AUTOMATA THEORY FORMAL LANGUAGES TUTORIAL 1 DFA, NEA pac tutorial otfine NPA and OFA normatty 4 Ar OFA “fox each tnput symbol, ome can deteimine he state £0 which the machine wait moves ASTE hasa Finite number of states the ma thine 1 catted orterministic Finite machine | pererminis -tig finite Automaton, Aota Canbe represented by a S-buple (m€, a ‘Lo 9) where a= finite set of statet 2 finite set of symbols cated alphabet &= transition function where £4 @AE74 4o- inital state cq, ea) a . , c-get of final state/state oF & cfe 4) EAE tre fintke Qutpmata are called MFA when the exist many paths for specific Input Prom the current state to nexratate each wea can be tran lated. fate, BfA but every WFA fs aton DER Creve dz @KE—> 2%) : the two excepon ave Kit contain gimmuitiple next sea kes yi Contains & transitions. write the SstePs for converting e-nrA toOrAona vice versa with an eramplt tov each? steps for “converting NEA LO DEAL seepar Initiany alg stepz!- Add dp of NFA tO @ then find the tiansition, chor ants start sratt- Seepar no) find possible set of states fox ea ch Tapa symbol sfF {hise set of skates io not [Meth add #408. Rept tn OFA -the final state, wil be all states which contain on states OF NEA) 4%. a a me Lod} ey foal a ? Gaotl {Aertih $4orti} steps fot _conierting ofA 10 NFAT , . seeps LetS Assume oO F0IA hac state set R =f{4or---- In} Stepry Alow we build WFAA as fottous Unstare with OFA p padd an additional accepting gtqte for ra mw juch that Awit have n41 tobeBaad patel es u og pork sta te callnew accepting state dna & dow edd an epsilon ¢€ transition -fromalt qecep- cting state Ant and make all the original accepting states Just nomal grates + pon € ext €=f0,1% seates with oF Le §0100,08 (906, 064 ,030,0010,0201-~3 —-& 28 © —o@—©) * oS E & =o] C) orl eZ PeRG ort , —> (a9) a) > 0d) cwe canner draw) cor ” \ GY) pead|tvap stake qn-tutoralt rn-tutoria 4) Convert the fotowing NFA to DFA. asSap Veh ° 1 4 | a0 u Ay [fairey Aa Lad Far tey P49 Dy § Carita z wo) = § C20) Ud Caray = Et AFL {2} = fash} §$G641,94,1) =S ctyp)ud C400) = fau faut)? = EA Aa? write the algorithen, that ConvertS fa to Of explain you algorithm mores using the below tradY algostine fon ~ stepit Initiaty a= 6 geep2z- Add Io pt wen to Q' oF DTA gcepse an gi: find posstble state: foreach faput symmbo! EPthts set oF states ts . not ing ythen add tt to seep In pFA, the final state wittbeat stat ~er which contain FCfinal state ot . AFA) Yoon + A 6) ot lErtorUt £4g a. | ¢ Lio} e = SCL AI) Ao Lay = S(t) v £Ct0) if Ser eso WUE A} Srang|froerg free tA eet} ° _# = SCE red) ‘= SGfaoQuscrl & farpuL aed - faott post! -tutorial- ) pifferentiate NFA and pfA- mea ofA 4) (Ey 810 F) Cae sito) : fe QtE Oo gt axe—ak2) @ =f aordil, E: fot 4e70 4-74 3) hancition may leads tomultiple states Back tratk fing fswnot vequived 5) Pacetical tm plement -tation of DER Es | feasible gstftotd ,€=f013 ac tranftion leads to unique ue State. Bare tacking fs requive Not feasible convert NFA LO OFA 3) convert the fonow'n g e-NeA tO PEAS a. -b a - 4% a ¢ ¢ S Ctr reper Te §$LAp@)u dle U1 g gum} = ug =4 4, |p ‘0 § (f709t2} 1b) a “EI 9 “8 Ctb)u §Crrb) “> 20 p 6 = GU to =Te as{ FP ogo. fast2} $ C44, 42}, 4) Syitp #8 