrKhla f,i ùÿre k,hla ;=< l=vd riosh flkaolska isr lr we;s jdhq frdola
i<luq' tu jdhqj r;a lrkúg jd;fha WIaK;ajh jeä jk w;r riosh l| bosßhg ;,a¨
ù mßudj jeälr .kS' kuq;a mSvkh fkdfjkiaj mj;S' fï i|yd mSvk mßud m%ia:drhla
w|skq ,enQ úg th my; wdldrh .kS

jd'f.da'mS'
12345
12345
12345
mSvkh
12345
riosh 12345
12345

jdhqj

mßudj
;dmh

ksh; mßud l%shdj,s

lsishï l%shdj,shla ;=< mßudj ksh;j mj;S kï tjeks l%shdj,shla ksh; mßud
l%shdj,shla f,i y÷kajhs'
WodyrKhla f,i uq¨ukska jeiQ n÷kla ;=< jdhq ialkaOhla isr lr we;s wjia:djla
i<luq' ;dmh ,nd foñka fuu moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh jeä lrk úg n÷fka mßudj fkdfjkia
jk w;r th ;=< jdhq mSvkh by, hhs' fï i|yd mSvk mßud m%ia:drhla w|skq ,enQúg th
my; wdldrfha fjhs'

mSvkh

jdhqj

mßudj
;dmh
ifudaIaK l%shdj,s
lsishï l%shdj,shla ;=< WIaaK;ajh ksh;j mj;S kï tjeks l%shdj,shla ifudaIaK
l%shdj,shla fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i fyd|ska ;dmh yqjudre úh yels is,skavrhla ;=< msiagkhlska
isrù we;s jdhq ialkaOhla i<luq' msiagkh b;d fifuka jdhq mßudj wvqjk fia is,skavrh
;=< bosßhg ;,a¨ lrk úg ;dmh mßirhg .,d hk neúka moaO;sfha WIaK;ajh by,
fkdk`.S' tfy;a mSvkh jeä jk w;r mßudj wvqfõ' fï i|yd mSvk mßud m%ia:drhla
w|skq ,enQúg my; wdldrfha m%ia:drhla ,efí'

186
 ;dmh
mSvkh

;dmh jdhqj

;dmh
mßudj

iaÒr;dmS l%shdj,s
lsih
s ï l%h
s dj,shla ;=<" moaO;sfhka ndysr mßirhg fyda ndysr mßirfhka moaO;shg
;dm yqjudrejla isÿ fkdfõ kï tjeks l%shdj,s iaÒr;dmS l%shdj,s fõ'
WodyrKhla f,i ;dm mßjdrl is,sksvrhla ;=< msiagkhlska isrlr we;s jdhq
ialkaOhla i<luq' jdhq mßudj wvq jk fia msiagkh ;,a¨ l, úg jdhq mSvkh by, hk
w;ru jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh o by, k`.S' jdhq ialkaOh ;=, ;dm m%udKh fkdfjkiaj mj;S'
fï i|yd mSvk-mßud m%ia:drhla w|skq ,enQ úg th ifudaIaK l%shdj,sh oelafjk m%ia:drhg
fndfyda fihska iudk fõ'

mSvkh

mßudj

tkuq;a tlu mßud fjkila we;s lsÍug fuu l%shdj,sh ;=< oS jeä mSvk fjkila
we;s l, hq;= fõ' tneúka lsishï moaO;shl mßudj wvq lsÍfïoS ifudaIaK l%shdj,shla
iaÒr;dmS l%shdj,shlg jvd ld¾hlaIu fõ'

fujeks l%shdj,s lsysmhla pl%Sh f,i we;sùu oelsh yels wjia:djka f,i ;dm
tkaðu yd YS;lrKh ye|skaúh yels fõ'

;dm tkaðu
;dm tkaðula hkq ;dm Yla;h
s Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka hdka;l
s% ld¾hhla bgqlrkakdjQ
hka;% fõ'
;dm tkaðul Wmojk uq`: ;dm Yla;shu ndysr ld¾hh ^hdka;%sl & f,i ,nd
.ekSug fkdyels fõ' tfia jkafka Wmojk ;dmfhka fldgila mßirhg ke;fyd;a
moaO;sfhka msg;g uqod yefrk neúkah' ;dmh ,ndfok wjldYh r;a lgdrh f,i o"
;dmh uqod refrk wjldYh isis,a lgdrh f,i o" y÷kajuq'

187
 ta wkqj" r;a lgdrfhka Wmojk ;dmfhka lsih
s ï fldgila isi, s a lgdrhg uqodyefrk
w;r b;sßh ndysr ld¾hhg fhdod .efka'
r;a lgdrfhka ,nd fok ;dm m%udKh
r;a lgdrh
Qin o" isis,a lgdrhg .,d hk ;dm
Q in
m%udKh QOut o" ndysr ld¾hh W o
ndysr ld¾hh jk úg tajd w;r iïnkaOh my;
W
mßos oelaúh yel'
Q Out Qin = QOut + W
isis,a lgdrh

fujeks hka;%hl"
;dm ld¾hlaIu;dj = W x 100% fyda Qin - QOut x 100% fõ'
Qin Qin

isõ myr weðul ;dm l%shdj

isõ myr tkaðu i|yd fhdod .kakd ldrl ;r, ^bkaOk& j¾.h wkqj oyk
iajrEmh fjkiafõ' ta wkqj ;dm l%shd o" tlsfklg fjkia fõ' isõ myr tkaðul ldrl
;r,h f,i fmg%,a Ndú;fha oS yd ãi,a Ndú;fha oS isÿjk ;dm l%shdj,s i|yd jk mSvk-
mßud m%ia:dr my; oelafõ'

3
mSvkh
1 - 2 pQIKh lr is,skavrhg mqrjd.;a
2
jdhqj TDC f;la iïmSvkh lsÍu'
4
^mßudj wvqjk w;r mSvkh jeä fõ'&
1 2 - 3 bkaOk oykh u.ska ;dmh ,eìu'
mßudj
3 - 4 oykh jQ jdhqj u`.ska ndysr ld¾hh bgq
fmg%,a tkaðul ;dm.;sl l%shdjg wod,
lrñka msiagkh BDC lrd .uka lrhs'
mSvk-mßud m%ia:drh ^Tfgda pl%h&
^mßudj jeäjk w;r mSvkh wvq fõ'&
4 - 1 msgdr ljq¨j újD;a; ùu ksid BDC ys
mSvkh 3 oS mSvkh my, niS'
2

1
mßudj

ãi,a tkaðul ;dm.;sl l%shdjg wod,

mSvk-mßud m%i:
a drh

188
YS;lrKhl isÿjk ;dm.;sl l%shdj,sh
fuh ;dm tkaðul l%shdj,sfhys m%;sj¾;H ls%hdj,shls' tkï ndysßka isÿ lrkq
,nk ld¾hhla u`.ska YS;lrKh ;=< jQ ;dmh mßirhg uqod yÍ' fuys oS ;dmh ,nd.kqfha
YS;lrKh ;=< jQ isis,a mßirfhks' ;dmh msg lrkqfha WKqiqï ndysr mßirhg h' tkï
fuys oS isis,a lgdrfhka r;a lgdrhg ;dmh .e,Su isÿfõ' tu ls%hdj my; wdldrhg
oelaúh yel'

r;a lgdrh
QH

ndysr ld¾hh fuys"

W QC + W = QH

QC
isis,a lgdrh

YS;lrKh yd jdhqiólrKh

YS;lrKh ( hï jia;=jla ;dmh bj;a lrñka tu jia;=fõ WIaK;ajh jdhqf.da,Sh

WIaK;djhg jvd my; (Refrigeration) WIaK;ajhl mj;ajd .ekSu YS;lrK lsÍu f,i
ye¢kaúh yels h.

jdhq iuSlrKh ( jd;fha úúO ;;a;ajhka md,kh lsrSu jdhq iólrK lsrSu f,i
ye|skúh
(Airconditioning) yelsh

jdhqiólrKh lsÍfï § jd;fha md,kh lrkq ,nk idOl 4 la we;

* jd;fha WIak;ajh (Temperature)

* idfmalIa w¾ø;djh (Relative Humidity)
* jd;h .,dhk m%fõ.h (Velocity of air)
* ¥ú,s m%udKh (Dust level)

jdhqiólrKh lrk ,o wjldYhla ;=< O2 jdhq m%udKh jevs lsrSu i|yd tu

wjldYh ;=<g msg;ska msrsisoq jd;h (Fresh air) iemhsh hq;= h.

isis,k hka;%hl isis,k Odrs;dj

hïlsis ld,hla ;=< § isis,k hka;%hla u.ska bj;a lrkq ,nk ;dm m%udKh
tu hka;%fha isis,k Odß;dj f,i ye¢kaúh yels h.

hka;%j, isis,k Odß;djka my; tallj,ska m%ldY lrkq ,efí.

189
 ^1& mehg ì%;dkH ;dm tall (BTU/h) BTU - Therma Unit
^2& ñks;a;=jg lsf,da le,ß Kcal /mir
^3& lsf,dafjdâ KW

jdhq iólrK hka;%h

ldur jdhq iólrK iams,sÜ j¾.fha meflaÊ j¾.fha

uOH.; jdhqiólrK
hka;% jdhq iólrK hka;% jdhq iólrK hka;% hka;%

Room Air Conditioners Split type Air Packaged Type Central AC System
conditioners Air conditioners úoq,sh(
f;l,d
(9000 BTU/h isg (9000 BTU/h isg úoq,sh f;l,d

24000 BTU/h olajd& 60000 BTU/h olajd&

úoq,sh( ;ksl,d úoq,sh( ;ksl,d
fyda f;l,d

;dm nerh (Cooling load)

jdhqiólrK hka;%hla hï wjldYhlg iú lsrSug fmr tu wjldYh ;=<

fldmuK ;dm m%udKhla wvx.= ù we;aoehs .Kkh lsÍula u.ska fidhd .kq ,efí.
th ;dm nerh hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí. th .Kkh lsÍfï § my; i|yka oE
ie,ls,a,g .kq ,efí. fuh o< jYfhka fmkajd we;.

* wjldYh ;=<g we;=¨ jk iQ¾h ;dm m%udKh

* ì;a;s ;=<ska wjldYh ;=<g we§ tk ;dm m%udKh
* jy, ;=<ska wjldYhg ;=<g we;=¨ jk ;dmh m%udKh
* ùÿre ;=<ska wjldYhg we;=¨ jk ;dm m%udKh
* fmdf<dfjka wjldYhg we§ tk ;dm m%udKh
* wjldY ;=< isák mqoa.,hska ixLHdj
* wjldY ;=< we;s úÿ,s WmlrKj,ska ksl=;a lrk ;dm m%udKh ^úÿ,s
nqnq¨, úÿ,s mxld, mß.Kl wdÈh&
* ndysr isg wjldYh ;=<g we§ tk jd;fha (Fresh) wvx.= ;dmh

YS;lrK moaO;shla ;=< we;s m%Odk Wmdx.

YS;rL moaO;shla ;=< oelsh yels m%Odk Wmdx. 4 la we;. tajd my; oelafõ.

^1& iïmSvlh - Compressor

^2& ikSldrlh - Condenser
^3& m%idrl jE,ajh - expansion valve
^4& jdIamSldrlh - evaporator

190
iïmS v lh

fuh u.ska isÿ lrkafka wvq mSvkhl , wvq WIaK;ajhl mj;sk YS;ldrl
jdIam , jeä mSvkhl , jeä WIaK;ajhl mj;sk YS;ldrl jdIam njg m;a lsÍu fõ.

lka f vka i rh (

fuh u.ska isÿ lrkafka lkafvkairh ;=<g

meñfKk WKqiqu YS;ldrl jdIam isis,a lsÍfuka øj
njg m;a lsÍuhs

m% i drl jE,a j h

fuh u.ska isÿ lrkafk wêl mSvkhl mj;sk YS;ldrl øjH, wvq mSvkhl
mj;sk YS;ldrl øjhla njg m;a lsÍuhs. Wod ( lems,ß áhqnh

bjemf¾grh (

fuh u.ska isÿ lrkafka bjemf¾grh ;=<g .,d tk wvq mSvkhla iys; øj
YS;ldrl jdIam lr .ekSu fõ.

fuu Wmdx.h ;=<g meñfKk øj YS;ldrlh wjg jd;fhka .=ma; ;dmh (Latent
Heat) Wrdf.k jdIam fõ. jdIamSlrKh ùfï § we;sjk isis, bjemf¾grh mqrdu me;sr
hhs.

YS;lr moaO;shl m%Odk Wmdx. iïnkaO ù we;s wdldrh

lïfm%irh
^iïmSvlh&

191
 YS;lr moaO;shl wêmSvk (High pressure) yd
wjmSvk (Low pressure) me;s y÷kd .ekSu

wj mSvk me;a; wê mSvk me;a;

Low Pressure Side High Pressure Side

wh;ajk Wmdx. wh;ajk Wmdx.

^1& m%idrl jE,ajh yd bjemfragrh ^1& uqod yrsk k,h

(Discharged line)
w;r o%j k,h ^2& lkafvkairfha isg m%idrl
jE,ajh
^2& bjemfragrh olajd
^3& pQIK k,h ^3& lkafvkairfha isg m%idrl
jE,ajh
olajd osfjk o%j k,h
(liquid line)

jdIam mSvk pl%h (Vapor Compression Cycle)

m% i drl jE,a j h

m%idrl jE,ajh

bjemf¾grh lkafvkairh

lïfm%irh^iïmSvlh&

l%h
s dldrs;j
a h
luafm%Irhg we;=,qjk wvq mSvkhl we;s ish,q YS;ldrl jdIam luafm%Irh ;=< oS
iuamSvk l%shdjg Ndckh jSfua fya;=fjka tu jdIamfha mSvkhla" WIaK;ajh;a b;d by< w.hlg meusfkhs'
fuu jdIm luafm%Irh u.ska uqod yrsk k,h Tiafia lkafvkairhg fmduam lrkq ,nhs' lkafvkairh
c,fhka fyda jd;fhka isis,a lrkq ,nk ksid lkafvkairh ;=< g meusfkk WKqiqua YS;ldrl jdIam"

192
 WKqiqï o%j YS;ldrlh m%idrl jE,ajh yryd .,d hk úg tu
o%jhla njg m;afjhs' fuu
øjfha mSvkh;a " WIK;ajh;a my; jefghs' wvq WIaK;ajhlg yd wvq mSvkhlg m;ajQ
fuu YS; ldrl øjh bjemf¾grh ;=<g úoskq ,nhs' bjemf¾grh wjg we;s jd;fhka
.=ma; ;mh Wrd .ksñka jdIam ùug mgka .kS' fuúg bjemf¾grh ;=< ksmefok isis,a
wvq mSvkhla iys; jdImh pQIK k,h Tiafia lïfm%Irhg we;=¨ ù kej; iïmSvk
l%shdjg Ndckh fjhs' fuh pl%Shj os.ska os.gu isÿfjhs' fuh jdIam mSvk pl%hhs'

.Dyia: YS;lrKhl hdka;%sl moaO;sh

lïfm%Irh
YS;ldrl jdIamfha mSvkh yd WIaK;ajh by< w.hla lrd f.k tau
lkafvkairh
YS;ldrl jdIamh øj njg m;a lsÍu
lems,ß áhqnh
jeä mSvkhl mj;sk øj YS;ldrlh wvq mSvkhl mj;sk øj YS;
ldrlh njg m;a lsÍu
*s,ag¾ v%hrh
moaO;sh ;=< we;s c, jdIm Wrd .ekSu ^fuh ;=< is,sld fc,a ridhksl øjH
we;&

YS;ldrl (REFRIGERANS)

;dmh tla ;ekl isg ;j;a ;eklg f.k hd yels YS;lrk moaO;shla ;=< .uka
lrjk øjhla (LIQUID) fyda jdhqjla (DAS) YS;ldrlhla (Refrigerant) f,i ye¢kaúh
yelsh

fydo YS;ldrlhl (Refrigerant) ;sìh hq;= .laIK

1 wêl ;dm m%udKhla Wrd .ekSfï yelshdj ;sìh hq;=hs

2 f;,a iu. m%;sls%hd fkdl, hq;=hs
3 YS;lrK moaO;sfha Ndú;djk f,day iu. m%;sls%hd fkdlsÍu
4 úI iys; fkdùu
5 .sks fkd.ekSu
6 wvq ñ,lg ,nd.; yelsùu
7 wvq WIaK;ajhl§ keàu

193
 m%d:ñl YS;ldrl ((PRIMARY REFRIGERANTS)

lf,dafrda f*df,dafrda yhsfv%dlaf,dafrda yhsfv%df*daf,dafrd ldnka yhsfv%dldnka

ldnka YS;ldrl f*df,dafrda ldnka YS;ldrl YS;ldrl
(CFC refeigerants) (HCFC refeigerants) (HFC refeigerants) (HC refeigerants)
R11 R22 R134a R290
R12 R123 R125 R600a
R502 R124 R143a
R13 R401A R152a
R113 R402A R404A
R114 R402B R407B
R115 R411A
R500

oaú;Sh YS;ldrl
(SECONDARY REFRIGERANTS)

c,h (Water) n%hska o%djkh

fhdod .ekSï ( Chilled water system (BRINE SOLUTION)
^1& le,aishï laf,darhsâ ødjKh
^2& fidaähï laf,darhsâ l%djKh
fhdod .ekSu ( Block ice plants

O0 C g jvd by> WIaK;ajhla mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk moaO;shla ;=>oaú;Shsl YS;ldrlhla f,i c,h
Ndú; l< yelsh

194
 OIL ^f;,a&

Minarel oil Synthetic

^ulr,a Ths,a& ^isiakgsla Ths,a&
R12, R22 YS;ldrl i|yd R134a YS;ldrlh
i|yd

R 12 jdhqfjka ls%hd lrk YS;lrKhla R134a jdhqfjka ls%hd lrùu i|yd YS;lrKhl moaO;sfha fjkia
l, hq;= fldgia

^1& lems,ß áhqnfha È. 30] lska jeä l< hq;=h

^2& fldïfm%irfha me;s iïmQ¾Kfhkau bj;alr fldïfm%irh fidaod yer fmd,sT,a tiagr
(POLYOLESTER OIL) iy f;,a j¾. ta ;=<g oeñh hq;=hs

yhsfv%dldnka YS;ldrl ^ldnka yd yhsârcka hk

uQ , øjH fols k a muKla iuka ú ; YS ; ldrl&
^fmd<fjka ,nd .ka a k d ,o&
(HYDROCARBON REFEIGERANS)
R290 ^fmdfmaka& YS;lrKh
fuh R22 fjkqjg Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' ldur jdhqiólrK iams,sÜ j¾.fha jdhq
iólrK hka;% i|yd fuh Ndú;d l< yelsh'

