THEORY OF COMPUTATION Module 01 [nbodudion do Finite Pedomeda |shuctuvad Repawrentations futomata & Complexity. aha Coral Concepts of Rutomedta theory. pdowin'shic Finite Automata Nondulaministe Finite’ Automata [Pn Application : Tead Search s Finite Peckormecta | with Epsilon- Transitions. [Module 02 Exprowions Frnie Automata and Expaortors Proving er not do be Renuloa ; | osu Pavope ties of Regelar Lamee one, Eguie equivalence and Minimizodion of Ratomata Pppliratton of Regeloa expaousiona. Module 03 Cordext — Free Gammon Poowe Tyees by ound PBrabiuity in Grammars rebel tn Grammars cond Lames Definition of the Pusholown PAuctomaton The lo of a PDA Equivalence of Pon's and CFG'S, Deloministe Purhdlovon Automedta.| Moclute O4 Forms Conlexd - Free Grrcvrenrans | age eh for Cordlouk - foue lange, | choses Proflertis of Contod -Free Language, | Moclute 0S | Tabeduetion bo ig Machines : | Problem thed Compubtxs Cannot salve The Turi Machine 0: com Techni 4 Turi Ma chins extentions to" thu Basic Turing Machine Adler Undect cla bility : | A Language Thed © 3s Not Pecurni vely Enzi= Finite Auctomecta: self cboiven computing device S To dustge A compiler we we FA. Compila converts HLL 5 wy wits Re machine Lowel language 1. Lexical is = Breakdovon Ahesoune code to meaningfudl voods. 1. tokens 2- Sgn tex 3+ Semanhe 4+ Trier mrecliakt cocle generation Ss. Code qurnadion 6- Cods operation. | Fenite Automate (FA) consisting of 2 Mmadin parla a Oijjered Stafsa ------ ® 2) Thaniitrory among tho Stabe ----— coerced jp ee Inieed Stato Stoke Push 2) Transition 85 & | Pash FA pds |e bap eee NFA | ora] pFsm Qlondebaministe FA) | coetuminishe FA) IC perumninnstc Fonte Siak rmachint) i .@4 ®gure ctrl sapresents feral stab tnittalonod mask|1. Alphabd. G) |= faite set of syrnbel? | ert S-da bed 2. Shi : | = Fieule sequence f sepmbals over ex. shing -de abs, abe ob, aay ddey not avalid Sring 2° not ine LY empty sing whch & donotid by & Differert functions shir [+ length of shing chmod log! | labal=% } letlog = a 161 =0 ie —3 Oo more Occurence. ste 5 1 @ more Meemences. 2. Comatmatton of oO shieg J wx y2---> auprerenls abi ngs abe b---3 Symbals. t= coll Y= ee After concatin ation of x and yg Shing i NE re Icy) = 1d+ly) f|3. Pouurx of cm alphabe k | 2 ‘ k= lama of Hu shieg || eg Fz doy zi etey Z'=LO1 Y st +200, 01,10, ny T3-L001, O00,0, O10, 101, 100,11, Hy “danguage a) = finite Jinfinite sek Of Shings [L- 24 = ie. empty Ler Problems : 1 Waite a Longuoge of all fhe Ahing? af 08 & 14 Fuwith equal no-of each. “t | e-2ory | Lh =20), 10, NO, OO, O101, 1010, ----Y | Gine seb Shins consisting of n O- jolla. by n 13 for some n30 Ps doth L2 4 €, 01, O01, 001; ooo, ----Y i 3) Wola set of binary number uphacs value o perme S- = 10,14 sy dito, 5101, Ms lou, ~~.anak valid Shing for Of 