LID : $(ravslaua S FUApUPHL ADSag Pre tutorial ao ofA that accepts the a conseruct tanguegy bad Weer ryt fuscontain’ 100109 0110} i 2 Ww contains 001 oF pnoey! Skate aocstart) L 4, Lo 4a 43 Ay 4s The start sake TS AEP and the accepe fe qas the OFA meves epene nent gtare and hasod on the cext nee sym bol the qrangttto ns defined by thepea acceprs the tale above. The the accept ceving fe Tk yeaches ftatke-qutorial 27 Bequias expresston pre-gutortalt- n explatn regular ex pester and name someo identify quled Pow the wequlay exynesstan i Assume aso andc are yequias expressfons fa the identity vu les Ari: pequlak ex pression + > * ge te used for representing cevtatnse of gertegs ta alge brate fashion. gaentity lest oe = @rbHe=aerbe greets Pte eer ne GSY = Grae vayeT | - wt tat 4 whe eeterh cr*)t_ vt per = ere -et etits eer canjfa=% chart ; carb = ent zerthy”| 2) consider language 4 ger by regula exprery cathy* b Carb) oves the alphabet fasb} oestgn a pra that accepts L AY convert BE TAO alfa andthe -findout DfA tro AIPA ee = catb)* beatb) —8 6 @- * b “eet te Etetiy EO; TR $40.42} Pred Ar} © {Aor tit fo fao0 ti} # (Ao Antay [ET TF { voit (topin-twtorialy vovidt qlantthm n a 0 convert rR fnto te. Creat a te tor following ura. # Aye Ga rab 422 abt4,4 qy> 14 Now) ‘ a= %atub+e —sO,, “ Gi> Qatarb —0 ay 24rd —30 suatttute+@ in® a= 48 | final stateay from ea ae: £2922 bab ardinc 43°hO 2p *UAchHantg ay Cray ab tts ha 4, daaigabraar—ll iy frome? Albtant @p qj e4%zbt13b Sequied Beq ular 4a VAtW? +a) expres Pov the 9 i @ - eA) ¢ 8k oy ape (aa) cota) ">8) Hiemen BD ee qi€t Vath b i a a esq. 4 (CAI paabt)? eta, Caraehfa ey> explain Aident theorem woeoert CA to Re following OFA to 2) onvert use atgovithm toe eé- Aden Theorernt- at panda ave 2 be Over Bandit Pdoesn| gontatn « then the following equation In A by e=q4rer har qunique solution ie, Pegp skepss a) for each statt 4,14) /4: comes fnto state wosttten fr equa ton -fox . Qu extes that -mate “5 a) add “epatlon te tnittal state 3) caleulqte qit equations. yéeule fs value of final-state solution foi example t- a0 =o te — 70) 4a. 24ttt! 6 ag yg tte — 30 p-Qtef—a * @zgrt eatap*P gre =k) = Ale tfeP oi 2 A LEAPEl. x +” . Pa ee cace, proved_ 2@reP sqicaterlP r@rarrerjer . giaPilatre” earaprart .aptep! pace reir a regrren! 2 ace spree ..pre PRON - apt Frit only one uniquesoiution: fine gen finite Autometa: ° 5 10-dat%wore- a) q.= 14% 94,1 —O a a: from © and® ay> pyre del ttro* a 2 dott ViCied —+- “9a @ 403.402) 00r€ gor et polot acatoa)te9) aefost ~tutovialt- 4) Find ee fo fariowing OF: — fj aS soir There exists muttip le Pinal states so we convert cthem Intd a sing le final state eliminate an Fniesmedtate Stage! Tyre ste ‘ OE) ee ) 25 (a3) b 14) tet!s elfrmimate or e“@ qu law expressio neacbictd)n for £2 fArhe let us ee the regula tang _uage ce Ee cat ke _ plore q f/x Ovxt= bo 4 k>oF what could be the mintmum Pumping length cthe constant quarvanteed by the pumping teenma) for tt HID o ole 2oft » « us ¢x)x za* on 5 ee! t LY re Hee ae otha ta a eS eyeb pun ping Lemm L, then theyre week L be an posi ve jnteq hp wl em canbe decompated Inginite & et ym such that exits some any wet with as - wey a sit : with aq] 2 such erat wiesiy2 