(PIB) YS;lrKh ^fmdfmaka whsf.d ìhfÜka &

PIB hkq YS;lrK foll ñY%Khls (R290 + R600a)
fuu YS;ldrlh YS;lrK yd wêYS;lrK hka;% i|yd Ndú;d l< yelsh'
PIB yd R290 YS;ldrl moaO;sfha iúlr we;s fldïfm%Irfha f;,a udre fkdlr"
fl,skau moaO;shg charge l, yelsh'

fuu YS;ldrlfhka Ndú;d lsÍfï§ wmg we;s jdis (

1 úÿ,sh kdia;s ùu 20] la wvqh

2 úi¾ck mSvk wvqh' tu ksid fldïfm%Irfha wdhq ld,h jeäh
3 YS;ldrlh moaO;shg wdfrdamKh l< hq;af;a nßka 40] la muK
fõ'
wjdis (
1 .sks.kakd iq`:h

yhsfv%d ldnka YS;ldrl ldkaÿ mÍCId lsÍu i|yd iuka ødjkh mdúÉÑ lrkak'
fya,hsâ fgdaÉ tl Ndú;d fkdlrkak' fuhg fya;=j yhsfv%dldnka .sks.kakd ksidh'

YS;ldrl y÷kd .ekSu

YS;ldrlhla YS;ldrlh wvx.= fnda;,fha j¾Kfhka y÷kd .; yelsh'

195
 R 12 - iqÿ mdg R 114 - ;o ks,a
R 22 - ,d fld, R 500 - ly
R 11 - ;eì,s mdg R 404A - ;eì,s
R 502 - oï mdg R 123 - ,d w`: mdg
R 134a
R 717

n%hk
s a (BRINE SOLUTION)

bjemf¾grfha WIaK;ajh OC0 g jvd wvq WIaK;ajhl mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk moaO;s
;=< n%hska ødjkh oaú;Shl YS;ldrlhla f,i Ndú;d fõ' n%hska odjKh hkq ¨Kq
c,fha Èhlr .;aúg ,efnk ødjKhhs'

m%d:ñl YS;ldrlh

R 11 YS;ldrl ^ ählaf,dafrda vhs*s¨frda óf;aka& CFC C.Cl2 F2

1 fuh øj wdldrfha YS;ldrlhls wdjrkhs

2 flakaødmidÍ iïmSvl moaO;s Centrifugal compressor systems j, Ndú;d fõ
3 ji ke;
4 .sks .kafka ke;
5 f;,a iu. ñY% fõ
6 hlv" jdfka" ;U yd ms;a;, iu. m%;sls%hd fkdlrhs

fuu øj YS;ldrlfha >K;ajh f;,a j, >K;ajhg jvd jeäh' tu ksid f;,a

R 11 u; mdfõ' fï fya;=j ksid jdhq iólrK moaO;s (Refriheration system) fidaod
yeÍug Flush R 11 fhdod .;yelsh'

CCL4 ^ldnkafggrdlaf,darhsâ & ødjKho moaO;shl f;,a Flush lsÍug fhdod

.;yelsh' CCI4 ´fidaka ia:rh mq¨ÿùu flfrys n,mdk neúka fuh Ndú;h o iqÿiq
ke;'

R 12 YS;ldrlh CFC

1 .Dyia: YS;ldr wg YS;lrK fnda;,a isis,a YS;lrk iy jd;k

jdhq iólrK hka;% ;+< Ndú; fõ'
2 jdhq f.d,Sh mSvkfha§ fuh kgk WIaK;ajh - 30 0 C ls'
3 R 12 øjH wjrKhs
4 jd;hg jvd nßka jeäh
5 f;,a iu. ñY% fõ
6 R 12 hlv" jdfka" ;U yd ms;a;, hk f,day iu. m%;sls%hd fkdlrhs
7 ji ke;

196
 CFC YS;ldrl

1 ksfhdaka ia:rh m¨ÿ ùug Woõ fõ

2 mßir WIaK;ajh jeäùug ;=vq fohs

R 22 YS;ldrlh

1 ldur jdhq iólrK iams,sÜ j¾.fha jdhq iólrK hka;% yd YS;ldur i|yd Ndú;d
fõ
2 idudkH jdhq f.da,Sh mSvkfha§ kgk WIaK;ajh - 30 0 C ls
3 øjH wjrKhs
4 jd;hg jvd nßka jeäh
5 f;,a iu. ñY% fõ
6 úI ke;
7 .sks .kafka ke;
8 hlv" jdfka" ;U yd ms;a;, jeks f,day iu. m%;sls%hd fkdlrhs

R 134a YS;ldrlh ^fuÜrd *sÿfrda Bf;aka (CF3 CH2 F)

1 oekg fj<| fmdf,a we;s w¨;ska ksmojk ,o YS;ldrlhls fuh R12 fjkqjg
Ndú; lrhs
2 wjrkhs
3 mqmqrkafka ke;
4 jdhqf.da, mSvkfha§ ;dmdxlh - 30 0 C ls
5 .sks .kafka ke;
6 mßir WIaK;ajh by,g hdu flfrys l,ska n,mdhs
7 ´fidaka mg,h m¨ÿ lsÍu Y=kH ^0& fõ
8 úi iys;hs

YS;ldrl i|yd § we;s mSvk - WIaK;aj (Pressure - Temperature) j.= Ndú;d lr

YS;ldrl oehs yoqkd .; yelsh' m<uqj fnda;,hg fm%i¾ iúlr mSvkh igyka lr
.kak' mßirfha WIaK;ajh uek .kak' tkhska YS;ldrlh y÷kd .kak'

j.=j n,kak

TRANSFER OF REFRICERANS TO DISPOSABLE CYLINDERS

Storage is,skavrhlska YS;ldrlh Service is,skavrhlg .kakd wdldrh rEmfha olajd

we;'

rEmh n,kak

fuys§ service cylinder h fydÈka Cool lrkq ,efí' miqj th ;=<g rEmfha fmfkk
wdldrhg storage is,skavrfha isg YS;ldrl øjH scrvice is,skavrhl .,d taug i,iajkq

197
,efí' is,k
s v
a rh wjYH m%udKhg msreKq úg scrvice is,k
s v
a rfha jE,ajhka storage is,k
s v
a rfha
jE,ajhka jikq ,efí'

YS;lrK moaO;sj, ldkaoq mrSCId lrk wdldr

1' inka ødjKhla u.ska (Soap dolution)

2' fya,hsá fgdaÉtl u.ska (Halide torch)
3' bf,lag%daksla ,sma äfglagrh u.sk (Electronic leak detector)

1' inka ødjKhla u.ska ldkaoq mrSCId lsrSu

YS;lrK moaO;shl jdhqj ldkaoqjk ia:dkh inka o%djKh iu. nqnq,q we;s
lrhs'

rEmh n,kak'

2' Halide fgdaÉ tl u.ska ldkaÿ mÍCId lsÍu

fuu WmlrKh CFC YS;ldrl ldkaÿ fidhd .ekSu i|yd muKla Ndú; l< hq;=hs'
fuys oe,afjk fld< mdg l=vd oe,a, CFC YS;ldrlh iu. tl;= jQ úg ks,a fld, oe,a,la
njg m;afõ' oe,af,a j¾Kh fjkia ùfuka ldkaÿ y÷kd .; yelsh'

rEmh n,kak

3' Electronic leak detector tl u.ska ldkaÿ mÍCId lsÍu

fuh negß j,ska ls%hd lrk WmlrKhls' fuu WmlrKh jdhq ldkaÿjla wi,g
fhduq l, úg îc Yíohla fohs'

rEmh n,kak'

YS; ldrl is,skavr mßyrKh lsÍfï§ ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq

1 ks;ru YS;ldrl fnda;,a úh<s isis,a ia:dkhl .nvd lr ;eìh hq;=hs'

2 YS;ldrl is,skavr iïmQ¾Kfhkau msfrk fia YS;ldrlfhka fkdmsrúh
hq;h
= 's
3 is,skavr lsis Èkl .skakrg fyda wêl iQ¾h;dmhg YS;ldrl fkdl<
hq;h
= 's

198
 8' ;r, hka;%Kh i|yd jQ uQ,sl isoaOdka;
8'1 ;r, Ndú; WmlrKj, Ndú;h

;r,h mj;akd wjia:d folla fõ' tkï jdhq iy øj wjia:djhs' mod¾:h mßirh
;=< mj;akd >k" øj iy jdhq hk wjia:d w;ßka øj iy jdhq ;r, f,i y÷kajhs'

• kùk ;dCIKh ;=< ld¾hhka myiq lr .ekSu i|yd ;r,hka Ndú; lrk WmlrK
úYd, jYfhka fhdod .efka' øj Ndú;d lrk wjia:dj, oS fïjd ødj WmlrK
^Hydrolic& f,i ye|skafjk w;r jdhq mSvk weiqßka l%shd lrk WmlrK jdhquh
WmlrK ^Prumatic& f,i ye|ska fõ' fuhg wu;rj jdhq m%jdyhka Wmfhda.S lr.kakd
úg jdhq ^Gas& hkqfjka ye|ska fõ'
• .Dyia: j ;r, Ndú; WmlrK ms<sn|j m<uq j i,ld n,uq' .eUqre ,s|l isg c,h
by<g weo .ekSug fhdod .kakd c, fmdïmh nyq, f,i fhdod .kakd WmlrKhls'
úÿ,s mxldjla Ndú;d lrk wjia:djl oS jd;hg pd,l Yla;sh ,nd oS jdhq
m%jdyhla we;s lrk nj Tn w;aoel we;' th o ;r, Ndú; WmlrKhla f,i
ye|skaúh yels h' ksfjiaj, msßisÿ lrKh i|yd fhdod .kakd jel=ï la,Skrh
^Vacume Cleaner& jdhj WmlrKhls' ysiflia úh,kh ^Hair Drier& ;j;a ir,
;r, Ndú; WmlrKhla f,i ye|skaúh yel' ksfjiaj, Ndú; lrk fros fidaok
hka;%h o ;r, Ndú; WmlrKhls'
• kùk ;dCIKsl yd ld¾ñl lghq;=j, oS ;r, Ndú; WmlrK fhdod .kakd
wjia:d b;d mq¨,a mrdihl úysfohs' úYd, nr tiùu ^jdyk tiùu& i|yd ødj
celal= nyq, f,i fhdod .efka' fuhg wu;rj ødj nr Tijkhka^Hydrolic Cranes&
boslsÍï lghq;= i|yd fhdod .kakd wjia:d nyq, h' nq,afvdai¾ hka;%j, iy
^neflda hka;%& fmdf<dj ydrk hka;%j, hdka;%sl w;a iy fuj,ï l%shd lrjkafka
ødj mSvkfhks' jdyk fiajd lrk ia:dkj, jdyk by<g Tijk hka;% i|yd
fhdod .kafka o ødj mSvkhhs' f,day NdKav ksIamdok l%shdj,sfha oS r;ajQ f,day
l=Üáu; b;d by< mSvk ,nd oS NdKav yev.eiaùu i|yd ;r, mSvlhka ^øj fyd
jdhj& fhdod .ks' hdka;%sl ñg fhdod .ksñka yev ;,k wjia:dj, oS o ;r, mSvk
WmlrK nyq,j fhdod .efka'
• f,day $ ma,diaála jd;a;=lrKfha oS WKq lrK ,o øjH mSvkhla iys; j wÉpq ;=<g
heùu i|yd o jdhj fyda ødj mSvkh Wmfhda.s l .efka' frdfnda hka;% u.ska
ld¾hh isÿlr.kakd fudag¾ jdyk ksIm a dok wdh;kj, oS frdfnda hka;% l%h
s dlrùu
i|yd o ;r, Ndú; lrhs' mß.Kl iydh lr.kakd iajhxl%Sh l¾udka;Yd,d
hka;%Kj, oS tkï ,shjk hka;%" ñ,sx hka;%" yev.dk hka;% wdoSh l%shdlrùug iy
md,kh lÍug jdhj iy ødj mSvkh Wmfhda.S lr .efka' fudag¾ jdyk frdaOl
moaO;s l%shd lrùu i|yd o ødj mSvkh iy jdhj mSvkh fhdod .kq ,efí' f,day

1
 ksiaidrKh i|y fmdf<dfjka ,nd.kakd hmia Odrd W!Iaul ;=< WKq lsÍu i|yd
b;d by< mSvkhla iys; WKQiqï jd; oyrd Wmfhda.S lr.ks'
úYd, mßudKfha f,day fldgiaj, u,lv iy wmøjH bj;a lsÍu^Wod#-
fk!ld n|ka msßisÿ lsÍu& i|yd Sand Blowing kñka ye|skafjk l%uhla Wmfhda.S
lr .kS' fuys oS b;d by< mSvkhla iy m%fõ.hla iys; j keiskaklska úoskq
,nk jdhq m%jdyhlg je,s jefgkakg i,iajhs' fï ksid wêl m%fõ.hlska hq;a
je,s iy jdhq m%jdyhla f,day fldgia u; jeoSug i,iajd u;= msg wm øjH bj;a
lrhs' fudag¾ jdyk fiajd ia:dkj, jdyk j, we;s wmøjH bj;a lsÍu i|yd
fõ.j;a wêmSvk c, m%jdyhka iy jdhq m%jdyhka Wmfhda.S lr .efka'
ùÿre iy ma,diaála NdKav ksIamdokfha oS øjH WKQ lsÍu i|yd Wÿka
l%shdlrùug fuka u" ú¥re $ ma,diaála msïîu Blowing i|yd o iïmSä; jdhq oyrd
fhdod .efka' úisß mska;dre lrKfha oS ^Spray Painting& iïmSä; jd;h fhdod
.kakd nj Tn oel we;'

wm fuf;la i,ld ne¨fõ" iïm%odhsl ;r, Ndú; WmlrK jk kuq;a wdrCIl

wxY ^fmd,sia$hqo yuqod& wju ydkshla iys; j l,n,ldÍ msßia m<jd yeÍu i|yd c,
m%ydrhka t,a, lrk whqre iy .sks ksjk yuqod Nghka .sks ksùu i|yd fõ.j;a c,
m%jdyhka Ndú; lrk whqre we;eï úg Tn oel we;'
fuys oS Ndú; lrkafka o mSvkhg m;a lrk ,o c,hhs'
hka;% fldgia w;r >¾IKh iy lïmkh wju lsÍu i`oyd o ;r, Ndú; flf¾'
tlsfkl iam¾Y fjñka p,s; jk hka;% fldgia w;r tu p,s;hkag tfrys j l%shd
lrk n,h >¾IKh f,i ye`oska fõ' fufia we;s jk >¾IKh fya;=fjka tajdhska
Yío msg jk nj ksÍlaIKh l< yels h' tu wjia:dj,oS Yío we;s jkafkA lïmk
fya;=fjka jk w;r fuu >¾IKh iy lïmkh wju lsÍu i`oyd hka;% fldgia
w;rg ;r,hla fhoSu isÿ lrhs'
fufia fhdokq ,nk ;r, iafkayl f,i ye`oska fõ' iafkayl fhdod we;s úg p,s;h
jk hka;% fldgiaj, iam¾Y mDIaG w;r /f`oñka tajd tlsfkl iam¾Y ùu wju
lrhs' fuhska f,day .egqï wvq ù >¾IKh iy lïmk wju fõ'
fudag¾ jdyk tkaðka i`oyd iafkayl f;,a j¾. fhdok nj Tn w;aoel ;sfí' fuu
f;,a mSvk fmdïmhl wdOdrfhka tkaðfï p,s; fldgia w;rg hjkq ,efí' fufia
hjkq ,nk f;,aj,ska >¾IKh wju lsÍug wu;r j ;j;a ld¾hhka .Kkdjla bgq
fõ'
• tu f;,a hka;% fldgia w;r msßisÿ ldrlhla f,i l%shd lrhs' tfuka u tkaðka
is,skavr ì;a;s iy msiagka w;r uqødjla we;s lrhs' tkaðka fldgiaj, yg.kakd
;dmh bj;g f.khdug Wmldr lrñka isis,lhla f,i o l%shd lrhs' uq,ska i`oyka
l< mßos lïmk jdrlhla f,i l%shd lrhs'
fï whqßka iafkayl f,i ;r, Ndú; lrk wjia:d ;j;a fndafyda .Kkla we;'
l¾udka;Yd,d hka;% .Dyia: j Ndú; lrk hkaf;%damlrK úÿ,s fudag¾ úÿ,s ckl
wdoS úYd, mrdihla ;=< iafkayl l%shdj,sh i`oyd ;r, Ndú; lrhs'

2
 jdyk wj,ïnk moaO;s ^Suspen stion System& i`oyd fhdod we;s lïmk jdrlj, oS
ÿkqj, we;s jk foda,k l%h
s dfõ oS tajdhska Yla;h
s bj;a lsÍug lïmk jdrl ^Shockab
sorbers& Ndú; fõ' fïjdfha oS o ÿkq foda,khla u`.ska we;s lrk hdka;%sl Yla;sh
;dm Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh lr foda,k l%shd md,kh i`oyd fhdod .kafka ;r,hka
h'
wm fuf;la idlÉPd lrk ,oafoa ;r,hla ;=<g Yla;sh we;=`M fldg m%fhdackhg .;a
wjia:djka h' ;r,hl .eí j we;s Yla;Ska wmf.a m%fhdackhg .ekSu o kùk ;dlaIKh
;=< iq,N h'
c, úÿ,s n,d.drhl oS isÿ jk foa úu¾Ykh lruq' c,fha we;s úNj pd,l fyda mSvk
Yla;sh c, frdaohla fyda g¾nhskhla u.ska hdka;%sl Yla;sh njg m;a flf¾' fuu hdka;%sl
Yla;sh úÿ,s ckl hka;% l%shdlr ùug fhdod .kakd w;r úÿ,s n,h fndfyda wE; m%foaY
j,g /yeka Tiafia iïfm%aIKh lrñka m%fhdackhg .kS'
j¾Ifha jeä ld,hla iq<x m%jdyhka iys; ia:dkj, boslr we;s iq<x fuda, ^Wind mills&
u.ska o iq<x m%jdyhl we;s pd,l Yla;sh m%fhdackhg f.k úÿ,s Yla;sh ,nd .kS'
fï wkqj ;r, Ndú; WmlrK Ndú;fha iSud udhsï wm is;=jdg;a jvd fndfyda jeä nj
fmfkk w;r u fïjd ;j ;j;a mq`M,a fjñka mj;sk nj fmfka'
oeka ;r, Ndú; WmlrK tajd m%fhdackhg .kakd lafIa;% iy Ndú;h wkqj j.=jl
wdldrfhka olajuq'