17 uch what (0% Taf af cis o then 1) | =z - Lo, | L = LE, OF, OM, DOI, OOMIs ~ y S| To volunbyy Faryad “then | Oo OG O--® end state, State i the JDFA/ DFsm 1 nm consisting of 5 tuple elorionld lve CO, 5,4, GF) jet Set af States ja: Alphabet cet” s Transition fundion |g, + Inital state |e + Final Stat ov + Peering State Csypnteoe rs ~premnsition Syumeben) Problems . Design DFA that accepts all Anviag® of 0% and 13 has a ae os in du hing. Data =v -to.th L- Ol, 001, 101, NOOl, -- - Ge a yO. ue ” dnansitvenJo4a.-4.-4. 4 |9- oda 4944 tankition gundion Transit table LGV f(g. Jlq, 0D, MG 10 °Vs |dC4,,0)°9, d9s19° Ve 4 ae a DFA dy cuccepd Att of all ahmgs ending with 00 ey | 22200, io, 1000, -- +4 | A, | EE (4) OWE b ansition ctapran | B «NG 4.0954 |.- Ve r-Q, transition Spenetian, bons dalle | f (4,04 Je ay | d(4. 20074, 3% \ale | of (4,04, a (41 = FCG) x 4, lala! | f(4,+0)°% fl 4.974= -dod 1. - 4000, 1000, 006! 001000, ~~~ | chamition qunction 1 PC4..)- A SCA) Ve | SCA..04, SAA SUN AA 1745 (4.0) 74, £(4,,1) 4 o(,.0)- 4, rarsition dable + x4 \%| 4s pcan ene G ae [Bair aprh dhaF accep 3 umseertive O- \o Yo|% Ga, 41%, Ge 4] Design a DFA that cuceph a 011 Os subshing. 3 s-dony 4 doll, OO, '001, Oo!DON, - - “6-96 8 Ate eet at d 4..)- a” chomitin table | PC %.-0)7 4%, Ole | f(4..0)° 9 3% \u le | 6(4..1)>q, % lula, ica aie 4, [4.Ja, CU Q 09,0) 4: * 45 [9] 4 C4. 1) > ae5 design o DFA that has no a a Audion = dOny 7 A+ 210; OON10, O10, 5 hannton agram 62-02. Q” ha nsitvan funchm Aronsition dahle d(4., 0)= g, 3 \ WY. 19-4, alata M44, 4, |4.[4,] SCM,» 07-9, alata] d(4,, 0)°4, « 4,la[4,. d(4,,1)-4, ‘ele. d(4,,0)249; B-19.,4.94,.%4 H4,-1)=4, 4.444 eadayt & woul dre have begins with O10 5 don} b d= LOlO,1 000, DID09, O10 I = = = romiition danromr y on herarhan spundion 4 (4 50)- Gr SQ Grae asd C4 Wed £09,194, fl 9,0) 4s (4,02 A dC%,1)°9“"ylDaige 0 OFF hak ends eawsith O1? Sis -.doly , Le LO1010, O10 franiibon diagram | Bmw | | dw edon' > : #| Ouige a DFA for Heer ve eae cofaio 0 08 is Flow} dubshing t h-l€, 0,1, 00,11, 110, NO, --- y b-b-d8 4. Daigo ora for a Le d Loe ola, by* 210! B ewny |S s-do.b} 1 ed Ga, ob, ba, aabb, e-_.. § an HLO10, -— ~~ } )9 Daige OFA fy 0 danqumge 1 -deoetos byw “rol ssc. Lasby 2 =da,b» a0b, boo. aba... 4 | Lanxibion Ai cera | — 1 Design CO OFA fox Jongunge Lalu L014 %2 us har | odd parity & | UT Nok? odd porrity = No-of 1’ Ahad be odd Cpanity v.17 ta.) Ea zr -dory he d}.n,100, O10, 001,- ---4 | even poouity "0 eed co ute = Lorn do | ae elo, bf ‘baigo a ofA do accep) @ language pedua EXO eveu, with bY ~ Aavb 4 y i Tb, ob, cab, abab»-- 5 Qo fybeqn 2 wn Gal colons bony et sw condor no mov than by |= 5 don by B |e Lug ex arb4™ * | peed ¢,0 0b» a3 | besition cua? a” | 2B ri Daign ora 4on 0 danquane nen on 8004 i | Leduge Lote 4 we coniaans A | abso urls, extuncad bansition jundion ap Shp 120 ch) i> sedond Led E, OOM, ovo, © oa 0211, = Ess Qe. | oxtinsed transiben cpncbon for shes lolo | £4. £)" Ve | écq..u- dc£C4,-6,1) - ALC CLG + 9,.1) 4) | (4,10) $4'Q., 19,0) * 164,,0)+ @ &(9,, 101° L(deq, 19,1) ~ £41 3 a (4., 1010) (dq, 101},0)- ig, )=% . ene as ay tinal stake [ee 00) ----» juss de check | 44,0" | A£q0)2 ded meat (4.»