fealso feo wiaee > t forall minimum pumping tength should bell, tength 10 cw =b'D does because sisting with not yepea! any thing pout! string with lengi ncte,w=b") wilt repeat aye states length of pumping lena fstutorial - 03: contert free Grammed Lett Most O deviatlon: pre -tutovaly , 4) what fy context Pree grammes expialn withan example contest -free Grammer? > JETS Sa formal grammar which fs us +0 generate all the possible pattern’ oF SEY Tn inagiven Popa, language ‘| G=CviT/P,S) » > Grammer which consist ( OF cet oF Proc ~tion ules T~ tower case Lebtey Bind tet of tevminal sym lols “ . ‘V3 eqpital fetter, Final set oF non -terminal : Sysim bows ble ian Porker ot produf yules, Used fpr veplacing non-terminal symbols (7 agin g ett oth termina lise s— 5 start symbol used tO destve stying exe Constr & oO rut ef a Of tanguage having an: LOOMOPA OF OE Suet perce ga wy solr ee -cattb)ta cath aca ty) t é—Tatat po atlbileslow lett dake vefsiT? TFEarby S= Es} §satatat L blatatd L peatat- babetal babeat ‘babay ’ bahahtT L ba bane ba bab gn-tutoria lt consteuct a cf& fora tan guagé caf wow ah wecaib)* } Ay re gwew*}wecarBrd 6—bs b vole ge yuled . § cabbobha gg pasa Fyom 2Uler 5 3 ahsba fyomvuler s —2abbsbba ¢—aabbec bha fyom rules2) Devtve string “aabbabba" for tert most “der, -tion andafght most derfvation using a erg A 5 —1aBlba A — afas| ban b— blbs[ae8 refimost derivation = right most pervatto, s $ | as as l t yg ae 4 aa 6a aan aqaébbs aabe aabh $ Aas bb A ‘ AnEby aabha® yee 4 aby bg aabbabs ‘ aabsAbba d aabbabb A ‘i v aabbabha aabbabba é Post- tutorials a) Genevat® CF4 for tanquage i=foi Jo" Jot ny Le fot of] dette ; ' teb fe[,ert . 1 ' ‘ L=foo, =---$ fey—=o61 5 (10 go RYE $3 ory e=3.0%1 [0 . u od ye yal L Bi Foo Gash . coy) oon ® oxl |i v ate (S OoWto & > Iroele OOO ‘ - Tear et} "soTeRs \ 'qTuroval 4 Pre tutorial ys) piffeventiate am hic UOLLs rammert q ! Amb ey out Grammer & TL generates more than one-parse tree xe teftmast 47g we most derivation repre te- ents diffevent parce tye e =z contains a sSmalier number of non- bern) -ftnalss x lenge fg less y C#am ple s—astsfexsfid Frtutowals Hi- Passe tM AMbIQUutYyY in ce 6 and unamb fguouys rnambiquout Gram pt generate exactly pne pavie-tree. ie leftm ost { vig he most derivations vepresenks sqrve parse ree tontafns a greater no. pt non-Eerminals- length fs sarge: example s $— > srele e— &xFle f — td. 3) consider folowing grammer. Ss— > Axelc A —y clan &—> clbb-pervie string act using teftmast and rtq! most devivation ehow the pavse trees for dewvation. : yen? At teftmost derivation * Pight most destvatio 6 s j 4 . : ASG ase t ‘) J ALbB aASR ‘ L : ASbE, nese - ALb aie 5 , lu Ah Cb acs . L arch ae otek athe Ot sath © a considey the fouowing grarme S—asle me language generated by this qamme: t=fa%n>s0}_ ov a* fy) find tehtmost dexivation and aight Me derivation -(i) Also, prove atl the sivings genesated From 4nte grammed have thei most derivation exactly parse tyet for the. samet- tefiEmost and vig! same: OFraw the cz {a n>=0F oF at AAA, AAA As 5 tr {0,a,aear gsrvasfe: teftmort periva HON gigntmos t pertvatior gat e—oa,s Oe aas 4 aad 5 aaar d J aaa é aa ae aaa aaa Leftmost = aight moct dexvation — devivatfon. gimilay fs the ¢are forall othe staings pay aiee Tspost: tutorial! yy constdey the tolioniing -qrarmet £— Sarl is TE ambtquous grammer | generar’ i pole ba bab" Pines Rife qiamres +40 prove ow =poimts ite 5 oasis we babab ret imost devivation gightmost derivation: . 