ACTIVITY 4:

STOICHIOMETRY
CHEM 3L

Prepared by: Joanne A. Marasigan, RPh, BSCP

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
1. Recall the proper way of balancing equations and predict the products
from its reactants.

2. Review the process of calculating the empirical and molecular formula

of a chemical compound.

3. Review the process of calculating the limiting reactant and

percentage yield of a chemical reaction
 01
INTRODUCTION
STOICHIOMETRY
Law of Conservation of
Mass
“Matter is neither created nor destroyed in a
chemical reaction.”
In any chemical reaction, the amount of matter present at the
end of the reaction is the same as the amount present at
the beginning.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

The mass of the reactant is equal to the mass of the product.

CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O

16 g 2(32 g) 44 g 2(18 g)
 02
BALANCING CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS
A REVIEW
Balancing of Equation:
Example:
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

(1) C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + H2O

(2) C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O

𝟕
(3) C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
𝟐
Example:
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
𝟕
(3) C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
𝟐

Reactant: Product:
C-2 C-2
H-6 H-6
O-7 O-7
Example:
C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O
𝟕
(3) C2H6 + O2 2CO2 + 3H2O
𝟐

(4) 2C2H6 + 7O2 4CO2 + 6H2O

Reactant: Product:
C-4 C-4
H - 12 H - 12
O - 14 O - 14
 03
STOICHIOMETRY AND
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
A REVIEW
?? – mass of the reactant and the product.

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

55.85 𝑔 𝐹𝑒 2 𝑥 55.85 𝐹𝑒 = 111.70 𝑔
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒 𝑥 = 223.4 𝑔 𝐹𝑒
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒
3 𝑥 16.00 𝑂2 = 48.00 𝑔

32.00 𝑔 𝑂2 159.70 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2𝑂3

3 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 𝑥 = 96.00 𝑔 𝑂2 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2𝑂3 𝑥 = 319.40 𝑔 𝐹𝑒2𝑂3
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑂2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐹𝑒2𝑂3

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙: 319.40 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡) 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙: 319.40 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚𝑠 (𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡)

 04
THE MOLE CONCEPT
A REVIEW
 Molecular mass

Example: H2O
H – 2 x 1.008 amu
+
O – 1 x 16.00 amu
____________________

= 18.02 amu
Molecular mass = Molar mass
Example: H2O
H – 2 x 1.008 amu
+
O – 1 x 16.00 amu
____________________

= 18.02 amu
 Formula mass

Example: NaCl  Na+ Cl¯

Na – 1 x 22.99 amu
Cl – 1 x 35.45 amu
__________________
= 58.44 amu
Molecular vs Empirical Formula
Name Molecular Formula Empirical Formula

Ethane C2H6 CH3

Acetylene C2H2 CH

Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 CH3O

Benzene C6H6 CH

Hydrogen Peroxide H2O2 HO

Example:
An unknown compound with a molecular weight of 62.35 g/mol was determined to
contain 56.75 g of carbon and 43.25 g of hydrogen. Calculate the empirical and
molecular formula.

Given: Weight of Carbon = 56.75 g

56.75 𝑔
Weight of Hydrogen = 43.25 g 𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶 = = 0.910 mol
Molecular weight = 62.35 g/mol 62.35 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

1) Compute for the number of moles (n): 43.25 𝑔

𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐻 = = 0.694 mol
62.35 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑤𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 (𝑔)
𝑛=
𝑀𝑊 (𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙)
Example:
An unknown compound with a molecular weight of 62.35 g/mol was determined to
contain 56.75 g of carbon and 43.25 g of hydrogen. Calculate the empirical
and molecular formula.

2) Find the simplest whole number ratio:

0.910 𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 = = 1.31 ~ 1 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐: 𝟏: 𝟏
0.694 𝑚𝑜𝑙

0.694 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑬𝒎𝒑𝒊𝒓𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒖𝒍𝒂: 𝑪𝑯

𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = =1
0.694 𝑚𝑜𝑙

𝐶 = 1; 𝐻 = 1
Example:
An unknown compound with a molecular weight of 62.35 g/mol was determined to
contain 56.75 g of carbon and 43.25 g of hydrogen. Calculate the empirical
and molecular formula.

1) Compute for the compound weight:

𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 = 12.01 g/mol x 1 = 12.01 g/mol

𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 1.01 g/mol x 1 = 1.01 g/mol

= 13.02 g/mol
Example:
An unknown compound with a molecular weight of 62.35 g/mol was determined to
contain 56.75 g of carbon and 43.25 g of hydrogen. Calculate the empirical
and molecular formula.

2) Determine the multiplier coefficient:

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛)

𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝐶𝐻) 5 x CH = C5H5
62.35 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙 Molecular Formula: C5H5
𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = 4.789 ~ 𝟓
13.02 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
Percentage Composition
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
% 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑎𝑡𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑥 # 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠

Example:
Compute for the percentage composition of C3H6O (acetone).

1) Get the molecular weight:

Carbon = 3 x 12.01 g/mol = 36.03 g/mol

Hydrogen = 6 x 1.01 g/mol = 6.06 g/mol

Oxygen = 1 x 16.00 g/mol = 16.00 g/mol

= 58.09 g/mol
Example:
Compute for the percentage composition of C3H6O (acetone).