3
 ;r, Ndú; WmlrK

l¾udka; lafIa;%h
.Dy yd jdKsc lafIa;%h

- c, fmdïmh n, Yla;s lDIs ld¾ñl iy f,day ksiaidrK yd NdKav ksIamdok fudag¾ jdyk
fiajd ksIamdok úia;drh
- mxld ^wjdka& s ï
boslÍ ksIamdok - frdafnda hka;%
- fidaok hka;% - c, frdao - Odrd W!Iaul l%shdlr ùu - fiaoSï yd fiajd
-Vaccumm Cleaners - c, g¾nhsk - fnij¾ mrsj¾;l - frdaOl i`oyd - Tijk hka;%
- Hair Driars - iq<x fuda, - .sks Wÿka l%shdlrùu - iafkayl i`oyd - Sand blowing
- bisk hka;% - lïmk jdrl - wdydr ieliqï

4
- jHdj¾; mßj¾;l - .sks ksùu
ødj Tijk nq,afvdai¾ g%elag¾ ydrk hka;% lïmk - ;r, w`ÿk
^Vibration&
wÉpq jd;a;= yev;e,Sï f,day f;rmqï frosms,s lvodis ma,diaála
l¾udka;Yd,d úisrmsk;a drelrKh
ùÿre Spray painting
hka;%
ødj mSvk - hka;% l%shdlrùu
Moulding rn¾ NdKav
- hka;% md,kh
jdhj fudag¾ jdhj mSvk - frdfnda yia; l%shdlrùu
wÉpq .ekaùu
ødj fudag¾ Rams msïîu - ødj$jdhj ødj$jdhj ixfõol
is,skavr fudagr Sensors
ødj jdhj is,skavr Oukslr Blowers
8'2 ;r, hka;%j, l%shdldß;ajh

;r, hka;% ms<sn| lreKq yeoEÍu ioyd ;r,hkays fmdÿ .;s,laIK ms<sn| lreKq
yeoEÍula wjYH fõ' fmdÿfõ ;r, hkqfjka y÷ka jk mod¾:fhys wjia:d m%Odk jYfhka
fldgia follg fnodoelaúh yels fõ' tkaï"
² jdhq (Gas)
² øj (Liquid)
øjhla hkq ialkaOhla iys; th wvx.= wjldYfha yevh .kakd kuq;a .=re;aj
n,hg hg;a j mj;akd mod¾:h mj;sk wjia:dj f,i ir, j oelaúh yel'
jdhqjla hkq ialkaOhla iys; th wvx.= uq`M wjldYfha u yevh .kakd mod¾:h
mj;sk wjia:dj hs' jdhq wxY= w;r mr;r øjhl wxY= w;r mr;rj,g idfmalaI j b;d
jeä neúka mSvkh yuq fõ' úYd, mßud fjkila ^iïmSvH;djla& we;s lr .ks'
;r, mSvkh hkqfjka y÷kajkafka ;r,hla u.ska lsishï talSh lafIa;% M,hla u;
we;s lrk n,hls' ;r, mSvk uekSu ioyd cd;Hka;r tallh meial,h jk w;r meial,a
tlla hkq j¾. óg¾ 1 la u; ls%hd lrk ksõgka tlla 1 N n,h f,i olajkq ,nhs'

;r, mSvkh ukskq ,nk ;j;a Ndú; tall lsysmhla my; olajd we;'
² 1 nd¾ bar = 105 Pa fõ'
² 1 Kg/cm2 = 9.81 x 104 Pa fõ'
² 1 N/cm2 = 104 Pa fõ'
² P.S.I. = fuh ì%;dkH ñkqï tallhla jk w;r mSvkh
j¾. w`.,g rd;a;,a hkqfjks'
>k wjia:dfõ mj;sk mod¾: fldgila u;g n,hla fhÿ úg tu n,h ls%hd
lrkafka n,h fhfok osYdjg jk kuq;a ;r,hl oS tfia fkdfõ' fuh meyeos,s lsÍu
i|yd meial,a kï úoHd{hd bosßm;a l< kshuhla Wmfhda.S fõ' fuh meial,af.a ;r,
mSvk kshuh f,i y÷ka jhs'

² meial,a kshuh
ksYap,;djfha mj;sk ;r,hla hï ,laIHhla u; we;s mSvkh iEu osYdjg u
iudk w.hla .kS'
;r,hla ;=<ska Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lrk wjia:dj, oS fuu .;s .=Kh b;d
m%fhdackj;a fõ'
1' my; rEm igyfka olajd we;s wdldrfha øjhla mqrjd we;s n÷kla i,luq' fuys m;=f,ys
j¾.M,h A hhs is;uq' mqrjd we;s ;r,fha Wi H f,i .ksuq'
2' ;r,fha >k;ajh W f,i i,luq' ;r,fha nr tys m;=, u; jq lafIa;%M,h jk A u;
lsh
% dlrhs'

5
A g by<ska mj;sk ;r,fha mßudj = A x H fõ'
;r,fha >k;ajh = ialkaOh = W
mßudj

túg ;r,fha ialkaOh = ;r,fha >k;ajh x mßudj

m;=, u; ls%hdlrk n,h = ;r,fha >k;ajh
= ;r,fha >k;ajh x mßudj
= W x A x H.
kuq;a m;=, u; ls%hd lrk mSvkh = n,h = WA H = W.H. fõ'
j¾.M,h A

fuu w.h n,h uksk cd;Hka;r tallj,ska ,nd .ekSu ioyd .=re;ajc ;ajrKh
^g) ka iólrKh .=K l< hq;= fõ'

we;eï wjia:dj, >k;ajh f,i f.k we;s w;r h' túg iólrKh Pgh fõ'
úYsIag .=re;ajh 8 la jQ f;,a j¾.hla wvx.= gexlshl óg¾ 1 la .eUqfrys mSvkh fidhuq'

f;,aj, >k;ajh = 8 x 1000 kg -3 ^c,fha >k;ajh

1000 kg m 3)
.eUqr = 1m
mSvkh = 8 x 1000 x 1 kg-2
= 800 kg m-2 fõ'

6
 by; rEmigyfka olajd we;s wdldrfha WmlrK wegjqula i,luq
fuys A iy B kï jQ is,k
s v
a r folla isyk
s a k<hlska hd lr we;' is,k
s v
a r ;r,hlska mqrjd
;,h uqødjk mßos msiagk fhdod we;' is,skavrfha msiagkh u; P n,hla fh¥ wjia:dj
ie,l+ úg'
;r,h u; fhfok n,h = P
msiagkfha yrialv j¾.M,h = P
Q ^a hkq A msiagkfha
yrialv j¾.M,hhs&

meial,a kshuh wkqj fuu mSvkh ;r,h ;=< iEu osYdjg u ls%hd lrk ksid B
msiagkfha ;r,hg iam¾I jk mDIaGh u; o ls%hd lrkafka fuu mSvk hhs'
túg B msiagkh u; ls%hd lrk n,h =P x b (b hkq B ys msiagkfha
Q yrialv j¾.M,h hs&

fuu uQ,O¾uh kùk hkaf;%damlrK fndfyda .Kkl fhdod ;sfí' fuh fhdod .;a
ir, wjia:djla jk ødj celal=jla (Hydrauloe Jack) i,ld n,uq'

fuys oS ndysr gexlsfha we;s f;,a w;a ,Sjrh u`.ska ls%hd lrkq ,nk fmdïmfhka
wNHka;r is,skavrhg fmdïm lrhs' fuu celal=fjka ,nd .; yels ffioaOdka;sl hka;%
jdish i|yd ndysr is,skavrfha j¾.M,h j'fi'ó' 2 la iy wNHka;r is,skavrfha j¾.M,h
j'fi'ó' 50 la f,i .ksuq' w;a ,Sjrfha ,Sjr wkqmd;h 12( 1 la f,i i,luq'

7
w;a ,Sjrh u; 1 N n,hla fh¥ úg ,Sjr wkqmd;h ksid w;a fmdïm isiagkh u; fhfok
n,h 12N fõ' w;afmdïm msiagkfha yrialv j'm,h j'fi'ó' 2 g jk ksid
;r,h u; fhfok mSvkh = 12 N/cm2(Ncm -2) = 6
2
fuu mSvkh ?uh u; fhfoa
fuys oS fhfok n,h = 6N/cm2 x 50cm2
= 300 N

fï wkqj 1 ( 300 l ffioaOdka;sl hka;% jdishla ,nd .ekSu celal=jlska yels fõ'
nq,afvdai¾ hka;% ødj nr Tijk hka;% wdosh fuka u fudag¾ jdykj, ødj frdaOl l%uj,
oS o fhdod .kq ,nkafka fuu uQ, O¾uh u fõ'

iafkaylhla f,i ;r, Ndú; lsÍu'

iafkaylhla hkq tlsfkl iam¾Y fjñka idfmalaI j p,s; jk fldgia folla

w;r >¾IKh wju lsÍu ioyd fhdod .kakd øjH fõ'

>¾IKh wju lsÍu i|yd iafkayl ls%hd lrk wdldrh

>¾IKh we;sjkafka mDIaG w;r mj;sk r`M iajNdjh ksidh' fuu r`M iajNdjh
iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a l< fyd;a >¾IK rys; ;;ajhg m;a l< yels kuq;a tfia lsÍu
m%dfhda.sl j b;d wmyiq h'
r`M mDIaG folla w;rg iafkaylhla fh¥ úg mDIaG tlsfkl wE;a lr.ksñka
iafkaylh r`M ia:dk w;rg ßx.d hhs' tneúka >¾IKh wvq fõ'

iafkaylh i|yd Ndú; lrk f;,a j¾.

fjf<| fmdf<ys we;s iafkayl f;,a tajdfha ÿiai%djH;dj wkqj wxl lr ;sfí'
ÿiai%djH;dj hkq øjhla .,d hdug olajk m%;sfrdaOhhs' iafkayl f;,aj, ÿiai%djH;dj
ye|skaùug fla; wxl l%uhla Ndú; fõ' fuu wxlj, w.hhka by<g hk úg f;,aj,
8
ÿiai%djH;d w.h by< hhs' ÿiai%djH;d wxlhg fmr we;s S.A.E. hkafkys f;areu (Socity
of Automobile Engineers) ^fudag¾ jdyk bxðfkarejkaf.a ix.uh& hkakhs' idudkHfhka
fudag¾ jdyk tkaðu i|yd fhdod .kq ,nk iafkayl f;,a j, wxlh S.A.E - 30 -
S.A.E 40 w;r fõ' ksjfia uyd hka;%h ioyd fhdod .kakd f;,a S.A.E 5 fyda S.A.E
10 fõ' fïjd ms<sn| jeämqr f;dr;=re fïjd úl=Kkq ,nk bkaok y,aj,ska imhd .; yels
h'

;r,hl wvx.= Yla;sh

my; oelafjk mßos ;r,hla ;=< wdldr 3 lg Yla;sh .eí ù ;sìh yels h'
1& pd,l Yla;sh wdldrhg
2& mSvk Yla;sh wdldrhg
3& úNj Yla;sh wdldrhg fõ'
.,d hk ;r, m%jdyhla ie,l+ úg tys m%fõ.h ksid ;r,h w;alrf.k we;s
Yla;sh tys pd,l Yla;sh fõ' ;r, mSvkh f,i o Yla;sh .eí ù mj;S'
;r,h tys msysàu ksid úNj Yla;sh w;a lr .kS' lsishï kshdul wlaIhl isg
;r,h mj;sk Wi tys wvx.= úNj Yla;shg n,mdk m%Odk idOlh fõ'

lsishï kshdul wlaIhg óg¾ H Wiska msysá ;r, ialkaOhla i,luq' rEmigyfka
oelafjk f,i tu ;r,h k<hla osf.a .,d f.dia bj;g .,d hkafka hhs is;uq'
gexlsfha we;s c,fh ys úNj Yla;sh M.g.H fõ' Yla;shg mßj¾;kh fjñka m%jdyfha
m%fõ.h jeä lr .kS' újrfhka msgjk ;r,fha m%fõ.h Vms -1 f,i ie,l+ úg tys pd,l
Yla;sh 1/2 mv2 fõ' újrh jid we;s wjia:djla .ksuq' tys mSvkh jYfhka Yla;sh mj;S'
th mSvk Yla;sh f,i ye|skaúh yel'
fï wkqj ;r,h .,d hk moaO;shla ie,l+ úg úNj Yla;sh mSvk Yla;sh iy
pd,l Yla;sh f,i tlsfklg mßj¾;kh fjñka mj;sk Yla;s moaO;shla o Tng oel .;
yels jkq we;'

9
;r, Ndú; WmlrKj, fhÿï

kùk ;dlaIKh ;=< ;r, Ndú; lrk wjia:d b;d úYd, mrdihla .kS' ;r,hla
hkq øj fyda jdhq wjia:dfõ mj;sk mod¾; hhs' ;r, Ndú; WmlrK ;r,h fhdod .kakd
wdldrh wkqj j¾. l< yels h' tajd kï"
I& ;r,hla ;=<g Yla;sh fhdok ^.eí lrK& WmlrK
II& ;r,hlska Yla;sh Wlyd .kakd WmlrK
III & ;r,hla u`.ska Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lrk WmlrK
IV& iafkayl f,i ;r, fhdod.kakd WmlrK
fuhska uq,a wjia:d ;=fkys oelafjk WmlrKh ;r, hka;% f,i yeoskafõ' ;r,
hka;% m%Odk jYfhka j¾. follg fjka l< yels h'
tajd kï I ødj hka;%
II jdhj hka;%
ødj hka;%(- I øjhla ;=<g Yla;sh .eí lrk hka;% ødj fmdïm f,i
ye`oska fõ'
II øjhlska Yla;sh Wlyd .kakd hka;% ødj g¾nhsk ødjfrdao
f,i ye`oska fõ'
III øjhla u`.ska Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lrk wjia:d ødj Yla;s
iïfm%aIK f,i ye`oskafõ'

jdhj hka;% (- I jdhq iïmSvl f,i ye|ska fjkafka jdhj mSvkh úNj Yla;h
s
f,i /ia lrk hka;% fõ' (Air C ompressers)
II jd; mSvkh Ndú; lrñka lsh
% d lrjk w.%jegqï hka;"% frdgr
hka;%" jdhj fudag¾" lïml" nyq, f,i Ndú; fjhs'

øjhl .eí j we;s Yla;sh ms<sn| n¾fkdhs,s uQ,O¾uh

øjhla ;=< Yla;sh .eí j we;af;a" pd,l" úNj" iy mSvk" Yla;Ska hk wdldrhg
h' n¾fkdhs,s kï jQ iaúia cd;sl bxðfkarejrfhla fuu Yla;Ska ms<sn| j ls%' j' 1738
bosßm;a l< kshuh my; oelafjk mßos fõ'

n¾f.dhs,s kshuh (-
wkjr;" wiïmSvH" ;r, m%jdyhl ´kEu ,laIHh folla yryd yria lvhkays
iuia; Yla;Ska tlsfklg iu w.hla .kS'
fuh meyeos,s lr .ekSu i|yd k<hla ;=<ska .,d hk ;r, m%jdyhla ie,ls,a,g .ksuq'
my; rEmigyfka oelafjkafka fÜm¾ k<hla ;=<ska .,d hk wkjr; wiïmSvH ;r,
m%jdyhls'

10
 x , x1 iy y , y1 hkq tys A ,laIHh yryd iy B ,laIHh yryd yrialvhka fõ'
x , x1 yrialvh yryd ;r,fha mj;sk úNj" pd,l" yd mSvk" Yla;Skaf.a tl;=j fyj;a
iuia;" Yla;sh y , y1 yrialvh yryd iuia; Yla;shg iudk jk nj n¾fkdhs,s kshuh
mjihs'
x , x1 yria lvfhaoS ;r,fha úNj Yla;sh y , y1 yrialvhg meñKSfïoS wvq jk
kuq;a x , x1 yrialvfha pd,l iy mSvk Yla;Ska y , y1 yrialvfha oS jeä fõ'

Yla;s YS¾Ih ^Energy Head)

;r,hl .eífjk pd,l"mSvk" iy úNj" Yla;Ska ;r, lf`oa Wilska oelafjk mßos ilia
lr.;a úg .Kkh lsÍï myiq jk neúka ødj úoHdfõ oS ish¨ u Yla;Ska Yla;s YS¾Ihka
njg mßj¾;kh lr .ekSu myiq fõ'

Yla;s YS¾Ihka Energy Heads

I úNj YS¾Ih
kshdul wlaIhl (Datum line) isg Z Wilska we;s ;r,hla .ksuq' ;r,fha ialkaOh
M kg >k jk w;r kshdul wlaIfhys isg we;s Wi Z, m fõ kï" ;r,fha úNj Yla;sh
lsf,da.%Eï óg¾ MZ fõ' fuys úYsIag w.h fyj;a ;r, lsf,da.%Euhla w;alr .kakd úNj
Yla;sh ,nd .ekSu ioyd fuu w.h M j,ska fnosh hq;= fõ'
túg M kg x Zm = Zm fõ'
M kg

fuh úNj Yla;s YS¾Ih f,i oelafjk w;r ,efnkafka ;r, lfoa Wi óg¾j,ska
fyda ,nd.;a os. uksk tallhlsks'

II pd,l Yla;s YS¾Ih

1 2
ialkaOh M jQ jia;=jla V m%fõ.fhka p,kh jk úg tys pd,l Yla;sh MV
2

f,i pd,l Yla;s iólrKfhka ,efí'

11
 ;r, M ialkaOh;a V m%fõ.h;a p,kh jk wjia:dfõ tu ;r,fha pd,l Yla;sh

fõ'

;r, tla ialkaO tallhla ioyd ^úYsIag w.h& fuu iólrKh fh¥ úg'

fõ

fuu w.h .=re;ajc ;ajrKfhka ^g) fnouq'

fõ'

fuys oS o W;a;rh ,efnkafka = m ^os. uksk tallhlska& jk w;r

hkq pd,l Yla;s YS¾Ih fõ'

III mSvkh ioyd tallh f,i .ksuq'

;r,fha mSvkh P kï ;r,fha >k;ajh f,i .;a úg"

fõ

by; m%;sm, wkqj"

² ;r,fha úNj Yla;sfha úYsIag w.h fyj;a ialkaO tallhla ioyd úNj Yla;s
YS¾Ih Z m fõ'
² pd,l Yla;shfha úYaIag w.h fyj;a ialkaO tallhla i`oyd pd,l Yla;s YS¾Ih

m%fõ.h V jQ úg fõ'

² mSvk Yla;sfha úYaIag w.h fyj;a ialkaO tallhla ioyd mSvk Yla;s YS¾Ih

;r,fha mSvkh P iy >k;ajh W jQ úg fõ'