5 eas @ 7505) ons ie sasas egesnag |b res esses) saa e534) gasab 662) cob), jeabab ce” baba $ Cs) babhab es %) babab tegt most de wation | etgrt amost devivattaa : 5 8 2. sa ‘) SAG os G =" sas) 4b) bas és 9b) mS sk : : gasab pris bas cs 2 4a5) § . , fabab cs bb. toa sas cs b) ; Kec e535) J Paeab C$ 4) move than ane lefi most passe tres: wnpve than one Aight most Parse tree: more than One parse THES The ques qraman ry ambiquen’AUICRTAL-F? tealfen of 66, Apsenal forms: on pli pre tutorials 1) explain gmplfeation of qiammas {mention IS USC Telaborate the steps that ore fottous, in stm pleation process? ‘i atfon of graranmentt- duction of qrtararnet ve q by Jt meane yemoving useless Symbols: aeach yaiiable and each terminal ¢# G oppen te the devivation of some word fin a Thee Should not bt any production &s Yy wherly andy ave non-terminal> dite ts not fn language c there need noth pidutifon y—se. | Peduced @tammey ‘ {a \kemoval of el" atte neg eermovalod fusetess mbol] ‘= gduttoel juntt producti Berntva| OF useless Sy mibol- a variance can be ugetess, th Te doesnot at fn dedivation oF any string,, rare pa ext T+ 2 aa blabalaat Aan ‘ g—ebld c-aodere Cad pwe wilt Ptrse py mm a = _ i Lae find au vaviables: wah wt ae te {i wi y ee to @ terminal string cuch as vavtable A. Then we will vernpveal produc tion tn whith the vaviable’g, occurs. gliminaton of € productions. ee ave called ¢ productions guepl ts find owt an nullable non- tem nal variable which devfvel E> ‘ gtep2> for each production APA CONstrac production Ax here & fs obte ai -ined from a by yemovin gone @D more mont teminal fyorm steps. geepsr Alow combing the veeute of srepe hold oxiginal prod uchon and yembve € PIO Hducttons- Ext si x¥K x oxlé Yyosvle é 4 wf exyy H RY sol’- i tee us talee py uy’ S KEE . . ys fe YK ¥¥ Sew ey rR yandraree y pr Gk KKAlou & sa xy lyxfuxdxl'y torsidey K—-O% replace © arens for xthen x— 0 xoxo strailarly your fewrite the Cfaat $—*wlyxtxly x—0% yoo Femoviing unit produttton: - These are productions in which oneno terminal giver another non-texminal Step-ar TO remove ¥—>Y add produ ttton Ka to grammar Tole Whenever Ya occurs fe thts qrammar. seep-2ti- Now olelete ¥—>¥ fom qrammey. step-37- Repeat steprandsrepr until all unit production ave vemoved- Ek sa onlele . A > 05/00 B—)/A Co, 5)elt . ; eg C85 untt production eby removing gsacyadd. avules tos ce onlrelol BA Malo a untt produ ctton @— tlos[oo Pewrvike 6FG 3 s oAl lol A 05/00 B — 1 |os|00 cool find aveduced grammer equivalent +e ga ACL Aa emcee e-aarle Ar phaseat PoP agit} mye BA C.