Data Communication

Lecture #6
Multiplexing and
Switching
AGENDA

• Multiplexing
•
• Circuit Switching

• Packet Switching

•Message Switching
MULTIPLEXIN
G
 MULTIPLEXING
• Several data sources share a common medium, with
each
source having its own channel
• Line sharing saves transmission costs
• More cost-effective transmissions
• Common on long-haul, high capacity links
 FREQUENCY DIVISION
MULTIPLEXING
• Requires analog signaling & transmission
• Bandwidth = sum of inputs + guardbands
• Modulates signals so that each occupies a different frequency
band
• Standard for radio broadcasting, analog telephone network,
and television
(broadcast, cable, & satellite)
 FDM
System
Overview
 ADSL
• Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line
• Uses FDM to exploit 1-MHz capacity
• Reserves lowest 25 kHz for voice
• Use either echo cancellation or FDM to allocate two bands,
a smaller upstream and larger down
• Use FDM within bands to split bit stream into multiple
parallel bit
streams - discrete multitone
• Range up to 5.5 km
 SYNCHRONOUS TDM
• Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
• Used in digital transmission
• Requires data rate of the medium to exceed data rate
of signals to be transmitted
• Signals “take turns” over medium
• Slices of data are organized into frames
 Synch.
TDM
System
Overview
 SYNCHRONOUS TDM AND PSTN
• Used in modern digital telephone system
• US, Canada, Japan: DS-1(T-1), DS-3(T-3), ...
• Europe, elsewhere: E1, E3, ...
• DS-1: Data rate of 1.544 Mbps
• Uses PCM to digitize voice transmission at 8000 times/sec
with 8 bits/sample = 64kbps
• 24 channels x 8 bits/channel + 1 frame bit = 193 bits/frame
with 8000 frames/sec
Cable Modem & Cable
Spectrum
Division
• Two channels dedicated on cable,
one for transmission in each
direction
• Each channel shared by number of
subscribers using statistical TDM

Cable Spectrum Division:

• to support both cable television
programming and data
channels, the cable spectrum is
divided in to three ranges:

• user-to-network data (upstream):

5 - 40 MHz
SWITCHIN
G
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
• Transmission beyond local area requires intermediate
switching nodes
• Nodes concerned not with content but with movement of
data
• Two technologies of switching differ in way data is
switched
from one link to another
• circuit switching versus packet switching
 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING
• Definition:
• Communication in which a dedicated communications path
is established between two devices through one or more
intermediate switching nodes
• Dominant in both voice and data today
• e.g. PSTN is a circuit-switched network
• Relatively inefficient
• 100% dedication even without 100% utilization
 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING STAGES
• Circuit establishment
• end-to-end circuit established before any signals can
be
transmitted
• Data transfer
• point-to-point from endpoints to nodes
• internal switching/multiplexing among nodes
• Circuit disconnect
• deallocate resources dedicated to circuit
 PSTN
• Public Switched Telephone Network
• Four generic components
• Subscribers - devices that attach to network
• Local loop - link from subscriber to network
• Exchanges - switching centers
(end office - connected to subscribers)
• Trunks - branches between exchanges
(FDM or synchronous TDM)
CIRCUIT-SWITCHED NODE
 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NODE:
DIGITAL SWITCH
• Provides transparent signal path between any pair of attached
devices
• Appears to devices as direct connection
• Typically full-duplex
 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NODE:
NETWORK INTERFACE
• Provides hardware and functions to connect digital devices to
switch
• Analog devices can be connected if interface includes CODEC
functions
• Typically full-duplex
• Trunks to other switches carry TDM signals to provide links for
multiple node networks
 CIRCUIT-SWITCHING NODE:
CONTROL UNIT
• Establishes on-demand connections
• handle and acknowledge request
• determine if destination is free
• construct path through switch
• Maintains connection while needed
• maintain time-division for connection
• Breaks down connection on completion
 Blocking/Non-
blocking
Networks
• Blocking
• network is unable to connect two stations because all possible
paths are already in use (acceptable for voice only)
• Non-blocking:
• permits all possible connection requests because any two
stations can be connected (and may stay that way for a long
time)
 SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
Space-Division Switching Time-Division Switching
– Developed for analog – Used in digital transmission
environment, but has been – Utilizes multiplexing to place all
carried over into digital signals onto common
communication transmission path
– Requires separate physical – Bus must have higher data rate
paths than the individual I/O lines
for each signal connection
– Uses metallic or semiconductor
“gates”
 PACKET SWITCHING
• circuit switching designed for voice
• packet switching designed for data
• transmitted in small packets
• packets contains user data and control info
• user data may be part of a larger message
• control information includes routing (addressing)
• packets are received, stored briefly (buffered) and passed on
to the next node
PACKET SWITCHING (2)
 PACKET SWITCHING (3)
• Advantages
• Better line efficiency - shared by many
• Can adjust data rates for different devices
• Prioritization option - high priority packets first

• Disadvantages
• Transmission delay in nodes - buffers &
processing
• Variable delays can cause jitter
• Overhead for address and network status info
 PACKET SWITCHING TECHNIQUES

• station breaks long message into packets

• packets sent one at a time to the network
• packets can be handled in two ways:
• datagram
• each packet is treated independently with no reference to
previous
packets
• virtual circuit
• a preplanned route is established before any packets are sent
 Circuit Switching Datagram Packet Switching Virtual Circuit Packet
Switching
Dedicated transmission path No dedicated path No dedicated path
Continuous transmission of Transmission of packets Transmission of packets
data
Fast enough for interactive Fast enough for interactive Fast enough for interactive
Messages are not stored Packets may be stored until Packets stored until delivered
delivered
The path is established for Route established for each Route established for entire
entire conversation packet conversation
Call setup delay; negligible Packet transmission delay Call setup delay; packet
transmission delay transmission delay
Busy signal if called party Sender may be notified if Sender notified of connection
busy packet not delivered denial
Overload may block call Overload increases packet Overload may block call
setup; no delay for established delay setup; increases packet delay
calls
Electromechanical or Small switching nodes Small switching nodes
computerized switching nodes
User responsible for message Network may be responsible Network may be responsible
loss protection for individual packets for packet sequences
Usually no speed or code Speed and code conversion Speed and code conversion
conversion
Fixed bandwidth Dynamic use of bandwidth Dynamic use of bandwidth
No overhead bits after call Overhead bits in each packet Overhead bits in each packet
MESSAGE SWITCHING
It involved storing and forwarding messages between intermediary nodes
until they could be delivered to their destination.

Advantages:
• Data channels are shared among communication devices,
improving the use of bandwidth.
• Messages can be stored temporarily at message switches, when
network congestion becomes a problem.
• Priorities may be used to manage network traffic.

• Disadvantages:
• Because the storing of messages causes a delay, this technology
cannot be employed for real-time applications.
• For more details, refer
to:
• Chapters 8,10 , W. Stallings, Data and Computer
Communications, 8th ed. .
• The lecture is available online at:
• Lecture notes are found at:
• http://bu.edu.eg/staff/ahmad.elbanna-courses/1213
3
• For inquires, send to:
• ahmad.elbanna@feng.bu.edu.eg