12
 oeka' n¾fkdhs,s kshuh wkqj ;r, m%jdyfha ´keu yrialvla ioyd iuia;
Yla;sh úNj Yla;s YS¾Ih + pd,l Yla;s YS¾Ih + mSvk Yla;s YS¾Ih = ksh;hls'

fuu m%;sM,h ;r, m%jdyhl tla tla yria lvhkays w.hhka .Kkh lsÍu ioyd
fhdod .; yels h' n¾f.dhs,s uQ,O¾uh u; f.dv ke.=Kq by; iólrKh ;r,hla m%jdyh
ùfï oS we;s jk Yla;s ydkSka fkdi,ld yer we;' kuq;a m%dfhda.sl j ;r, wdYS%; ls%hd
ldrlïj,oS fkdfhla wdldrhg Yla;sh ydks ùu isÿ fõ'

Wod(- 1' >¾IK ydksh Friction Loss

2' lïmk ydks Shock Losses
3' flakaø wmidÍ Centrifugle forces

I >¾Ik ydksh
;r,hla m%jdyh jk úg ;r, k<h ;=< oS ";r,fha wkq Bg idfmalaI j ksyap, j
we;s k<fha ì;a;sh iu. >¾IKh fõ' fuys oS ;r,fha wvx.= Yla;sfhka fldgila
fuu >¾IKh uev meje;aùug fhfok w;r Yla;sh ;dmh njg yef¾' >¾IK
ydksh ioyd n¾fkdhs,s iólrKhg fYdaNk mohla tla lr Ndú; l< yels fõ'

II lïmk ydks
;r,hla m%jdyh ùfïoS " we;sjk ødj fmd,d mekSï ^/,s& iy iïmSvkh ùï
m%idrKh ùï ksid o ;r,hl wvx.= Yla;sh ydks fõ' fuys oS o ;r,fha .eí ù we;s
Yla;sh ;dmh njg yef¾'

III flakaø wmidÍ n,

;r,hla pl% ud¾.j, .uka lrk úg we;s jk flakaø wmidÍ n,hhka ksid o
;r,hl .eíù we;s Yla;sh ydks fõ' ;r, ud¾. ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS yels;dla
pl%;dj wju jk fia ks¾udKh fuu Yla;s ydksh wju lr .; yels h'

jdhq yd jdhj ;dlaIKfha oS Wmfhda.S lr.kakd ;r, Ndú; WmlrK

jdhq yd jdhj ;dlaIKfha oS my; i`oyka uQ,sl WmlrK iy Wmdx. fhdod .efka'
² jdhq iïmSvk (Air Compressors)
² wka;¾ isis,k ^miqisis,k& (Intercoolers, Aptercoolers)
² jdhq fmryka (Air fitters)
² yE,a¨lr jE,aj (Unloader Valves)
² ksrdmo jE,aj (Safty Valves)

13
 ² md,l jE,aj (Control Valves)
² k< ud¾. (Tube lines)

by; oelafjk WmlrK iy Wmdx. iïmSvk jd;h ksIamdokh lsßu ioyd fhdod
.efka' iïmSä; jd;h m%fhdackhg .kakd fyda ld¾h isÿlsÍfï oS fhdod.kakd
WmlrK lsysmhla my; oelafõ'

² jdhj mSvk is,skav¾ Pnumatic Pressure Cylinders

² jdhj fudag¾ Pnumatic Motors
² Pnumatic Rams
² iújr udOH Porous medium
² keisks Nozzel

jdhq iïmSvk
jdhq iïmSvlhla u.ska idudkH wvq mSvk hgf;a mj;sk idudkH jd;h fyda jdhq
by< mSvkhlg m;a lrkq ,efí' jdhqjl mSvkh by< kxjk úg tys mßudj wvq
fõ' fufia ùu ir, f,i iïmSvkh ùu f,i ye|skaúh yels h'

jdhq iïmSvk .Kkdjla ;dlaIK lghq;=j, oS Ndú; flf¾' iïmSvlhla f;dard

.ekSfïoS i,ld nef,k m%Odk lreKq jkafka wjYH mSvkh iy jdhq m%udkhhs'
wêmSvk wjYH;d ioyd fndfydaúg Ndú; jkafka w.%jegqï j¾.fha iïmSvlhka
fõ'
fïjdg wu;r j úúO wjYH;d u; Ndú; lrk jdhq iïmSvk j¾. .Kkdjla
fjhs'
² ;j;a ie,lsh hq;= lreKla jkafka øj i|yd Ndú; jk úg fmdïm f,i yÿkajkq
,nk ;r, hka;%hka ish,a,u jdhq ioyd Ndú; lrk úg iïmSvk f,i ye|skaùuhs'
fmdïm iy iïmSvk ms<sn| j ie,lSfï oS tajdfha ls%hdldÍ uQ,O¾uhka fndfyda
ÿrg iudk jk neúka bosß mßÉfþofha oS y÷kajd fokq ,nk fmdïm weiqßka
iïmSvlhkaf.a ls%hdldß;ajh meyeos,s lr .; yels fõ'
my; oelafjk igyk u.ska fmdïmj, iy iïmSvkj, iudk;ajh meyeoss,s jkq
we;'
ødj fmdïm jdhq iïmSvl
w.% jegqï fmdïm - w.% jegqï iïmSvl
flakaø wmidÍ fmdïm - flakaø wmidÍ iïmSvl
fõk j¾.fha fmdïm - fõka j¾.fha iïmSvl
ialDD j¾.fha fmdïm - ialDD j¾.fha iïmSvl
rEÜia j¾.fha fmdïm - rEÜia íf,dajrh
wl,Sh j¾.fha fmdïm - wl,Sh j¾.fha iïmSvl
(Axial Pumps) (Axial Compresers)

14
ld¾h ioyd jdhj n,h fhdod .ekSu
kùk ;dlaIKh fõofha oS hka;% WmlrK ls%hd lrùu ioyd jdhj n,h nyq,
f,i fhdod .efka' myiqfjka md,kh l< yels ùu myiqfjka iïfm%aIKh l< yels ùu'
wk;=re odhl núka wvq ùu' jdhj n,h fhdod .ekSfï oS ,efnk jdiSka fõ' tfuka u
ìialÜ" whsialS%ï" fpdla,Ü" flala j¾. wdydr øjH ieliqï iy weiqreï lrk l¾udka;
Yd,dj, hka;% ls%hd lrùug jdhj Yla;sh fhdod .ekSfuka wdydr øjHj,g wmú;% øjH
tlaùu wju l< yels h' iïmSvk jd;h ;=< .eí lr we;s úNj Yla;sh WmlrK lrd k<
ud¾. Tiafia iïfm%aIKh fldg ta ta WmlrKj,g fhoSfuka ld¾h i|yd fhdod .efka'

jdhj ld¾h lsÍfï Wml%u ^WmlrK&

I keisks Nozzels
II iújr Poroñ Devices
III jdhj is,skavr ^msiagka j¾.h& Air Cylinders Pistontypes
IV jdhj is,skavr ^m%dÖr j¾.h& Air Cylinders Diaphragm Type
V N%uk is,skavr Rotating Cylinders
VI jdhj fudag¾ Air Motors (Puumatic Motors)

keisks Nozzels
keiskakla hkq iïmSvk jd;h md,khla iys; j m%jdyh lrkq ,nkakls' ñksid
keisks iïmSä; jd;fha wvx.= jk úNj Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh njg m;a lrk Wml%u f,i
ye|skaúh yels h' keisks g¾nhskj, lerl=ï n,h ks¾udKh lr .ekSu i|yd o Ndú; fõ'
keiskakla Rcq jd; m%jdyhla ,nd .ekSu ioyd fhdod .efka' fuu jdhq m%jdyhka hka;%
fldgia msßisÿ lsÍu" úisß mska;drelrKh úh,Su wdoS ld¾hhka ioyd fhdod .efka'

iújr udOH Porous Devices

úYd, yrialvhla ;=<ska taldldÍ m%fõ.fhka hq;a jd; m%jdyhla wjYH jQ úg
iújr udOH Ndú; lrkq ,efí' iújr udOH ;=<ska lemSu ioyd Ndú; lrkqfha iïmSvk
jd;h hs'

15
msiagka j¾.fha jdhq is,skavr
fïjd m%Odk jYfhka j¾. follg fnfoa' tkï tlla ls%hdldÍ j¾.fha is,skav¾
(Single Acting Cylinder) iy oaú;aj lsh
% dldÍ (Double Acting Ceylinders& j¾.fha hkqfjks'
tl;a ls%hdldÍ j¾.fha oS (Single Acting Cylinder) is,skavrfha tlamilg muKla jd;
mSvkh fhfok w;r fow;a ls%hdldÍ j¾.fha oS is,skavrfha msiagkfhka fomig u jd;
mSvkh fhdohs' msiagka j¾.fha jdhq is,skavr fhdod.kq ,nkafka w.%jegqï p,s;hka we;s
lr .ekSu i|yd h'

msiagka j¾.fha jdhq is,skavrhla u.ska ,nd .; yels n,h

iïmSvk jd;fha mSvkh = P pa

msiagkfha yrialv j¾. ( M,h = A m2
iïmSä; jd;h u.ska msiagkh u; fhfok n,h = P x A = N
;dlaIKsl lghq;=j, oS jdhj WmlrK fhdod .kakd wjia:dj, fuu msiagka
j¾.fha jdhq is,skavr nyq, j fhdod .efka' jdhq ldkaÿ je,elaaùu ioyd jdfka uqÿ (Piston
Ringes) fhdod .efka'

;ks ls%hdldrs is,skavrh

oajs;aj ls%hdldrS is,skavrh

16
 jdhj hka;%j, w.%jegqï p,s;hka we;s lr .ekSu ioyd jdhj is,skavr Ndú;
flf¾' is,skavr ;=<g fhdok jd;h md,kh lsÍfuka msiagka oKav (Piston rod) u;
fhfok n,h iy p,s; ÿr md,kh l< yels h' tl;a j¾.fha jdhj is,skavrj, wdmiq
ls%hdj i`oyd ÿkq fhdod we;s w;r oaú;aj ls%hdldÍ is,skavrj, fomig u jdhj mSvkh
fhoSfuka p,s;h iy n,h md,kh lrhs'

m%dÖr is,skavr ^Diaph¾gm Cylinders)

flá w.%jegqï p,s; ,nd .ekSu i`oyd jdhj moaO;sj, oS m%dÖr is,k
s v
a r fhdod.efka'
fuu is,skavrhla m%dÖrhla u.ska l=àr follg fnod .kq ,nk w;r tla milg m%;sls%hdj
ÿkla fhdod.kS' ^rEm igyk n,kak& wfkla mig fhdod .kq ,nk Wml%uhla u.ska jd;
mSvkh ,nd oS m%dÖrh u; we;slrk n,fhka oKav ;,a¨ lr .kS' jdykj, jdhj n,fhka
ls%hd lrk frdaOl moaO;s ioyd fuu is,skavr nyq, j fhdod .efka'

N%ul is,skavr Rotating Cylinders

iïmSä; jd;h weiqßka flá N%uk p,s; we;s lr .ekSu ioyd fuu is,skavr
ks¾udKh fldg ;sfí' fïjd ioyd fhdod f.k we;af;a l=vd oj frdaohla iy oe;s ;,õ

17
folls' oe;s ;,õj,g iïnkaO msiagk fomig jd; mSvkh fhoSfuka fuu is,skavr ls%hd
lrj hs' fuh ilia lr we;s wdldrh rEm igyk wOHhkh lsÍfuka jgyd .; yels fõ'

jdhj moaO;sj, md,l Wml%u

jdhj mSvkh u.ska ls%hdlrjkq ,nk hka;% yeisrùu iy md,kh ioyd fhdod .kq
,nk Wmdx. .Kkdjla fjhs' tajd ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu fuys wruqK fõ'
jdhj mSvkh yeisrùu i|yd fhdod.kq ,nk jE,aj my; oelafjk mßos fõ'
1' tla osid jE,aj Single direction valves
2' foosid jE,aj Two way valves
3' îr¨ jE,aj Spool Valves
4' y;= jE,aj Popet Valves
5' mSvk md,l jE,aj Pressure Regulators
tla osid jE,aj
fuu jE,aj fhdod .kq ,nkafka jdhq m%jdyhla tla osidjlg muKla .uka lsÍug ie,eiaùu
ioyd h' w.%jegqï iïmSvkj, fuu jE,aj nyq, j fhdod .efka' jE,ajh lrkafka jE,ajh
fomiska ls%hdlrk mSvk fjki wkqj h'

by; o< rEm igyk weiqßka tla osid jE,ajhl ls%hdldß;ajh f;areï .; yels h'
fuys A me;af;ys we;s jeä mSvkh jE,aj mDIaGh u; we;s lrk n,h fya;=fjka thg fhdod
we;s ÿkak yl=¨jd f.k jE,ajh újD; fõ'
kuq;a B foi isg A foig ;r,hg .uka lsÍug fuu jE,ajh yryd fkdyels
h' B me;af;ys we;s jk mSvkh fya;=fjka we;s jk n,fhka jE,ajh jeiS hhs'

fuu jE,aj wkd.uk jE,aj ^wdmiq fkdtk jE,aj& Non Veturn Valve f,i o ye`oskafõ'

18
jdhj hka;%j, md,kh i`oyd fhdod .kakd y;= j¾.fha lmdg Popet Valves

19
foosid jE,aj
2 way valves

wjYH úfgl újD; lsÍug iy jeiSug yels jk whqßka ilia l< jE,aj foosid
jE,aj fõ' ol=Kq mi rEm igyfka oelafjkafka fuu jE,aj ls%hd lrk wdldr hhs' jdhj
iy ødj hka;% iy moaO;sj, fuu jE,aj nyq, j fhdod .efka'

f;osid jE,aj
msiagka is,skavr ls%hd lrùu ioyd ol=Kq mi rEm igyfka oelafjk wdldrhg
f;osid jE,aj fhdod .efka'

20
îr¨ jE,aj
^ødj iy jdhj hka;% i|yd md,l Wml%u f,i fhdod .efka'&

21
8'3 fmdïm j¾. yd tajdfha l%shdldß;ajfha uQ, O¾u

;r, fmdïmhla hkq ;r,hla ;=<g Yla;sh .eí lrk WmlrKhls' fï i|yd iEu
úg u ndysßka Yla;sh ,nd osh hq;= fõ' fufia ndysr Yla;sh imhkq ,nkafka úÿ,s
fudagrhl fyda ;dm tkaðula u.sks'
;r, fmdïm m%Odk jYfhka j¾. follg fnod oelaúh yels fõ' tajd kï - .;sl
j¾.fha fmdïm Dynamic Pumps iy Ok úia:dmk fmdïm (Positive Displacement Pumps)
jYfhks'
Ok úia:dmk fmdïm hkq fmdïm l=àrh ;=<g we;=`M jk ;r,h fmdïm ixrplhla
u.ska ;,a¨ lr yßkq ,nk fmdïm fõ'
.;sl j¾.fha fmdïmj, oS ;r,h u; n,h fhdod ;r,hg pd,l Yla;sh ,nd foa'
Ok úia : dmk fmdïm j¾.
1& w.%jegqï fmdïmh Reciprocating Pump
2& fõka j¾.fha fmdïmh Vane type pump
2& .shr fmdïm j¾. Gear Type Pumps
4& ialDD j¾.fha fmdïm Screw Pump
.;s l j¾.fha fmdïm
² flakaø wmidÍ fmdïm Centrifugal Pumps
² wlaISh fmdïm Axial Pumps
w.%jegqï fmdïm kej; j¾. follg fnod fjka l< yels h'
tajd kï tl;a ls%hdldÍ w.%jegqï fmdïmh Single Acting Reciproc ating
Pump
oaú;aj ls%hdldÍ w.%jegqï fmdïmh Double Acting Reciprocating
Pump

tl;a ls%hdldß w.%jegqï fmdïmfha ls%hdj

22
 oaú;aj ls%hdldß w.%jegqï fmdïmfhys l%shdj
(Double Acting Reciprocating Pupp)

oaú;aj ls%hdldÍ w.%jegqï fmdïmhl úi¾ckh tl;a ls%hdldß fmdïmhl úi¾ckh

fuka fo.=Khla fõ' jeä Odß;djlska ;r,h fmdïm lsÍug fuu fmdïmh iu;a h'

fõka j¾.fha fmdïmh Vane Type Pump

fuu fmdïmh o Ok úia:dmk fmdïmhls' rEm igyfka oelafjk wdldrhg

ksfjiakdj ;=< úflakaøsl frdagrhl msysgqjd ;sfí' tu frdagrfha ;kd we;s ldKqq ;=<
rEgk jr, msysgqjd we;' frdagrh fõ.fhka lrlefjk úg flakaø wmidÍ n,h fya;=fjka
fuu jr, ksfjiakdfõ we;=<; mßêhg fya;a;= ù ls%hdlrhs'
ksfjiakdfõ (Casing) yrialv yevh yd msysgqjd we;s úflakaøl;dj fya;=fjka
rEgk jr, w;r we;sjk l=àrj, mßudjka fjkia fõ' pQIK ljq`M m%foaYfhaoS jeäjk
l=àr mßudfjka msgdr ljq¨ m%foaYh ;=< oS wvqjk neúka mSvkh jeä ù msgdr ljq`M ;=<ska
úi¾ckh lrhs' fuu fmdïmh o by< mSvk wjYH;d ioyd fhdod .kS'

23
f,daí (Lobe) j¾.fha fmdïmh

fuu fmdïmh .shr fmdïm .Khg wh;a fõ' rEm igyfka oelafjk wdldrfha
ksfjiakdjlska iy th ;=< lerlefjk Lobe follska hq;= h'
fïjd lrlefjk úg ksfjiakd jgd .uka lrk ;r,h rEm igyfka B;, ú,ak olajd
we;s wdldrhg .uka lrhs'
fuu fmdïmh o Ok úia:dmk fmdïm .Khg wh;a jk w;r uOHu mSvk YS¾Ihka
wjYH wjia:dj, oS fhdod .efka' úi¾ckh wfkl=;a .shr j¾.j, fmdïmj,g jvd
jeäh'

ialDD j¾.fha fmdïm

fuu fmdïm ls%hd;aul l< hq;= iqÿiq fõ.h úkdähg jg 3000 - 4500 w;r fõ'
fuu fmdïm u.ska
200 kgcm-2 ;rï by< mSvk ,nd .; yels h' fuu fmdïm ioyd fhdod .kq ,nk
;r,hka >k wxY= ú,ak f;dr j ;sîu jeo.;a fõ' tfia fkdjqjfyd;a fmdïm fldgiaj,g
ydks meñKsh yels h'
rEm igyfka olajd we;af;a oaú;aj is¾ms, Double Helical wdldrh jk w;r fuys
;ks i¾ms, Single Hetical wdldrfha fmdïm o Ndú;fha mj;shs'