€Y Promrules arma cz ce 0R wref A, Geez oiy from wale sac wy FACE SPUR gee fan devive § A6 since Wop, = ws git Fe aces tet Bi OP MH LEYY where pry AGA a,c oF saaleyi ABN Woep ened aan Ve Pei Ae, CF APAH Ce Mop fer A cerey Stee Yes Vy jue can dertve 4” 4 "SEG Aresz Far} PAsth . toheve FF s—5at A aH, e—-c Antarto via |t- rn ” Beiontite: unit production sor following . qramme* caAc A Oa ca xlb - xy Yr 2-34 At jheve ave “3 untt product ene fn Ens ry -mer- ex, XY and Ye AoE SDa weadd Ya H ports vermoved.» by? $= AC, A 9% C- 8b Y= xe tow reuse ky As Ya we add Yeaand soy Ts ~emoved.: go beac Are Ctl, KA6,7 oa zoa AlOW ¢ x AS y PO use add cooand 22x Te Yemoved GAAC,& Oo, coalb, X29, YA0,E 34 Now t= ave Unveacha ble hence we ean wemove those the final cea fe uné productror free AL Ae, Cozalp A grammer § fs defined with rules xX A1 BB yp BblS8, kbp APA wot ete preduction obtatned after normal -f3ed Gv oFfG. s—> xA] 8B &€— b[sB xb Aa t Steps convert grammer into ene:stepre FP grammed exkt © left vecuvston, eliminate fee St OpZt- convert preductton vute Into &NE form th +he qrmmae sol * . = steps and ste fr alveady extst. fA question so seipeing the gtepse —asB fe not tn anf 40we cubstitute se oxAlee fo production vule B2SBay S$ XAIBE ga blink lea Aa x— be SHA and AaMAB fe not ute (Kb I production vule @3xA in 4rF $0 subse ‘and ARAB SLT ¢ > baAlBe / p> b/bAB/RER - A—a ~ X—pa 4 alow, remove left Tecuretor a —~3e a) do bales gry bclbaec e384acle Aa % 3b:Mow remove null Production ¢—se- GS baA|BE & > bclbaBcl bl bAB cape] 6B aA 3a xb 63988 fe mot fn Get, subshtute B Hel basel bl pA fn productfon wules—> BB e—balbcel prece) balbASB po bclb abel blbag t> BBL . co bs/ Hades |balb #68 FOO x ob C3886 fsmot tn GNF wsurstreute B> be] prec} blbrg mm producoon rule CIBBLO ¢ hal pce] bABCE| Dele ABS Bo bi[ base] b1bAB ce pia} basce/ b3lbaBe Aa Aab Hence, thts fe GNF form for qrammay. Post- -utoria es 4) convert -the following cFG Into cat sOACA[OB, n—oels Boblea) és sa asalas AaBls Robe Alow, € fs -wermoved- s,s 6 PALAlaB . . A> bls B>b . Mong sept: stece ¢ appeatt fo RHE wihtea meme Hele Saat guasts added to the 1 prods ction ps os, 6 2asala poblé | BA BIS, produc ons: gteprs remove ipe wut &Bo3e€and Ate t wemoving 67? e:psias 96-2, 450/0 Bla Afeet ‘ w else, &—b- pbeee renner nwo es Pisa sy § sasala BlalA: gals, APGlS1F>b , steps Remove theuntt piodut ction g—3 46-3 5 Band AeStartery & Removing a-95: ei sm zonedibte Aslca, A Aes, 6b ayer Pemoving $— prstaasAla Bla /Aas/s41 s— AsAlaBla] as) say 815,626 ‘ After * mamaastly 28 A Be- pis'o asAlaBlalas /sA1 3 As AlaBla Jas} sa, . a obs[B-b: HAtes Pemaving Azs* pis» asala alalAslsA, ‘ a aspla Blajaslsa, . Az plasalaslalAs|ss- ach SHEP Ag : Mow Find oud the production that has more than two variables In ens: " SS AGA s SAGA ANd ABASA after yemoving ‘thest, We qet g: SAX Jas] ] asta goAtlaatasas| SA aablaxlasfal Assr, 6 by KASteps: ‘ Now change the productions 1 s'_,0B8,¢— a6 and a a8 fina tig wegel: | Pesiyax|yplalassns | 3 s—iaxfysfalas|sae ‘ A blaxlyBlalAslsA> 6 —>b; XSAs oms EY Now Yas i tohich @$ the weguired th al tore “for che given cht, porite the steps for rernoving null produc. -efons and unreachable Sympals} exe -plain porth &7 example of yourowns productians +. Ts Eancidexed mull. t gide tS emply- a cry withire ot Remove nit! : — i « A produ ction Bits sght-hand q \ - » fos Exarop le scorn sides Pporiowing prodacttons noe. thts prod. - acetal ean be TemeRemove UN¥eAChable Symbolt eCLEN Se bi! bolt A symbol fs cons’ tadeved unreachable tt Tt can never appear #9 any suring genera wted by the cg. * entify