€),0) = | gitar tiga. £(q.,0)>4, ia Ll oe) No dta. 4 we) 227 nob fi j ; ]RT njoul a DAP do accept odd no- of Og “oven fangQeng p. odd no-af 0'8 & odd novof 1% 3. even no af O' & odd Mo of 1. 4. odd no. of O's & even no-of 12 odd no.of 04 @ odd noof A 2 P24 Esk 2. oOo ED, 0,0. even no-of OF & odd no.of "4 2 F2Q,16 Desyn DFA dx a Jonquage yee dant wriain evon O4 & 2) odd 0% and even 14 | 3) odd o's & odd 14 4) em o% & Odd 14 1. clon conican EE, ,F* 201% %34 Ger ex) ‘ 3. clasn’t | EO ° ‘0, U-dun't EO, F-d 4,9,,4,} GE, OY BOE, fot : ’ Va © 0, ° 6,0.‘Dao a DFA im r a ke duve des bys no tue Contecube oradas smart i > s-doabs Led ¢,a,5, 05, ba, aba, .-_-. } Dergr 2 vr A for Language Le dw eda by** uo has netthon alo na bb as subshing = sedasby ret GoNFA] NFSMC Non -clibominsshe finite automate) ‘. it alto consishng 5 elements \ | (Bez. A,a.,F) \ ( athow A. bansition pundion | Qbout A | 4- @ -tonniten | re @ € @ 2+ On comumy smal Vp slap Mow mor Many ! 1) Daign a NFA doy Le d We dasby* + w onda tn lab m bat | > s- Lo,b} L= Lab ba, aah, bba, -----§ Srany) bon Ar cuppa | Asake | oS @D Problems j7 onra for cubab 3 PQDT ie Sete NFA —> CQ, 2, A34..F Daye cece otk 9,2 4.5 Fo “9, a.4 | ansihion bable | oO |b fre 342. 421} x4i[d/¢ | | areas | *4y ? ole Eocdinded “Branston fy (4..€) = Le [een a)= f(9,,0)-¢t ay | eq ab) = da, b0d4.5) = <4atso%s | f04..0ba) = dl4,,0)V6Q,,0U M4, 24) 22 40.4 duh | feq., abab) » (4,20 4b) UIC4.,b) | Lobes Veh ce Stn tom Be is | the 3 4 Lo wae a3 this vo The dina Serbs gen Shing th in Cecep tek Stoke . function Aor abab fn .bbaba txlinded franstron fundion $09.05 Ue &(q,.6) Staeb) - CYor%e4 : £04q,-bb)- £0 44,6) VFCA,b) \ = SEG 89 £64.09 ICG) 29 Gi Ved | F6G.,bbab) = F(A, ,b) 004.» =f Ger 4a M4 t¢ bb , 4 o(4,, aba) fl4.,0) 04(4, UIS4, 4) = dQ... 4d! Ly accept stats, $04, 6b4) - jv 44,6) p | 2| worte nen do accept the ha Led weda.byx | 34 Shonatle + ve ought & al se ZT -Aas by 1 =4aaa, bababb,-----$ transibun oagram -B2-O578 cs ab 534) bamsition table.