24
.;sl fmdïm
.;sl fmdïm .Khg .efkk fmdïm j¾. lsysmhla fjhs'
1& flakaø wmidÍ fmdïmh'
2& wlaISh j¾.fha fmdïmh

flakaø wmidÍ fmdïmh (-

fuu fmdïm u.ska ;r, fmdïm lsÍu isÿjkafka flakaø wmidÍ n,h Wmfhda.S lr
.ks ñ ks ' fuu fmdïmhl m% O dk ls % h dldÍ Wmdx. jka f ka bïms , rh iy liq j
hk tajd h' bïms,rh u`.ska ;r,h fõ.fhka lrlefjk w;r liqj th ndOl rys; j
.uka lsÍug wjYH u. idod fohs'

bïms,rh

flakaø wmidÍ fmdïm i`oyd fhdod.kakd bïms,¾ j¾. 3 la fjhs' tajd kï"

1) Closed Impeller ixjD; bïms,rh

2) Semi Open Impeller w¾O újD; bïms,rh
3) Open Impeller újD; bïms,rh

liqj Casing
flakaø wmidÍ fmdïmhl liqj u.ska jeo.;a fufyhla bgq lrhs' fukau bïms,rh
u.ska pd,l Yla;sh ,nd oS jer .ekafjk ;r, m%jdyh wvq m%;sfrdaë n,hla hgf;a osYd
.kajhs' liqj wkqj ;=ka wdldrhlg fmdïm j¾.SlrKh l< yel' tajd kï"

1) Dffuser Casing ä*shqi¾ liqj

2) Volute fjd,shqÜ liqj
3) Vortex fjdafglaia liqj

25
wlaISh j¾.fha fmdïm Axial flow pump

wlaISh j¾.fha fmdïmj,oS m%jdyh isÿjkafka bñms,rfha wlaIh osf.a jk w;r

fuys oS pQIK jE,ajhla foot valve wjYH fkdfõ'

fuu fmdïm l=vd YS¾Ihla hgf;a úYd, ;r, m%udKhla fmdïm lsÍu ioyd fhda.H
fõ' idudkHfhka fhfok YS¾Ihka 9m - 12m olajd muK fõ'

.sks ksjk lghq;= jdß lghq;= " mssßisÿ lrk lghq;= wdoS wjia:dj, oS fuu j¾.fha
fmdïm Ndú; flf¾'

fmdïmfha wjr l`o isria j msysgqjk w;r tys fl<jrg fhdod we;s jr,a u.ska
;r,h pQIKh lsÍu isÿ fõ' msgdr md,k jr,a Out let Guide blades u`.ska m%jdyh osYd
.kajk w;r wLKav m%jdyhla isÿ fõ' fuys mSvk YS¾Ih wvq w.hla .kS'

26
8'4 g¾ nhskh yd tys l%shdldß;ajfha uQ,O¾u

;r,hl .eí ù we;s Yla;h

s m%fhdackj;a wdldrhg mßj¾;kh lrk hka;% $WmlrK
o ;r, hka;% .Khg wh;a fõ'
;r,hl .eí ù we;s Yla;sh Wl yd .kq ,nk hka;% j¾. lsysmhls' tajdhska
iuyrla'
c,frdao - Water Wheels
g¾nhsk - Turbine
iq<x fuda,a - Wind mills

c, frdao
.,d hk ir, m%jdyhl wvx.= Yla;sh fyda c,fhys mSvkh jYfhka .eí j we;s
Yla;sh fyda úNj Yla;sh jYfhka .eíù we;s Yla;sh hdka;s%l Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh
lsÍug c, frdao Ndú; fõ'

c, frdao j¾.
idudkHfhka c,frdao my; oelafjk wdldrhg j¾.SlrKh fõ'
1. Over shot water wheels
2. Breast water wheels
3. Under shot or impulse water wheel
4. Sagebien water wheels
5. Poneelet water wheel
6. Reaction water wheel
fuys bosßm;afldg we;s remigyka wOHhkh lsÍfuka fuu c,frdao ms<n
s `o jegySula
Tng ,nd.; yels jkq we;'

Wvq m%jdy c,frdaoh

my; rEm igyfka oelafjkafka Wvq m%jdy c, frdaohl ieleiauls' fuys rduqj ,S
fyda hlvj,ska ;kd ;sfí' fuu c,frdaoj, ls%hdldß;ajh c,fha nr ksid isÿfõ' by<ska
/`où we;s fm;s w;r /fok c,fha nr ksid tajd my;g lerlS hhs' rEm igyfka oelafjk
wdldrhg tu c,h my;g meñKSfï oS ye,S hhs' fuu ls%hdj ksrka;rfhka isÿfjñka
c,fha we;s úNj Yla;sh pd,l Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh lrk w;r N%uK p,s;hla ,nd
foa'

Over shot water wheel

27
î%iaÜ c, frdaoh
î%iaÜ c, frdaodh ys úfYaI;ajh jkafka tys uOH ,laIHh uÜgfï oS fm;s w;r
c,h ,eîu hs' tu uÜgu md,kh lsÍu i`oyd wdjrK ;eáhla fhdod .kq ,efí' th
md,kh i`oyd oe;s ;,õjla iy oj frdaohla Ndú; fõ'

há m%jdy c, frdaoh
uq,ska i`oyka ;, c, frdao m%fhdackhg .kq ,efí' c,fha úNj Yla;shhs' há
m%jdy c, frdaohl oS wejqreï fodrla u.ska yria lrk ,o c,fha úNj Yla;sh pd,l
Yla;sh njg mßj¾;kh lrñka frdao fm;s u; joskakg i,iajd frdaoh lrljd .kq ,efí'

fiaÊîka c,frdaoh
há m%jdy c, frdaofha fm;s 300 isg 450 olajd wd.; fldg ;sfí' fuhska frdaofha
ld¾hlaIu;dj jeä ù Yla;sh wmf;a hdu wvq fldg ;sfí'

28
fmdkaiaf,Ü c, frdaoh
fuys oS há myr c, frdaofha fm;s pl% lsÍfuka c,h u.ska we;s lrk >¾IKh
jeäfldg c, frdaofha ld¾hlaIu;dj jeäfldg ;sfí' fuh o há m%jdy c, frdaoh jeä
oshqKq l< wjia:djls'

m%;sl%Shl c, frdao
my; rEmigyfka oelafjk wdldrhg fuys oS Odjlh fj;g c,h we;`M fldg
msysgqjd we;s fcÜ ;=<ska úoSug i,iajhs frdaoh u;ska msgjk c, m%jdyh u.ska we;s lrk
m%;sls%hdj u`.ska frdaoh lrlefõ'

Reaction water wheel

29
c, frdaoj, jdis

1' ir, ks¾udKhla jk w;r Yla;su;a h' l,a meje;au jeä h'
2' kv;a;= úhoï wvq h'
3' Yla;s W;amdokh i`oyd hk úhou wvq h'
4' my< Yla;s YS¾Ihka Ndú; l< yels h'

c, frdaoj, wjdis
1' nßka jeäh
2' fõ.h wvqneúka úÿ,s ckl hka;% Rcq f,i iïnkaO l< fkdyel'
3' fõ. md,kh wmyiq h'
4' by< Yla;s YS¾I ioyd Ndú; l< fkdyel'
5' ld¾hlaIu;dj my< uÜgul fõ'

g¾nhsk Turbines
g¾nhsk by< Yla;s YS¾I mj;sk ;r, iïm;aj,ska Yla;sh ,nd.ekSugo ;dm
Yla;h
s Wmfhda.S lrf.k yqud,h ksmojk tys we;s Yla;h
s hka;l
s% Yla;h
s njg mßj¾;kh
lsÍug o Ndú; fõ'

g¾îkj, ls%hdj
óg fmr ksmqK;d uÜgfï oS wm ;r, fmdïm ms<sn`o lreKq yeoEÍula lr we;'
g¾nhskj,oS isÿjkafka fmdïmj, ls%hdfjys úf,dau ls%hd jhs' tkï ;r, fmdïmhla u.ska
Yla;sh ;r,hlg we;=`M lrk w;r g¾nhskhl oS Yla;sh ;r,h ;=<ska Wlyd .kq ,nhs'
c, g¾nhsk u.ska c,fha we;s úNj yd pd,l Yla;Ska hka;s%l Yla;sh njg
mßj¾;kh lrhs'
g¾nhsk wdldr j¾.SlrKh lrkq ,efí'
tajd kï 1' g¾nhsk ;, u; c,h ls%hd lrk wdlrh wkqj
2' tu g¾nhsk uq,ska u ksmojQ fyda y`ÿkajd ÿka ;eke;a;df.a kduh
uq,afldg f.k'
3' Ndú; lrk Yla;s YS¾Ifha Energy head m%udKh u;
4' Odjl l`o msysgqjd we;s wdldrh wkqj
5' g¾nhskh lrlefjk úYsIag fõ.h (Specific speed) wkqj

g¾nhsk fm;s u; ;r,h ls%hd lrk wdldrh wkqj j¾.SlrKfha oS wdldr 2 la fõ'
I Impulse turbine
II Reaction turbine
ksmojq ;eke;a;d uq,afldg .;a kdulrKfhaoS my; oelafjk kï mquqL tajd fõ'

30
Jmpuls j¾.fha g¾nhs k
I Pelton wheel fm,agka frdaoh
II Turgos
III Girard
IV Jonval

Reaction j¾.fha g¾nhs k

I Francis
II kaplan
III Thomson

Ndú; lrk Yla;s YS¾Ih wkqj j¾.SlrKh

- High head 200m g jvd Yla;s YS¾I Ndú; lrk g¾nhsk fuu .Khg wh;a h' by< YS¾I
- Medium head 30m isg 200m olajd Yla;s YS¾I Ndú; lrk g¾nhsk'
- Low head g jvd wvq Yla;s YS¾I Ndú; lrk g¾nhsk'

g¾nhsk l`o msysgqjd we;s wdlrh wkqj j¾.SlrKh

g¾nhsk l`o isria j msysgqjd we;s úg tajd isria g¾nhsk f,i yd ;sria j msysgqjd
we;s úg ;sria g¾nhsk f,i j¾.SlrKh flf¾' idudkHfhka Pelton wheel ;sria g¾nhsk
jk w;r Francis wheel iy Keplan g¾nhsk isria tajd fõ'

Odjlh ;=<ska c,m%jdyh isÿjk osidj wkqj j¾.SlrKh

a) wÍh m%jdyh Radial flow isÿ jk g¾nhsk Odjlfha we;=`M foig m%jdyh isÿfõ kï
inward f,i o msg; foig m%jdyh isÿfõ kï Out ward f,i o ye`oskafõ'
b) g¾nhskfha ^Odjlhg& mßêhg iam¾YSh f,i c, m%jdyh isÿ jk g¾nhsk tangential
flow turbine f,i ye`oska fõ'
c) Odjlfha wlaIh Tiafia m%jdyh isÿjk úg tajd Axial flow turbine
f,i ye`oska fõ'
d) Odjlhg wÍh j iy wlaIh osf.a hk wdldr folg u m%jdyh isÿ jk úg tajd mixed
flow turbine ñY% m%jdy g¾nhsk hk kñka ye`oska fõ'
g¾nhskfha fõ.h u; j¾.SlrKh
fm,agka frdao g¾nhskfha úYsIag fõ.h ^Specific speed)

Kaplan wheel lma,ka frdaoh

fuh wlaISh m%jdy Axial flow j¾.hg wh;a fõ'

31
 ma,ka j¾.fha Odjlhla fhdod we;s wdldrh

Pelton wheel
fmd,agka frdaofha fhdod we;s fm;s jl%dldr yevhla .kS' fuu fm;sj,g c, pxpq Water
Jet u.ska fõ.j;a c, oyrdjla t,a, lrk w;r thska frdaohg jHdj¾;h Torque ,nd
oS lrleùug i,iajhs' fuu frdaoh Ndú;fhaoS ;r,fha we;s ish¨ u Yla;s YS¾Ihka Water
Jet u.ska pd,l YS¾Ih njg mßj¾;kh flf¾'

m%ekaisia frdaoh Francis wheel

m%ekaisia frdaoh wlaISh m%+jdyh u.ska Axial flow Yla;sh mßj¾;kh lrhs'

32
 Reaction m%;slS%hl j¾.fha g¾nhkhla
ia:dk.; lr we;s wdlrh

by; rEm igyfka oelafjkafka c,fha Yla;s YS¾Ihka u`.ska úÿ,sh ksmojk
g¾nhsk ieleiauls'

by; remh Inward j¾.fha g¾nhskhla olajhs' meñfKk c, m%jdyh fhdod we;s
kshuq jr,a j,ska osYd .kajd Odjlh u; .eàug i,iajhs' thska Odjlh lrleù hdka;s%l
Yla;sh ksmojhs' fuys oS isÿjkafka flakaø wmidÍ fmdïmfhys úf,dau ls%hdj fõ'

yqud, g¾nhsk
fndhsf,are weiqßka wê;ma; Over heated yqudj,h ksmojd tys wvx.= Yla;h
s hdka;l
%s
Yla;sh njg m;alsÍu' yqud, g¾nhsk u.ska isÿfõ' fuys oS o yqud, g¾nhsk Slmpulse iy
reaction hkqfjka j¾.SlrKh fõ' Impulso g¾nhskhl oS ;r,fha pd,l Yla;sh YS¾Ih Jet
weiqßka ,nd.kakd w;r reaction j¾.fha oS mSvk YS¾Ih iy pd,l YS¾Ih jYfhka
m%fhdackhg .efka'
yqud, g¾nhsk ms<sn`o lreKqq yeoEßu ;dm .;sl úIh weiqßka isÿ l< hq;= fõ'

33
iq<x fuda,a Wind mills
YS% ,xldfõ we;eï m%foaYj, jif¾ jeä ld,hla ie,lsh hq;= m%fõ.hla iys; iq,x
mj;shs' fuu iq<`. weiqßka úYd, Yla;s m%udKhla ,nd .; yels nj fmkS hhs' fujeks
W;aidyhl kshuq jHdmD;shla f,i iq<x n,Yla;s cklhka 5 la yïnkaf;dg m%foaYfha
msysgqjd ;sfí' fuh fvkaud¾la rcfhka m%odkh jQ kshuq jHdmD;shls'
fuu tla iq<x fuda,l Yla;s ckl yelshdj 600 kw fõ' fï wkqj tu jHdmD;sfhkaa
cd;sl ksIamdokfha odhl;ajh 3 Mw jQ l=vd w.hls'
tfy;a oSm jHdma; iólaIKhl m%;sM, wm mqÿuhg m;a lrhs' tkï YS% ,xldfõ uq¨
m%fhdackhg .; yels iq<x n, yelshdj 20000 Mw nj fidhd f.k we;' fuh ,xldfõ
oekg uq¨ n,Yla;s wjYH;dj fuka lsysm .=Khl w.hls' oekg mq;a;,u m%foaYfha o iq<x
n, jHdmD;shla i`oyd lghq;= fhdoñka mj;S'
ixjyk Odrd f,i ,efnk iajdNdúl iq<x m%jdyhlg fhduq lrk Odjlhl fm;s
u.ska N%uK p,s;h ,ndf.k thska úÿ,s ckl hka;% Odjkh fldg úÿ,sh ksmojd .ekSu
l, yelsh' fuh ir, l%uhla jQj o oeÍug isÿjk uQ,sl msßjeh ;rula jeä fõ'
iq<x fuda,l fõ.h md,kh lsÍu i`oyd uqyqK ,d we;s fm;sj, wdk;sh fjkia
lsÍu fyda uqyqK ,d we;s fldaKh fjkia lsßu lrkq ,efí' fï u.ska ksmojk úÿ,s n,fha
ixLHd;h ksh; j ;nd .efka' fko¾,ka;h fvkaud¾lh jeks rgj,a iq<x n,h jeäfhka
m%fhdackhg .kakd rgj,a jk w;r ì%;dkH " weußldj" ´iafÜ%,shdj" jeks rgj,a o
ie,lsh hq;= Yla;s mx.=jla iq<x weiqßka ,nd .ks'

iq<x fuda,l m%Odk wx.hka 3 la fõ' tajd kï

1' wjrh Fan
2' l=¨k Tower
3' cklh Genarator
kùk iq<x fuda,aj, lghq;= md,kh lsßu mß.Kl .; fldg we;'

34
8'5 úisrlj, l%shdldß;ajh

we;eï ld¾hhka ys oS øjhla l=vd wxY= jYfhka m%fhdackhg .kakd wjia:djka Wod
fõ' fufia øj l=vd wxY= jYfhka ,nd .ekSu úisrKh f,i y`ÿkajk w;r tfia m;a lr
.ekSug Wmfhda.S lr .kakd WmlrK úisrl f,i y`ÿkajkq ,efí'
úisrl Ndú; jk wjia:d lsysmhla i,ld n,uq' fïjd Ndú; jk lafIa;% ld¾ñl lafIa;%h
iy lDIs ld¾ñl lafIa;%h f,i j¾. l< yels h'
ld¾ñl lafIa;%fha oS úisrl Ndú;d lrk wjia:d lsysmhla my; oelafjk mßos fõ'
• úisr mska;drelrKh
• fudag¾ jdyk fiajd lghq;=
• úisr úh,k l=vq j¾. ksIamdokh
lDIsld¾ñl lafIa;%fha úisrl Ndú; lrk wjia:d
• lDIs ridhk øjH biSu
• c,h biSu
• oshr fmdfydr j¾. biSu
fïjdg wu;r j .sks Wÿka ;=<g bkaOk úisrkh lsÍu" iqj`o ú,jqka iy iq.kaO ldrl
biSu jeks wjia:djka i`oyd o úisrKh fhdod .efka'
úisrl l%shdj i`oyd nyq,j u iïmSä; jd;h fhdod .kS' iïmSä; jd;h fhdod .kq ,nk
l%uh wkqj wdldr follg j¾.SlrKh l< yels h'
tkï" I iïmSä; jd;h weiqßka jdhq m%jdyhla we;s fldg thg øjh ñY%ùug i,iajd
úisrkh isÿ lsÍu'
II øjhla u;g iïmSä; jd;h fhdod tys mSvk YS¾Ih by< kxjd fuu øjh
fy,slaiSh u.la ;=<ska hjd úisrKh isÿ lsÍu'
jd; m%jdyhlg øjhla ñY% lr .ekSfuka úisrKh isÿ lrk ir, wjia;djla i,luq' fï
i`oyd .Dyia: lDóka u¾okh i`oyd fhdod .kakd w;a lDñ kdYl úoskhla WodyrKhg .;
yels h' my; o< rEm igyfka olajd we;af;a fujekakla l%shd lrk wdldrhhs'

w;a ye`v,h bosßhg ;,a¨ lrk úg is,skavrh ;=< we;s jd;h l=vd újrh ;=<ska
msgù hhs' thg u`ola my<sska we;s isyska k< újrfha wfkla fl<jr msysgkafka øjh ;=<
h' óg by; oS idlÉPd lr we;s n¾fkdhs,s uQ,O¾uh isysm;a lruq' jdhq m%jdyfha m%fõ.
YS¾Ih by< hk úg mSvk YS¾Ih wvq fõ' fï wkqj isyska k<fha by, fl<jr mSvkh
jdhqf.da, mSvkhg jvd wvq jk kuq;a jd isÿr Tiafia øjh u; l%shdlrkafka jdhqf.da,