𝑤𝑡. 𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
2) Get the % composition of each element: % 𝐸𝑙𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑥 100
𝑤𝑡. 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑

36.03 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝐶𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑜𝑛 = 𝑥 100 = 62.024%
58.09 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

6.06 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑥 100 = 10.432%
58.09 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

16.00 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
% 𝑂𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 𝑥 100 = 27.543%
58.09 𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙

% 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑= 99.999% ~ 100%

 05
STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS
MOLE-MOLE | MOLE-MASS | MASS-MASS
Mole-to-mole Conversion
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
Example:
How can you determine the number of moles of H produced when
0.0400 mole of K is used?

2K + 2H2O 2KOH + H2

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 = 𝑥 0.0400 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾

= 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐
Mole-to-mass Conversion
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
Example:
Determine the mass of NaCl produced when 1.25 moles of chlorine gas reacts vigorously
with sodium.

2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 1.25 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

= 𝟐. 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍 58.44 𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙 = 𝑥 2.50 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝑎𝐶𝑙

= 𝟏𝟒𝟔 𝒈 𝒐𝒇 𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
Mass-to-mass Conversion
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
Example:
Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) produces N2O gas and H2O when it decomposes. Determine
the mass of water produced from the decomposition of 25 g solid NH4NO3.

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛
𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻4𝑁𝑂3
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝐻4𝑁𝑂3 = 𝑥 25 𝑔 𝑁𝐻4𝑁𝑂3
80.04 𝑔 𝑁𝐻4𝑁𝑂3

= 𝟎. 𝟑𝟏𝟐 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑵𝑯𝟒𝑵𝑶𝟑

Example:
Ammonium Nitrate (NH4NO3) produces N2O gas and H2O when it decomposes. Determine
the mass of water produced from the decomposition of 25 g solid NH4NO3.

NH4NO3 N2O + 2H2O

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑢𝑛𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑔 𝑜𝑓𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑥 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑘𝑛𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂

2 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂 18.02 𝑔 𝐻2𝑂

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑥 0.312 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻4𝑁𝑂3 𝑔 𝑜𝑓𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑥 0.624 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑁𝐻4𝑁𝑂3 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐻2𝑂

= 𝟎. 𝟔𝟐𝟒 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑯𝟐𝑶 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟐𝟒𝟒 𝒈 𝑯𝟐𝑶

 06
LIMITING REACTANT
A REVIEW
Limiting Reactant
Example:
Disulfur chloride is used to vulcanize rubber, a process that makes rubber harder, stronger,
and less likely to become soft when hot or brittle when cold. In the production of disulfur
dichloride, molten sulfur reacts with chlorine gas. If 200.0 g of sulfur reacts with 100.0 g of
chlorine, what mass of disulfur dichloride is produced?

S8 + 4Cl2 4S2Cl2
Example: Given: wt. of sulfur = 200.0 g ?? = mass of disulfur dichloride?
wt. of chlorine = 100.0 g

S8 + 4Cl2 4S2Cl2

1) Determine the limiting reactant.

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆8

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝐿2 = 𝑥 100 𝑔 𝐶𝑙2 𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆8 = 𝑥 200 𝑔 𝑆8
70.9 𝑔 𝐶𝑙2 256.52 𝑔 𝑆8

= 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑪𝒍𝟐 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟕𝟗𝟕 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑺𝟖

Example: Given: wt. of sulfur = 200.0 g ?? = mass of disulfur dichloride?
wt. of chlorine = 100.0 g

S8 + 4Cl2 4S2Cl2

2) Determine whether the two reactants are in the correct mole ratio as given in the
balanced chemical equation

1.410 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 1.808 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

=
0.7797 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆8 1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆8 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
Example: Given: wt. of sulfur = 200.0 g ?? = mass of disulfur dichloride?
wt. of chlorine = 100.0 g

S8 + 4Cl2 4S2Cl2

3) Calculate the amount of product in grams.

4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆2𝐶𝑙2
1.410 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟒𝟏𝟎 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑺𝟐𝑪𝒍𝟐
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2

135.0 𝑔 𝑆2𝐶𝑙2
1.410 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆2𝐶𝑙2 𝑥 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟒 𝒈 𝑺𝟐𝑪𝒍𝟐
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆2𝐶𝑙2
Example: Given: wt. of sulfur = 200.0 g ?? = mass of disulfur dichloride?
wt. of chlorine = 100.0 g

S8 + 4Cl2 4S2Cl2

 How much sulfur reacted?

1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆8
1.410 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓𝟐𝟓 𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑺𝟖
4 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐶𝑙2

256.5 𝑔 𝑆8
0.3525 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆8 𝑥 = 𝟗𝟎. 𝟒𝟐 𝒈 𝑺𝟖 (𝒏𝒆𝒆𝒅𝒆𝒅)
1 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑆8
Example: Given: wt. of sulfur = 200.0 g ?? = mass of disulfur dichloride?
wt. of chlorine = 100.0 g

S8 + 4Cl2 4S2Cl2

 How much sulfur is left?

200.0 g S8 is available
-
90.42 g S8 is needed
__________________________

109.6 g S8 in excess
 07
PERCENTAGE YIELD
A REVIEW
Percentage Yield
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
Example:
Mr. A is conducting an experiment to form ethanol. The theoretical yield is 50.5 grams. The
actual yield is 46.8 g. What is the % yield?

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

46.8 𝑔
% 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = 𝑥 100
50.5 𝑔

= 𝟗𝟐. 𝟔𝟕%
THANK YOU!
Speaker: Joanne A. Marasigan, RPh, BSCP