| + rect oe NEA do ciceep » Onguage, j Org [ Pe wEXa by] every w ends w in by Ls rs sab) } 1 «tb, ob, bb, bab, ) i | ranibon diagram a) 4 Wouleenra do nacognire che Nernquage Ledwevaby™ | & made ef am aphenad a, b's }. followed by ao Ey 2010 Gy more Sy aby 1 ~ Laa,aaa, aabbb, aaab,. - 229: | bansibin dracyam. | oa GO @ a & | Design NFA ace o Jo 4 Jo aaccepl OOOH nnglgeh Ped wedaey® jw - aha am jl do even Y Ce haw to write €- NFA) SE-Laby L = déaba , ob 5 POLO HO SD—- a. 6 Design & NFA fon a Jonpucwge \ ha wwe da,b.cy™ By Lae eYo- “| > sedard es ots betab , abcobb - — x pattie bb ¢ Bo eet oe a | beg a NFA for eset hi dwXo, by”: bdonby* f eo? Tabbaay an 27d bay Y } | SS -do.by \ | Led ehaghbach» abbbaboa,-- - -: To convert NFA to pen © Cleminate € hanson [rewnd) clea nen to remow © tombe we how ‘b clits mine © - clanure. || a Coblmine the @- Chose). 2p3C4n) =X Jos Ho Co bt | epscad = Yas by LbY epsC b) = | epscc) = cy by | ; al Find the & Clarence for the blow NFO A é Qp a RX | skp! I espe) =L bb % O-% 3.44 | eppera = ts 35 les pC 3) = 2434 3 |Convert the NFA do conesprndirg FA b gto 26) a j espe) adi,2y [ 2sP(2) = ALY | espCs? = Lay esp (ay = Ley | stars state of NFR Us 1 veo apperlaeti.2 ia, tae gow Sioa, See Active sate 1.24 Cat, 24,0) = leper) VEPSER) = 9234 UNI2 Yb) =AHYUR GLO | At thin poird of Gebre Time achive state 124 542,34, Loy| ~~, ee - “B s EC 2,3¥,0) epscs) Vepse 4) ~ day ‘ie 4 dl tas34s 5) agyudey2At Active statu + do.ay aang ti VAP MA344,.0) . esplayor ty ° duy Cl eauyb) © Peps = se 2124.d0} 42534 3 Hy AY Active stalis - faay,a) . 464 | f(Xuub) - eps(a)~ AUy | ' SCA GY,0) . Aes f(2ay,b) - ¢ . — a o > f p22 & b ae ° * CNote:.frnat Sas = Nea final shale evhich o present in ora)Storing Stare of ant stot 5 oe | epscp)= p39 « epsta) TEPF PF opsca)e da gph 204d Acbye Steele 4Py Sx Pya) = cpscpre ~ epstay ~ 2P4% SCIPYC) = epslry =a pany | Ackve statis (Ph dP. gy od Pe ebay 0) = epsrBdU epsCaD =ePH LOL API EC. 0.4 3,2 = CPAQIL EASED Lg ye parerP ECAP ALC) = CPHDU eRALOY = Lp TY Ackye _stalss py, Lah.de- a7 FCG, 14,4) = epslayV eps CQ) Veps(r) = dp 2p.gy U- 4.43 apa ; ¥ _aPicapany BV SG. F eae y we, Ce CPE ste assed d= erst - Pay OAdgy 7Mo ~02 Reclion exprsons r ledges aecgie expursion Requtan capussion hove 3 _opaio - Union operons = Union of 2 language Lem aenced by Lum we the set of ings sthak ane ett in or tian M aria both. example; YE b= 400% ™ nog M:-tE; ook thn LUM =4 00!, St, €> Woy P- Concokenation operctos 3 Concasenotion of 2 lanqro9e L&M anole tm bp the set of shi qpimed by aces Tok and wrtenating fe with stings fa M example : 14 L- door, , 104 M- dE, 0014 then LM =a =X 00151 21 1O, OOr@or, 1/001, 11000! 5. Kleene’s Clasum opercctons 3 Kleone’s clasunre of do. L 6 by L* b the det of shi ngs jormed by tok nuumber of shings fom L Cupith 4 at and concatinating atl of them )example Y Le YD. t == thon LY =O. 4 OM, tro, OOM, HOME + Preenclence of operes2* jy. Kleene’s clerue CStan operator) ig. Comedenabion C clot operator) 2. Onion operate C A v operator) Problems [nate : reqpstan expTenian . patter’ Give pagan expaenien. bo Jonguoge L=d we Larby* Iw! is evern$, (a eetoby L = €, ah. 0 bb, dobas 2-2: ¥ eee ((O-U6) wg, PX Oc mex OM (Ove (vb)) oe