35
mSvkhhs' fuu mSvk fjki fya;=fjka isyska k<h osf.a by<g weoS hk øjh .,d hk jdhq
m%jdyhg tla ù jdhq wxY= iu. ñY% jQ øj wxY= m%jdyhka idohs' fyj;a úisrk l%shdj,sh isÿ
fõ'
mska;drelrKfha oS úisrl i`oyd fhdod .kafka fuu uQ, O¾uhhs' tajdfha jdhq m%jdyh we;s
lr we;af;a jdhq iïmSvk u`.ska ,nd .kakd iïmSvk jd;fhks' tys oS fjkapqß k<hla
weiqßka wvq mSvk l,dmhla we;s lr .kS'
fjkapqß l%shdj rEm igyk

rEm igyfka olajd we;af;a ir, fjkapqß k<hl yrialvls' fujekakla ;=<ska
.,d hk wkdjr; ;r, m%jdyhl oS A,B iy C ,laIH yryd ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< oS .,d
hk ;r, wxY= .Kk iudk úh hq;= fõ' kuq;a B ,laIH yryd yrialv j¾.M,h wju jk
nj fmkS hhs' tneúka tys oS m%fõ.h Wmßu w.hlg m;a jkq we;' fuh wkjr; m%jdy
iólrKh u.ska idOkh fõ'
fuhg fmr wm y`ÿkd.;a n¾fkdhs,s uQ, O¾uh fuu wjia:djg fhdod .;a úg B
,laIHfha oS m%fõ. YS¾Ih Wmßu jk neúka mSvk YS¾Ih wju w.hlg m;a fõ' jdhqjl
>k;ajhg idfmalaI j l=vd w.hla .kakd neúka úNj YS¾Ih fkd.s .sh yels ;rï l=vd
fõ'
fujeks fjkapqß k<hla úisr l%shdjlg id¾:l j odhl lr .; yels fõ' WodyrKhla
f,i ;dm tkaðkaj, Ndú; jk ldìhqf¾grj, fmg%,a jd; ñY%Kh ieliSu i`oyd fuu
fjkapqß l%shdj Wmfhda.s lr .kakd nj isysm;a l< yels h'
úisr mska;drelrKfha oS ^Spray painting& Ndú; jk úisrlj, ^Spray Gun& oS o fuu
fjkapqß l%shdj m%fhdackhg .efka' fuhg wu;r j ;S;a; jd; ñY%Kh yeisrùu iy
md,kh lsÍu i`oyd jE,aj lsysmhla fuhg we;=<;a fldg ;sfí'
lDIs ld¾ñl lghq;=j, oS fhdod .kakd úisrl
fïjd w;ska ls%hdlrk iy hka;% u`.ska ls%shd lrk tajd f,i fldgia lr oelaúh yels h'
w;ska l%shd lrk úisrlj, w;a ,Sjrhla u.ska l%shd lrjk wkqjegqï fmdïmhla u`.ska øjh
u; mSvk YS¾Ih by< kxjhs' fuu by< mSvk YS¾Ih hgf;a jQ øjh fy,slai jE,ajhla
Tiafia .uka lsÍug i,iajd l=vd fkdi,hlska msg lr yeÍfuka úisr l%shdj isÿ lrkq
,nhs'
l=vd tkaðï iú lr we;s úisrlj,oS úirK l%shdj i`oyd jd; iïmSvkh lrkafka jdhq
iïmSvlhla u`.sks' fndfyda úg fï i`oyd fhdod .kq ,nkafka N%uK iïmSvlhka fyda
wkqjegqï iïmSvlhls'

36
8'6 jdhq iïmSvlfha ld¾h yd l%shdldß;ajfha uQ, O¾u

jdhqjla hkq mo¾:h iajNdjh ;=< mj;sk wjia:djls' >k wjia:dfõ iy øj

wjia:dfõ mj;sk mod¾:j, wxY= w;r mj;sk wjldYhg idfmaCIj b;d jeä wjldYhla
fyj;a wka;¾ w.%l wjldYhla jdhq ;=< mj;shs' fï ksid ´kEu jdhqjl iïmSvH;dj by<
w.hla .kS' jd;h iïmSvkh ùfï oS jdhq wxY= w;r wka;¾ wjldYh wvq fõ'

fuh f;areï .ekSu i|yd is,k

s v
a rhla ;=< A yd B osYdjg p,kh úh yels msig
a khlska
isrfldg we;s jdhq wxY+ .Kkla ^n& .ksuq' fuu wxY+ka wyUq p,s;hka we;s lrf.k isà'
tfuka u fuu wxY=ka wyUq f,i wyUq osYdjka Tiafia is,skavr ì;a;sj, iy msiagka
uqyqK; u; .efgñka mj;shs'
fufia .efgñka mj;sk tla wxY+jl ialkaOh m iy th .uka lrk
m%fõ.h u kï" wxY+jl .uH;dj mu fõ' mDIaGh u; ,ïNlj .efgk wxY+ .Kk ;;amrhl
oS N fõ hhs Wml,amkh l<fyd;a wxY+ .eàu ksid mDIaG u; we;s lrk n,h muN fõ'
talSh j¾.M,hla u; fufia jdhq wxY+ u.ska we;s lrk n,h mSvkh f,i y÷kajuq'
mDIaG ksi,j we;s neúka tfia .efgk jdhq wxY=j, m%fõ.h fjkila fkdfõ' tkï jdhq
wxY=jla .efgk m%fõ.fhka u th wdmiq fmd<d mksk neúks'
oeka msiagkh V m%fõ.fhka A B;,fhka oelafjk osYdjg .uka lrkafka hehs
is;uq' túg msiagka uqyqK; u; .efgk jdhq wxY=jla wdmiq .ufka oS V+u m%fõ.hla w;alr
.kS' tu wxY=j iu. .efgk ;j;a jdhq wxY=jlg o fuu m%fõ.h fnoShñka iuia; wxY+
ixLHdju ish .%uH;djhka jeä lr.kS' jdhq wxY= msysgk wjldYh l=vd jk neúka oeka
is,skavrfha mDIaGfha j¾. tallhal u; .efgk N wxY= ixLHdjo jeä fõ' fuys m%;sM,h
jkafka jdhq wxY= u.ska is,skavr mDIaGh u; we;s lrk n,mEu fyj;a mSvkh jeä ùuhs'
fï wkqj msiagk u.ska jdhq wjldYfha mßudj wvq lrk úg mSvkh jeä jk nj fmfka'
msiagkh V m%fõ.fhka B B;,fhka oelafjk osYdjg .uka lrkafka hhs is;uq' túg
msiagkh u; .efgk-wxY=jl wdmiq .ufka m%fõ.h V-u fõ' oeka jdhq wxY=fõ .uH;dj
wvq ù is,skavr mDIaGh iu. ksYaÑ; ld,hla ;=< .efgk wxY= m%udKh wvq ù hhs' thska
wmg ksÍCIKh l< yelafla is,skavrh yd msiagka uqyqK; u; jdhq u.ska we;s lrk

37
n,mEu fyj;a mSvkh wvq ùuhs'
jdhj iïmSvkh ms<sn| fuu ixl,amh u; msysgd jdhq iïmSvk wjia:djka
;j ÿrg;a ú.%y lruq'
iïmSvkh jk wjia:dj, oS iïmSvk wjldYfha WIaK;ajh by<hk nj Tng
ksÍCIKh l< yels h' fuhg fya;=j ú.%y lruq'
iïmSvkh lrk úg jdhq wxY=j, .%uH;dj by< hk w;r iuia: jdhq wxY=j,
pd,l Yla;sh by< hhs' fuu pd,l Yla;sh is,skavr mDIaGfha we;s is,skavrh ;kd we;s
øjHfha wxY=kaf.a pd,l yelshdjka jeä lsÍu fyj;a .%uH;d yqjudrejla isÿ fõ' fuu
is,skavrfha we;s wxY+kaf.a pd,l Yla;sh wxY=fjka wxY=jg yqjudre fjñka iuia; wxY=j,g
,nd .ksñka ndysr mDIaGhg meñfKk úg th wm w;a úoskafka WIaK;ajh by< hdu
f,ih' fuys m%;sj¾;H l%shdfõ oS fyj;a m%idrKfha oS WIaK;ajh my< hdu ksÍCIKh l<
yels fõ'
m%dfhda.sl Ndú;fha oS iïmSvkh iy m%idrKh wjia:d folla i|yd i,lkq ,efí'
tajd kï
1' iaÓr;dmS iïmSvkh $ m%idrKh - Adviabatic
2' ifudaIK iïmSvkh $ meiqreu - Jsothermal
iaÒr;dmS meiqreul oS iïmsä;h$m%idrKh jk jdhq fõ ;dm yqjudrejla isÿ fkd
jk f,i i,lhs'
ifudaIK meiqrul oS WIaK;ajfha fjkila isÿ fkd jk f,i i,lhs'
fï wkqj iaÒr ;dmS f,i iy ifudaIK f,i isÿjk meiqreula my; oelafjk
f,i m%ia:dr .; l< yels h'

38
m%dfhda.sl j jdhq iïmSvkh lsÍu

by; oelajQ m%ia;drhg wkqj jdhqjla iïmSvkh lsÍfï oS WIaK;ajh ksh;j ;nd
.;fyd;a iïmSvk l%shdj,sh ld¾hhCIu jk nj meyeos,s fõ' ifudaIK l%shdj,sfha oS
iïmSvkh jk jd;fha mßudj idfmaCIj wvq nj meyeos,s h' fï wkqj ksYaÑ; jdhq
ialkaOhla orK mßudj wvq jk úg iïmSvk l%shdj,sh ld¾hCIu fõ' fuh mßud ñ;sl
ld¾hCIu;dj by< hdula f,i oelaúh yels h'
fuhg by; oS wm oek.;a mßos jdhq iïmSvkh lrk úg jdhq fõ wNHka;r Yla;sh
by< hdu fya;=fjka jdhqfõ WIaK;ajh by< hhs' nhsisl,a fmdïmhla l%shd lrkùfï oS
th r;ajk nj Tn ksÍCIKh lr we;' fï ksid iuia; iïmSvk l%shdj,shla wdikak
jYfhka fyda ifudaIKj mj;ajd .ekSu jdis odhl nj fmkS hhs' fï i|yd fndfyda úg
jdhq iïmSvl i|yd isis,k moaO;shla fhdod .efka'

jdhq iïmSvl
;r, hka;%hla hkq ;r,hlg Yla;sh .eílrk fyda Wlyd.kakd fyda ;r,hla
u.ska Yla;sh iïfm%aIKh lrk WmlrKhla f,i wms y÷kdf.k we;af;uq' øjhlg
Yla;sh we;=¿ lrk hka;% fmdïm f,i y÷kajk w;r jdhqjlg Yla;sh we;=¿ lrk hka;%
iïmSvl f,i y÷kajhs'
jdhq iïmSvl tajdfha l%shdldß;ajh wkqj my; oelafjk f,i j¾.SlrKh l<
yel' fïjd o fmdïmj,g iudk l< yels fõ'

1' Ok úia:dmk iïmSvl ^Positive Displacement Compressor&

2' .;sl iïmSvl ^Dynamic Compressor&

Ok úia:dmk iïmSvlhla u.ska l=àrhla ;=< isrfldg.;a jdhq m%udKhla l=àrfha

mßudj wvq lr.ksñka iïmSvkh lrhs'
.;sl iïmSvl u.ska jdhqfõ m%fõ. Ys¾Ih jeä lrñka l%ufhka l=vd jk wjldYhla
;=<ska jdhq wxY= .,dhdug i,iajd iïmSvkh isÿ lrhs' fïjd Oukslrhka ^Browser& f,i
ye|ska fõ'
Ok úia:dmk iïmSvl by< mSvk Ys¾Ihka i|yd fhdod .efka' øj fmdïm f,ig
u Ok úia:dmk iïmSvlhka o my; oelafjk mßos fõ'
1' wkq jegqï iïmSvl ^Reciprocating Compressor&
2' fõka j¾.fha iïmSvl ^Vane Type Compressor&
3' f,daí j¾.fha iïmSvl ^Lobe Compressor&
4' .shr j¾.fha iïmSvl ^Gear Type Compressor&
5' ialD j¾.fha iïmSvl ^Screw Type Compressor& wdoS jYfhks"

39
.;sl j¾.fha iïmSvl - fmdïm j¾. f,iu fïjd o flakaø wmidÍ iy wCISh m%jdy
^Centrifugal & Axial flow& f,i fnod oelaúh yel'

flakaø wmidÍ iïmSvl

fuhg fmr úia;r imhd we;s flakaø wmidÍ fmdïm j¾. l%shd lrk wdldrhgu
flakaø wmidÍ iïmSvlhka o l%shd lrhs' fuu fmdïm iy iïmSvl w;r m%Odk;u fjkia
lu jkafka Ndú; jk ;r, udOHhhs' tkï fmdïmj, oS øjhka Ndú; jk w;r iïmSvlj,
oS jdhq Ndú; fõ' ;j o fmdïm weiqßka Tn y÷kdf.k we;s bïms,rh iïmSvl i|yd fhdod
.kakd wjia:dj, oS jvd úYd, j fhdod.kq ,efí'

wCISh m%jdy iïmSvl

iïmSvlfha bïms,rh fyda mxldj lrlefjk wCIhg iudka;rj jdhq m%jdyh

.uka lrk f,i ilid we;s iïmSvhlka fuhg wh;a fõ' fujekakla i|yd ir,;u
WodyrKhla f,i wm fhdod .kakd úÿ,s mxldjla oelaúh yel' fmdÿfõ úYd, m%jdyhla
wjYH wjia:dj, oS fujeks iïmSvl fhdod .efka' fujeks iïmSvlhla fhdod .kakd
wjia:dj,g WodyrKhla f,ig .=jka hdkd i|yd fhdod .kakd g¾nhska tkacsï bosßm;a
l< yels h'

wCISh j¾.fha iïmSvlhl l%shdldß;ajh oelaúh yels o< rEm igyk

fuys BIdj fõ.fhka lrleùug ie,eiajQ úg mxld fm;s u.ska jd;h BIdfj ys
uOH wCIfha osYdjg ;,a¨ lr yß' ksfjiakdfjys jr,a u.ska jd;h osYd .kajkq ,efí'
ksfjiakdfjys we;s úfYaI cHdñ;sl yevh o jd;h iïmSvkh lsÍug Wmldß fjhs'

by< jdhq mSvk ,nd .ekSu i|yd Ok úia:dmk iïmSvl fhdod .eksu isÿ fõ'

40
wkq jegqï j¾.fha iïmSvlhl l%shdldß;ajh ms<sn| uola .eUqßka yodruq'

fuys msiagkfha wkq jegqï p,s;fha os. myr f,i ye|ska fõ'

msiagkh my< wka; iSudjg meñfKk úg pQIK jE,ajh ;=<ska wjg jdhqf.da,fha
we;s jd;h ^fyda thg fhduq lr we;s jdhqj& is,skavrh ;=<g msúfia' msiagkh my< wka;
iSudjg meñfKk wjia:dfõ" is,skavrh ;=< mj;sk mßudj jeä ù mSvkh wvq jk neúka
iajhxl%sh wkd.uk jE,ajhla jk pqIK jE,ajh Tiafia th ;=<g jd;h we;=¿ fõ' fuh
pqIK myr f,i oelaúh yels h'

msiagkh my< wka; iSudfõ isg by< uqÿka iSudjg .uka lrkúg is,skavr mßudj
wvq fõ' túg jd;h iïmSvkh fõ' is,skavrh ;=< mSvkh jeä jk neúka msgdr jE,ajh
újD; ù" jeä mSvkhla hgf;a th yryd jd;h msgù hhs' msgdr jE,ajh o wkd.uk
jE,ajhla ^None Return Valve& jk w;r iajhxl%sh j l%shd lrhs'

iïmSvk wkqmd;h

fujeks is,skavrhla ;=<g ffioaOdka;slj weo.; yels jd;fha mßudj tys by<
uqÿka iSudjg by<ska msysá wjldYfha mßudjg olajk wkqmd;h iïmSvk wkqmd;h f,i
ye|skaúh yels h'
fuh iólrKhl wdldrfhka oela jQ úg"

iïmSvk wkqmd;h } T.D.C. g by<ska msysá mßudj + myf¾ mßudj fõ'

T.D.C. g by<ska msysá mßudj

wkq jegqï iïmSvlhl 20#1 l iïmSvl wkqmd;hla we;ehs is;uq' fï wkqj mßudj
wkqj jd; fldgia 20 la fldgia 1 la olajd mßudj wvq lr .kshs' fuu l%shdj ifudaIKj
isÿfõ hhs i,ld fndhs,a kshuh weiqßka ,nd.; yels mSvkh .Kkh lruq'

41
wdrïNl mSvkh } P1 } ud#f.da#mS# 1
wdrïNl mßudj } V1 } mßud fldgia 20
iïmSvhk wjidkfha mßudj } V2 } mßud fldgia 1
iïmSvh wjidkfha ,nd .; yels mSvh } P2

fndhs,a kshufhka "

fï wkqj fujeks iïmSvlhlska ,nd.; yels Wmßu mSvkfhys ffioaOdka;sl w.h iSud
iys; jk nj fmfka' fï ksid by< mSvh wjYH;d i|yd nyq woshr iïmSvlhla fhdod
.efka'

wkq jegqï j¾.fha nyq woshr iïmSvlhl l%shdldß;aj úuiuq'

by; rEm igykaj, oaú woshr iïmSvlhl" woshr fol l%shdlrk wdldrh oela fõ'
fuys tl u o`.r l|la u.ska l%shd lrjk msiagka iys; is,skav¾ folla V yevhg msysgqjd
;sfí' tla is,skavrhla wfkla is,skavrhg jvd l=vd tlla fõ'

m<uq woshr
fuys by<ska fmkajd we;s rEm igyfka olajd we;s m<uq woshr i,ld n,uq' by<
jïmi rEm igyfka úYd, is,skavrfha pQIK myr fmkajhs' ndysr jdhq f.da,fhka ,nd
.kakd jd;h is,skavrh ;=<g msf¾'

