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Geography Forest

The document discusses different types of forests found in Pakistan. It describes protection forests, which are planted along roads and parks for purposes such as controlling pollution and soil erosion. Production forests grow naturally and provide high quality wood and timber. Alpine forests grow in mountainous areas but have limited growth due to climate. Coniferous forests have needle-like leaves and prevent snow accumulation. Tropical, sub-tropical, and riverain forests provide wood for fuel and construction. Mangrove forests in coastal areas have adapted to survive in salty water. Deforestation due to cutting trees for development and fuel threatens forests, causing soil erosion, habitat loss and climate change. Afforestation projects aim to replant trees and protect remaining forests.

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Azka Gilani
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62 views4 pages

Geography Forest

The document discusses different types of forests found in Pakistan. It describes protection forests, which are planted along roads and parks for purposes such as controlling pollution and soil erosion. Production forests grow naturally and provide high quality wood and timber. Alpine forests grow in mountainous areas but have limited growth due to climate. Coniferous forests have needle-like leaves and prevent snow accumulation. Tropical, sub-tropical, and riverain forests provide wood for fuel and construction. Mangrove forests in coastal areas have adapted to survive in salty water. Deforestation due to cutting trees for development and fuel threatens forests, causing soil erosion, habitat loss and climate change. Afforestation projects aim to replant trees and protect remaining forests.

Uploaded by

Azka Gilani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Geography 2059/02 “FORESTS OF PAKISTAN”

1. Forest are natural vegetations.


2. Land occupied by trees and grasses.
3. Forest are of two types.  Protection forest.  productive forest.
PROTECTION FORESTS
1. Planted by people and local folks.
2. Planted along roads and in parks.
3. They are not for commercial purpose.  use to control pollution & soil erosion  not have good quality
wood. 4. Also they provide shade to people and helps to lower the temperature.
PRODUCTION FORESTS
1. Natural forest. 2. Grows naturally. 3. Number of trees are very high and provides good quality wood.
4. Some special wood like timber are also obtained because of high density of trees.
ALPINE FOREST.
1. Exploited growth of wood. because of lesser sunlight and temperature.  Areas:- Dir, Sawat and Chitral.

2. Importance:- used as fuels and cooking and heating purpose.


CONIFEROUS FOREST.
1. Needle and sharp shaped trees. 2. Sloping stems and branches so as to prevent snow accommodation.

3. Shape like a cone. 4. Leaf fall of this trees are very less.
 AREAS:- northern areas [NWFP] mansera, abotabaad, sawat, Shangla, murre, Islamabad and pindi.
Baluchistan:- Quetta and Kalat division.
Importance:-  add scenic beauty.  effective breeding home for birds.  important source of timber for
making furniture.  attractive and very solid woods.
TROPICAL FORESTS.
1. Also known as RAKH. 2. Forest with thorns and hard woods and has low height.
AREAS:-  Punjab plain, southern and western Baluchistan and Sindh Plain.
USES:-  as firewood for heating and cooking purposes.
SUB-TROPICAL FOREST.
1. Has thornes over stem and woods. 2. Has broad leaves with thorns on it.
AREAS:-  attock district, foothills of gujrat and Jhelum.
NWFP:  abbotabad, mardan and Peshawar.
USES:  supplies firewood, used for grazing purposes and water shed purposes [long and broad leaves].
RIVERAIN FOREST.
1. Commercial type of forest. 2. Special woods for making items.
USES:  two special woods, Sheshum and babul.  used for making furniture’s and valuables items.
AREAS:  along river Indus and tributaries.
MANGROVE FOREST.
1. Trees with low heights. tidal mud flats and shrubs.
2. Survives in salty water like sea water. 3. Stunted growth due to pollution like agriculture waste.

AREAS:  hub delta and Indus delta.