unreachable symbo) ssbart from the start ~t0 td syrnbo! and mark ail the syrnbols weachable fromit: ‘ Then yemove athe symbols that were notmarked as vreachablt- example consider the foltow!ng cra: @ =Cal 11) Pe) when Nees Art Trfarb} page ae dae EEN SS f=¢ 1) Remove the null production: the null prod uctfon Cg €) canbe removed New gaatnmen Grim ters} where ale f SABE Y= farby preps", A>B, 82%} $s "Lemove unveathable gymbols- bo) Mi we r oO . Starting fromthe start cym Senet ligt 6g, AB lan can: seen "ANB and (+ "a" ave Yeachable syenbol - oved | ver the, unreachable cyentals canbe Alew grammar? q =CW,Tr P25) Where pxi={si Be Tefarb} Pafsrar Braj S=STutesal, -& aA Pra-hudoral u dy evankiors touhinen PDA RFA Am) = PDA ‘ond FA wow bath modalh 2 lomputation fv Huta! Gempsie Aine. ty he ASypunts behoun don we Yopuk dnd wamory = A fotte audnaton LF) Ha 0 ype gy auhinaton dhol auctpls A ramon lnnpuaet hey Huai Sop, toasting yen ert rake fo anothun bawd o de pamank tngad Aginbel «Oho rin eemany de AROCK on gine hand | & pushdnan ukowaton Fs a yee women ht san mua a maint Pe Merny sally figs myble ped wiley a Hack te Rep back a gh ok «be praddiiirel mamoy slack Med ios 1? urna, rstoutly ruod tap ybLogan “eadogestte FAS oe Lopole 4 macopsainy ely regen lentpscgps A DAS den Teeegelea niin «pay Jarguagia This tans “that POAs one minve Pom than FAY Ty tos at ‘pe 4 laauisays a for “Ke a Sth. nansifien= The hart Ken urction A) a PDA Aspands ost on the fanaa Capt ayeablt bot alvo wiv He op yenbat 9] He stot jughble tn Fa's he roaster parton depeods. dele a0 Hee cand gg, Apo Foren’ FAD sane Baya tn prem am cempanel fo TOMA Pas joe O fete se sted owl a sh dak 9 Ronatifone, udkanscy PDATA fore ov additiera/ atack ihm PEL Aomp ler te jo cceptane (Both eA ont FPA on autept dargungs shy hen wasdes elle yy tral state Ov piack fox upstate while FA font atte auspinnle ele i sau oceeplanle mock fs owoilable2) Gnsdn He NOH Bx FW ALY B= fod THE s $,no vb iF cfu, (dane pA PL uunal ftonimntior 6 ives dex ploda ,£ Se tee Erp alphabet 1 be the alach abghabel ) we Xe Make raat tion puredion (Oya fe tne Ballad ode yb fo He juried Ate pao dF ta dre fet * peg Matis . the stot premier Ja on foloust 42 342 oe OF ot¥ ar -§ 8 Ss" olig t+ 7e $1, 3e bay L ade otans jon tnpub pymabel 4, ayo et & te eae jor « You tn yo A Jor ae Ca pudled Lato Tha aloud and gor oto! BO Sy pulud Gato stad + do yy, Hack, poe oat La potped dnd pov B'4' pio! fy pres t iy dee RF Se SE Se ER a el i SS yale Given sa fa (00, basi A ldtun bade qf fo Offa gyn hy AP Oe bat We tyeed Me ahan Aceke -semg be Ate 1OLLoDioe16 a ode Vo, ‘ing fe t tual d {Merain t shots) abot pw nla, Tnpd 160, pus O (newain at Ve sects ) mp Make MO Toph eA push py TNA (vein ad A, ate”) pele WP, tage Ba Ly pu (Hertaln of Ay MO! mo Nah 0, Tape ik 0, Fue ( yanein af eo Make pA alae aye, inp HO, Sse C worst at 8 8 Ak Goh % Srp WA Ly tg Lowrase oF, (ote) 1 wack 4p 0) pL sia Ov) igh BO, nak opt + per [waste tty sett) ae pO WM) fngud Ta niu top 4 da_ieerint te eae oy tag Ay sp OP fer os ee) me alas My tegul KO, neck wet, Te baesin es “ AL ake oy, nad Banal ABUL ropoall, actgtedSn dota ~ —— shut % 4. 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