42
 by< ol=Kq rEm igyfka olajd we;af;a úYd, is,skavrh u.ska iïmSvkh lrk
jd;fhka l=vd is,skavrfha pqIK myr fmdAIKh lrk njhs' fï wkqj l=vd is,skavrh msÍ
hkafka jdhqf.da, mSvkhg jvd by< mSvkhlsks'

fojk wos h r
fojk woshf¾ l%shdj my< rEm igyk u.ska meyeos,s fõ' l=vd is,skavrfha pQIK
myf¾ oS ,nd.;a jeä mSvkhla iys; jd;h tys iïmSvk myf¾ oS ;j ÿrg;a iïmSvkh ù
b;d by< mSvk w.hla ,nd fok wdldrh tu rEm igyfka fmkajhs'

jdhq iïmSvlhl mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj ^Volumetric Efficency&

mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj hkq iïmSvlhl jdhq l=àrh ;=<g m%dfhda.sl m%úYag jk
jdhq mßudj thg ffioaOdka;slj ,nd.; yels mßudjg olajk wkqmd;hhs' fuh m%;sY;
w.hla f,i o oelaúh yel' fuh iólrKhla wdldrfhka ,shd oela jQ úg my; oelafjk
mßos fõ'

mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj } jdhq l=àrh ;=<g m%dfhda.slj m%úYag jk jdhq mßudj
ffioaOdka;sl mßudj fyj;a jdhq l=àrfha mßudj

Ok úia:dmk iïmSvlj, mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj flfrys n,mdk m%Odk idOl

folla fjhs' tajd kï" iïmSvlh l%shd lrjkq ,nk fõ.h iy iïmSvlh l%shd lrk
WIaK;ajh hs'
iïmSvlh l%shd lrk lsishï uOH; fõ. uÜgul oS mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj
Wmßu w.hla ork w;r fõ.h jeäjk úg l%ufhka wvq ù hhs' by< WIaK;ajj,oS jdhjl
>k;ajh ie,lsh hq;= f,i my< nisk neúka tys oS o mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj wvq fõ'
fuhg wu;r j jE,ajj, ;;a;ajh uqødlrk Wml%uj, ;;a;ajh iy jdhq l=àrj,
cHdñ;sh o mßud ñ;sl ld¾hCIu;dj flfrys ie,lsh hq;= n,mEula we;s lrhs'

43
 ;r, hka;%Kh i|yd jQ uQ,sl isoaOdka;

øjhla ;=< mSvkh

>k;ajh P jk" yrialv j¾. M,h A jk" Wi h jk øj l|la i,luq'

tu øj l| m;=f,a f;rmqu } øjfha ialkaOh x .=re;ajc ;ajrKh

} ^>k;ajh x mßudj& x g
} (P x A x h ) g
m;=f<a mSvkh } f;rmqu
yrialv j¾.M,h
} PA h g
A
} hPg

øjiaÓl ^^Hydrostastics&& ^ksYap, j we;s ;r, i|yd&

ksYap, j we;s øjhla u.ska we;s lrkq ,nk mSvkh tu øjh wvx.= Ndckfha yevh
wkqj fjkia fkdjk w;r øj lf|a Wi u; muKla r|d mj;S' fuu mSvkh øjh u; iEu
oSYdjg u mj;s'

by; i|yka n÷kaj, m;=f<a fCI;%M,h yd wka;¾.; øjfha Wi ^h& iudk jk úg

m;=, u; iudk mSvkhla fhfok neúka iudk ^P& n,hla hgf;a øjh .,d fkdhdug
ie,eiaúh yels h'

44
by; n÷ka ;=fkys h Wilg tlu øjhla mssÍ we;'

1 jk n÷fka m;=f,a A ,CIfha mSvkh = PA = hpg

2 jk n÷fka m;=f,a B ,CIfha mSvkh = PB = hpg
3 jk n÷fka m;=f,a C ,CIfha mSvkh = PC = hpg

ødj .;sl ^p,kh jk øj i|yd& ^^Hydrodyímic&&

k<hla ;=<Ska øjhla wkjr; m%jdyhl fhfok úg tu k<fha ´kEu yrialvla

yryd iudk ld,hl oS iudk øj mßudjla .uka lrhs'

øjfha .,dhk Ys>%;dj Q o"

;;amr t ld,hla ;=< øjh k<h ;=< .,dhk mßudj V ^,Sg¾&o kï"

Q=V ^,Sg¾&
t ^;;amr&

ødj Yla ; s h

;r,hl mSvkh hkq hï wdldrhl hdka;%sl Yla;shls' øjhla p,s; jk wjia:djl

oS tys .eíù we;s Yla;sh fldgia ;=klg fnosh yels h' tkï"

1' úNj Yla;sh (H) - Potential Energy

2' pd,l Yla;sh - Kinetic Energy

3' mSvk Yla;sh - Presure Energy

45
fuh n¾fkd,S iólrKh f,i ye|ska fõ'

øjhl mSvkh yd n,h w;r iïnkaOh

P1 V12 P V2
H1 + + = H2 + 2 + 2
F - n,h ρ 2g ρ 2g
P - mSvkh
A - yrialv j¾. M,h

mSvkh } n,h "

yrialv j¾.M,h

P=F
A

øjh ;=< mSvkh iudk neúka

46
 9' md,k moaO;s

Tn úÿ,s mxldjla ls%hd lrjk úg tys fõ.h md,kh lrk ieá oel we;ehs is;uq'
md,kh wvq w.hlg fhduq lsÍfuka wvq N%uK fõ.hl=;a jeä w.hlg fhduq lsÍfuka jeä
fõ.hl=;a ,nd.; yels h' fodard gexlshl c,h md,kh jkafka flfiaoehs Tn is;=jd o@
fuys § gexlshlg c,h msÍu;a iu`. u c,h we;=¿ùu k;r fõ' tfia jkafka flfia o@
fï ms<sn| oekqula fuu fldgi yeoeÍfuka Tng ,nd .; yels h'

úÿ,s mxldj

fuys§ hdukfhka fudagrhg fok ix{dj wkqj fudagrfha ls%hdldÍ;ajh isÿ fõ'
hdulfha we;s mßm:hg wkqj 1g fhÿ úg wvq Odrdjl=;a 2g fhÿ úg Bg jvd jeä
Odrdjl=;a fudagrhg ,efí' fuys§ Odrdj jeäjk úg fudagrhg ,efnk Yla;sh jeä ù
jeä fõ.hlska N%uKh fõ' ñksid úiska ;SrKh lrk ,o Set Point tlg wkqj moaO;sh
ls%hd lrhs'

fuys§ úÿ,s mxldj wmg wjYH fõ.fhkau N%uKh fõ oehs fidhd ne,Sula isÿ
fkdfõ' tu ksid fuu md,l moaO;sh újD; md,l moaO;shla (Open Loop Control) f,i
y÷kajkq ,efí'

c, gexlshl c, uÜgu md,kh

c, uÜgu my< we;s wjia:dj

1
 c, uÜgu;a iu`. fnda, jE,ajh yd ine|s ,Sjrh by<g biafik ksid ,Sjrh c,
iemhqu isÿ jk k<h foig <`.d ùu ksid c, imhk ia:dkhg lmdghla f,i ls%hd lrhs'

gexlsh msrùug <x jk úg wjYH m%udKhg ^c, lf|a Wig& msÍ we;s úg ilia lrk
,o ,Sjr moaO;shg wkqj c, iemhqu iïmQ¾Kfhka u k;r fõ'

fuu moaO;sh ixjD; md,l moaO;shla ^Closed Loop Control& f,i y÷kajkq ,efí'

újD; mqvq md,k moaO;s

fuh b;du;a ir, wdldrfhka hq;a md,k moaO;s fõ' tÈfkod Ndú;fhys jqj o
oelsh yels j¾.hls'

fuu md,k moaO;sj, oelsh yels úfYaI ,laIKh jkqfha úp,H m%odk (Input
Variables) iy úp,H m%;sodk (Output Variable) j, ls%hdldÍ;ajh iajdëk ùuh' fuu
fya;=j ksid wmg wjYH úp,Hh ^Variable& md,k moaO;sh ;=<ska isÿ jk ls%hdj,ska miq
fokq ,nk m%;sodk úp,Hj, w.h u fkd jkq we;'

ir, WodyrKhla .; fyd;a"

2
 Tn Wÿkl WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍu i|yd újD' mqvq ixl,amh Ndú; lrkafka hehs
is;kak' Tnj wjYH WIaK;ajh 5000C hehs is;kak'

Wÿfka WIaK;ajh md,kh lsÍu

fuu wjia:dfõ § újD; mqvq md,k moaO;sh ksid" Wÿk u.ska fokq ,enq WIaK;ajh
4500C kuq;a fuh Tng wjYH 5000CWIaK;ajh WIaK;ajhg jvd fjkia jq w.hls' fuu
md,k moaO;sh ksid wmg wjYH 5000C WIaK;ajh ,nd .ekSug újD; mqvq ixl,amh
fh§fuka wmyiq jk nj fmfka' fuhg m%Odk fya;=j jkqfha wmg wjYH WIaK;ajh yd
Wÿfkka ,nd fok WIaK;aj fol w;r wka;¾ ls%hdjka fkdue;s ùuhs' fuu fya;=j ksid
újD; mqvq md,kh u.ska wmg wjYH 100] ksrjoH;djhla ,nd .ekSu ÿIalr fõ'

tÈfkod Ôú;fha fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj, fuu ixl,amh Ndú; fõ'

1' Traffic control lights ^ud¾. ix{d moaO;sj,&
2' Roaster ^mdka mq`:iaik hka;%j,&
3' Washing Machine ^frÈ fidaok hka;j % ,&

ixjD; mqvq ixl,amh

fuu md,k moaO;s l%uh fkdfhl=;a wjia:dj, Ndú; fõ' fuu l%uh u.ska wmg
b;d ksjerÈ md,k l%uhla ,nd.; yelsh'

fuu l%ufha È m%odkh (Input) iy m%;sodkh (Output) wjia:d w;r iïnkaOh

f.dvke.Su i|yd m%;sfmdaIK ^—Feed back˜& hk ud¾.h fhdod .kq ,efí' fuu Feedback
wjia:dj ksid' Input iy Output wjia:d w;r iïnkaOhla f.dvkef.a' fuh újD; mqvq
ixl,amhg jvd fjkia jqjls'

3
 fuu m%;sfmdaIK iïnkaOh ksid m%;sodk iy m%odk wjia:d w;r iïnkaOhka
f.dv ke.Su ksid wmg wjYH jk 100] ksrjoH;djlska hq;a md,k moaO;shla ,nd.ekSug
yels fõ' tkï hï ld,hla ;=< § fuu md,k moaO;sh u`.ska fokq ,nk m%;sodkj, w.h
wmg wjYH jk m%odkj, w.hu fõ'

fuu md,k moaO;s u`.ska fkdfhl=;a fN!;sl úp,Hhka md,kh l< yels h'
WodyrKhla f,i WIaK;ajh" uÜgï ^Level&" mSvkh ^Pressure&' .,d hEï ^Flow& wdÈh fõ'

ixjD; mqvq moaO;shl we;s úfYaI ,laIK

1' 100]la jq ksrjoH md,k wjia:dj
2' by< m%;spdr oelaùulska hq;= nj
3' ud¾. úikaê jqjfyd;a fuh újD; mqvq wjia:dj m%o¾Ykh ùu'
4' fuu md,k moaO;s f.dvke`.Su i|yd idfmalaIj by< jákdlñka hq;a WmlrK
wjYHjk fyhska ñ, wêl ùu'

ixjD; mqvq ;=< oelsh yels m%;sfmdaIK ud¾.h m%Odk jYfhka hqla; jkafka wod<
ñkqï$Measurement WmlrKhla yryd h' fuu WmlrKh u.ska wod< ñkqï ,ndf.k th
m%odkfha w.h iu`. iiokq ,efí' tys § lshjkq ,nk fjki Y=kH lrd <`.d jk f;la
fuu md,k moaO;sh ls%hdlrkq ,efí' ixjD; mqvq md,k moaO;shla ;=< oelsh yels ish¨ u
Wmdx. my; rEmfhka olajd we;'

) fuh md,k moaO;sfha fud<h f,ig iu l< yels fõ' ish¨ ;SrK .kq ,nkafka
fuh úisks'

)) Wod' f,i fudag¾ jE,ajhla ^Valve&

))) wod< md,k moaO;sh u`.ska md,kh lrkq ,nk wjia:dj ^Wod'( mSvkh' uÜgu&

4
úÿ,s ia;s%lalh
fuh o ixjD; mqvq moaO;shls' fuys md,lh f,i oaú f,day ;yvqjla fhdod .efka'

fuys§ úÿ,s ia;l

%s l
a h ;=< we;s WIaK;aj ixfõokh u`.ska tys we;s úÿ,s mßm:hg WIaK;ajh
fokq ,nhs' wjYH WIaK;ajh ,efnk ;=re úÿ,s ia;s%lalh r;a fõ' bka miq th r;a ùu
kj;S' kej; WIaK;ajh wvq jQ úg th kej; r;a fõ' fuys § on-off md,k l%uh Ndú;
fõ' wm úiska fokq ,nk set point w.h wkqj r;a ùu keje;aúh hq;= tl WIaK;ajhl=;a
kej; r;a ùu mgka .; hq;= ;j;a WIaK;ajhl=;a mj;S'

T1g jvd ia;s%lalh r;a jq úg r;a ùu kj;S' T2g jvd isis,a jq úg kej; r;a fõ'
^T1>T2& tu ksid iEu úg u úÿ,s ia;s%lalfha WIaK;ajh T1 yd T2 w;r mj;S ^uq,a wjia:dfõ
iy úÿ,s ikaêh úikaê l< wjia:dfõ yerekq úg&' fuys § ia;s%lal lsÍfï § WIaK;ajh
hï mrdihl mej;Su tu ls%hdj,shg ndOdjla fkd jk ksid .eg¨jla mek fkdk.S'

wdf,dal ixfõ§ moaO;s

5
 fuys § isÿ jk ls%hdj,sh úÿ,s ia;s%lalfha ls%hdjg jvd ir, fõ' wdf,dalfha
m%udKh hï w.hlg jvd wvq kï myk oe,a fõ' ke;fyd;a fkdoe,a fõ' wdf,dalfha wvq
jeä ùu md,l moaO;sfhka ixfõol u`.ska y÷kd f.k tu ld,h ;=< oSu ksh;j mj;ajd
.kS'

kuq;a úÿ,s ia;s%lalfha r;a ùu md,l moaO;sh u; r|d mj;sk ksid ks;r ks;r On
ùu iy Off ùu isÿ fõ' YS;lrKfha isis,a ùu ;=< o mj;skqfha fuhg ;rul iudk
ls%hdj,shls'

6
 10' iqfLdamfNda.S úoHdj yd udkj ñ;sh

iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh úldYkh wms uq,skau i,ld n,uq' uq,au hq.fha
ñksid ;ukaf.a lghq;= lsisÿ WmlrKhla fkdue;sj lsßu fuys wdrïNh f,i ie,lsh
yelsh' bka miqj hï hï lghq;= i|yd úúO WmlrKhka Ndú;d lsÍu wdrïN úh' fuu
WmlrKhka iy tajd Ndú;d lrkakka w;r iïnkaO;djh ms<sn| fidhd n,d fkdue;'
miq ld,Skj WmlrK j,g wu;rj hka;% iq;% Ndú;ho úúO ls%hdldrlï i|yd fhdod
.ekSu wdrïN úh' ±kg úúO wdldrfha WmlrK;a yd úúO j¾.fha hka;% iq;%" úúO
ksIamdok ls%hdj,ska yd tajd iemhSï i|yd nyq,j fhdod .efka' fuu WmlrK yd hka;% iQ;%
ls%hd lrùu i|yd ñksia Y%uh yd oekqu w;HjYH lreKls' fuu WmlrK yd hka;% iQ;%
mqoa.,hl=f.a YÍr m%udKhka" YÍr Yla;sh" ±kqu wjfndaOh tlsfklg iudk fkdjk uq;a
ta ish,a,kau hï hï ld¾hhka i|yd ta i|yd jq WmlrK iy hka;% iQ;% úúO ;;a;ajhka
hgf;a Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' hka;% iQ;% úúO ;;a;ajhka hgf;a Ndú; l< hq;= fõ' fï ish¨
hka;% iq;% iy WmlrK iEu mqoa.,fhl=f.au YÍr m%udKh" YÍr Yla;Ska ±kqu wjfndaOh
.e,fmk f,i ks¾udKh fkdù ;sîu úYd, .eg¨ rdYshlg uq,a jq lreKla úh'

fï we;s jq ;;a;ajhka u.yrjd .eksu i|yd;a ksIamdok iy lafIa;% iemhSï

M,odhS;dj jeä ÈhqKq lsßu i|yd;a iqfLdamfNda.S úoHdj yd udkj ñ;sfha ixl,amhka
fhdod .eksu wdrïN úh' fuhg wu;rj Ndú; lrkakkaf.a YÍß fi!LHh jeä ÈhqKq
lsÍu i|yd;a mj;akd fi!LHh ;;a;ajhka my< uÜgulg we| jeàu je,elaùu i|yd;a
lghq;= iïmdokh flf¾'

fojkqj iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh hkafkka woyia lrkafka l=ula±hs

i,ld n,uq'

iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh ixl,amhka i|yd úúO lafIa;%j, ±kqu ^Wod'(
ffjµ úoHdj" Ôj úoHdj" .Ks;h" fN!;sl úoHdj" bxðfkare úoHdj" ;dlaIKh" mßir
úoHdj" ufkda úoHdj" ridhk úoHdj" mßmd,kh& Ndú; lrkq ,eîh'

1
 ufkda
úoHdj
;dlaIKh ridhk
úoHdj

bxðfkare ffjµ
úoHdj úoHdj

iqfLdamfNda.S
úµdj
yd udkj
fN!;sl ñ;sh Ôj úoHdj
úoHdj

mßmd,kh mßir
úoHdj
.Ks;h

rEmh 1 - iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sfha ixl,amh i|yd m%Odk jk