USES:  breeding ground for fishes and other sea animals.  coastal people uses them for firewood and
timber wood.
FACTORS AFFECTING FOREST VEGETATION:
 The main thing is the altitude of the forest.  different altitude gives rise to different types of trees.
 type of soil also depends which is called epaphic factor  different types and density of forest and trees.
 sea soil has different type of alluvium soil which gives rise to mangrove trees [Indus delta].
 the precipitation level also depends over trees growing factor.  northern mountains leads to coniferous
forest. [woods are soft so they are used for paper production]
CONIFEROUS PROPERTIES:
ROOTS:  are shallow because of thin soil and sub soil is very cool round the year.
 long spreading roots so as to hold the trees strong at the sloping side.
MANGROVE PROPERTIES:
ROOTS:  have mutated themselves to survive in salt round the year.  have aerating roots that filter salts
from water.  high tolerance to salts.  high concentration of salt is shown on woods and leaves.
DEFORESTATION:  cutting of trees.  Destruction of nature.  all trees have been commercially cut
down and being destroyed.
CAUSES:  trees cut down for crops.  urbanization and making of cities.  for growing population
requirement of accommodation places and expansion of cities.  for transportation and road networks and for
railway tracks, trees are cut down for making ways.  places, where there are no fuels and natural gas trees are
cut down for fuelling and cooking purposes.
 sometime in these areas overgrazing of fields by cattle and goats and sheep’s.
RESULT OF DEFORESTATION:
1. Soil erosion  the upper layer slides always by air and leaves behind the infertile soil.
 it also occurs when rainfalls.  water gets down with great force and soil also slips down.
 siltation in the dams also occurs when this silts from northern areas slides down to dams.
 this leads to reduction in the capacity of dams.  irrigation channels get blocked.  harm fishes.
 cutting of trees destroys the natural habitat of many animals like birds.
 less trees means less evapo transpiration.  climatic changes that leads to lesser rainfall.
SOLUTION OF DEFORESTATION:
 supplying irrigation facilties.  fuel woods and fuel consumption trees should be parted away in a given
sector.  supply of natural gas and other fuels to northern areas so that trees cutting should be stopped.
 by making nurseries and plantation of small plants.  logging companies should get limited permission of
trees cutting.  give time of about two years their re growth.  reinforcement of forest laws and forest offices
should be developed for their care.
PREVENTIONS:  Terracing.  Contour planting.  strip farming.
TERRACING:  steps are made on hillsides and edged with mud or stone walls known as bunds.
 it holds the slipping soil and water.
CONTOUR:  crops planted parallel to the contour on hill side.
STRIP FARMING:  two crops are grown in one area. Sometime one crop is grown under another crop.
AFFORESTATION:  replanting of trees.  trees left growth.  many projects are under supervision.
 areas to be selected.  supervised effectively.  development of ways of nurseries.
SOME AFFORESTATION PROJECT:
1. Tarbela-Mangla:  dam project.  Establishment of nurseries and plantation of trees and plants.
2. Rachna Doab Aff. Project:  it’s a mega project.
 Agha Khan Rural support has also started the forestation project in baltistan area.

EXAMINERS’ ANSWER:
3.a.i. trees nearly seen in the photograph are looking of same height and ages. They are planted in line and in
series which means that they are not naturally grown. All trees are of same kind and species.
ii. Cement and Bricks are used to lined the canals. This will prevent the absorbing of water underground which
raises the water table. It will also fill any leakage which results in seepage of water.
iii. Because in this area there is frequent amount of rainfall and trees requires moderate amount because there
are many trees planted here. Evapo-transpiration rate is also high therefore they need more water. Rainfall is
unreliable and unpredictable in Pakistan therefore constant amount of water and supply is necessary.
iv. So as to protect water logging which is raised by water table. Moreover trees does not want their roots in
water.
B.i heating/furniture/ house building.
ii. Wood is important in industries as it helps making the construction of infrastructure like bridges, buildings.
Industries of agriculture also uses wood as for the construction of fences and gates. While other chemical
industries like chemical uses wood for making varnish and pharmaceuticals for making medicines. Wood is also
used for making other items like furniture while, wood is used in transportation industry for building carts and
for making of engine chassis for vehicles.
C.i. forest in which trees are replanted after being cut for industrial use. In this forestry, it is necessary to make
sure that supplies are there for future cutting. For this purpose, maintaining and caring of trees are done and
those species are planted which does not require more water or irrigation.
ii. As Pakistan has increasing population, demands for furniture, houses are increasing therefore for supplying
these things for domestic use it is necessary. Irrigated plantation will also reduce the soil erosion and siltation
which is a great problem for our dams. Planting more trees will help reduce the water table which will protect
water logging.
d.i. because after being planted, trees take years to grow. They also require high amount of cost for planting and
for their care.
ii. ADVANTAGE: because more tourists will give rise to employment sector. The source of income of local
will increase and this will give rise in infrastructure like roads, shops and hotels.
DISADVANTAGES: trees will result in rise of animal population which will reduce the coming of tourism.
The pollution of habitat will destroy the forestation and cost of forestation will also be very high.

REVISION QUESTION

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