taper enges | (GAO Give suqulon expr jor the langue Pe repre donb * Ne! is Ady 7 > we-do- bh L- dab, abe pease odd: Baad fav) Cov Heaows”™ ; or \ Cavey cavey” (a0 ; 3| Wark > Eedasby Ledoby an exprenim to cccert ablan pene “gor | 1-Lwera, by® le atosds a Obby > seLaby t- dabb, abba, cublob, abbab, ahbbo S| Wok maquina 3p Jeu Le Lye do by® | vends, or Abe} = s-doby L= Laabh, babb, abb--- 4 |Guwy" abe; C6} Wlonke Tougqelan © oocprension po A L- A werko. bb” iS has aubshiing obby > sha, by L = dL abb, aabb, paboa,2--- y “(ue ™ exbb (aul wm coyprenten fav Longurcge Wouter Ledwedo,¥* 1h srzedoly L-J 00!, Coe}, 10010, Oo L.y har aubbshing oo'4 jour’ oo! coun, 3/ Le Bo EL ONY 1 cloesnot owe Aubstring 094 = ae | 20) 15 0% 1, OF , 111, Ooo, Diy fav om oO)q@ L =X Ca, b}™ | w contains edd ino. of ay iB redoby da, 6%, ob, baaah, Sabaa y a) cav™ab")* abe! 2 Lee wm eLonbY" | pecesymed 5 = =o}. it be pe AO jaco/eaa | e [Ce lEen , i) voR AON | oa io eyecay secutive Zevon} BD) Lege etoiyt]w en = ztoty Led 0,15 01 01014 1018. 10, ©) Ciui0)* feu l sp WB) Led wed ly lw eoueins prea erica} Seto L+00,1 oro, 11000, coryarb” /ny>4, mesd La, by L=2acaaa , aaaab, coaaaabb, AAcaby Canarb, aed. fed aaa): a (ov 00% you bv Gh 1 a fora ‘f | aaa a (ev Spoppveeh)) 1S Le Lare™ | pug m+23 | > Ledo.by Led bb, Qaaabbh, aaabbb»----4 | \ fe va Vaavaaavaaca) bb pe 1 L=Le?™/ nr, msoy = F-da, by L=2€, bb. acoaabblob, _ - $ Freven ao.o, Os gb) { Gor cbb* * | IF. OF b™ [aman is even 4. 5.) Ol ee0 =e 52 La. by oes eal + even! ed arb, aaagblbbb ,aabbbb » «bbb, aaah, AQa,b bbbb, ay ‘(Qa i no” bookie iC i aco” VU ~Ala.03" bebo) \ both oe even beth orn oddl ’ Seven = evenZonverbon prom || GHeps = 4. Remove unreachable stots Coued slate pro’ Curto mecta) ™ att fo cutomela these is ciccepting Stobe eaprevion & b Pong ° z-4f sieating volt of Curbomato. has ony Facomin, gansition mn create MLD stanting st E bansition ing Stace &- Creat new accepting Stode wthen D more thom one cxcce pting Sots 8 prone g ee transition bo ft ii) thee YW © of tamiten Por accep Ring State os Noe € amnsition FD AP certtommacto has 2 stede Such thot € wz accepted Me Ley hem eoibtern & Ww OIC m= anal ery’ “4 Stant & the iyunsit an utornata, has only the S excepting _ select domme state ¢ from §& nomove ¥ it OY making Auiteble mo i tn ite pronsition8 om {inal regulon eaprenion 30-20 woritten the| iti) 0 =a MQ stertes 3@ 20-4.@ £6 me movt state 3 bo ) somone ee yemmovingy 4 Oe 6 Demovng p > @ Leetew56) Fina) sequton eapwsion bese (iouey)* w bamiten | aoe >& € OLA G) Geo Storstng WN Jo Ch | c a Os |? @“gamnen © ste) 2 Dyna Do Dumove 3 abuaaetb Que *Que Gy Cabra “Q0 +) { FRE = (QbUaqorb}F(Aave)Oy =® i ™ b 7 De a Bocq reads new storing Stal ee bac > Oto? abUaactb -@+gzR aa © bUdac*y Gp —_Cbunaates"lave +@ Ere = (abUaaarh)*(q ve)