úIh la f Ia ; % h ka '
m%Odk jYfhka by; i|yka úIh lafIa;%hkaf.a ixl,amfhka iukaú; jk
iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh i|yd ;j;a fjk;a lafIa;%hkaf.a ±kquo Ndú;d lrkq
,efí' fufia úúO lafIa;%hkaf.ka ,nd.kakd ±kqu fhdod iEÿ ixl,amhka úúO jq
lafIa;%hkaf.a ÈhqKqj iy jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' rEmh 2 u.ska Tnyg
fï ms<sn|j wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug yels jkq we;'

hka;% iQ;%
ksIamdokh

fiajd ksIamdok
ia:dkh iy fiajd
ieliSu iemhSu

mßir úµdj iqfLdamfNda.S ufkda úoHdj

úµdj yd
udkj ñ;sh

;dlaIKh jev ie,iqï

lsÍu

hka;% iQ;%
ks¾udKh
lsÍu

rEmh 2 ( iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh Ndú;d l< yels lafIa;%hka

ls y s m hla '
2
 f;jkqj iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh Ndú;d lsÍfï wruqKq fidhd n,uq'
fuh Ndú;d lsÍfï m%Odku wruqKq jkafka"
- fiajd iem myiq fiajd ia:dkhla f,i ilia lsÍu
- fiajlhskaf.a YÍr fi!LH jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu fyda msßySu wvq lsßu
- fiajd ia:dkfha M,odhS;dj jeä lsÍu

fuu wruqKq <`.d lr .ekSu i|yd fiajlhskaf.a yelshdjka iy iSudjka Ndú;

lrkq ,nk WmlrK" hka;% iQ;% iy tajd Ndú;d lrkq ,nk ls%hdj,Ska ms<sn|j ukd
wjfndaOhla ;sìh hq;=h'

±ka wms fuu iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sh Ndú;d lsÍfuka ,nd.; yels jdis
ms<sn|j i,ld n,uq'
- M,odhS;dj jeä ùu
- ;;a;ajh ^fiajd fyda NdKav& jeä ÈhqKq ùu
- jevlrk ia:dkfha wdrlaIdj jeä ùu
- fiajlhskaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh jeä ùu
- jev lsÍfï§ hka;% iQ;% $ WmlrK Ndú;fha úYjdih jeäùu
- jev lsÍug we;s wdYdj$leue;a; jeä ùu
- fiajd ia:dkfha Wiiaùï ,nd.ekSug we;s wjia:djka jeäùu

fufia jkafka wehs ±hs úia;r lsÍug isiqkag yelshdj ;sìh hq;=h'

fu;eka mgka iqfLdamfNda.S úµdj yd udkj ñ;sfha jeo.;a lreKq lsysmhla i,ld
n,uq'

ld¾h moaO;s
uq,skau ld¾hh moaO;sh hkqfjka y÷kajkafka l=ula±hs jgyd .ekSug W;aidy lruq'
ld¾h moaO;shla wjYH jkafka hï ld¾hhla lsÍu i|ydh' tkï l< hq;= ld¾hh" ld¾h
moaO;shl w;HjYH wx.hla fõ' tu l< hq;= ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd wuqøjH iy Yla;Ska wjYH
fõ' tu fiajdjka o ld¾hh moaO;shg m%Odk wx.hka w;r fõ' fuu ls%hdj,sh isÿ lsÍu
i|yd fiajlshka fiajd ia:dkhka iy wjYH;dj wkqj hka;% iQ;% WmlrK Ndú; l< hq;=
fõ' fuhg wu;rj jev lrk ia:dkj, jgmsgdj" jev lrk wdldrh" ld¾h moaO;shl
wfkla m%Odk fldgia f,i ie,lsh yelsh'

ld¾hh moaO;s j¾. (

m%Odk jYfhka ld¾hh moaO;Ska fldgia ;=klg fnod fjka l< yels fõ' tajd
kï"

3
 - w;ska ls%hdlrk moaO;s
- hdka;s%l moaO;s
- iajhxlD; moaO;s

w;ska ls%hdlrk ld¾h moaO;s

fuys§ ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd hka;% iQ;% Ndú; lrkq fkd,efí' tkï ld¾hh moaO;sj,
;sìh yels wx.hka jk hka;% iq;% fuu j¾.fha ld¾h moaO;Skaj, Ndú; lrkq fkd,efí'
ish¨u ld¾hhka ñksia n,h iy ñksiqka úiska Ndú;d lrkq ,nk WmlrK u`.ska isÿ
lrkq ,efí'

hka;% iQ;% ld¾h moaO;s

fuys§ ld¾h lsßu i|yd ñksia n,h WmlrK j,g wu;rj hka;% iQ;% Ndú;d lrkq
,efí' fuu hka;% iQ;% ls%hd lrùu i|yd iqÿiq Yla;Ska" p¾hdjka" Ndú;d l< hq;= fõ'
fuys§ hka;% iQ;% Ndú; l<;a tu ld¾hh iïmQ¾Kfhkau hka;% iQ;% u.skau muKla lr .;
yels fkdfõ' hka;% iQ;% j,g wjYH fldgia $wuq øjH iemhSu hka;%fhka ksIamdok
fldgia bj;a lsßu" hka;%h md,kh lsßu i|yd ñksia Y%uh Ndú; l< hq;= fõ'

iajhxlD; moaO;s
fuys§ o ld¾hh lsÍu i|yd hka;% iQ;% Ndú;d lrkq ,efí' fuys § lrkq ,nk
ld¾hh iïmQ¾Kfhkau ^ñksia Y%uh rys;j& hka;% iQ;% u.skau muKla isÿ lrkq ,efí'
WodyrKhla f,i .;fyd;a iïmQ¾K ksIamdokhu fkdj ksIamdokfha fldgila f,i
lñihl fld,rh iajhxlD; moaO;sh u.ska ksIamdokh lr.; yelsh' fuysoS hka;%h
md,kh lsrSu i|yd ñksia Y%uh Ndú;d fkdfú' fuys§ wjYH;djh wkqj ñksia Y%uh hka;%
iQ;% j,g wjYH fldgia $ wuqøjH iemhSu iy hka;%fha ksIamdÈ; fldgia bj;a lsÍug
fhdod .kq ,efí'

±ka wm ld¾hh moaO;shl we;sjk ñksia hka;% w;=re uqyqK; .ek i,ld n,uq'

hïlsis ld¾hhla ld¾HlaIuj ;sìu i|yd ñksid iy hka;% w;r iïnkaO;djh

b;du;a jeo.;a fõ' hï lsis ld¾hhla lsÍu i|yd hka;% w.% iy ñksiqka iyNd.S fõ' tu
ñksikq f
a .a ±kqu" wjfndaOh" ksmk
q ;ajh ms<n
s |j fyd| wjfndaOhla we;sj hka;% iq;% ks¾udKh
lsÍu l< hq;=fõ' tu hka;% iQ;% ls%hd lrùu ms<sn| fyd| wjfndaOhla hka;% ls%hdlrejkayg
fkdue;skï tu ld¾hh ld¾hlaIuj lsÍug fkdyels fõ'

fuys§ hka;% ls%hd lrejkaf.a me;af;ka n,k l, Tjqkaf.a bßhõj;a" weg iy udxY
fmaYSka j,g wjYH jk n,h" Tjqkag wjYH jk jev lrk ia:dkfha bvlv ms<sn|j
wjfndaOfhka jev lrk ia:dkfha hka;% iQ;% Ndú;hg fhdod .; hq;=fõ'

4
 fuu hka;% iQ;% me;af;ka .;a l, tu hka;% iQ;j
% , md,k moaO;Ska ^ix{d md,khka&
hka;% ls%hdlrejkag myiqfjka .%yKh lr .; yels wdldrhg ks¾udK lr ;sìh hq;=h'
tajd f;areï .eksug myiq wdldrfhka ks¾udKh l< hq;= fõ'

fï lreKq folgu wu;rj jev lrk ia:dkfha mßirh ñksia hka;% we;+rE uqyK
q f;a
wfkla wx.h fõ' fuys§ jev lrk ia:dkfha we;s WIaK;ajh" Yíoh" wdf,dalh" wd¾ø;djh
ms<sno wjfndaOh b;d jeo.;a fõ' fuh ir, rEm igyklska my; wdldrhg ±laúh yelsh'

rEmh - ñksia hka;% w;=re uqyqKf;a wdldrhka

ld¾h moaO;Ska .;a l, jev lsÍfï fõ.ho" l< hq;= ld¾hh m%udKho b;d jeo.;a
fõ' hï ld¾hhla lsÍfï§ tu ld¾hhfha fõ.h ;SrKh jkafka hka;%fha fõ.h u; kï
tu fõ.hg jev lsÍfï yelshdj hka;% l%shdlrejkag ;sìh hq;= h' jev lsÍfï oS m%udKhg
fkdj .=Kd;aul Ndjh o jeo.;a neúka ta ms<sn|j ld¾h moaO;Ska ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= fõ'

ld¾h moaO;Ska l%shd lrùu i|yd ld¾h moaO;s ;=< ;sìh hq;= $ ;sìh yels l,ska
úia;r lrk ,o wx.hkaj,g wu;r ld¾h moaO;Ska l%shd lrùu i|yd f;dr;=re wjYH fõ'
fï f;dr;=re ld¾h moaO;Skaj,g wjYH wdldrhg ,nd osh hq;= h' fuhg wu;rj ld¾h
moaO;Ska l%shd lrk úg ld¾h moaO;Ska ;=<skau úúO f;dr;=re bosßm;a fõ' fuu f;dr;=re
ld¾h moaO;Ska ld¾hlaIuj l%shd lrùug wjYH fõ'

f;dr;=re bosßm;a l< hq;af;a tu f;dr;=re wjYH mqoa.,hskag myiqfjka f;areï .;

yelsjk mßos fõ' f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsÍfuka muKla tys wruqKla f,i n,dfmdfrd;a;=
fkdfõ'

5
 oeka wms f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsßfï wruqKq fláfhka i,ld n,uq' WodyrKhla f,i
hï lsis NdKavhla ld¾h moaO;shla ;=< ksIamdokh l< hq;= kï' tu NdKavh ksIamdokhg
wjYH ish¨u f;dr;=re ,nd osh hq;= fõ'^wuq øjH ms<sn| úia;r" Ndú;d l< hq;= hka;% iQ;%
ms<sn| úia;r" NdKavfha m%udKh" wjYH NdKav m%udKh" wjYH j¾Kh" n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk
NdKavfha ;;ajh wdosh'& fufia lsßfuka NdKvh ksjerosj yd wjYH ;;ajfhka ksIamdokh
lr.eksfï wruqKq ,`.d lr .; yelsh' túg wu;rj tu NdKavh ld¾h moaO;sh ;=<
ksIamdokh lsßfï oS Ndú; lrk hka;% iQ;% u`.ska úúO f;dr;=re ,nd foa' WodyrKhla
f,i hka;%fha r;= t<shla fmkakqï lsÍu u.ska hka;%fha fodaIhla fyda ksIamdokh lsßfï
oS we;súh yels fodaIhla bosßm;a l< yels h' fuu.ska hka;% iQ;% fyda ksIamdokh lrk
NdKavfha ;;ajhka ksjerosj ;nd .eksfï wruq Kq ,`.d lr .; yels h'

ld¾hh moaO;sh ;=< isák fiajhlhskaf.a ld¾hhka f,aLK .; lsßfuka tu

NdKavh ksIamdokh lf,a l=uk fiajhlhka úiska oehs miqj Wj;a oek.; yels h' fuu.ska
fiajl jegqma f.ùug yd fiajlhska yryd isÿjk fodaI wju lr .eksfï l%shd mámdáhla
ilia lr .eksfï wruqK <`.d lr .; yels fõ' fï wdldrhg wjYH wruqKq <`.d lr .ekSu
i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ld¾hh moaO;sh ;=< ,nd osh hq;= h'

fuu f;dr;=re úúO wdldrfhka bosßm;a l< yels h' WodyrKhla f,i my;
i|yka oE i|yka l< yels h'
ο úia;r lsÍu u.ska ^ .Ks;uh fyda m%ia;dr rys;j&
ο .Ks;uh fyda ixLHd;aulj bosßm;a lsÍfuka
ο m%ia;dr u.ska
ο rEm igyka u.ska
ο wdf,dalh Ndú; lÍfuka
ο Yíoh u.ska
ο ix{d u.ska
ο wdlD;s u.ska

fï ish¨u oE Ndú;d lr bosßm;a lrk f;dr;=re ,nkakdg tajd ksjerosj f;areï

.ekSfï yelshdj ;sîu w;HjYH fõ' tfia fkdue;s kï f;dr;=re bosßm;a lsÍu u.ska
n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk wruqKq ,`.d lr .; fkdyels fõ'

ld¾h moaO;ska ksjerosj ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS udkj ñkska fiajhlhskf

a .a ixp,khla
jk fiajd ia:dkhla we;s øjH ^WmlrK$hka;%iQ;%$,S nvq wdosh& .ek ukd wjfndaOhla
;sìh hq;= h' thg wu;rj fiajlhskaf.a ye`.Sï o ld¾hh ksjerosj lr .ekSug b;du;a
bjy,a fõ'
udkj ñ;sh -- mqoa.,hskaf.a YÍrj, úúO uekSï j, f;dr;=re ,nd fokq ,nhs'

6
fuu YÍrj, úúO uekqï j, f;dr;=re ^Wod#- Wi" nr" w;aj, os." mdoj, os..'''''& Ndú;d
lr fiajd ia:dkhkaj,g wjYH WmlrK" hka;% iQ;%" ,S nvq wdosh ta ta mqoa.,hskag .e,fmk
mßos ks¾udKh l< yels fõ' fufia ,nd .;a YÍrj, úúO uekSï j, f;dr;=re j.= .;
fldg we;s w;r tajd udkj ñ;sl j.= kñka ye|ska fõ' fuu udkj ñ;sl j.= Ndú;d
lsÍfuka wjYH f;dr;=re myiqfjka ,nd .; yels fõ'
mqoa.,hskaf.a YÍr m%udKh fndfyda úg cSj;ajk m%foaYhg iy wh;ajk cd;shg
wkqj fjkia fõ' WodyrKhla f,i W;=re weußldfõ cSj;ajk mqo. a ,hskf a .a YÍr m%udKfhka
úYd, jk w;r Ökh" fldßhdj" cmdkh jeks rgj, cSj;ajk mqoa.,hska idfmalaIj
m%udKfhka l=vd fõ' tu ksid hqfrdamfha ksmojk hka;% iQ;% Ndú;d lrkafka W;=re
weußldfõ kï" ta mqoa.,hskaf.a YÍr m%udKhka Ndú;d lr tajd ksIamdokh l< hq;= fõ'
fï u.ska Tng udkj ñ;sfha we;s jeo.;a lu meyeos,s jkq we;'

;;ajh fufia Wj;a hï m%foaYhl cSj;ajk mqoa.,hkaf.a Wj;a YÍr m%udKhkaf.a

úúO fjkialï oelsh yelsh' WoyrKhla f,i W;=re weußldfõ fjfik mqoa.,hska w;r
jqj;a úúO fjkia ùï oelsh yelsh' fuh úúO WmlrK" hka;% iQ;%" ,S nvq ks¾udKh lsÍfï
oS uqyqK mdk m%Odk .eg¨ w;r uq,a ;ekla .kS' jvd;au iqÿiq jkafka tu NdKavh Ndú;
lrkakdf.a YÍr m%udKhg wjYH foaj,a ks¾udKh lsÍuhs' kuq;a th m%dfhda.slj l< yels
ld¾hhla fkdfõ' fï ksid fï i|yd fï i|yd udkj ñ;sl j.= Ndú;h b;du;a fyd|
úi÷ula fõ' fuh myiqfjka f;areï .eksu i|yd ñksikq fa .a Wfiys jHdma;h
s ^hï m%foaYhl
- W;=re weußldj& i,ld n,uq' fuu jHdma;sh my; rEmfha oelafjk wdldrhg m%ia;dr .;
l< yels fõ'

7
 fuu m%ia;drh ú.%y lsÍfï oS A m%foaYhg wh;a jk mqoa.,hskaf.a Wi idudkH Wig
jvd wvqh' tfiau B m%foaYhg wh;a jk mqoa.,hskaf.a Wi idudkH Wig jvd b;du;a jeä
h' hï WmlrKhla " hka;% iq;%" ,S nvq ks¾udKh lsÍfï oS Wi Ndú;d fõ kï" fuu yd
m%foaYj,g wh;a jk mqoa.,hska o we;=¿j ks¾udKh lsÍu b;du;a wmyiq ld¾hhla fõ' fï
ksid fmdÿ iïu;hla f,i fï fofldigu wh;a fkdjk b;sß 90] fokd fjkqfjka
WmlrK" hka;% iQ;% iy ,S nvq ks¾udKh lrkq ,nhs' túg ks¾udKh lrk oE mqo. a ,hskf
a .ka
90] la fokdg m%YaKhlska f;drj Ndú;d l< yels fõ' wfkla mqoa.,hska tu NdKav
Ndú;d lsßfuka wmyiq;d we;s fõ' ta i|yd l< hq;af;a tjeks mqoa.,hska i|yd fjk
fjku tajd ks¾udKh l< hq;= ùu hs'

mqoa.,hska úúO ld¾hhka lsÍfï oS ksYap,j ^YÍrh jeämqr p,kh fkdlr& fyda
pxp,j ^YÍrh p,kh lsÍfuka& lrkq ,nhs' tu ksid udkj ñ;sl j.= ks¾udKh lsÍfï
oS fï foj¾.hgu wh;a ñkqï ,nd .; hq;= fõ' ta wkqj wjYH hka;% iQ;%" WmlrK yd ,S
nvq ksmoùfuka jeä ld¾hlaCIu;djhla ,nd .; yels h'

iqfLdamfNda.S úoHdj yd udkj ñ;sh iEu fCI;%hlu Ndú;d l< yels nj óg fmr
wjia:djl i|yka lf<uq' tfiau iqfLdamfNdA.S úoHdj iy udkj ñ;sh Ndú;d lsÍfï
wruqKq yd ,nd.; yels jdis ms<sn|j o idlÉPd lrk ,os'

fuu ixl,amhka l=uk ia:dkhl Ndú;d l< o tu Ndú; lrk ld¾h moaO;sh
b;du;a fyd|ska wOHhkh l< hq;= h' tysoS Ndú;d lrk wuq øjH" WmlrK" hka;% iQ;%"
fiajlhska" tys mßirh" ,S nvq wdoS ish¨ foa iqÿiq mßos f;dard .; hq;= jkakd fiau" tajd
ksjerosj Ndú; l< hq;= h' fuu ixl,amhka mx;s ldurfha øjH mßyrKh lsÍug o "
ridhkd.drfha øjH mßyrKh lsßfï oS o" ksjerosj mßyrKh lsÍfuka o wjYH;djhg
wkqj ld¾hlaIuj jeä oshqKq lr .ekSu i|yd;a" YÍr fi!LH wdrCIdj iys;j lrf.k
hdu i|yd;a" jev lrk ia:dkfha myiqj jeä oshqKq lr .eksu i|yd;a fhdod .; yels fõ'